ey.V Rot mele sea Ca Spach Po dre) CRICEEEEO pnt ther: graph ‘ A le tht i once down |) matin Jace te i of henge is Tekes Cis ionship ax) < fla) 0 fe) it posi). pe P| ecremng i fe 2 Pts) mewn A ‘fine saves ce special types of functions, Fame | lle meetone PTS Ye od Ee (eal aes of encod I= Bafa) + {Weert tbar ert ney = ohne whet | hin i with 2 = J andights 0, (1) (4) (§), erat ae of 3 Te init epithe are nde thee cpr sl of ais he mde al of) tte = tne The bap he eae Ba= tnt Az10)~ fe). prt ey ent wenn sc dan int apt Pepe te rt a) = pet Ts i ch tg cn ne sume endaemnene (0) ee [Hae [ede ae sseawmagan — seyret Pa sameness [a comet : Sten) 0 om fa then ffl) > 0, #10 A te the masicnm vale of (a) J) dente yh deine eg: cons tht try cntats ete se dah coe Fla) +C Mand oni) = fo).“SO IF A MAN'S WIT BE WANDERING, LET HIM STUDY THE MATHEMATICS.” FRANCIS BA THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS fandeertl Tore of oT) rings tot dierent op egal eas fs er a {6) b's Se oe oS a Fine [lod crt et retain att FU) = J) | + bilge tenon th er eo (oe rat Fokus fahar=FO}e Po) Thea ange es mace eae oo Thera oe get |RSS ‘meyers on ano 7) ay 7) eas Waculs Deere fe) petesseasngd poumee Testor ate ere hhc ae ney) bese) a Wyner cna) pts opted ear ender HS ere mang sTfQ) a ye 7) and te wen ae) chang _ Tas aon ss an ba ne tom Oa) Kees srrniog cal onan 7p) ea a 2s Gs pats Pepe perapeme peal ineetaemy mi pryetad ee ak aca neeh eee oees eres orate eee meses el eb Pa ed nl diferent, interations"ard™there ae easy-to fnetions thal do have sy | amierotves The at of nerton requires ao teks. These ae some of thn. NOTE Al {cciqes work ith oth dette sd indefinite nea ay spel ateton tothe i ‘cherie, A Sections Hea ol et ee eas ecg ples es ay "aot chang fain ae erential SST | a s(n continously esas on ener ed ia) thet rg jane Jiloryenae= f 0) + Tis the ang ofthe Ghana orig (50 he Cas pr) eel fo be [Ver Rae Piealotte 8529, Lat 48. Than d= 22,2 2 de = Subeaig we tram the gl neg into fide, or ob dum Bub = 2 (at 48)! 40. Ty Gees) + Wen eluting deft tga sig sstitato, you have coke aout hw to del with ‘elit of ineration Lat sy tha oe interating wth pet ‘Choose a use subsite one in rms fw, sustue back te [' 2VErite~ Seesay] fut 2. wore Chom # wl u = gs) satiate, integrate in terms of then vate te f(s) crated the original inf tegration tit = bck. Formally, f= gs) then [ioeeren foe [orient secon [AVES ‘he FTC justifies sing the teri for bath tiers and aes under curves, ANd ives usasimple wa ocala the ea nde many curve {The aren ur the eure y= oe theater piven by 2d. Sie F ‘san antideretveof (heck that F(z) = 2), ade = F(R) P10) = "aod Lastly better approximation tothe ae, as expert is f(z) = 2 | tctnreasing and concave upon the intra COE [rse=tec Jou [hems [cw fomziemsine sc fusrte=—eanve [oseste-njmestv [otste=minatve [otetemtme ve Iwne- [omease arsed tan +e [gwen tste icra i Sone con proto quote) ant be epson sentra aro worsen on pe he past ara singh era and ther sey | treme 2" Tt te tg ang of te rt a = 9+ eed eee acon [ices oma + esteem [Jn de sot [Poe + Am mean mo pti ty tatepeaetee mew eomaenes fe for tnerae tate d= 2s de = once f vith nna ye = 4. a Bea PEE ‘Square rots of qudrts, such at a=, cannot be integrated with the substation | ‘wn 2 becuse the for of ding ater tg sutton, applying the ution "ulead Tsetse nay ne ligarse ym a te | Gee wane tan ih “$504 Tid 20 lia 1)dd =~ -046 autt= = Eom Fate °°) The tel become: 46. Vico — need (ince oe > Oo the interval). The eral emer we watt comert bck rom 10, we ate Ea “ig wason apron Dacomes ange of Vo=H avant hss + hac stint hein of nti, Ther od pee ee eee a oe eeee dee eee hire pee ere era Valea IPE: whch =i} onda ye] Then chne ‘he spreran org mde eng bt SoeIntegrating ratnal eens of lhmomins-can ety Howe alter arin the toot at ears guna wc an ae be done hgh he eft ay ‘ot be atonal umber), aol Fantion st be expres sm of smpe =par frcsan. Tes ome no "neat ee [afB-trcewes 9 faite 2 [omc m Injar +4 +C = as ain ree + | Foti Babiana / A ater steeds f Bride hin = Bf becomes ©) eam be evaanted by competing the square in the demir, which i + where = fy and k= Yom. ‘Thesp by pprosaso mtegrating [e) = Fi] flows | trnecoman a ong on ot othe pot wher the degre ofthe numerator sss | than the dee of he denominator. The anton athe form fs) = x0) +) ‘.fecor ha danomintr, eduing it near factors inthe form (os +) a reduce quate in theo +0) whee — to = 0, If) Ha repented ators expres 1) A, _ Giz Dy Curt ‘Sivefor athe As Cand Dy malin the tion by) an equating tice = Ha) has repeated factors, the fo each ctor in the form (az +0) expe tons ant wert tea tril se cies 9 orton ach ce + de +)" iv fio we ‘esa ach pri ction indivi, sing the our tyes oneal es NaF z-2 Cossmuiphing siplifing, and oqiting scents es the Gr equations | Ba" eda, 6a" s)+D=—1T, “A+ H)+C~4 [At B) C=, | Sihing this stn ffm etn ihc inde eth sete | cuts an she or A+B aC, ad fo A~ Band D indent, et A= BaamdCr$ D= 241 Norweninege PATE or powers of trigonometric aston, eur wsubatiton may not work. Use the following | button + Pymagorean enti: + Sesto mon (nh age mat sto N aoa oat N40 TO powers one cone tomas f 0. when ns, ee oe sine factor 0 replace the rest with ois ang? = 1 cn? 8 bt J 0-000) snow negating the sabato = ore omer oie, “al the fonctions aves" ene = ine. i “ven poet feo os: Us the qr ome si? M1 — com ont = 11-20) ‘o ede the power by hl spun the expression ing the ham Theorem) sl se pprprate fred even powers ach aor vial + Mid powers of sve ond cosine: When someting fn d,s cabins of sutton tine stove Thee goal ie saya die toasamof ems when one per ‘ter sin or on (beth each, ihc bint ig asin, + Prods of ses ond cosines offen angle Us: he lowing lentes o gt vio as r sin coe B= 3 aA ~ B+ in A+B) (oostA~ B) ea +) cones = Heo A~ B) + ema +) + Powers of scant orange fon powers of ce Conver il ut two secant tangents ang Phage Wentity + 0 powers of 0 :Conver al bt ne tngent to secant, pl ot ator of 8 fom ‘the pool in wcants and us the ubttin ae. be [ano = = { (pig +20 +20) nome an 44st (14m 6)"tan0 do + onpomes mie tan [an =n Ca / [xed improper grab et Dette megs over an infinite tera 6 fe de | bent integrals oer an intrval in which the cin Bows pointy ha et | mpote) be fot en Nota prope its omge—repct inte ate. ewe an proper ing, ne nee ta i ate at x te integra coer thera eel res DES improper integrals f his type shold erwin oe ofthe Unwin te f°) = in fd mentee ste = tm, [1a Staab ve the whole ine | fl erae= [series seas terme, momen 10 ‘heii integral covers onli th ate over al neal comer ae lens 2) on their a5 and both onetonsarcontinoon. Then he aren boundedby tht carves y= (s).y = ge) andthe two vet ines = and 8 Intra then the pote en defined by the cares eee caierS een acres saves Vela) | tase = 0 + 1th area bounded by horizontal ies, ity be eset remit the curves nthe fem = "Ip) aad imtgrte the dlifereacs beter then with pet to, CT Sas Soypose tat soi rented log the as hatte ae of oman (he sno ‘old letrsecting with plane perpen othe zai) sven bythe fen As) The ‘olune oa aie of hicks Ar As} andthe +d matt The vole ofthe sid sept ot by] the cre y= f(z) a eae rand the J tei? a oe f° (0) | + weaner meted: If (1) > 9) between aad (hen the olan ofthe sol wept ot teen he fx =f uo (atz))? ae, ae ‘Shall method: Asli seta by revoing the ‘ego under the curve y= #2) Between = and 2b the wes of ths repon it [fdr around “ etn Cares oes oem roenvel coma tedctecarred |. ‘olume ofthe ie Setmated 2 Thesbell method ise wed when tis ard to compute the ine tera othe Ceo i 1 J) has continuous derivative on th interval), the he length of the carve mn t- [VieGoya ot faa + Wy? I we beak up the itera ato sinters acho ih = = with 3 sample pole im the ater, ghz —* ‘hen thee he curve othe tera x ppmocinatel ‘helen of the vector (A, ey" (ei)), 0 Any + UC) lan sm pt the om EET SEES esc ats tyr 8 [ston aya. 2 Tes seed ‘Sinaloa (2) od sth PARAMETRIC CURVES ‘peromete eae dines bith these ant ey coords In tenn of third var fe! (a me" Parameti crv doa nena rpresent mame eqvtions hat crib the nit ie ian coordintes, try 10 rate and y diet abd pg that expression Unt the ther uation. Agia, tis may nt ge a | Fintona of h isnot very tnefal However, i you nse the fact hat CEE #220 Some + Awa fied by cree ar btw he ase a the carve ra out = Opened Trelis poser oxps toca ut cca, ngae as raced one. ‘tera treo po] rps Sependng one sgh lf. gee pray o- [(@) +(@) # + Sure era of revoed soe the sane cure ye tne ane the ae) =O ester aot te vo end en POLAR COORDINATES alr coors desert apt P=), ner ef ts dntance rom the pots (sly the rn O} andthe couterclokwie) angle # thatthe ine OP rakes with 8 ‘efrent in (oly, the pines) "To Ment pot sandr o Unk v20 and 0<@-<2r, though Ea From Caren polar r= Vy ‘from poartoCatesan =i — rain Futon polar cordnates aly define rn terns of They ned not (and lost eet ‘ce The graph = niacin Logon on card The prope of bain? Tenagn hasan ner op] inane ign | the Slope of tongen: Convert the care r= /() ito paramere equations In Caren teortaten'r = rcond™ fUeands y= fain Te ope o te tangent othe se a= feu Wy? Th ae ofc of ae i? Gnge mepo ofr rand ane mesure Uns 1728. We pprinate ‘Siverseaor wth rade rand ange manure A + Alege The gh fan are a the care = fi) ron sector ce my Remana sum of [rv@) aINTEGRATION: APPLICATIONS TO PHYSICS Newt Second Law, = a, tts atthe force Fon an bet propo 1 the jet maa ade eration = ‘Work isthe prod of fore and he dace trough which act the fore const, then W = Pr fh re Fs) vale and depends th tne te the work ne The cans suntan of fre dependent on distance the wet of Hol Low the force requ 1 stteh or empress pring» sway ot trl poston ven Fle) = kr ere A acomtant hat depends on heightens of the sprog Th corer of mass (CM) fay sytem the poston which (i connected) cou Balance on ‘eran + Memart Te frther ny something for the ler the "hse ma stm of weght seme = fom some pa Cotrbtes mr worth of ema or forge) ih espe to apt the pt the CM, then al * themoment ofthe ster hae to alan mem, tee Eto Roo at ae fie 72 memes, Vode If masts rod with objects of Malta ‘umes, adm teach end blancs ona cron ™ ts CM, then the tans dy ad om the mass tothe fleum mat saiy sacha rd has length en distance drm the mas othe frum sts mids = ml) Sang Wecan view this pining the rod hong {he xi with them ma the rn CM, the, ea the pit a=, where tea 2 and 2 are the distances ofthe muses rom the rg. Here, 2, =O and 3 = the Dice moses, 1 en In peer astm of abet of mses stoned at points 2,23, “slong the sans (respectively) has CM at the pia ‘Tiss the moment fhe stem aout thee The moment fhe stem about he ranean bcp ip | + Dirte mates, 2 one The CM of pte of ots of mse my ton= (Seen Eta) | + Conisovs mass, wile deny: The Co at pte aj f wife dey i compte by aking the Bint f+ Rinna sums are A the tal me en by | snmp. Sopp tht the shape ofthe objet gen bythe cave y J) fm 2a {Pot As unl, we approximate the object hy thin restangular sie of with |g (2); ara (2) mas pf), and CM the pot (5/8). + everdnate fh et For ech si the monet ven by (une) (coordi erp CM) = pf (ee The s-oordinat othe CM equate momen bt the yi i theeoe 2 fasaraen4 [stot | | + veoortnate a the Et The moment ofeach sips | (comm) x (ort of rp CM) cea) ~ finan ie) 1 [ye ‘he destyp dos apenin teal est ll at mates athe density iio an average for Tunction f(z) onthe interval a the ‘rroge vale fi has the roger that he ean ‘tbeight J and width ba har the sume are ani ‘aclned under cre ~ a), Th +The Moan Veoe Theorem fr Iga aes tht ‘ontnaots netomat average ale, Lke te [MU ordre ea he Co pth, this | ‘A prbebiydenshy ncn describes how ily i that th cucu foe" ‘obabity ht the osteme any mee point nelle stead, we tlk boat the Jz) onthe eer a, 8 Two shded es he ‘hanes thatthe outome alsin some ange and think of ress under the probably density | sve represent probate: The robb th he uo between and ie Se de. | L DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS LF NSIS Nate ee) fe) 7 eT ae ea od) + The mean ofa pstaility density fanetion he gun avenge outcome: eam besen a | ecard of ern onswphindl ony = oT ‘The medenis the point such tha the probability hat 2 Sm (Aen the peobbty that = ‘rs qul tthe poabity th ‘i neh) Save for mi the eto { Fe llo)de= bor fm fle)ae= | TE “The normal dstbton, “bell cure” fea ebay ety that fen rises om opened random vet | Te probbiiydesy Nr # The arable the standard devon, meas of howe ceed the outcome are sound the mean The — Se — = Probably that he otoome fe within of theme | ‘The probity tht thot within 270 the me + Aslan ais any carve = fs) whichis the diffe, A gonral sokon isthe te fay of ures that st the i.e The peer ston to the ain An nil condition fon the ve of (0), les «para akon fom the family of seer sltione Hy’ = ten and (0) — 8 theny = -2eoe2r EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY: dy/de = K Sitio ey = : ‘Solon: Separating and rewriting, we get [=f eae tegen ys ily = A+ Co farm replae bythe onan a oer <0, exponential dry ‘Wor res tafe de to di oie ae ‘+ Unlmea poputon grow cal the mala row rt; got per yea) an + Rndoocve decoy: The fantom messes thems rmning ine The constant ke ote i take for al othe reaising ase fhe het oda. hte bal Me then + Compounded ites Ths i vale Pf an ovement compound Inia Py and year interst af years Is P) (0+ 2) euton that ex be expressed he where fad 9 depend oniyon one variable The egnental growth i ‘to sole a soparble ify we abuse Leni tation to rewe s 8; = J) dr and | Integrate ech side separate, Only oe cotter +e Ming problems tk lo with lion of one socentraton ising toe rt | "sie woiton of eiterentcocsnrtion bing pamped inst nother rae: The ate of Shang ofthe concentration ya ie ien by = ete in) (rte ont). Te ate nt | Bo togute mes peplston gre ore acutely r | tral resures A popelton Pith tral growth |) tte and mano ering capac ye wl ty the logs dierent equation $F = KP (1 ~ PU) = Be where A= Ee he Hil | + 11,0) = 0 or PO) ~ Pa then theca ang gives $f =O the population e table. | P{0) #0, then in Pe) = Pas ich ake eae ESTE A lear ternal equation isan separable aqution of he frm y+ f(a = ae Slay ate) eontinsone net To sake, mutpy both ses by the “ineraing fatr (y= eS 1M, pte tat tafe tegen tn y= 21 (f chew tine See he onan als) de +). Cte thatthe exponent in i dropout)SEQUENCES AND SERIES Wy i this Callus tpie? Complicated fanetions ean oon be approximate with | ESE NNEETIEC NTT | Seiya sn rt Swen nnn merase SPOT Fal ton the mn nie pei cmt anctin hy epesetng ak we re Yanle—a)* =m balsa) +onle 0+ 1 Shorthad: (4) =, represents the sauence a, 2, * A sequence is dein ely if each of ts es cat be ound independent athe ter teem Ge an =n? the worn 1, 40,16. A sequence eed mca the "| 3.inan itera of rite J aound (Le, <2 < a+ RR calle the dio term ound sing the preeding erm). 0; = 15 t= a1 +(2n—T) Is agai the | comergenen. NOTE The eda Rend +R lobe eed ach hn, | When factions are represented s power seri, they a be grote or terete ero by Unto sequence: | term in the wal way f(a) = Sopot then | +The tint ofan init sequence, dented in. a, 8 exits, the va that the saqence | # J") = F naale~ a) and | aprons th limit este and i nites he eqaene ale comer. fat the “| * J le) de= Sry ate a 46 | seqence eget |The rai of conerpence of (2) and ff(2\de ae the same a tat of fe) ut eeok | + Formal thet exist and oq 10 for lle > 0 there xs an N's that whenever exons individually), [n> N.wehielay al then an > A | + Subang 2 — 2, we ge the power sere fr hy =a a ao with + Asoqence (a) cal nceatng fay < 24, all and derma fa, > oc forall | alist cmverene | Tetegratng, me get ta! = Cb ial sce an "0 = 0, weknow that © mer seri converge when 2 = || © Asepene led manent ee ira or deen Fo a wa | + Asequnce si to be Bounded above every tr isl than sme fed constant and! ‘banded blow i every tr s restr than some Sad constant. A nono bored eth shoe and eo ical simply bounded TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES + Mendel Sence Theo Al bounds, moootone sees ae convergent. Ande | I) ean be represent by power seis around thea the ecient | nmap cnn inne ich thee ie her send eit, rene | ithe! dvvtve ard n= 1-2-3. with SEES 1 The oor aris for (2) ane ats the frm Avis ica summed eqnence oy +05 + Anes infty any ters. | = 1 Ne ay nities deol ort ea ok The Mad sete for) ahr se centered a, oj) = $2 ‘Athatc with Yor sais: Functions written in Tvl sere form ca beaded, srt, ‘pie pis caleing i tr) and een died sonst erm oe Piyeoncl appreimatons 10 f(e): The Tylor srs for f(2) shout « canbe wed to approximate (2) by a pbomial of any dere for sales Dat por the higher oder {terms Telia paomil the tangent ie othe carve str ~ pplcaons oi mor bound: ale of hums The ror of trusted Talo sere ses than something et ihe the next term afte the a + Formally i the Macarin sere for f(2) converte ath, and /%()| all then Fg dregs + Un compazon st ini extn leptin ier bth sie srverge oF both dere Apel smo res i cut of sess oy =a, 9-4-4 dy = EP {The au oft series xsi the sequence of paral ms comer oii sm, the it ‘pertinent the ser ele camergn, thera te erga ‘Noman seh the form a ar Far} ar! = SSE gar, where a #0 iseonveryot and only <1, a which cnet um o> + Ween amy = 3 Apress asthe form 3222 ommergesifand oly iy “Tespec vent series J aed the harmon sales. | Esa | Dhrpence Yet If Linge #0 (F Mf the limit does not xi), then the seer | i TEtene ets | ita) ‘hiegal tet If an) iss monotnially de- eg esr sm on he ace le | rein pose bequnce and f(z) s'= ‘x are yoy regen ‘cious fonction withthe property hat y(e\ comes Pan so ste sae. na tea Jln), then. the sener Seay overs iand onl ifthe inpropr intel (fe) de omg areal EE ae TT z Aeris Sa comerge buat the series of abate vals Son onverg theseries | ‘ale as dosnt cavers Dt the galerie ds, he conmagus conan + Ath comerpance fs If ses corneas sls, then te coner | + Ratio tt supose tin, = = 1 exists andi ite | WL< thn theses cde abolte I> 1(orfthetinit eine) then theses | EUS STE | verges. 1 = 1 then the testi inconclusive, | Rotts supose Vag|= Lexan i nite. ivr I = 1 then the et ncn Tm te roo scone an a pares, on oh ost Yysaating ee + Aeon als est: erating Sse tr ih eroting i anol pont, then the aerating series $°(-1)"am wl bes converge bah 3 Eso ape he [theme ht sp ote ne were = | inte PEC, These contin ae efit but ot newesy Foran aernating mie tha safes thee | The nite binomial erie convege or | conditions the eer fom ranean alae sal than the exter thee