UBC 1997 - Chapter 16, Division IV - Earthquake Design

11997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE chap. 16, ov 1628 1627 Division IV--EANTHQUAKE DESIGN SECTION 1626 — GENERAL 1626.1 Purpose. The purpose of the earthquake provisions herein is primarily to safeguard against major structural failures and loss of life, not to limit damage or maintain function. 1626.2 Minimum Seismic Design. Structures and portions ‘thereof shall, as a minimum, be designed and constructed to resist the effects of seismic ground motions as provided inthis division 162633 Seismic and Wind Design. When the code-prescribed wind design produces greater effects, the wind design shall gov- em, but detailing requirements and limitations prescribed in this, section and referenced sections shall be followed. ‘SECTION 1627 — DEFINITIONS For the purposes of tis division, certain terms are defined as follows: BASE is the level at which the earthquake motions are consid- ‘ered to be imparted to the structure or the level at which the structure as @ dynamic vibrator is supported, BASE SHEAR, Vis the total design lateral force or shear atthe base of a structure, BEARING WALL SYSTEM is a structural system without a ‘complete vertical load-carrying space frame. See Section 1629.62. BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an element at edges of openings ‘or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms, BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss system of the ‘concentric or eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces. BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete space frame that provides support for gravity loads. See Section 1629.63. CANTILEVERED COLUMN ELEMENT is a column ele- ‘ment in a lateral-force-resisting system that cantilevers from a fixed base and has minimal moment capacity a the top, with lateral forces applied essentially atthe top. COLLECTOR is a member or element provided to transfer lat- «eral forces from a portion of a structure to vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system. COMPONENT is a part or element of an architectural, elecri- cal, mechanical or structural system. COMPONENT, EQUIPMENT, is a mechanical or electrical component or elemeut that is past of a mechanical and/or electrical system. COMPONENT, FLEXIBLE, is a component, including its attachments, having a fundamental period greater than 0.06 sec~ ond, COMPONENT, RIGID, is a component, including its attach- ‘ments, having a fundamental period less than or equal to 0.06 sec~ ond, CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces. DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that ground motion that has a 10 percent chance of being exceeded in 50 years as deter- ‘mined by a site-specific hazard analysis or may be determined from a hazard map. A suite of ground motion time histories with dynamic properties representative of the site characteristics shall bbe used to represent this ground motion. The dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion may be represented by the Design Response Spectrum, See Section 1631.2. DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an elastic response spectrum for 5 percent equivalent viscous damping used to represent the dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion for the design of structures in accordance with Sections 1630 and 1631. This response spectrum may be either a site-specific spec trum based on geologic, tectonic, seismological and soil characteristics associated with a specific site or may be a spectrum constructed in accordance with the spectral shape in Figure 16-3 using the site-specific values of C, and C, and multiplied by the cceleration of gravity, 386.4 in /sec.? (9.815 misec.*), See Sec- tion 1631.2. DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE is the minimum total strength design base shear, factored and distributed in wecordance with Seu~ tion 1630, DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system act- {ng to transmit lateral forces to the vertical-ressting elements. The term “diaphragm” includes horizontal bracing systems. DIAPHRAGM or SHEAR WALL CHORD is the boundary clement of a diaphragm or shear wall that is assumed to take axial stresses analogous t0 the flanges of a beam. DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drag strut, te, collector) is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm shear to the vertical-resisting elements or dis- tuibutes loads within the diaphragm, Such members may take axial tension or compression. DRIFT, Sce “story drift.” DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of moment-resistng frames and shear walls or braced frames designed in accordance with the criteria of Section 1629.6. , ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF) is 2 steel- braced frame designed in conformance with Section 2213.10. ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS are forces and deformations determined from an elastic dynamic analysis using ‘an unreduced ground motion representation, in accordance with Section 1630. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures that are nec- ‘eccary for emergency operations subsequent to a natural disaster, FLEXIBLE ELEMENT ot system is one whose deformation under lateral load is significantly larger than adjoining part ofthe system. Limiting ratios for defining specific flexible elements are set forth in Section 1630.6. HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM is a horizontal truss. system that serves the same function as a diaphragm. INTERMEDIATE MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (IMRE) is a concrete frame designed in accordance with Section 1921.8. LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM is that part of the structural system designed to resist the Design Seismic Forces. ‘ers and Jonus are capable of resisting forces primuaily by Mexuse. MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRWF) is a ‘masonry wall frame especially detailed to provide ductile behav- jor and designed in conformance with Section 2108.2. ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (OBF) is a steel braced frame designed in accordance with the provisions of Section 28(CHAP. 16, DIV.IV Sear 1628 2213.8 or 2214.6, or concrete-braced frame designed in accord- nce with Secon 1921. ORDINARY MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (OMRF) is ‘a moment-resisting frame not meeting special detailing require- ‘ments for ductile behavior. ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS are the carthquake load effects ‘on structural elements common to the lateral-force-resisting systems along two orthogonal axes. OVERSTRENGTH is a characteristic of structures where the actual strength is larger than the design strength. The degree of overstrength is material- and system-dependent. PA EFFECT is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and ‘moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acting ‘on the laterally displaced building system. ‘SHEAR WALL js a wall designed to resist lateral forces paral- Jel to the plane of the wall (sometimes referred to as vertical diaphragm or structural wall) SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM uses ‘combinations of shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral {forces in proportion to their relative rigidities, considering interaction between shear walls and frames on all levels. SOFT STORY is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of the stiffness ofthe story above. See Table 16-L, SPACE FRAME is a three-dimensional structural system, without bearing walls, composed of members interconnected so as to function as a complete self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphrigms or floor-bracing systems. SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBE) isa steel-braced frame designed in conformance with the provisions of Section 2213.9. SPECIAL MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (SMRE) is a ‘moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior and comply with the requirements given in Chapter 19, 022, SPECIAL TRUSS MOMENT FRAME (STMF) is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior and comply with the provisions of Section 2213.11. STORY is the space between levels. Story xis the story below Level x STORY DRIFT is the lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or bclow. STORY DRIFT RATIO is the story drift divided by the story height. STORY SHEAR, Vz, is the summation of design lateral forces sbove the story under consideration. STRENGTH is the capacity ofan element or a member to resist factored load as specified in Chapters 16, 18, 19, 21 and 22. STRUCTURE is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces. Structures may be categorized as building structures or nonbuilding structures SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm, struts and the main diaphragm. VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME is a space frame ‘designed to carry vertical gravity loads. WALL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM is the system of elements anchoring the wall o the diaphragm and those elements within the ‘diaphragm requlred to develop the anchorage forces, including 2410 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE Ssubdiaphrazms and continuous ties. as specified in Sections 1633.28 and 1633.29. WEAK STORY is one in which the story strength is less than 80 percent of the story above. See Table 16-L. ‘SECTION 1628 — SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS. ‘The following symbols and notations apply to the provisions of this division: ‘Ap = ground floor area of structure in square feet (my?) to ude area covered by all overhangs and projee- tions. the combined effective area, in square feet (m?), of the shear walls in the first story ofthe structure the minimum cross-sectional area in any horizontal plane in the first story, in square feet (m2) ofa shear wall ‘Ag = the torsional amplification factor at Level x. 4 = numerical coefficient specified in Section 1632 and set forth in Table 16-0. seismic coefficient, asset forth in Table 16-Q. ‘numerical coefficient given in Section 1630.2.2. seismic coefficient, as set forth in Table 16-R. = dead load on a structural element. 1D, = the length, in feet (m), ofa shear wall in the first story in the direction parallel to the applied forces, Ey Em, E, = earthquake loads set forth in Section 1630.1 Fi Fy Fy = Design Seismic Force applied to Level i, n or x, respectively. Design Seismic Forces on a part of the structure. Design Seismic Force on a diaphragm. that portion of the base shear, , considered concentrated atthe top ofthe structure in addition to Fy, lateral force at Level i for use in Formula (30-10), acceleration due to gravity. hheight in feet (m) above the base to Level i, n or x, respectively. importance factor given in Table 16-K. importance factor specified in Table 16-K. live load on a structural element, level of the structure referred to by the subscript # "i = 1" designates the first level above the base. Level = that level that is uppermost in the main portion of the structure. Level x = that level that is under design consideration, “x= 1” designates the first level above the base. ‘M = maximum moment magnitude. [Ng = near-source factor used in the determination of Cj in Scismic Zone 4 related to both the proximity of the Duilding or structure to known faults wits npivies and slip rates as set forth in Tables 16-S and 16-U. 'N, = neat-source factor used in the determination of Cy in Seismic Zone 4 related to both the proximity of the building or structure to known faults with magnitudes and slip rates as set forth in Tables 16-T and 16-U.11997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE plasticity index of soll dexen approved national standards. R = numerical coefficient representative of the inherent overstrength and global ductility capacity of lateral- force-resisting systems, as set forth in Table 16-N or 16P. 1r = aratio used in determining p. See Section 1630.1. nein avvondance with soil profile types as set forth in Table 16-3. clastic fundamental period of vibration, in seconds, of the structure inthe direction under consideration. V = the total design lateral force or shear atthe base given by Formula (30-5), 30-6), (30-7) or (30-11). Vi = the design story shear in Story x. W = tho total seismic dead load defined in St 1630.1.1 Wi We = that portion of W located ator assigned to Level for, respectively W, = the weight ofan element or component. ‘jy = the weight of the diaphragm and the element tributary thereto at Level x, including applicable portions of other loads defined in Section 1630.1.1 Z = seismic zone factor as given in Table 16-1 ‘Ay. = Maximum Inclastic Response Displacement, which isthe total drift or total story drift that occurs when the structure is subjected to the Design Basis Ground Motion, including estimated elastic and inelastic contributions tothe ttal deformation defined in See- 16309. ‘Ag = Design Level Response Displacement, which is the total drift or total story drift that occurs when the structure is subjected to the design seismic forces. {8 = horizontal displacement at Level i relative tothe base due to applied lateral forces, f, for use in Formula 0-10). p = Redundancy/Reliability Factor given by Formula 03). Q, = Seismic Force Amplification Factor, which is required to account for structural overstrength and set forth in Table 16-N. ‘SECTION 1629 — CRITERIA SELECTION 1629.1 Basis for Design. The procedures and the limitations for the design of structures shall be determined considering seismic zoning, site characteristics, occupancy, configuration, structural ‘system and height in accordance with ths section. Structures shall bbe designed with adequate strength to withstand the lateral displacements induced by the Design Basis Ground Motion, consid tring the inelastic response of the structure and the inherent redundancy, overstrength and ductility of the lateral-foree- resisting system. The minimum design strength shall be based on the Design Seismic Forces determined in accordance with the State lateral force proveduic uf Scuiivn 1630, except a9 modified by Section 1631.5.4, Where strength design is used, the load com- Dinations of Section 1612.2 shall apply. Where Allowable Stress Design is used, the load combinations of Section 16123 shall apply. Allowable Stress Design may be used to evaluate sliding or ‘overturning atthe suil-structure interface regardless ofthe design approach used in the design of the structure, provided load com- ‘CHAP. 16, DIV.1V 628 1623541 binations of Section 1612.3 are utilized. Ona. and two-family dwellings in Seismie Zone 1 need not conform to the provisions of this section 1629.2 Occupancy Categories. For purposes of earthquake- resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one of the occu Dancy categories listed in Table 16-K. Table 16-K assigns impor- ‘ance factors / and Jp, and strucwual observation requirements for cach category. 16293 Site Geology and Soil Characteristics. Each site shall be assigned a soil profile ype based on properly substantiated geotechnical data using the site categorization procedure set forth in Division V, Section 1636 and Table 16-1. EXCEPTION: When the soil properis ae not known in sficient etal to determine the sol profile type, Type Sp sal be usd. Soil Pro- file Type Sp or Sp need not be assured waess the building oficial detertines that Type Spor Se maybe present tthe site or in the event that Type Seo Sp is established by geotechnical data. 1629.3.1 Soil profile type. Soil Profile Types S4, Sp, Sc. Sp and ‘Se are defined in Table 16-1 and Soil Profile Type Sp is defined as soils requiring site-specific evaluation as follows: 1. Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seis- ‘mic loading, such as liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, and collapsible weakly cemented soils. ‘2. Peats and/or highly organic clays, where the thickness of peat or highly organic clay exceeds 10 feet (3048 mm). 4. Vory high plasticity clays with a plasticity index, PY > 75, where the depth of clay exceeds 25 feet (7620 mm), 4. Very thick soft/medium stiff clays, where the depth of clay exceeds 120 feet (36 576 mm), 1620.4 Site Seismic Harard Characteristics. Seismic hazard ‘characteristics forthe site shall be established based on the seismic zone and proximity of the site to active seismic sources, site profile characteristics and the structie’s importance factor. 1629.4.1 Seismic zone. Each site shall be assigned a seismie zone in accordance with Figure 16-2. Each structure shall be assigned a seismic zone factor Z, in accordance with Table 16-1. 1629.42 Seismic Zone 4 near-source factor. In Seismic Zone 4, each site shall be assigned a near-source factor in accordance with ‘Table 16-8 and the Scismie Bource Type cot forth in Table 16.0 ‘The value of Ny used to determine C, need not exceed 1.1 for structures complying with all the following conditions: 1. The soil profile type is Sa Sp. Sc ot Sp. 2. p=10. 3, Except in single-story structures, Group R, Division 3 and Group U, Division 1 Occupancies, moment frame systems designated as part of the laterl-force-resisting system shall be special ‘moment-resisting frames. 4, The exceptions to Section 2213.7.5 shall not apply, except for columns in one-story buildings or columns atthe top story of multistory buildings 5. None of the following structural irregularities is present: ‘Type 1, 4 0r 5 of Table 16-L, and Type 1 or 4 of Table 16-M. 1629.4.3 Seismic response coefficients. Each structure shall be assigned a seismic enefficient. Cin accordance with Table 16-Q and a seismic coefficient, C,, in accordance with Table 16-R. 1629.5 Configuration Requirements. 1629.5.1. General. Each structure shall be designated as being structurally regular or irregular in accordance with Sections 1629.5.2 and 1629.5.3. anHap. 16, oIv.Iv Te205.2 162982 1629.5.2 Regular structures. Regular structures have no sig- ‘minieant physical discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration or in their lateral-force-resisting systems such asthe irregular features described in Section 1629.5.3. 1629.53 Irregular structures. 1, Irregular structures have significant physical discontinuities in configuration or in their lateral-force-resisting systems. Irregu Jar features include, but are not limited to, those described in ‘Tables 16-L and 16-M. All strictures in Seismic Zone 1 and Occu- pancy Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone ? need to be evaluated only for vertical irregularities of Type 5 (Table 16-L) and horizontal imegularites of Type 1 (Table 16-M), 2, Structures having any of the features listed in Table 16-L shall be designated as if having a vertical iregularity. EXCEPTION: Where no story dit ratio under design lateral forces is grater than 13 times the story dit ratio ofthe story above, the sucture may be deemed to ot have the tract iets oi ‘Type | or2in Table 16. The story drift rato forthe top wo stores need not be considered. The story drifts for thie determination may be Calculated neglecting ortonal effet 3, Structures having any of the features listed in Teble 16-M shall be designated as having a plan irregularity. 1629.6 Structural Systems, 1629.6.1 General. Structural systems shall be classified as one of the types listed in Table 16-N and defined in this section, 1629.6.2 Bearing wall system. A structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame. Bearing walls or bracing systems provide support forall or most gravity loads. Re- sistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames. 1629.6.3 Building frame system. A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames, 1629.6.4 Moment-resisting frame system, A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for _gravity loads. Moment-resisting frames provide resistance to lat- cral load primarily by flexural action of members. 1629.6.5 Dual system. A stnictural system with the following features: 1. An essentially complete spave Fraime dat provides support for gravity loads 2. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames and moment-resiting frames (SMRF, MRF, MMRWF ot steel OMRE). The moment-resisting frames shal be designed to independently resis atleast 25 percent of the design base shear 3. The two systems shall be designed to resist the total design base shear in proportion to their relative rigidities considering the interaction of the dual system at all levels, 1629.66 Cantilevered column system. A. structural system relying on cantilevered column elements for lateral resistance. 1629.6.7 Undefined structural system. A structural system not listed in Table 16-N. 1629.6.8 Nonbuilding structural system. A structural system ‘conforming to Section 1634, 1629.7 Height Limits. Height limits for the various structural systems in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 are given in Table 16-N, a2 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE EXCEPTION: Regula structures may exceed these limits by not ‘more than 5O percent for unoccupied suactures, which are aot access be tothe general pubic. 16298 Selection of Lateral-force Procedure, 1629.8.1 General. Any structure may be, and certain structures defined below shall be, designed using the dynamic lateral-force procedures of Section 1631. 1629.8.2 Simplified static. The simplified static lateral-force procedure set forth in Section 1630.2.3 may be used for the fol lowing structures of Occupancy Category 4 of 5: 1, Buildings of any occupancy (including single-family dwellings) not more than three stories in height excluding basements, that se light-frame construction, 2. Other buildings not more than two stories in height exclu. ing basements 1629.8.3 Static. The static lateral force procedure of Section 1630 may be used for the following structures: 1. All structures, regular or irregular, in Seismic Zone 1 and in Occupancy Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2. 2. Regular structures under 240 feet (73 152 mm) in height with lateral force resistance provided by systems listed in Table 16-N, except where Section 1629.8.4, Item 4, applies 3. Inregular structures not more than five stories or 65 feet (19812 mm) in height. 4, Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion where both portions of the structure consid cred separately can be classified as being regular, the average story stiffness ofthe lower portion is at least 10 times the avera Slory stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the entire structure isnot greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper por tion considered as a separate structure fixed atthe base. 1629.84 Dynamic. The dynamic lateral-force procedure of ‘Section 1631 shall be used for all other structures, including the following: 1. Structures 240 feet (73 152 mm) or more in height, except as permitted by Section 1629.83, Item 1. 2. Structures having a stiffness, weight or geometric vertical irregularity of Type 1, 2 or 3, as defined in Table 16-L, or structures ving iregularferturcs not desubed in Table 16-L ot 10-M, ex- ‘cept as permitted by Section 1630.4.2. 3, Structures over five stories or 65 feet (19 812 mm) in height in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 not having the same siructural system ‘throughout their height except as permitted by Section 1630.42. 4. Structures, regular or iregular, located on Soil Profile Type ‘Sp that have a period greater than 0.7 second. The analysis shall include the effects ofthe soils atthe site and shall eonform to Sec tion 1631.2, lem 4, 1629.9 System Limitations, 1629.9.1 Discontinuity. Structures with a discontinuity in ct pacity, vertical irregularity Type 5 as defined in Table 16-L, shall Rot be over two stories or 30 feet (9144 mm) in height where the weak story has a calculated strength of less than 65 percent of the story above. EXCEPTION: Where the weak storys capable of resisting aoa ail Seis face oF mes te sesign free prescribes Seton 1630. 1629.9.2 Undefined structural systems, For undefined structural systems not listed in Table 16-N, the coefficient R shall be substantiated by approved cyclic test data and analyses. The following items shall be addressed when estab1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE 1, Dynamic response characterises, 2. Lateral force resistance, 43, Overstrength and strain hardening or softening, 4. Strength and stiffness degradation, 5. Energy dissipation characteristics, 6, System ductility, and 7. Redundancy. 1629.93 Irregular features. All structures having iregular features described in Table 16-L or 16-M shall be designed to meet, the additional requirements of those sections referenced in the. tables. 1629.10 Alternative Procedures. 1629.10.1 General. Alternative lateral-force procedures using rational analyses based on well-established principles of mechan- ies may be used in lieu of those prescribed in these provisions. 1629,10.2 Seismic isolation. Seismic isolation, energy dissipation and damping systems may be used in the design of structures ‘when approved by the building official and when special detailing is used to provide results equivalent o those obtained by the use of ‘conventional structural systems. For alternate design procedures ‘on seismic isolation systems, refer to Appendix Chapter 16, Divi- sion IH, Earthquake Regulations for Seismic-isolated Structures. ‘SECTION 1630 — MINIMUM DESIGN LATERAL FORCES AND RELATED EFFECTS: 1630.1 Earthquake Loads and Modeling Requirements. 1630.1.1 Earthquake loads. Structures shall be designed for ‘ground motion producing structural response and seismic forces {in any horizontal direction. The following earthquake loads shall bbe used in the load combinations set forth in Section 1612: E=p&y+h Go) Em = 20Eq 0-2) WHERE: E = the earthquake load on an element of the structure resulting from the combination of the horizontal component, Ry, and the vertical component, EF, Ey = the earthquake load due to the base shear, V, as st forth in Section 1630-2 or the design lateral force, Fp, a8 set forth in Section 1632. Em = the estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed in the structure as set forth in Section 1630.1.1 E, = the load effect resulting from the vertical component of the earthquake ground motion and is equal to an addition of O5C,ID to the dead load effect, D, for Strength Design, and may be taken as zero for Allowable Stress Design. Qq = the seismic force amplification factor that is required to account for structural overstrength, as set forth in Sec- tion 1630.3.1. 1p = Reliability/Redundancy Factor as given by the following formula: 03) chap. 16, DIv.Av "ie239.2 369012 For SI: p= 2 WHERE: ‘pax = the maximum clement-story shear ratio. For a given di ‘ection of loading, the element-story shear rato isthe ra tio of the design story shear in the most heavily loaded. single element divided by the total design story shear. For any given Story Level i, the element-story shear ratio is denoted as n. The maximum element-story shear ratio fmar is defined as the largest of the element story shear ratio, n, which occurs in any ofthe story levels at ‘or below the two-thirds height level ofthe building. For braced frames, the value of 7 is equal tothe maximum hori- ‘zontal force component in a single brace clement divided by the total story shear For moment frames. r; shall be taken as the maximum of the sum ofthe shears in any two adjacent columns in a moment frame ‘bay divided by the story shear. For columns common to two bays, with moment-resisting connections on opposite sides at Level ‘in the direction under consideration, 70 percent of the shear in that column may be used in the column shear summation. For shear walls, r; shall be taken as the maximum value of the product ofthe wal shear multiplied by 10lly (For SE: 3.05/ty) and divided by the total story shear, where fy isthe length ofthe wall in feet (mm). For dual systems shall be taken as the maximum value of 1 as, defined above considering all lateral-load-resisting elements. The lateral loads shall be distributed to elements based on relative ri- gilts considering the interaction of the dual system. For dual systems, the value of p need not exceed 80 percent of the value calculated above, 1p shall not be taken less than 1.0 and need not be greater than. 1.5, and Ag isthe ground floor area of the structure in square feet (an, For special moment-resisting frames, except when used in dual systems, p sill not exceed 1.25. The number of hays of special moment-resisting frames shal be increased to reduce such that p is less than or equal to 1.25. EXCEPTION: Ay may be taken as the average flor area inthe upper setback portion of the Building where a larger base are exists a ‘When calculating drift, or when the structure is located in Seis- mic Zone 0, 1 of 2, p shall be taken equal to 1 ‘The ground motion producing lateral response and design seis mic forces may be assumed to act nonconcurrentl inthe direction of each principal axis of the structure, except as required by Sec- tion 1633.1 Seismic dead load, W, is the total dead load and applicable portions of other loads listed below. 1. In storage and warehouse occupancies, a minimum of 25, ‘percent of the floor live load shall be applicable. 2. Where a partition load is used in the floor design, a load of ‘not less than 10 psf (0.48 kN/m?) shall be included. 3. Design snow loads of 30 psf (1.44 kN/m) or less need not be included. Where design snow leads exceed 30 psf (1.44 kN/m?), the design snow load shall be included, but may be reduced up 10 73 percent where consideration of st guration and Wed duration warrant when approved by the building official. 4, Total weight of permanent equipment shall be included. 1630.1.2 Modeling requirements. The mathematical mode! of the physical structure shall include all elements of the lateral force-ressting system. The model shall also include the stiffness 243‘CHAP. 16, DIV.1V Yea01.2 463032 and streneth of clements. which are significant to the disteiutior (of forces, and shall represent the spatial distribution of the mast and stifiness ofthe structure. In addition, the model shall comply ‘with the following: 1, Stiffness properties of reinforced concrete and masonry ele ‘ments shall consider the effects of eracked sections. 2. For steel moment frame systems, the contribution of pane! zone deformations to overall story drift shall be included. 1630.1.3 PA effects. The resulting member forces and moments ‘and the story drifts induced by PA effects shall be considered in the evaluation of overall structural frame stability and shall be ‘evaluated using the forces producing the displacements of As. PA need not be considered when the ratio of secondary moment 10 pri- ‘mary moment does not exceed 0.10; the ratio may be evaluated for ny story as the product ofthe total dead, floor live and snow load, as required in Section 1612, above the story times the seismic drift in that story divided by the product of the seismic shear in story times the height ofthat story. In Seismic Zones 3 and 4, PA, need not be considered when the story drift ratio does not exceed 0.02, 1630.2 Static Force Procedure. 1630.2.1 Design base shear. The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following formula: Gl (ae 30-4) v-Siw Go) ‘The total design base shear need not exceed the following: y= BGly 60-5) R ‘The total design base shear shall not be less than the following: v= onciw G06) In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall also ‘ot be less than the following: 08 ZN, I 0-7 zw 0-7) ve 1630.22 Structure perind The value of T shall be determined from one of the following methods: 1. Method A: For all buildings, the value T may be appro. mated trom the following formula: T = C(h,)"* (30-8) WHERE: G = 01035 (0.0853) for steel moment-resisting frames. G = 0.030 (0.0731) for reinforced conerete moment-resisting frames and eccentially braced frames. = 0.020 (0.0488) for all other buildings. ‘Alternatively the value of C; for structures with concrete or masonry shear walls may be taken as 0.1/ JA, (For SI: 0.0743/ JA, for A; in m2). “The value oF Ae shal be determined trom te following tor rmula: Ac = FA,[02 + Deft] 30-9) ‘The value of D-/hy, used in Formula (30-9) shall not exceed 0.9, 244 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE 2 Method Rs The fundamental period T-may bs caloulated wo ing the structural properties and deformational characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis, The analysis shal be in accordance with the requirements of Section 1630.1.2, The value of T from Method B shall not exceed a value 30 percent greater than the value of T obtained from Method A in ‘Seismic Zone 4, and 40 percent in Seismic Zones 1, 2 and 3, ‘The fundamental period 7 may be computed by using the fol- Jowing formula: r= (EW) (Ee ) corm ‘The values off represent any lateral force distributed approxi- mately in accordance with the principles of Formulas (30-13), (0-14) and (30-15) or any other rational distribution. The elastic deflections, 6, shall be calculated using the applied lateral forces, f 1630.2.3 Simplified design base shear. 1630-2.3.1 General. Structures conforming to the requirements of Section 1629.8.2 may be designed using this procedure. 1630.2.3.2 Base shear. The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following formula: 30 E ‘where the value of Cy shall be based on Table 16-Q forthe soil profile type. When the soil properties are not known in sufficient Getail to determine the soil profile type, Type Sp shall be used in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, and Type Se shall be used in Seismic Zones 1. 2A and 2B. In Seismic Zone 4, the Near-Source Factor, Ny, need not be greater than 1.3 if none ofthe following structural iregular~ ities are present: Type 1, 4 or 5 of Table 16-L, or Type 1 oF 4 of Table 16-M. 1630.2.3.3 Vertical distribution. The forces at each level shall be calculated using the following formula: 30 Fr aa Vaal w 0-1) 012) ‘where the value of C, shall be determined in Section 1630.2.3.2. 1630.2.34 Applicability. Sections 1630.1.2, 1630.1.3, 16302.1, 1630.2.2, 1630.5, 1630.9, 1630.10 and 1631 shall not apply when using the simplified procedure. EXCEPTION: For buildings with relatively flexible structural systems, the building oficial may require consideration of PA effets ‘and dit in accordance with Sections 16301 3, 16309 and 1630.10. shall be prepared using design seismic fares from Section 1630232. ‘Where used, Ay shall be taken equal 10 0.01 times the story height of all stories. In Section 1633.2.9, Formula (33-1) shall read 30, Fox SE wand need not exceed 1.0 Cy wpe, but shall not be Jess than 0.5 Cy Wipe R and Q, shall be taken from Table 16-N. 1630.3 Determination of Seismic Factors. 1630.3.1 Determination of 9. For specific elements of the structure, a8 specifically identified in this code, the minimum design strength shall be the product of the seistnic force over- ‘suentl factor Q, ant he design seismic forces set forth mn Sec- tion 1630. For both Allowable Stress Design and Strength Design, the Seismic Force Overstrength Factor, Q,, shall be taken from Table 16-N. 1630.3.2. Determination of R, The notation R shall he taken from Table 16-N,1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE 1630.4 Combluatlous uf Structural Systems. 1630.4.1 General. Where combinations of structural systems. are incorporated into the same structure, the requirements ofthis section shall be satisfied. 1630.42 Vertical combinations. The value of R used in the design of any story shall be less than or equal to the value of R used in the given direction for the story above. EXCEPTION: This requirement need not be applied toa sory ‘where the dead weight ebovs tha story tet than 10 percent of the ‘otal dead weight ofthe structure ‘Structures may be designed using the procedures ofthis section under the following conditions: 1. The entire structure is designed using the lowest R of the lateral-force-resisting systems used, oF 2. The following two-stage static analysis wes may be used for structures conforming to Section 1629.83, tem 4. 2.1 The flexible upper portion shall be designed as a separate structure, supported laterally by the rigid lower portion, using the appropriate values of R and p. 2.2 The rigid lower portion shall be designed as a separate structure using the appropriate values of R and p. The reactions from the upper portion shall be those deter- ‘mined from the analysis ofthe upper portion amplified bby the ratio of the (R/p) of the upper portion over (R/p) of the lower portion. 10.43 Combinations along ‘different axes. In Seismic Zones 3 and 4 where a structure has a bearing wall system in only ‘one direction, the value of R used for design inthe orthogonal direction shall not be greater than that sed for the bearing wall system. ‘Any combination of bearing wall systems, building frame systems, dual systems or moment-resisting frame systems may be used to resist seismic forces in structures less than 160 feet (48 768 mm) in height. Only combinations of dual systems and special ‘moment-resisting frames shall be used to resist seismic forces in structures exceeding 160 feet (48 768 mm) in height in Seismic Zones 3 and 4. 1630.44 Combinations along the same axis. For other than dual systems and shear wall-frame interactive systems in Seismic Zones 0 and 1, where a combination of different suuctural systems i utilized to resist lateral forces in the same direction, the value of ‘Rused for design in that direction shall not be greater than the least, value for any of the systems utilized in that same direction. 1630.5 Vertical Distribution of Force. The total force shall be distributed over the height ofthe structure in conformance with Formulas (30-13), (30-14) and (30-15) in the absence of a more rigorous procedure. vane yn co) ‘The concentrated fore Fa the top, which iin ado oF, shall be determined fom te formula F,= 007 TV 0-14) ‘The value of Tused for the purpose of calculating F; shal be the period that corresponds with the design base shear as computed ‘using Formula (30-4). F; need not exceed 0.25V and may be considered as zero where T'is 0.7 second or less. The remaining por- CHAP. 16, DIV.Iv ‘16304 16808.1 tion of the base shear chall be dictsibuted over the structure, including Level n, according to the following formula: > whi ‘Ateach level designated asx the force F; shall be applied over the area of the building in accordance wit the mass dstnbution at that level. Stuctual displacements and design seismic forces Shall be calculated a the effect of forces F and F, applied athe appropriate levels above the base. 1630.6 Horizontal Distribution of Shear. The design story ‘shear, Vj in any story is the sum of the forces F, and F above that story V; shall be distributed to the various elements of the vertical lateral-force-resisting system in proportion to their rigidities, considering the rigidity of the diaphragm, See Section 1633.24 for juid clements that are not intended to be part ofthe lateral-foree: resisting systems, Where diaphragms are not flexible, the mass at each level shall bbe assumed to be displaced from the calculated center of mass each direction a distance equal to 5 percent of the building dimension at that level perpencicolar to the direction of the force under ‘consideration. The effect of this displacement on the story shear distribution shall be considered. Diaphragms shall be considered flexible for the purposes of distribution of story shear and torsional moment when the maximum lateral deformation of the diaphragm is more than two times the average story drift of the associated story. This may be determined by comparing the computed midpoint in-plane deflection of the diaphragm itself under lateral load with the story drift of adjoining. ‘vertical resisting elements under equivalent tributary lateral load. 1630.7 Horizontal Torsional Moments. Provisions shall be rade for the increased shears resulting from horizontal torsion Where diaphragms are not flexible. The most severe load combination for each element shall be considered for design. ‘The torsional design moment ata given siory shall be the mo- ‘ment resulting from eccentricities between applied design lateral forces at levels above that story and the vertcal-esisting elements in that story plus an accidental torsion, ‘The accidental torsional moment shall be determined by assum- ing the mass is displaced as required by Section 1630.6. ‘Where torsional irregularity exists, as defined in Table 16-M, the effects shall be accounted for by increasing the accidental torsion at each level by an amplification factor, , determined from [ae wes: Bayg = the average of the displacements atthe extreme points of the structure at Level x Spar = the maximum displacement at Level x ‘The value of A, need not exceed 3.0. 1630.8 Uverturning. F, 015) 0-16) 1630.8.1 General. Every structure shall be designed to resist the overturning effects caused by earthquake forces specified in Sec- tion 1630.5. At any level, the overturning moments to be resisted shall be determined using those seismfe forces (F, and F,) that act ‘on levels above the level under consideration. At any level, the it a 2415guar. 16,1. Seoa4 16314 ‘cremental changes of the design overturning moment shall be dis tributed tothe various resisting elements in the manner prescribed {in Section 1630.6. Overtuming effects on every element shall be carried down to the foundation, See Sections 1612 and 1629 fer combining gravity and seismic forces. 1630.8.2 Elements supporting discontinuous systems, 1630.82.1 General. Where any portion of the lateral-load- resisting system is discontinuous, such as for vertical iregularity ‘Type 4 in Table 16-L or plan imegularty Type 4 in Table 16-M, conerete, masonry, stcel and wood clements supporting such dis: ‘continuous systems shall have the design strength to resist the ‘combination loads resulting from the special seismic load com. binations of Section 1612.4. EXCEPTIONS: 1. The quantity fy in Section 1612.4 need net exceed the maximum force hat canbe tansterred 10 the element by the lateral fore-ressting system. 2. Coneete slabs supporting ligh-frame wood shea wal systems or ight-trame steel and wood Struct panel sear wall systems. For Allowable Stress Design, the design strength may be deter. ‘mined using an allowable stress increase of 1.7 and a resistance factor, , of 1.0. This increase shall not be combined withthe one- third stress increase permitted by Section 1612.3, but may be com ‘bined with the duration of load increase permitted in Chapter 23, Division I, 1630.8.2.2 Detailing requirements in Seisinic Zones 3 and 4. In Seismic Zones 3 and 4, elements supporting discontinuous systems shall meet the following detailing or member limitations: 1. Reinforced concrete elements designed primarily as axial load members shall comply with Section 1921.4.4.5, 2, Reinforced concrete elements designed primarily as flexural ‘members and supporting other than light-frame wood shear wal systems or light-frame steel and wood structural panel shear wal systems shall comply with Sections 1921.32 and 1921.33. ‘Strength computations for portions of slabs designed as support ing elements shall include only those portions of the slab that com: ply with the requirements of these sections. 3. Masonry clements designed primarily as axial-load carrying ‘members shall comply with Sections 2106.1.124, Item 1, and 2108.2.6.2.6. 4. Masonry elements designed primarily as flexural members shall comply with Section 2108.2.6.2.5. 5, Steel clemeuts designed primarily as axtal-load members shall comply with Sections 2213.5.2 and 2213.5.3, 6, Stee! elements designed primarily as flexural members or ‘trusses shall have bracing for both top and bottom beam flanges of ‘chords at the location of the support of the discontinuous system. and shall comply with the requirements of Section 2213.7.1.3. 7. Wood clements designed primarily as flexural members shall bbe provided with lateral bracing or solid blocking at each end of the element and atthe connection location(s) of the discontinuous systom. 1630.8.3 At foundation. See Sections 1629.1 and 1809.4 for overtuming moments to be resisted at the foundation soil interface. 1650.9 Drift. Drift or horizontal displacements of the structure shall be computed where required by this code. For both Allow- able Stress Design and Strength Design, the Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Ay, of the structure caused by the Design Basis Ground Motion shall be determined in accordance with this section. The drifts corresponding to the design seismic 2468 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE frees af Section 16%0.2.1, Ag, shall be determined in aocordance with Section 1630.9.1. To determine Ay, these drifts shall be amplified in accordance with Section 1630.9.2 1630.9.1 Determination of As. A static, clastic analysis of the lateral force-resisting system shall be prepared using the design seismic forces from Section 1630.21. Alternatively, dynamic analysis may be performed in accordance with Section 1631, ‘Where Allowable Stress Design is used and where drift is being ‘computed, the load combinations of Section 1612.2 shall be used. ‘The mathematical model shall comply with Section 1630.1.2. The resulting deformations, denoted as As, shall be determined at all critical locations in the structure. Calculated rift shall include translational and torsional deflections. 1630.92 Determination of Ay. The Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Ay, shall be computed as follows: Ay = 0.7 RAs 0-17) EXCEPTION: Axeratvely, Ay may be ontinear time history analysis in accordance With Section 1631.6, ‘The analysis used to determine the Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement Ay shall consider PA effects, 1630.10 Story Drift Limitation. 1630.10.1 General. Story drifts shall be computed using the ‘Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Ay. 1630.10.2 Calculated. Calculated story drift using Ay shall not ‘exceed 0.025 times the story height for structures having a funda- ‘mental period of less than 0.7 second. For structures having fun damental period of 0.7 second or greater, the calculated story drift shall not exceed 0.020 times the story height. EXCEPTIONS: |. These rift limits may be exceeded when itis ‘éemonsrated tat geiter dit can be tolerated by both tracturl cle ‘ments and nonstructural elements that could afet ie safety, The dit sed in this assessment shall be based upoa the Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Ay 2. There shal be no deft imitin single-story sel-ramod struc clasiied xe Group BF and § Oceupancies or Group H, Division 4 for 5 Occupancies In Groupe B, Fand'S Occupancis, the primary se shall be limited to storage, factories or workshops, Minor accessory uses shal Be allowed in acoréance with he provisions of Section 302, Structures on which his exception i used shal not have equipment t= tached tothe structural fame or hal have sach equipment detailed to ‘acommodaie te aacivonl ant. wai that ae laterally supported by the scl frame shall be designed o accommodate the drift n accor ance with Section 1633.2. 1630.10.3 Limitations. The design lateral forces used to deter- ‘mine the calculated drift may disregard th limitations of Formula (G0-6) and may be based on the period determined from Formula G0-10) neglecting the 30 or 40 percent limitations of Section 1630.2.2, Item 2. 1630.11 Vertical Component. The following requirements apply in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 only. Horizontal cantilever components shall be designed for a net upward force of 0.7C,/W>. In addition o al other applicable load combinations, horizontal prestressed components shall be designed using not more than $0 percent ofthe dead load forthe gravity oad, alone or in combina tion with the lateral force effects, SECTION 1691 — DYNAMIC ANALYSIS PROCEDURES 1631.1 General. Dynamic analyses procedures, when used, shall conform to the criteria established in this section. The analysis shall be based on an appropriate ground motion representation ‘nd shall be performed using accepted principles of dynamics,1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE ‘Structures that are designed in accordance wih this ection stall ‘comply with all other applicable requirements of these provisions. 1631.2 Ground Motion. The ground motion representation shall, asa minimum, be one having a 10-percent probability of being exceeded in 50 years, shall not be reduced by the quantity R and may be one of the following: 1. An clastic design response spectrum constructed in accordance with Figure 16-3, using the values of C, and C, consistent ‘with the specific site. The design acceleration ordinates shall be ‘multiplied by the acceleration of gravity, 386.4 in/sec.? (9.815, misec.2), 2. A site-specific elastic design response spectrum based on the geologic, tectonic, seismologic and soil characteristics associated With the specific ste. The spectrum shall be developed for a damp- ‘ng ratio of 0.05, unless a different value is shown to be consistent ‘withthe anticipated structural hehavior atthe intensity of shaking established forthe site 3. Ground motion time histories developed for the specifi site shall be representative of actual earthquake motions. Response ‘spectra from time histories, either individually orin combination, shall approximate the site design spectrum conforming to Section 1631.2, Item 2. 4, For structures on Soil Profile Type Sp, the following require ‘ments shall apply when required by Section 1629.8.4, Item 4: “4,1 The ground motion representation shall be developed in accordance with Items 2 and 3. 4.2 Possible amplification of building response due to the effects of soil-structure interaction and lengthening of building period caused by inelastic behavior shall be considered. 5. The vertical component of ground motion may be defined by scaling corresponding horizontal accelerations by a factor of two- thirds, Altemative factors may be used when substantiated by site~ specific data. Where the Near Source Factor, Na is greater than 10, site-specific vertical response spectra shall be used in lieu of | the factor of two-thirds. 1691.3 Mathematical Model, A iiathenatical wodel of the physical structure shall represent the spatial distribution of the ‘mass and stiffness ofthe structure to an extent that is adequate for the calculation ofthe significant teatures of ts dynamic response. ‘A three-dimensional model shall be used for the dynamic analysis Of structures with highly iregular plan configurations such as ‘those having a plan irregularity defined in Table 16-M and having a rigid or semirigid diaphragm. The stiffness propertis used in the analysis and general mathematical modeling shall be in accordance with Section 1630.1.2. 16314 Description of Analysis Procedures. 1631.4.1 Response spectrum analysis. An elastic: dynamic ‘analysis ofa structure utilizing the peak dynamic response of all, ‘modes having a significant contribution to total structural response, Peak modal responses are calculated using the ordinates, (of the appropriate response spectrum curve which correspond to {the modal periods, Maximum modal contributions are combined ina statistical manner to obtain an approximate total structural response. 1631.4.2 Time-history analysis. An analysis ofthe dynamic response of a structure at each increment of time when the base is subjected to a specific ground motion time history. cmap. 16, Dv.IV tet 163157 1691.5 Respuuse Spectr 1631.5.1. Response spectrum representation and interpreta- tion of results. The ground motion representation shall be in ‘accordance with Section 1631.2. The corresponding response ‘parameters, including forces, moments and displacements, shall be denoted as Elastic Response Parameters. Elastic Response ‘Parameters may be reduced in accordance with Section 1631.5.4 1631.52 Number of modes. The requirement of Section 1631.4.1 that all significant modes be included may be satisfied by demonstrating that for the modes considered, atleast 0 percent of the participating mass ofthe structure is included in the calcula tion of response for each principal horizontal direction. 1631.5.3 Combining modes. The peak member forces, displacements, story forces, story shears and base reactions for each, ‘mode shall’be combined by recognized methods. When three- dimensional models are used for analysis, modal interaction effects shall be considered when combining modal maxima. 1631.54 Reduction of Elastic Response Parameters for design. Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced for purposes of design in accordance with the following items, with the limit jon that in no ease shall the Elastic Response Parameters be re ‘duced such that the corresponding design base shear is les than the Elastic Response Base Shear divided by the value of R. 1. Forall regular structures where the ground motion represen tation complies with Section 1631.2, Item 1, Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced such that the coresponding design se shear isnot less than 90 percent of the base shear determined in accordance with Section 1630.2. 2, For all regular structures where the ground motion representation complies with Section 1631.2, Item 2, Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced such that the corresponding design ‘base shear is not less than 80 percent ofthe base shear determined in accordance with Section 1630.2. 3, For all irregular structures, regardless of the ground motion. representation, Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced such thatthe corresponding design base shear isnot less than 100 percent of the base shear determined in accordance with Section 16302. "The corresponding reduced design reiemic forces shall be used for design in accordance with Section 1612. 1631.55 Directional effects. Directional effects for horizontal ‘ground motion shall conform to the requirements of Section 1630.1. The effects of vertical ground motions on horizontal cantilevers and prestressed elements shall be considered in accord- ‘ance with Section 1630.11. Alternately, vertical seismic response may be determined by dynamic response methods: in no case shall ‘the response used for design be less than that obtained by the static, method. 1631.5.6 Torsion. The analysis shall account for torsional effects, including accidental torsional effects as prescribed in Sec- tion 1630.7. Where three-dimensional models are used for analysis, effects of accidental torsion shall be accounted for by appropriate adjustments in the model such as adjustment of mass locations, or by equivalent static procedures such as provided in Section 163056. 1631.5.7 Dual systems. Where the lateral forces are resisted by a dual system as defined in Section 1629.65, the combined system shall be capable of resisting the base shear determined in accordance with this section. The moment-resistng frame shall conform to Section 1629.6.5, Tem 2, and may be analyzed using either the procedures of Section 1630.5 or those of Section 1631.5. 247 Analysis.CHAP. 16, DIV.1V Test 16322 1631.6 Time-history Analysis. 1631.6.1 Time history. Time-history analysis shall be per {formed with pairs of appropriate horizontal ground-mation time- history components that shall be selected and scaled from not ess than three recorded events. Appropriate time histories shall have ‘magnitudes, fault distances and source mechanisms that are consistent with those that control the design-basis earthquake (ot ‘maximum capable earthquake). Where three appropriate recordeé ground-motion time-history pairs are not available, appropriate simulated ground-motion time-history pairs may be used to make up the total number required. For each pair of horizontal ground. ‘motion components, the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) of the 5 percent-damped site-specific spectrum of the scaled horizontal components shall be constructed, The motions shall be scaled such that the average value of the SRSS spectra does not fall below 1.4 times the 5 percent-damped spectrum of the design-basis earthquake for periods from 0.27 second to 1ST seconds. Each pair of time histories shall be applied simula neously to the model considering torsional effects, ‘The parameter of interest shall be calculated for each time- history analysis, If three time-history analyses are performed, then the maximum response of the parameter of interest shall be used for design. If seven or more time-history analyses are performed, then the average value of the response parameter of interest may be used for design 1631.62 Elastic time-history analysis. Elastic time history shall conform to Sections 1631.1, 1631.2, 1631.3, 1631.5.2, 1631.54, 1631.5.5, 1631.5.6, 1631'5.7 and 1631.6.1. Response parameters from elastic time-history analysis shall be denoted as Elastic Response Parameters. All elements shall be designed using Strength Design. Elastic Response Parameters may be scaled in accordance with Section 1631.5.4 1631.6.3 Nonlinear time-history analysis. 1631.6.3.1 Nonlinear time history. Nonlinear time-history analysis shall meet the requirements of Section 1629.10, and time histories shall be developed and results determined in accordance with the requirements of Section 1631.6.1. Capacities and characteristics of nonlinear elements shall he mocalad consistent with test data or substantiated analysis, considering the Importance Factor. The maximum inelastic response displacement shall not ‘be reduced and shall comply with Section 1630.10. 1631.6.3.2 Design review. When nonlinear time-history analysis is used to justify a structural design, a design review of the lateral- {orce-tesisting system shall be performed by an independent engineering team, including persons licensed in the appropriate disciplines and experienced in seismic analysis methods. The lateral-force-resisting system design review shall include, but not be limited to, the following: 1, Reviewing the development of site-specific spectra and ‘ground-motion time histories 2. Reviewing the preliminary design of the lateral-force-resisting system. 3. Reviewing the final design ofthe laters tem and all supporting analyses. orce-resisting sys- ‘The engineer of record shall submit with the plans and calcula- tions a statement by all members ofthe engineering team doing the review stating thatthe above review has been performed. 248 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE SECTION 1632 — LATERAL FORCE ON FL FMENTS OF STRUCTURES, NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENT SUPPORTED BY STRUCTURES. 1632.1 General. Elements of structures and their attachments, permanent nonstructural components and their attachments, and {the attachments for permanent equipment supported by a structure shall be designed to resist the total design seismic forces prescribed in Section 1632.2. Attachments for floor- or roof-mounted ‘equipment weighing less than 400 pounds (181 kg), and furniture iced not be designed. Attachments shall include anchorages and required bracing. Friction resulting from gravity loads shall not be considered to provide resistance to seismic forces. ‘When the structural failure of the lateral-force-resiting systems of nonrigid equipment would cause a life hazard, such sys- {ems shall be designed to resist the seismic forces prescribed in Section 1632.2. ‘When permissible design strengths and other acceptance crite- fia are not contained in or referenced by this code, such criteria shall be obtained from approved national standards subject tothe approval ofthe building official 1632.2. Design for Total Lateral Force. ‘The total design lateral seismic force, Fp, shall be determined from the following formula: Fy = 406.1% 21 Atematvely fy may be caulited using the following for sms an sl 1, 2Eb (ss bm oy Except that: fp shall not be less than 0.7Calp Wp and need not be more than 4C,fp 23) WERE: ‘ng is the element or component attachment elevation with respect to grade. fy shall wot be taken less than 0.0. ‘isthe structure roof elevation with respect to grade. 4p is the in-structure Component Amplification Factor that var- ies from 1.0 0 25, A yal for ap shall be selec fiuin Table 16-0, Aluemattvely, this factor may be determined based on the dynamic properties or empirical data ofthe component and the structure that support it. ‘The value shall not be taken Tess than 1.0. Ay is the Component Response Modification Factor that shall be taken from Table 16-0, except that Rp for anchorages shall ‘equal 1.5 for shallow expansion anchor bolts, shallow chemical anchors or shallow cast-in-place anchors. Shallow anchors are those with an embedment length-to-diameter ratio of less than 8. ‘When anchorage is constructed of nonductile materials, or by use of adhesive, Ry shall equal 1.0. ‘The design lateral forces determined using Formula (32-1) or (32-2) shall be distributed in proportion to the mass distribution of the clement or component. Forces determined using Formula (32-1) or (32-2) shall be used to design members and connections that transfer these forces 10 the seismic-resisting systems. Members and connection design shall use the load combinations and factors specilied i Section. 1612.2 or 1612.3. The Reliability/Redundancy Factor, p, may be taken equal to 1.0. For applicable forces and Component Response Modification Factors in connectors for exterior panels and diaphragms. refer to Sections 1633.2.4, 1633.28 and 1633.29.1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE Forces shall be applied in the horizontal aurectons, which result in the most critical loadings for design. 1632.3 Specifying Lateral Forces. Design specifications for equipment shall ether specify the design lateral forces prescribed herein or reference these provisions. 1632.4 Relative Motion of Equipment Attachments. For equipment in Categories 1 and 2 buildings as defined in Table 16-K, the Iateral-force design shall consider the effects of relative motion of the points of attachment to the structure, using the drift based upon Ay. 1632.5 Alternative Designs. Where an approved national standard or approved physical test data provide a basis for the cearthquake-resistant design of a particular type of equipment or ‘other nonstructural component, such a standard or data may be ac- ‘cepted as a bass for design of the items with the following limitations: 1. These provisions shall provide minimum values forthe design ofthe anchorage and the members and connections that transfer the forces to the seismic-resisting system. 2. The force, Fp, and the overtuming moment used in the design of the nonstructural component shall not be less than 80 percent of the values that would be obtained using these provisions. ‘SECTION 1633 — DETAILED SYSTEMS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS, 1633.1 General, All structural framing systems shall comply with the requirements of Section 1629. Only the clements of the ‘designated seismic-force-resisting system shall be used to resist ddezign forces. The individual components shall be designed to resist the prescribed design seismic forces acting on them. The com- pponents shall also comply with the specific requirements for the ‘material contained in Chapters 19 through 23. In addition, such framing systems and components shall comply with the detailed system design requirements contained in Section 1633. Al building components in Seismic Zones 2, 3 and 4 shall be ‘designed to resist the effects of the seismic forces prescribed here in and the effects of gravity loadings from dead, floor live and snow loads. ‘Consideration shall be given to design for uplift effects caused by seismic loads. In Seismic Zones 2, 3 and 4, provision shall be made tor the et- {ects of earthquake forces acting ina direction other than the principal axes in each of the following circumstances: ‘The structure has plan iregularity Type 5 as given in Table 16M. ‘The structure has plan irregularity Type 1 as given in Table 16M for both major axes. ‘Accolumn of a structure forms part of two or more intersecting Interal-force-resisting systems. EXCEPTION: |f the axa Join the column due seismic Ferces acting in either direction sess than 20 percent of the colurn axial Toad capacity. ‘The requirement that orthogonal effects be considered may be satistiea By designing such elements for 100 percent of the pre~ seribed design seismic forces in one direction plus 30 percent of the prescribed design seismic forces in the perpendicular direction, The combination requiring the greater component strength shall be used for design. Altematively, the effects of the two ortho- ¢gonal directions may be combined on a square root ofthe sum of the squares (SRSS) basis. When the SRSS method of combining CHAP. 16, DIV.IV 16922 1633.24 directional errects 1s used, each terms compute sla! be wosigued the sign that will result in the most conservative result. 16332 Structural Framing Systems. 1633.2.1 General. Four types of general building framing systems defined in Section 1629.6 are recognized in these provisions ‘and shown in Table 16-N. Each type is subdivided by the types of vertical elements used to resist lateral seismic forces. Special framing requirements are given in this section and in Chapters 19 ‘through 23. 1633.2.2 Detailing for combinations of systems. For compo- ‘ents common to different structural systems, the more restrictive detailing requirements shall be used. 1633.2.3 Connections. Connections that resist design seismic forces shall be designed and detailed on the drawings. 1633.24 Deformation compatiblity. All structural framing ‘elements and their connections, not required by design to be part Of the lateral-force-resisting system, shall be designed and/or detailed to be adequate to maintain support of design dead plus live loads when subjected to the expected deformations caused by seismic forces. PA effects on such elements shall be considered. [Expected deformations shall be determined as the greater of the ‘Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Ay, considering PA. cffects determined in accordance with Section’ 1630.9.2 or the ‘deformation induced by a story drift of 0.0025 times the story Ihgight. When computing expected deformations, the stiffening cffect of those elements not part of the lateral-force-resisting system shall be neglected. FFor elements not part ofthe Iateral-force-resisting system, the forces induced by the expected deformation may be considered as ultimate or factored forces. When computing the forces induced by expected deformations, the restraining effect of adjoining rigid structures and nonstructural clements shall be considered and a rational value of member and restraint stiffness shall be used. Tnelastic deformations of members and connections may be considered inthe evaluation, provided the assumed calculated capacities are consistent with member and connection design and detailing. For concrete and masonry elements that are part ofthe lateral- force-resisting system, the assumed flexural and shear stiffness properties shall Not exceed one hall of the gross section properties tunless a rational cracked-section analysis is performed. Addi- tional deformations that may result from foundation flexibility and diaphragm deflections shall be considered. For concrete ele- ‘ments not part ofthe lateral-force-resisting system, see Section 1921.7. 1633.24.1. Adjoining rigid elements. Momentressting frames aun shear walls may be enclosed by or ajoined by more iid cle- tents, provided it canbe shown tha the participation or failure of the more rigid elements will not impair the vertical and lateral- load-resisting ability ofthe gravity load and lateral force resisting systems. The effects of adjoining rigid elements shall be consid- eed when assessing wheter a structure shal be designated regu- Jar or iregular in Section 1629.51. 1633.2.4.2 Exterior elements. Exterior nonbearing, nonshear ‘wall panels or elements that are attached to or enclose the exterior hall he dosigno ta ereiet the forces per Formula (32-1) or (32-2) ‘and shall accommodate movements ofthe structure based on Ayy ‘and temperature changes. Such elements shall be supported by ‘means of cast-in-place concrete or by mechanical connections and fasteners in accordance with the following provisions: 1. Conections and panel joins shall allow for a relative move ‘ment between stories of not iess than two times story drift caused 219(CHAP, 16, DIV. feas2.43 162329 by wind, the calculated story drift hased am Aug aH inch (19 7 mm), whichever is greater. 2. Connections to permit movement in the plane of the pane! for story drift shall be sliding connections using slotted or oversize hholes, connections that permit movement by bending of steel, ot ‘other connections providing equivalent sliding and ductility cae 3. Bodies of connections shall have sufficient ductility and ro- tation capacity to preclude fracture ofthe concrete or brittle failures at or near welds. 4. The body of the connection shall be designed for the force determined by Formula (32-2), where Ry = 3.0 and dp = 1.0. ‘5. All fasteners in the connecting system, such as bots, inserts, welds and dowels, shall be designed for the forces determined by Formula (32-2), where Ry = 1.0 and gy = 1.0. 6. Fasteners embedded in concrete shall be attached t0, ot hooked around, rcinforcing steel or otherwise terminated t effec tively transfer forces to the reinforcing steel 1633.25 Ties and continuity. All parts of a structure shall be erconnected and the connections shall be capable of transmit ting the seismic force induced by the parts being connected. As a ‘minimum, any smaller portion of the building shall be tied to the remainder ofthe building with elements having at least a strength to resist 0.5 Cy/ times the weight ofthe smaller portion, ‘A positive connection for resisting a horizontal force acting parallel to the member shall be provided for eacl bean, ginder or truss. This force shall not be less than 0.3 Cy/ times the dead plus live load. 1633.26 Collector elements. Collector elements shall be provided that are capable of transferring the seismic forces originat- ing in other portions ofthe structure to the element providing the resistance to those forces Collector elements, splices and their connections to resisting ‘elements shall resist the forces determined in accordance with Formula (33-1). In addition, collecir elements, spices, and thelr ‘connections to resisting elements shall have the design strength to resist the combined loads resulting from the special seismic load of Section 1612.4 EXCEPTION: In sirutures, or potions hereof, braced entirely by ligh-rame wood shear was or ligh-frame sel and wood situa nel shear wall systems, collector elements, epics and connections to resisting elements need ony be designed to resist fores im accord. sce wid Formula (33-1) ‘The quantity Ey need not exceed the maximum force that can be transferred to the collector by the diaphragm and other elements ofthe lateral-force-resisting system. For Allowable Stress Design, the design strength may be determined using en allowable stress increase of 1.7 and a resistance factor, of 1.0, This increase shall not be combined with the one-third stress increase permitted by Section 1612.3, but may be combined with the duration of load increase permitted in Division III of Chapter 23. 16332.7 Coucrete frames. Concrete frames required by design to be part of the lateral-force-resisting system shall conform to the following: 1. In Seismic Zones 3 and 4 they shall be special moment- resisting frames. 2. In Seismic Zone 2 they shall, as a minimum, be intermediate moment-resisting frames. 1633.2.8 Anchorage of concrete or masonry walls. Concrete ‘of masonry walls shall be anchored to all floors and root that pro- vvide out-of-plane lateral support ofthe wall. The anchorage shall 2-20 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE pravide a positive dicect connection between the wall and floor or roof construction capable of resisting the larger ofthe horizontal forces specified in this section and Sections 1611.4 and 1632. In addition, in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, diaphragm to wall anchorage using embedded straps shall have the straps attached to or hooked around the reinforcing steel or otherwise terminated to effectively transfer forces tothe reinforcing steel. Requirements for develop- ing anchorage forces in diaphragms are given in Section 1633.2.9. aphragm deformation shall be considered in the design of the supported wall, 163328.1 Out-of-plane wall anchorage to flexible diaphragms. This section shall apply in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 where flexible diaphragms, as defined in Section 1630.6, provide lateral support for walls 1, Elements ofthe wall anchorage system shall be designed for the forces specified in Section 1632 where Ry = 30 and ap = 1.5 In Seismic Zone 4, the value of Fp used forthe design ofthe ele- iments of the wall anchorage systém shall not be less than 420 pounds pr lineal foot (6.1 KN per lineal meter) of wall substituted for E. See Section 16114 for minimum design forces in oer seismic 2. When elements ofthe wall anchorage system are not loaded concentrically or are not perpendicular to the wall, the system Shall be designed to resist ll components ofthe forces induced by the eccentricity 3. When pilasters are presen inthe wal the anchorage force at the pilasters shall be calculated considering the additional load transfered from the wall panels to the pilasters. However, the ‘minimum anchorage force at a floor or roof shall be that specified in Section 1633.28.1, em I. 4. The strength design forces for stel elements ofthe wall anchorage system shall be 1.4 times the forces otherwise required by this section 5. The strength design forces for wood elements of the wall anchorage system shall be 0.85 times te free othervbe required by this section and these wood elements shall have a minimum actual net thickness of 21/2 inches (63.5 mm) 1633.29 Diaphragms. 1. The deflection in the olane of the diaphragm shall not exezed the permissible deflection of the attached elements. Permissible eflection shall be that deflection that will permit the attached ele- ‘ment to maintain is stracturalitegrity under the individual lode ing and continue o support te prescribed loads 2, Floor and roof diaphragms shall be designed to resist the forces determined in accordance with the following formula: n+ DA 31) yw ‘The force yr determined from Formula (33-1) neod not exceed 1.0Cg/vpa, but shall not be tess than O.5C/pe. When the diaphragm is required to transfer design seismic forces from the vertical-esisting elements above the diaphragm to other vertical-esisting elements below the diaphragm due to offset in the placement of the elements or to changes in stiffness in the vertical elements, these forces shall be added to those deter- ‘mined from Formula (33-1), 3, Design seismic forces for flexible diaphragms providing Iat- eral supports for walls or frames of masonry of concrete shall be11997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE ‘determined using Formula (53-1) based on the load determined in accordance with Section 1630.2 using a R not exceeding 4. 4, Diaphragms supporting concrete or masonry walls shall have continuous tes or struts between diaphragm chords to dis- true the anchorage forces specified in Section 1633.28, Added chords ofsubdiaphragms may be used to form subdiaphragms to transmit the anchorage forces to the main continuous crosstis. ‘The maximum length-to-width ratio of the wood structural sub- hag shall be 21/3 5, Where wood dlaphragms are sed to laterally support crete or masonry walls, the anchorage shall conform to Section 1633.28. In Seismic Zones 2, 3 and 4, anchorage shall not be ac- complished by use of toenails orn subject to withdrawal, wood ledgers or framing shall not be used in cross-grain bending ot cross-grain tension, and the continuous ies required by lem 4 shall be in addition tothe diaphragm sheathing. 6. Connections of diaphragms to the vertical elements in stc- tures in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, having a plan iregulaity of Type 1,2,3 or in Table 16-M, shal be designed without considering either the one-third increase or the duration of load increase con- Sidered in allowable stresses for elements resisting earthquake forces. 7. Imstructures in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 having a plan imegu- lasty of Type 2 in Table 16-M, diaphragm chords and drag members shall be designed considering independent movement of the projecting wings ofthe structure. Each of these diaphragm ele- ‘ments shall be designed for the more severe ofthe following two assumptions: Motion ofthe projecting wings inthe same direction. Motion ofthe projecting wings in opposing directions. EXCEPTION: This requirement may be domed eat if he procedures of Seton 1631 in conjuction with a thre-dinensiona Toda have een ured to detemnine the Tater esi ees for desi, 1633.2.10 Framing below the base. The strength and stiffness Of the framing between the base and the foundation shall not be less than that ofthe superstructure, The special detailing require- ‘ments of Chapters 19 and 22, as appropriate, shall apply to col- uumns supporting discontinuous lateral-force-resisting elements and to SMRF, IMRF, EBF, STMF and MMRWF system elements Delow ine base, which are required wo wansmit the forces resulting from lateral loads to the foundation. 1633.2.11 Building separations. All structures chall be sepa, rated from adjoining structures. Separations shall allow for the displacement Ayy- Adjacent buildings on the same property shall bbe separated by atleast Ayer where Bur = Bud? + Bya® 3.2) and Aw and Av are the displacements of the adjacent buildings. ‘When a structure adjoins a property line not common toa public ‘way, that structure shall also be set back from the property line by atleast the displacement Ay of that structure EXCEPTION: Smaller separation or propenty line setbacks may ‘be permited when justified by rational analyses based on maximum ‘expected ground mtions, ‘SECTION 1634 — NONBUILDING STRUCTURES. 1634.1 General. 1634.1.1 Scope. Nonbuilding structures include all self- supporting structures other than buildings that carry gravity loals and resist the effects of earthquakes. Nonbuilding structures shall ‘CHAP. 16, DV, “33: "16048 be designed tw provide die stem required w resist the displace ‘ments induced by the minimum lateral forces specified in this section. Design shall conform to the applicable provisions of other sections as modified by the provisions contained in Section 1634. 1634.1.2 Criteria The minimum design seismic forces pre~ scribed in this section are at a level that produce displacements in a fixed base, elastic model of the structure, comparable to those expected of the eal structure when responding to the Design Basis ‘Ground Motion. Reductions in these forces using the coefficient R is permitted where the design of nonbuilding structures provides sufficient strength and ductility, consistent with the provisions specified herein for buildings, to resist the effects of seismic ‘ground motions as represented by these design forces. ‘When applicable, design strengths and other detailed design criteria shall be obtained from other sections or their referenced standards. The design of nonbuilding structures shall use the load ‘combinations or factors specified in Section 1612.2 or 1612.3. For rnonbuilding structures designed using Section 1634.3, 1634.4 or 1634.5, the Reliability/Redundancy Factor, p, may be taken as 1.0. ‘When applicable design strengths and other design criteria are rot contained in or referenced by this code, such criteria shall be ‘obtained from approved national standards. 1634.13 Weight W. The weight, W, for nonbuilding structures shall include all dead loads as defined for buildings in Section 1630.1.1. For purposes of calculating design seismic forces in nonbuilding structures, W shall also include all normal operating. contents for items such as tanks, vessels, bins and piping, 1634.1.4 Period. The fundamental period of the structure shall ’bé determined by rational methods such as by using Method B in Section 1630.2.2, 1634.1.5 Drift. The def limitations of Section 1630.10 need not apply to nonbuilding structures. Drift limitations shall be estab lished for structural or nonstructural elements whose failure would cause life hazards. PA effects shall be considered for struc- ires whose calculated drifts exceed the values in Section 1630.13. 1634.1.6 Interaction effects. In Seismic Zones 3 and 4, structures that support flexible nonstructural elements whose combined weight exceeds 25 percent of the weight of the structure shall be designed considering interaction effects between the structure and the supported elements. 1634.2 Lateral Force. Latcial-force procedures for non- ‘building structures with structural systems similar to buildings (hose with structural systems which are listed in Table 16-N) shall be selected in accordance withthe provisions of Section 1629. EXCEPTION: Intemedite moment-sesisting frames (IMRF) ray be used in Seale Zones 3 and 4 for nonbuaiding seuctres in (Occupancy Categories 3 and 4if (1) the structure is les than 50 fet (15240 mim) in eight and 2) the vale used in edocig calculated ‘member forces and moments does not exceed 28, 16343 Rigid Structures. Rigid structures (those with period T less than 0406 second) and their anchorages shall be designed for the lateral forve obtained from Formula (34-1). Vv = 07C, 1W 41) ‘The force V shall be distributed according to the distribution of ‘mass and shall be assumed to actin any horizontal direction. 1634.4 Tanks with Supported Bottoms. Flat bottom tanks or other tanks with supported bottoms, founded at or below grade, shall be designed to resist the seismic forces calculated using the pprovedures in Section 1634 for tigi structures considering the en- tice weight of the tank and its contents. Alternatively, such tanks zeCHAP. 16. DIV. ‘ead 1635 may be designed using one of the two procedures described be- To 1. A response spectrum analysis that includes consideration of, the actual ground motion anticipated atthe site and the inertial ef fects ofthe contained fluid 2._A design basis prescribed forthe particular type of tank by az approved national standard, provided that the seismic zones and ‘occupancy categories shall be in conformance with the provisions Of Sections 1629.4 and 1629.2, respectively. 1634.5 Other Nonbuilding Structures. Nonbuilding struc: tures that are not covered by Sections 1634.3 and 16344 shall be ‘designed to resist design seismic forces not less than those deter- ‘mined in accordance with the provisions in Section 1630 with the following additions and exceptions: 1. The factors R and Q shall be as set forth in Table 16-P. The total design base shear determined in accordance with Section 1630.2 shall not be less than the following: Vv = 0secrw G42) Additionally, for Seismic Zone 4 the total base shear shall also not be less than the following: 16 2, 1 hoe v w G43) 222 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE. 2. The vertical distribution of the design seismic forces in structures covered by this section may be determined by using the provisions of Section 1630.5 or by using the procedures of Section 1631. EXCEPTION: For inegular structures assigned to Occupancy (Categorie 1 and 2 that eannot be modeled w single mas the proce dures of Section 1631 shall be wed 3. Where an approved national standard provides a bass forthe cearthquake-resistant design of a particular type of nonbuilding structure covered by this section, such a standard may be used, ‘subject to the limitations in this section: ‘The seismic zones and occupancy categories shall be in confor- ‘mance with the provisions of Sections 1629.4 and 1629.2, respectively. ‘The values for total lateral force and total base overturning mo- ‘ment used in design shall not be less than 80 percent of the values that would be obtained using these provisions. SECTION 1635 — EARTHQUAKE-RECORDING. INSTRUMENTATIONS, For earthquake-recording instrumentations, see Appendix Chap- ter 16, Division TL1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE. cHar. 16, DIv.v "63 Division V—SOIL PROFILE TYPES ‘SECTION 1636 — SITE CATEGORIZATION PROCEDURE 1636.1 Scope. This division describes the procedure for deter- ‘mining Soil Profile Types S, through Sp in accordance with Table. 163. 1636.2 Definitions. Soil profile types are defined as follows: Sa Hard rock with measured shear wave velocity, ¥,> 5,000 fulsec. (1500 ms). Sp Rock with 2,500 ft/sec. < ¥, < 5,000 flsec. (760 mis < ¥, $ 1500 mv). Sc Very dense soil and soft rock with 1,200 ftisec. < 7, 2,500 fi/sec. (360 mvs ¥, < 760 mis) or with either ‘> 50 08 3, = 2,000 psf (100 kPa). Sp Stiff sol with 600 fusee. = 5, < 1,200 ft/sec. (180 m/s, ‘SV, 5 360 mls) or with 15 < N < 50 or 1,000 pst 5, 'S 2,000 psf (50 kPa 5, $ 100 kPa). Se- Aol profile with ¥, < 600 ft/sec. (180 mvs) or any pro file with more than 10 ft. (3048 mm) of soft clay defined a8 soil with PI> 20, Wine 2 40 percent and s, < 500 psf (25 kPa), Sr Soils requiring site-specific evaluation: 1. Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seismic loading such as liguefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, collapsible weakly cemented soils. 2. Peats and/or highly organic clays [> 10 ft (3048 mm) of peat and/or highly organic clay where H = thickness of soil) 3, Very high plasticity clays [H > 25 ft. (7620 mm) with PY > 731 4, Very thick sofvmedium stiff clays (H > 120 ft. (36580 mm) EXCEPTION: When the sl properies ae not known in sufficient etal 0 determine the si profil type, Type Sp shall be wsed. Sol P= file Type Se need not be assumed unless the building offical deter ‘mines tat So rronte Type Sr may be presenta ese or Ine ever that Type Sp is established by geotechnical dst, ‘The eriteria set forth in the definition for Soil Profile Type Sr requiring site-specific evaluation shall be considered. Ifthe site ‘corresponds to this criteria, the site shall be clasified as Soil Pro- file Type Sp and a site-specific evaluation shall be conducted. 16362.1 ¥», Average shear wave velocity. , shall be deter- ‘mined in accordance with the following formula: Sa 6-1) in fet (om) ty in Layer iin ft/sec. (msec) 160622 N, average eld standard penetration resistance and Negi averae tandnrd penetration resistance for cobsionles ‘soil layers. Vand Nev shall be detcrmined in accordance with the following formula 1636.28 36-2) and 863) WHERE: thickness of Layer 1 in feet (mm). the total thickness of cohesionless soil layers in the top 100 feet (30 480 mm), Nj = the standard penetration resistance of soil layer in accordance with approved nationally recognized standards. §,, Average undrained shear strength. 5, shall be ed in accordance with the following formula: (6-4) WHERE: d- = the total thickness (100 ~ d) of cohesive sol ayers in the top 100 feet (30 480 mm). Su = the undrained shear strength in accordance with ‘approved nationally recognized standards, not to exceed '5,000 psf (250 kPa). i 1636.24 Soft clay profile, Sg. The existence of a total thickness. of soft clay greater than 10 feet (3048 mm) shall be investigated where a soft clay layer is defined by's, < 500 psf (24 KPa), Wine = 40 percent and PI > 20. If these criteria are met, the site shall be classified as Soil Profile Type Se. 163625 Soil profiles Sr, Sp and Sp. Sites with Soil Profile ‘Types Sc, Sp and Se shall be clasified by using one of the follow ing tree methods with V, Mand 5, computed inal cass as speci- Fis in Section 1636.2. 1. 5 forthe top 100 feet (30-480 mm) (7, method) 2. Morte top 100 feet (20 480 mm) (W method) 3. New for cohesionless soil layers (PI < 20) in the top 100 feet (20480 mm) and average 5, for cohesive soil layers (PI> 20) in the top 100 feet (30-480 mm) (5, method). 1636.2.6 Rock profiles, S, and Sp. The shear wave velocity for rock, Soil Profile Type Sp, shall be either measured onsite or est- mated by a geotechnical engineer, engineering geologist or seismologist for competent rock with moderate fracturing and ‘weathering. Softer and more highly fractured and weathered rock shall either be measured on site for shear wave velocity or classified as Soil Profile Type Sc. ‘The hard rock, Soil Profile Type Say catogory shall bs cupported by shear wave velocity measurement cither on site or on profiles ‘of the same rack type in the same formation with an equal or ‘greater degree of weathering and fracturing. Where hard rock con- ns are known to be continuous to a depth of 100 feet (30 480 mm), surficial shear wave velocity measurements may be extrap- lated to assess V,. The rock categories, Soil Profile Types Sq and 228Hap 16, DIV. v fese28 ‘Sp, shall not be used if there ig more than 10 feet (3048 mm) of soi ‘between the rock surface and the bottom of the spread footing oF ‘mat foundation. ‘The definitions presented herein shall apply to the upper 10¢ feet (30 480 mm) of the site profile. Profiles containing distinctly different soil layers shall be subdivided into those layers desi: nated by a number from 1 10 mat the bottom, where there are a total ‘fn distinct layers inthe upper 100 feet (30 480 mm). The symnbol ‘then refers to any one of the layers between 1 and n, 228 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 16-8 TABLE 16.A_UNIFORM AND CONCENTRATED LOADS uwronuroant | SM ESRBATE? use on oceurancy es eam) oo Season Tar | On ar Resa oorapiens Ciera 30 000 Comper Too 0 Zhan 150 7 3: Assembly area? and antorams and balconies [ned seating aes 50 a tterwath Movable etng and ohare Too @ Sage rr tnd ccd pao Be ° Con wt mare a @ 3. Bia 100 # Gages Genera mange aloe To0 ™ Privat or pleasure ype motor velicke marge 30 Tana Teal Wards and moms 0 | 3 irae Reading rom or 1000 ack 5 13008 7 Mantas Tie 75 000 Hey 5 5000 Toes 30 000 Ti, Pinna Ties om 150 3500 Composing ad nape Om 100 2007 Ta Reade isi oor aes @ Esteban oF 3 Desks a 7 Sie =o ° Ti Retoom is ands, pandaands, Bache {eidng sa tlseopng seating en 100 ° 15 Roof desks Tae sed re ON 16 Sar Casio w To Th Sida and Grewaye ible ee 507 7 Tk Stoner Tie Bs Hey co} Soar Too Ed 20 Podesta ger ad wa Too "See Seton 1607 for ve load rection ee Secon 160735, ie paragraph for ara of ad application es oe ae “ STE room, gyenasioms pny rows, plane, erate en similar aropanros he sem gecly snes ‘snow leads occur that are in exces ofthe design conditions, the strcture sal be designed to support the loads de to the increased loads caused by dit uildup ora greater snow design as determined bythe building official. See Seton 1612, For special-purpose roo, se Section 1607 4. ‘pence tc en crore 1D pti, a iy au gn ni we individual star tread to support concent laced ns postion that would aune maximum ess. Sae ngs ‘ay be designed forthe uniform oad se orth i be table . ms a 1sce Section 1607-33, second paragraph, for concentrated loads, See Table 16-B oc vehicle bares. ‘Residential ceeupancesinelde pevate Awelings, sparments ad bel gest ms. ‘Restroom loads tal ot be less tan the Toad forthe occupancy with which the re ascated, but need not exced 50 pounds per square foot (2.4 KN). 225TABLE 16-8 11997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 16-8—SPECIAL LOADS! oe VERTICAL LOAD ——[ —TATERALLBAD cro Devan ‘Wounds pet square oo urns aera leg) % 0047 fort 1. Construction, public acces at ste Give Toad) | Walkway, see Secon 3303.6 130 ‘Canopy, se Section 35037 150 © Grandstands, reviewing sands, bleacher, and | Seats and footboands 10 See Footnote 3 folding and lescoping seating (ive lout) "Stage aocessoris (ive load) Catwalke w ollowspot, projection and coauolvooms 50 "F Ceaing Taming Give Toad) (Over stages 20 ‘All uses excop oer sages ie 5 Partition and iatrior wall, soo See. 16115 {ive load). 5 Elevators and dubwalies (cad an Wor Tet) 2 otal ads 7. Mechanical and electrical equipment (lead load) "otal loads "8 Cranes (Acad and live loads) Toa lad incldirg inpast noease 125 % total ad® | _ 010 % total oad” 3. Balcony railings and guardrails i ies serv gan zope a” ‘Other han ext aes 208 ‘Components 2 To” Vehicle Baers See Section 233 Ber Hi, Handrails See Footman Tt ‘See Foomaie Th Some racks ‘Over feet 2438 nm igh “Taal leads? See Table 150 1B. Fire sprinkler roel syppom Opa WEN ico filled pipe" Ta. Explosion expomure azardous oozopancies, ee Section 30710 The tuted loads are minimum loads. Where oter vertical Toads required by this code or required by te design would cause Eeale ieies, ey salle wed. 2Pounds pe lineal foot (> 14.5 fr NI). 3ateral Sway bracing loads of 24 pounds per foot (350 Nim) parallel and IC pounds per foot (145.9 Nim) perpendicular to seat and fooboars ‘Boss not apply to cng that have sufcient tual access fom below, seh than reed within i space above ihe cling, Does et apply fo cogs ithe atic areas above the ceiling are not provided with access. This lve oad need not be considered as ating simultaneously wah other lve Tose imposed upon te cling framing ors supporting structure Swhere Appendix Chapter 30 has been adoped, see reference standard cited therein for addtional design requirements, ‘The impact factors ineuded are for cranes with sel whocs riding on steel als. They tay be mode if substantiating technical data acceptable to he bulling ‘officials submited. Live loads on crane supprt givers and thet connections shall be ken asthe maximum crane whee! loads. or pendant-pratedvelng rane support giders and their conection he tnt fase shall be 110, ‘This applies inte crecton parle! to the away ras Gongituina), The cor fr forces perpendicular to the rls 0.20 x the transverse tavelng lads (oly, ‘ab hooks and ltd load). Forces shal be applied at op frail and may be dstbued rong rail of mlipl ral rasan shal be distbuted with de tetad Tor itera siffess of te siractures supporting these ral $fond es na fot (x 14.6 fr Nm) be applied horny at ges the top it Intermediate rail, panel ills and thir connections shal be capable of watstanding a oud of 25 pounds per square fot (1.2 kN?) applied horizontally at ght ange over the entre ibutary are, including ooenines and spaccs betwen ak. Reais ten ic Wading mes th mb wth te of ve 2A horizontal adn pounds) api at ight angles tote vei are at height of 18nchs (457 mm) above the pring surface. The face maybe dseib- ied over afoot suare (308 Slime aquat) aca {Whe manning of handrail hall be toch ht he somplsted hands nd sporting srr ar capable of witsaaing aloud t at 200 pus (690 N) ened ny rio any pont ne al hed il nba at sundae wib fem a "2Vetcal meters of storage acs shall be protected fromm impact lores of operating expen, tacks sale designed soa lar of on vertical mem ill at ease ellaps of mor than the bay o bays Geely supported by bat menier, "he 250 pound (111 EN) loa is toe applied to ay single i opinler pon pa but ot simulanousy tal suppor joins.1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE. TABLE 16-¢ TABLE 18 TABLE 16-0_ammnmi Noe Hive Land “a aie eh a Ryan cod a Tien a vier iose os) | matt eum wn, | stacy ROOF store = aoro tenet Gercenags | Geeontan) Tia ors estan nl verde Horeonal \ SiS dope chor dome 2 6 2 20 oe 0 Sic oe cp of ia 7 Rive ana alo as an tents vrai 2 unt, Tecaoetl O98 oles han 7 A ; TOU slope). Arch or dome wath i ' 8 cS as Awecdgihcfogsoke thes Sige Sepa 3 Rise nis vere in as odzonal (OR soe) and” |p 2 2 2 Eres of opr er A fanigs excep dt coved? [5 3 5 3 No factions permed See |e 10 10 10 a ee TL RE ISTE RTT RTT ene ee ee eee ie eet tert abe ~(ited arabs Sst 0 wn omc heb asttumtnnmetn aen HeET me ee ttn pina pion ne TABLE 16-D—MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS! TWENBER LOADED WITT LNE LOAD PLUS DEAD “TPE OF MEMBER MEMBER LOADED WITHLVE LOAD OMLY (L) ‘Dao eay ‘Roof member sopporing plaster or floor member, ne "Sufficient slope o eanber shall be provided for flat rofs in accordance with Secon 1611.7 Live load, D— dead load, K— factor as determined by Table 166. Jengih of member in same units as deflection. ‘TABLE 16-£—VALUE OF “K" woos aaa Seasonal ENFORCED CONCRETE? sree, 1 05 Tide509) o Seasoned lubes Tuber having a mostre conical of less tan 16 percent «time of installation and used under dry conditions of use such asin covered 2See also Section 1909 for definitions and other requirements 1p shal be the value at midspan for simple and continaous spans, and st support or cantilevers. Time-dependent factor 7 for sustained lous may be taken equ) five yeas ormore 20 twelve months 12 fix month ie three months 10 2arTABLE 16-6 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 16-6 ‘TABLE 16-F_WIND STAGNATION PRESSURE (q,) AT STANDARD HEIGHT OF 33 FEET (10 058 mm) [Basic wind peed Gopi (61 Fork) 7 | © | » | m | no | m0 | 1 Prestre ga) 00879 for Nn) m6 | 164 | 208 | 256 | 30] m9] as "Wind speed from Seaton 1618 TABLE 16-G—COMBINED HEIGHT, EXPOSURE AND GUST FACTOR COEFFICIENT (C,)! THEIR ABGVE AVERAGE LEVEL OF ‘Abdoten OACUN fae % 3608 orm POSURE exposuaec Exosune 8 os 139 706 062 20 185 113 067 2s 150 19 on 0 | 136 123 076 0 162 131 084 6 13 143 095 181 133 Lo 100 188 161 13 120 193 167 120 160 202 179 131 200 210 Lar 1a 300 223 205 163 200, 234 219 1.80 Wales for interned heights above 13 Toot (372 mm) may be Interpolated 22811997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE ‘TABLE 16-H—PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (C,) TABLE 164 Tnclosed and unenclosed structures Slope 27120845) Slope 7:12 (58.3%) 12:12 (100%) Panialy enclosed structures ‘Slope <2-12 (167%) Slope 2:12 (16.7%) 07:12 88.3%) Slope > 7:12 (583%) 0 1212 (100%) ‘RUETURE OR PART HEREOF ‘ESCRTON mero T. inary ames and ystems gid oral eo) ‘Windward wal 08 inward Ieeward wall 03 outward Roofs os “Wind perpendicolartoridge Leswad oto ft 0.7 outward Windward oo! ese than 212 16.78) 0.7 outward Slope 3:12 (16.7%) oes than 9:12 73%) | 0.9 outward or 03 award Slope 9:13 734) fo 22 (100%) {4 Svar Slope > 12:12 100%). 03 ward Win pri ean Nat ro outward ‘Method 2 Projected ara metiod) ‘On vertical projected wea "Soucy 0 fet (12 192 mm) orlessin height | 1.3 horizontal any direction Stcurt over ab ce (12102 nm) inheight | | 14 hevioatal any decton On borizontal projected areal 03 par 7, Blemen and somponens notin awew'of | Wal elements Sonne ‘Al scres inward Baclood and wnenclsed sutures 12eorward Parlly enclosed srwtures XG curmard Parapet walls 1S foward or ovtward Roof element outward 13 outward or inward Toward UG outward oF 08 invard Toward or iwand J. Elena qopponeat nao isominases Wall coment Roo eaves, kes or rides without ‘Slope ¢ 2:12 (16.7%) Sloe 212.467) 07-12 6848) Slope > 712 38.3%) 0 1212 (I For slopes les than 2:12 16.7%) ‘Overhangs a rot av, rakes or Fdges, and ‘canopies TS outward oF 12 inward 23 upward 26 onward Te oumard 0.5 added to valves above Chey, tks and solid towers ‘Square o ectangular Hexagonal or ox Round or elipaeal Fay Girecjon 1 any direction 8 7 1 08 any dieston 3. Opentrame rowen™ Square and rectangular ‘Diagonal Normal ‘Tiangular ‘Tower aecessones (euch as naa, ConA, lights and elevators) ‘Gytnanca members "inches (51 ran) or ss in diameter Over? inches (31 mn) in diameter Flat or angular members 77S: Hlagpoes,Tighiples, minor sractares™ Tt aay direction TRor ane story or the top story of mulistory parlly enclosed structures, an additonal value of 05 shall be aed tothe outward Gy. The ost tical combination ‘shall be ased for design. For definition of partially enclosed structures, see Secon 1616 Frame vals, 3or slopes greater than 12 vertical in 12 units horizontal (1008 slope), ase wall element values. values listed are fr 10-squarefoo (0.93 m®ibutary areas. For ibutary area of 100 square feet (9.29 m?), the valu of 0 may be subacte fom ‘rus at dnconinies wih copes lee tan 7 te vere in 12 units horzotal(SR slope) whee the vine af 0% may he sated ‘may be used fr tbutary ares between 10 and 100 square fet (0.93 m? and 9.29 m2). For wibutary ares greater than 1,000 square fet Geter or Cy teolation (629 m8, se primary “Local pressures shall apply over a distance fom the discontinuity of 10 feet (30-8 mm) of 01 times the eat width ofthe struct, whichever is smalls, ‘Siscontnutice st wall comers or rot edges are defined a disco ‘oad tobe applied on ether side of dsconanuy Dut not simultaneously beh sides Wind pressures shall be applied to the total normal projected area fall element ca One face. The forces shall be assured to act pall to the wind direction. Pacts fore drical elements are two thirds of those for lator angular elemeas, uous beaks inthe surface where the included interior angle measures 170 degrees or ess.TABLE 164 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 16K TABLE 16-—SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR Z RE 1 *~ 8 aaa 7 Zz 0075 ons 020 030 0a NOTE: The zone shal be deteanined from the seismic zone map in Figure 162 TABLE 1¢-SO1L PROFLE TYPES PRAT OPER AE PT eee |e = oo Sena ey eM | ras om ve ee Seay” [Serre erento % Td Rock $308 ‘iam % Rak 09 3p = 7 Bowie Wey eae Saran San Roa | Tao 3500 33 Si 3 i301 16 ‘is | % ‘Stiff Soil Profile 600 to 1,26 1510 530 1,000 to 2,000 ce Bovis =F i Sa ti <0 as <19 fa a = Sl ein Sr ap lan, Se en TET ‘TABLE 16-K—OCCUPANCY CATEGORY "Soil Profile Type Se aso inclus any ol profile with more han 10 fet (3088 mm) of soft clay defined as sol with a plasciy index, P7>20, inc = 40 pesent ‘and 4, < 500 po (24 KPa). The Plasticity Index, P,and the moisture Conca, Yn, shall be deterned in accordance with approved national andarde | SRE | a, ‘OCCUPANCY CATEGORY “OCCUPANCY OF FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURE Spcron? | “racvong. | "Serene: T Easel “Group T Division | OccupanseeBaving surgery and emergensy Wout 125 150 15 fectes? | areas Fire and potce stations Garages tnd shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency sera ‘Structures an shelters in emergency preparedness centers ‘Aviation conl wowers Strctres and equipment in government comsmarcation centers and other facilities requited for emerpeney response Standby power generating equipment for Categay | facies “Tanks or other stuctres containing housing of sppting water o other fre-ppression material or equipment required ‘rte preecion of Caegory 2% Hardous | Group H Divisions 2, 6 and 7 Occopancies ard sirocurs therein Bousng | 125 130 od ‘ac supporting oxic or explosive chemicals or substunces ‘Noung suuctres housing. supporting or cealning quan of tone of ‘explosive substances tat if contained within a tlding would cause hat building to be classified asa Group H, Division |, 2 0 Oscupancy 3 Spear ‘Group A, Divisions 1,2 nd2.1 Oscupancies 100 To Ta ecapaney | Buildings housing Group E Divisions | and 3 Oscupanccs with capacity Struts? | prenerthan 300 snore Buildings housing Group 8 Occupances used fer college or adit education with a capacity greater tan 500 students ‘Group 1 Divisions 1 and Occapancies with SOor more resident incapacitated patents, bat ot included in Category | ‘Group 1 Division 3 Occupances All suctres orth an occupancy greater han 3.00 persons Structures and equipment in power-generating sions, and other public uility facilities not included in Category I or Category2 above, and required for continued operation 7 Saad ‘A stucires sing oseupances or having Tso ot Ted in Calegony To 1a | 195 3. Misetancoas | Groap U Occapancis except for owes Tao To TO "Tie imitation off Tor panel connections in Sesion T65EZA sal be 1 for he ene Gonnecor Structural observation requirements are given in Section 1702. Spor anchorage of machine and equtpment required or ie set systems, the valve of fy shal be taken a 1.5 2001997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 164. TABLE 16M ‘TABLE 10 —VERTICAL OTRUCTURAL IRREQULARITIES TREGULARTY TYPE AND DEPRITION TERRE ETON 1. Siffpessiregularigy—soft story ‘A soft sory one in which the ltr stiffness is less than 70 percent ofthat inthe story above oles than 1629.84, tem? So persnt of the average sacs ofthe thre stories above. 2 Weight (mass) rregulasity ‘Mast imegulary sal be considered to exit where the effective mas of any soy is nore than 150 percent ofthe 1629.84, tem? effective mas of an adjacent story. A roo thats ightr than the lor below need not be considered “3. Vertical geometric irregularity ERG geome ireylarty shall be considered tn exit wher the horizon dimension ofthe lateral. 1629.84, tem? Tore-relising system in any sory is moe than 130 percent of ha nan alcet sory. One-stary penthouses eed ot be conadered “npn discontinulty In vertical lateral force resisting element ‘Aninplaneoffet ofthe lteral-load- resisting elements pester than the lengh of those clement. 163082 3 iscomialty eapactty—weak story ‘Avweak sory is one in wich the story srenth is les than 80 percent ofthat inthe story above, The story strength 1629911 {3 the total suength of all eixmic-retting elements sharing the story shear fr the direction under consideration ‘TABLE 16-M_PLAN STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES T, Torsional irregularity to be considered when diaphragms ae not flexible “Tusa egal be cones (xt when anima eye comput ning aiden 16331. torsion at ong end Of he ucure ansvere tan axis more tan 12 tines the aetage of he Soy 6 the 165329, Rem 6 to ends ofthe actus. 2. Re-entrant comers Plan configurations ofa structure and its latral-force-esisting system contin reentrant comers, where both 163329, Projections ofthe stuctre beyond a re-enrant comer ae gre than 15 percent of he pan dimension othe hems 6nd 7 Pert oie 3. Diaphrag discontinuity ‘Bare wih dacs rains nies ning x vig uot of pen wa ee res329, than 50 peteent from one story tothe net. meme renee ‘ ™ Out plane offsets Discontluities ns ler force path such as out-of-plane offs of the vical elements. 163082; 163329, hem 721391 3 Nenparalel systems ‘The vertical tera load-ressting elements ae not parallel too symmetric chout the major orthogonal axes ofthe lateral foree-resiting system. 16331TABLE 1641 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE ‘TABLE 16-N—STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS! ‘AND ee ‘sas STRUCTURAL SYSTEM? \ATERAL-FORCE-RESISING SYSTEM DESCRIPTION | [Reeteterm T, Bearing wal system 1 Light framed walls with shear panels 2 Wood sructral panel walls for sructures tye stories o less ss | 28 65 & Alfoherighe-traed walls a3 | 23 8 2. Shear walls 3 Concrete 4s | 28 Masonry 45 | 28 3 Ligh ste: famed bearing walls wit tension-only bracing 2 | 22 4 Brace frames where bracing cares gravity load a Sel 4 22 Concrete 2s | 23 = fc. Heavy timber as | 22 6 2 Bailing fame system T Stel eccenrcally raced Fame EB) 70 | 38 240 2 Ligh-ramed wale wit shear panels ‘Wood structural panel walls for seuctures thre stories or less 6s | a8 6 1 Alloterhightramed walls so | 28 8 5. Shear walls, 2 Concrete ss | 28 40 B Mosoney ss] Oe fo 4 Ondinary braced frames a Steet ss | 22 160 Concrete 36 | 23 ies Heavy timber 6 | 22 6 5. Spesal concentrically braced frames at Stee sa_|_22 240 3, Moment-resising fame | 1, Speeial moment essing fame GMP) stern a Stel ss | 28 NL bi, Concretet as | 28 NE 2. Masonry moment resisting wal frame (MMRWF) 6s | 28 166 1) | 3. Coneret intemmedise motent-resstng frame (IMRE)S 53 | 2a ° 4 Ordinary moment resisting fame (OMRF) 3 sted 4s | 28 160 Concrete 33 | 2s a 5. Special uss moment frames ofsteel(STMF) 6s | 28 20 Dual ems T. Shear walle a Concrete with SMF ss | 28 NL 1 Concrete with steel OMRE. 42 | 28 16 Concrete with concrete IMR es | oe 19 Masonry with SMRE ss | 28 160 © Masonry with steel OMRF 22 | 28 180 Masonry wa cone Ma 42 | 28 * asoney with masonry MM 60 | 28 ia 2 Sect EBE a. Wim see! SMR ss | 28 NL. With sel OMRE 42 | 28 168 3. Ordinary raced frames Stel with tel SME 6s | 28 NL 1 Steel with steel OMRE 2 | 28 166 Cone with cone SMR 6s | 28 " 4 Special concenealy braced frames a Steel with steel SMRE 1s | 28 NL. Bi Steel with steel OMRE 4a | te 166 fama bailing | T. Canlevered column elements 22 | 20 37 Shear wall fame iieracion | T, Conere™ ss | ae 1a syste 7. Undefined sens Sez Sections WORT nd TOIITZ == = NL —ao fimit "See Section 16304 for combination of structural systems 2Rasicsrvetural systems are defined in Section 16296. 2Prohibited in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 ‘nludes precast concrete conforming to Section 1921.27. SProhibited in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, excep as permed in Section 16342 SOndnary moment-resstng frames in Seismic Zone 1 mectng the requirements of Section 2214.4 may use an R valve of 8.5 2 Total height ofthe building including cantilevered columns. "Prohibited in Seismic Zones 2A, 2B, 3 and 4, See Section 1633.2.7+1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 18-0 TABLE 16 © HORIZONTAL FORCE FACTORS, a7 AND A, LETS OF RTOS ASHES TORAL CORONERS RS EP % FoaTORE THe of Siacres A. Walls inti the towing (0) Unbeoed(cnieered) parapets. as 30 {@ Exterior walls at or above te ground for and paapos wared dover cones of | 1.0, 30 z sy BY AI iio bearing ad onbeatng wal 70) :} z 'B. Penthouse (except when framed by an extension of the structural frame). 23, 40 C Conections or prefabricated sisal elements oer tan wal, See ao Sesion 10 30 7 rene 7 Nonstctwal Componsas [A Exterior an inter omamentations and appendages as 20 Chimneys, stacks and sed towers supported on or pong above oF (0) Latrlly traced o anchored tthe structural fame ata point below thei centers of as 30 Gy cai reo ae ir il Fe a eo 1 30 Signs and ilar 2s 30 1 1. Sorge rack Glee ent) over (29 an) a 3s 20 7] erin sur os ad nk cs mera et TE ann 70 30 B TE Anchorage and etal acing Tor pend sings and Wa 70, a Rane 'G. Access floor systems. "| 10 30, 45,9 TL Masonry or ener fees over feet 19 man) ih To 30 [Panne [19 30 pipet [Av Tanks nd vesicle Gace content) incuding suppor sytem to a0 'B. Electrical, mechanical nd plumbing equipment and asoiaed eondatandGoawork and | 1.0 30 inne. Any fib culpa arly bacel or anchored wo the sacl Fane aa pia 3 39 1415.18 ieiitircene! of mace 'D” Anchorage of ewergency power suply stoma and seni cmmanicons 10 30 Thi ‘ripest Anchorage nd suppan aye for bay racks an el nis exesary {rupee of emergency equate, So alo Section 16322, : Temporary containers with Waniable or ardous mata FEL) 2 “4, Other Components, ~ [A Rigid components with ductile material and tachment. 10 20 1 Rigid components with onus material or atsehnen To is i Flee components with ductile material and aac 25 30 7 ‘Dex components wth nondurle meal or atachren 25 3 7 "See Section 1627 for definitions of exible components and rigid components 2See Seations 1633.24 and 163328 for concrete and masonry walls and Sector 1632.2 for connections for panel connectors for panels. Applies to Seismic Zones 2.3 and only. “Ground supported ste storage racks may be designed using the provisions of Setion 1634. Chapter 22, Division X, may be used fr design, provided seismic ‘design free are equal oor greater than those specified in Section 16322 o (634 2, as appropiate. Sonly attachments, anchorage of restraints need be designed Ceiling weight shal incloe alight fixtures and tex equipment or paritions tat artery supported by the cel, Fo parposes of dterining the seismic force ling weight of ot ss than 4 pt (0.19 EN sal be sed . "Ceilings contacted of ath nd plaster o gypsum board sre or nal tached to aspen members hal sepa eling at one level extending Som wal wall ‘ned not be analy2cd, provided the walls are not over 5O fet (15240 mm) apart. "Light fixtres and mechanical series installed in metal suspension systems for coast ile and ly in panel clings shall be independently supported rom the ‘Hncture above as specified in UBC Standard 25-2, Part I. iy for access floor sysems sl be the dead load ofthe acces for sytem plus 2 percent ofthe floor live loud pls 2 10-pst (048 kN/n?) pation load allowance. 'Of-quipment incest eno limited to, boilers, chillers eat exchangers, puns, sc-handing units, cooling tovers, contol panes, motors, switchgear, ans- formers and ifesafety equipment, It shal inclode major conduit, dacung and ing, which services Such machinery and equipment and fre sprinkler stems ‘Soe Section 16522 for additonal requirements for determining for nonrigid or Hexibly mounted equipment "seismic restraints maybe oited from piping and duct suppors ill the follwing conditions ae satisfied: 3Lateral motion of the piping or duct wil not cause damaging impact with ther systems. 12 The piping or dui made of ductile material with ductile connections. "3, migon ote piping OF ct dos ox case Impeach Hea wis ember m "1.4L.aeral motion ofthe piping or duct des no cause loss of system vertical support. 1S Rodchang support of less than 12 inches C305 mm) in length have top comections tha cannot develop moments n8Suppore members cantilevered up from the floor rechecked for stability. (ComivedTABLE 16-0 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 16.0 FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 16-0—(Continued) "seismic restraints may be omined from electrical raceways, such as cabletrays,condoit and bus dt, if ll the following conditions are sti "21Lateal motion ofthe raceway will not cause damaging impact with ar systems 122 eral motion ofthe raceway doesnot cause los of system vertical soppont "23Rod-hung supports of es than 12 inches 305 mm) in length have tp connections that cannot develop moments. "24Sapport members cantilevered up from the floor are checked for salty. "Siping, dts and electrical raceways, which must be funcional following an earthquak, spanning between diferent buildings or structural systems shall be ‘sufficiently exible fo withstand relive motion of support points assum ou-of hase motions. "Vibration isolators suppctng equipment shal be designed fo lateral loads restned from displacing laterally by other means. Rstrnt shall kobe provided, ‘which lis vertical placement, soc that tral estrints donot become disengaged. and fr equipment supported on viation ioltrs shall be tken 3523 and [3 reapectvely excep hal the nlaon muting fame i poor or Expansion anchor the desig oc forthe anchors clita iy oma G21 82-2 or OE sal be addtonally mulled by "Snr of 20 - ™ }Sequipment anchorage shal nat be designed such that Intra oad are ested by gravity friton (eg, ection clip) "Expansion anchors, which required to ress seismic loads in tension, hall not be used where operational vibrating loads ae present. "Maovement of components within eleccal cabinets, rick and skid poured cauipment and prions of kid-mountedclectromesharcl equipment th ma "ise damage to tier components by Gaplacng, shal be rested by tachmem™ wo anchoed equipment O support ras. ee "ates om racks shal be restrained against moverent in all irction ie to earthen forces "Seismic restraints may include strap, cain, ols, bars or otber mechanisms that prevent sling fling and breach of cootanment of flammable and toxic Matris icton foes may not ee fest rl lds hse otal pstive resi s roid which cms ha be ton Fees sc continousy TABLE 16-P--F AND 0, FACTORS FOR NONBUILDING STRUCTURES T ‘SIRUSTORE TPE % = TWenclncoding tanks and pressriand phere, cu braced or wbraced ie aa 20, 2. Cas-in-place concrete silos and chiraeys having walls continuous te foundations. 36 20) 3 Distributed mass cantilever sructures suchas stacks, chimneys, silos and skin-supponed verical ess, 29) 20) 3: Trased towers eestanding or guyed, guyed stacks and chimneys 29, 20 5. Canilevered colomn-ype structure, 22 20 6. Cooling towers _ 36 Zo 7 Bins and hoppers on braced or unbraced ees — 29) 20 Storage racks 36 20 9, Sign and billboard 36. 20, TO. Amusement suactues and mouameais 22 20 TL Aller self supporing structures not herve covered 29 20) ‘TABLE 16-QSEISMIC COEFFICIENT C, T ‘SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR Z Se 0.06 iz og ‘24 032M, S 008 og 020, 030) 400%, Se 0.09 a 024 035 040%, So 012 om 028 ‘036 ON, Se 019 030 034 036 036%, 3p SexFoomsel Sie specific getechalealnverigaton and dymarve site response analy thal be performed to determine slsmic coefiint for Si Profile Type Se1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE TABLE 16-8 TABLE 160 TABLE 10-N—SEISMIC COEFFICIENT cy SMC ZONE FACTOR, 7 ‘Sou PROFLE TYPE Pay rae 8a Fas Za ‘Se 0.06) ‘oz 016 O24 032M om 015 020. 030) 020N. Se oF 025, 032 04s 056%, Ey og 032 a0. O58 ON, Se 026 030 Om 3 098%, ry ‘See Footie T "site-specific eotochnicl investigation and dynamic We response analysis sabe perfaed to dele seismic cooficiont or Sol Proile Type Sp ‘TABLE 16-S—NEAR-SOURCE FACTOR 4,1 susan source TW ie km oo A 3 12 10 B 13 10 10 c 10) To 10) Fi Near Sorc Facer ay De bso Ta Tpolaion of vas for Sans oer an tose Hwa “The locaton nd ype of ee sources be we fo design sal eased acon approve eel dal, most rece maping of sve as the Uned Sates Geological Survey orth California Division of Mines nd Gesu) e ‘he ln Gane wean ue hl bean athe minimum diane nen te adhe aca dsb hy he veil poet of te sou on he aca (ues surface pojecton of uk an) The sce projection ed nico poion of he sours a epi of1Okmor Gea The Msg ae Of he NESS acer Panga sores Gal be se design ‘TABLE 16-T—NEAR-SOURCE FACTOR N,? CLOSET OTANCE TO RROWH SESW SOURCE A 20, 1 12, i 10) s 6 1 10 10) c 10 To 10 10 "ie Near Source Factor may be based one ln interpolation of vale Tor istanczr ok than thos shown inthe be "he location and ype of seimic source to be ase for design sal be exablihed asd on approved geotechnical dal, mos een! mapping of active al by the Uated Sates Genoa Survey orth Calforia Division of Mine nd esogy). ” >rne ge aang etme mi eh sg mn one od a dy al uno we ‘Srace (surface poecton of ful pln). Thesrface projection need ot tcade orton ofthe ours Sep of 10 km or Greater The age vale ‘Near Source Factor conscing al sores sal be used for esien ‘TABLE 16-U—-SEISNIC SOURCE TYPE? oame SES COURT DEPRTTION obec re __stisae source pescruerion Tsim Neat hegre, | Sip Ram, Sane ‘A —__| Fulis that ae capable of producing large magnitude events wad Gal M210 SES Ihave a high ae of seismic activity D ‘il fs oter than Types Aad C we To Res M10 SR>2 M265 SR<2 ‘| Faults that ar not capable of producing Tage magnitude eariquakes Me65 SRE2 and that have aelavely low rate of seismic activity | 28oth maximum moment magnitude and sip rate conditions must be sais ed concumenly whon determining the seismic source type.11997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE FIGURE 16-1 109 90%. > ra i | Veled H if] eh WY Z ENGI Sy 8 FIGURE 16-1—MINIMUM BASIC WIND SFEEDS IN MILES PER HOUR (x 1.61 for knvh)11997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE FIGURE 162 IE 16-2SEISMIC ZONE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. For areas outeide of the United States, sae Appendix Chaptar 16. 237FIGURE 163 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE L ‘CONTROL PERIODS Toe Gl25G, $ Boo2y 5 é g 5 on ® PERIOD (SECONDS) FIGURE 16-3—-DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRA

UBC 1997 - Chapter 16, Division IV - Earthquake Design

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UBC 1997 - Chapter 16, Division IV - Earthquake Design

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