Relative density and heating value

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Distillation

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Distillation

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Flash point

Vapor pressure

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Spontaneous-Ignition Temperature

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)Flash point (C

)Autoignition temperature (C

-43

246

>62

210

>60

210

38-72

220

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Viscosity

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 ()1

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 ()2

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Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) Engine

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Octane number

)(knock

.
Octane number
) Research octane number (RON
) Motor octane number (MON

Octane index
Octane sensitivity

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 Fuel oil grades

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1389-90

 Aviation Jet fuel classification

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Diesel Fuel Classification

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 ()1

Marine Fuels

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 ()2

Marine Fuels

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Coal formation

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 Coal types

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)1(
[C]coal + O2 CO2

2[C]coal + O2 2 CO
[C]coal + CO2 2CO
[C]coal + 2H2 CH4
[C]coal + H2O CO + H2
CO+H2O CO2 + H2
CO + 3H2 CH4 + H2 O
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 ()2

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 ()3

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Coal

Oxygen/steam

Iron catalyst

H2+CO
syngas

Gasification &
Gas cleaning

FT
synthesis
steam

Sulfur,
Mercury,
CO2 and ash

steam

CxHy
Liquid
& wax

FT product
separation and
upgrading

Tail gas

Electric power
generation

Water
And
oxygenates

Ultra-clean
Liquid fuels
& chemical
Feedstocks

Electricity

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Fischer-Tropsch

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 )Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG

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Combustion
3C+2O2CO2+2CO

Gasification
C+H2OH2+CO

Water-gas shift reaction

CO+H2OCO2+H2

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Steam reforming
Methane
CH4+H2O 3H2+CO

(H298K= +97,400 Btu/lb)

General hydrocarbon

CnHm+nH2O (n+m/2)H2+nCO

Reactions of carbon with steam

CH4 2H2+C
C+H2O H2+CO

Water-gas shift reaction

CO+H2OCO2+H2

(H298K= -16,500 Btu/lb)

Partial Oxidation (POx)

2CH4+O2 4H2+2CO
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(H298K= -10,195 Btu/lb)

Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) reactors

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Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) reactions

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DME (Dimethyl Ether)

Coal
Gasification

Natural Gas

Organic Waste

H2+CO

Biomass

DME

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Electricity

Wind
Hydro
Solar
Wave
Nuclear

+CO2

CO2 capture

Water
electrolysis

H2


Property (unit/condition)

DME

Diesel fuel

Chemical formula

CH3-O-CH3

Mole weight (g)

46.07

170

Boiling point (C)

-24.9

180360

Liquid density (g/cm3)

0.668

0.84

Liquid viscosity (cP)

0.15

4.4-5.4

Low heat value (MJ/kg)

28.43

42.5

Ignition temperature (C)

235

250

Cetane number

55-60

40-55

Stoichiometric air/fuel ratio (kg/kg)

9.0

14.6

%wt of carbon

52.2

86

%wt of hydrogen

13.0

14

% wt of oxygen

34.8

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Natural gas
Compressed
Hydrogen

Renewable
electrolysis
Coal
gasification
Renewable liquid
reforming
Nuclear high temperature
electrolysis

H H

Cryogenic
liquid

Chemical storage
in metal hydrates

Photobiological

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Pyrolysis
Catalytic conversion to
Hydrogen (Optional)

Pyrolysis
Heat

Char

Condensation

Combustion

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Liquids

Power generation or
chemical separation

Biomass

Vapor

Gases
(H2, CO, CH4, C2H2, C2H4)

Anaerobic digestion
Carbohy
drates

Sugars

Fats

Proteins

Fatty
Acids

Amino
Acids

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Acid acetic
Carbon dioxide
hydrogen

Hydrogen
Carbon Dioxide
Ammonia

Methane
Carbon dioxide

Carbon acids
alcohols

 biogas

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 Biorefinery

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