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  • Rayback Ch.14

    Transféré par

    Maricela Quiroz
    4 vues7 pages
    Chapter 14 by Rayback

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    Chapter 14 by Rayback

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    4 vues7 pages

    Rayback Ch.14

    Transféré par

    Maricela Quiroz
    Chapter 14 by Rayback

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 7
    AHistory of American Labor Joseph Rayback 4 The A.PL.’s First Decade— Homestead and Pullman ed gunn fe yp rain ee en path yaaa ight ar ‘haters iis ari han meee anes eesti meiiscmieiadas eee ne iprapo dione ih ea iewaa Sree ewe DRAG cei area ianmtaas Eee cae sha peaarennetieedecaeenes te Comte ee ot ae Eom ecuamreenes b mcaees soo ia items carte Gia maeeaane ae et See eae mnaetieke ene Sees surberrsimccnemerararan, Secrets "The APL was not en inevitable cots Ite fe ten years fneladed struggles withthe Knights, with “eoalcvant™” trades, with socialism, ‘with ska failures, and with « depression. The seuggle with the Knights ended i victory, but the federation threw so much of its EC¢ow WRI seo womans 186 strength into the effort to stray is val that it made only negative fins While membership in the Knights dwindled, membership in| the federation did notadvance appreciably. A momber of fectre wer {involved Many nationals refused to jln bncuuse they were farfl of turing over any power to superior body a lage number of Toca refused to join because they rorented the fat Unt they were sven no velo in tho new organization: many tradesmen refered (0 join because they believed in intial smfoniem and labor ani. nado, the federation was tll unproved. ABEL, leaders were conslous ofthe crguntation's weakness, ree. ognizing the need for an stenton-attrsting ett. Late in 1988 the ‘anmual convention determined to renew the eight-hour dive whieh would cuinate on May 1, 1800, ma general stetke. The campaign Iisted th 1880 Convention decided to begin a new eight hour tive with the carpnters, stong i number an possessed ofa large strike fond. The carport’ eamnpalga, inaugursted in May, 1590, ‘was largely ssecstal According to Compers the trade secured the ight bour day in 197 cles, and the movement helped local car alge for shorterhoure among ther bulding eadesmen ina namber bf industrial enters Elimination of tho Kaights and the eight-hour campaign of the carpenters gzve tho fedcation somewhat greater prestige inthe ely loots; fe was becoming clesr tht the organization was emerging ‘rom its ofan stage and some complacency became evident ia the statements ofits eaders. Bat cht complacency was rudely shattered Ina series of diastous ses which shook the labor word in 1992. Chief of these was the Homestead Strike involving the Camogie Company and the Amalgunated Assocation of ron, Stel, and Tia Workers, Androw Camegie had purchased the Homestead malls in 188, placing Henry Clay Frick in charge. At the tine he had renewed the long-standing trade agreement between the Company and the well ‘entrenched Amalgamated for s period of thre years. In Febrasey, 1802, Fick and Amalgamated leaders Began negotiations for new ‘agreement ace the stool busless was booming, the Amalgamated ashe fora increase in tonnage rates Frick countered with a request for decreases. After nore than thre month of negotiations, Frick ‘announced that either an agreement would be reached in twenty 198, Ammvony oF snes Lanon ee sda Saba ora se eg oh ee eae Spry ppp he Racsersnanees meee eae bei mein ht id i ered peering ek ticle ore soporte ue Ee nigh cn halen agree me ar 5 yl oe ee ie een Doom so commons epiraie Seg I ete dh eo me aon re ee eee ee ee ere ee ame py ehh Dene ns a sea tes rp ha pe oleh ent keehent eremtnrs Seo ere eas la See) oe ee eee ee es eet oa ty 8 ewe met te pe cae ie eer ee mp a oe suerte nto reel ae eat eee Repl ne me ees © see Been ce mnl Veenaoe oe Rempel Bs re ee eee eae See ten ety bl ea are gs ee the ope leases dete Rowen 25 ee Nal tele eon te overt vA ee occ oa me co Tn eee nen Soe A Perel aot peep ae Alora nie treers sng oat a es tay. ene Dae eae eas ema oad | | ‘TUE A's ys DecaDE-HontesTeAn AND POLLS aT ‘volving coal miners in the ares around Tracy City, Tennessee series of strikes which sought to force convict labor from the mines was alsodefeated by mila, The fou defeats were a shock to ll labor. They rvedled only too clearly thatthe corporetions ofthe Ist nineteenth century were auch sore power fighting wits than Was realizd, capable of defeating the strongest labor orgenization, and that exptal had Secured a fim grip on stato and Tocal governments and. would tte the state's power to protect is ow intereats. Many Isborng men began to argue that reorganization of tho whole labor movement as necessary if labor expected tn maintain advance its standard of ling. Two roads ware open: conversion ofthe AFL. into «pola! ‘movement r the development of industrial unionism ‘Those who believed that politeal action was the scltion made themelies elt a the 1802 A'P.L. convention. Led by ocllst trade sions, they pointed out that the “recent defets” of labor were signal evidences ofthe “impotency” of trade unions "to cape withthe teat power of concentrated wealth” and demanded thet the fede ‘cation tke the lea in an independent poitieal mvement, Comers? ‘ostiity helped head off the movement Nevertheless, the convention endorsed two planks in Uhe Poplist platformn-thelniitive and vel srendum, and government ownership ofthe nation’s telegraph and telephone systems The political movement grew stronger i 153, sided by the depression that began in May and ew a pall of defeat jam over the rade nnions. When the socialists introduced a “politcal programme” calling fr the eatablitament of a legal eight hour dy; bolton ofthe contract sytem upon public works; abolition ofthe _sweashop system; goveramental inspection of mines end workshops adoption ofthe initiative and referendum, compulsory education ‘municipal omership of public utitves; nationaliation of telegraphs telephones, ratboads, and mines; and "the ealective ownership by the people of al means of production and dsibution," the AFL. com ‘vention acepted it and recommended to the consideration of si fates ring 1604 «large number of labor orgunizations acted upon the program Most nationals, state federations, and ty assemblies ene sorsed it without reservations. Only ene union=the bakers rejected the program in ts entirety. During the year hnndzeds of locals 198 Awmmvony or ssermcax anon mtbr tat cae segs Peeireteteataea ae Sy aea aaa eee Sao Epooncoeesaece eee omit ates a ree Sonate Strate ananes ed ase aes eee caaoricieuesnnees Es aaegeemnnpegtn meine ‘al acte. Inthe following yet fee aver became the mest uly ‘ublczed polite ie in Cho vation. The Deroy, repdiatiog Tht ter leader, adoped a ever plank and aisted Wi iam Joins Dryen a ht anda for the Presdeny. ANB the aleration se the Esectie Counel mattned anol x te of weutalty upon the eanddate forthe Prerieny, a lrge "orf kaon amos hms ni of he tle of yan even Comps, nln to e a Repabean Fate to fee eer, pave sport tthe Bryan compan Along zo earl sendy of the lation has been mad, come clot ha a liege portin of enkand le labor vot fr Bryn. Had he won the ‘Ae mig hove etered pols by the buck dor. His det hhowover, ended any tnedite danger fe the election, presiore tocanvet the APL. nbs Mearwile the second po Homertead moverent—ndsatial imi dovloped ard the ralwny workers. The pe ‘nave ational uy avocation fa een gained by tho Den ‘native cine lthoogh the brotherieod had bun with rte dor sions tc, the ffcnce of Chale Wise who bose Thad fn 1954 and the iaroor Michigan Souther ee som Lampeter Ne rence ttm ‘ir AP'S FIRST mCADE-HOMISEEAD AND FenEACANy 190 Ironght a change. Thereafter the organization aimed to “advance the mora, foci and intelletualcouliton of the locometive eng now and other elevate their standard of character as 2 profes sion” Any attempt by members t place the body in.» poston of ‘antagonim’ to employers was to be checked inmeistely. While there were deviations from this attude in the next twenty yen, ‘ho engineers in general didnot act ae an orthodox lor oxgniee tion. Meanwiile they began to develop their insorence and benefit system, Railay engineering was consdered = highly harardous trade ‘nthe nineteenth centry, nd private compen charged the trade prchibitive rates for insuranea To creumvent the problem the organ Faaion set wpa widows, orphan, and disabled seraber fund, end sdoath-benef este, “The Brotherhood of Railway Conductors and the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, organized inthe stig, had gone trough the same transformation. "The triton that riled ealwey Tabor which ‘made up the wain erews war organized primatily for insuring self gaint the ks of thelr ade was 0 well tablished by the eighties that the Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen, the Switchmen, and the Yardmasters, who arganted doring the decade, did't even pretend to belaborssions; they organized ae muta aid societies, Daring the depression of 1873, however, men who worked in the yards, depots, roundhouse, and railway machine shape began to ‘evelop a more orthodox atitde. The Railway Strike of 1877 served tw increase th feling that lay workers newded to become more agresive. After the depression raiheny labor with this attitude jotted the Knights. The two railway elements, with thelr varying traditions, managed 0 exist harmonised by side unt afer Haymarket when the ‘rotherhoods bocame invalved in struggle withthe Kaights, The seached climax in 1887-1858 when brotherhood sabs defeated stro ofthe Knights against the Reading Road, and the Knights’ scabs in turn dfeated an enginecrSreman trike aginst the Berling- ton, The two coafcts started some sgnifomnt tends. Among tain ‘rows it produced movement for greater unity. A few month after the Burlington strike, the brotherhoods and the switchmen formed the Unttod Order of Ralway Brmployeerto bring about greater co- operation among railway workers A quareel between tranmen nd 200 (A stony OF sSeERCAN LABOR swithmen le to the dsolton of the Order in 16. EE» Clark, Trade th eondctrs, promply began «new suovemet of brother 3s stn od eg T Coy ps a Droz ws clled, provid fora federation of alway vce en Ey eway system cooerton to the pin of «general se was vison, The plan mer became ecv. The Brington ska {iu usd so much amnage td ud so horas slaned alway manages that they adopted igh conllatry atte toward {Be atatepeally plac boteriools, granting fall ecgniton, ‘rags 0 high as fo ake the operating employes Be dit of eo [Eber world ad job secur rough tenonty rules. The bob hod wel sate ment tht dependent ys he meats ‘ion among the yard, dept shop, and ainlenance workers ‘Steers Even the raion of day and Indust win, banded down from the Kaige beeae dormant “The instal conte of 182 change the whole pice. They opened the nse of trade verses fatal walon to gave he Indes nots leader ta Eugene V. Deby crear Wesrer tf the Bratheriood of Locomotive Pere In 1802 be was regarded Sone ofthe iat conservative of amay labor leaders. But the crepes of trade wlonis ia confit wilh big buses convinced ‘im tha date change was neodod Railway workers Bed to xp {ecto ove unio f vances wer tobe made nthe all of 1882 ‘he bana campaign fora ae away organization Bs campaign ‘enchel rion inthe ceston of tho American Ralway Union CGicago in Jone, 18 The AINU. was pltered det onthe nhs, wit cote vse in 4 cental crganiation es objective, ike‘ of the Knights asa ulon of ll alway employees. Is ‘es wer lo Isai te elias fo een conden of al alway workers It pledged alt stay oto the insurance fa ‘The maces of the Amram Rs Union was not insta: tau, Th dopeon which began wi he alae of he National ‘Cordage Company n ty, 188, fone the background Within a seu fer the depression ban, no dvideads were bing pid a2 ‘Ener eet ofthe nation’s raway son Banks fling the stain, Dogan to cll nd lun, basses unable mak repayments Collyer over 15000 bans aus were reordd: Commerc i pesenenareennnener nent peineemerrereretinesnentgrnt “UALS nor DECADE-HOMEESTEAD AND PULLMAN on centers out res and fatarien ct production or eos their dors wages were reduud; nen wore acarged by the thenood Inthe mide the comin he engi slry worker on the Great Nebr walled of thir abs i protest gaat 2 wage ft and appa to Se Areva Rainy Union for hel. loc {any bate he doubted the postility of leading asco com Acta the tine, Deb wot tw Minenpele to nga th sv. The Great Nath svendered The AercanRaway Union mas tiie; allway workers of every type foskd tothe rglation, The Iovement ws lt appaent cag engineers un Sodas, Dt thera of remen brtermen, carmen, ar depot aad chop wockre {nto thew open war sin to rap to handle” At secandconveaton the AR, could boas LA tember: ‘Among the raeny men who ole the American Raley Uaioa sa the ping of 184 wee the ployee ofthe Pullman Palace Compasy. They were diferent fem other alway svorkers in that Cheyne nade or ad pal Ue et ey bl snd aes tothe company. In September, 3859, te company cut wages 33 per ‘et ht malig ay dco a ets an ober ores git toon ter when the erployee sled for an ajutent tey were Biot edad ssn er of th commits who ad ed negate withthe conpaay were dicharged. Pullman workers ‘romply walled of the jb and appetled fe fhe ALU for help Debs tro to persnd the Pllian Company to srt, When Gorge Pullman fetal, the ARLU. gun's sjmpatete boyot fPamen ok on jn 3 new our sme 00D men cnet ‘wrk lng the western rafny lin Pullman tafe from Chicago Srestward ‘a parynd Thos the yet spend owt the South and Bast The publi fering dlc, fs breath, Then ‘hope changed "Whia these and boycott were not ined tthe rads the alread bcane invlved sen the General Manages Anolon, ‘hlfsecret combination of twenty-four altos enteing on Chi ‘agp, decided el the ullnan Company. Tram was expressed inn eharnan on the evo th get “We can handle e al- very rtrd, bt we snot handle ATLU, = We ent Ital Deb We bave gt to wipe in ot The General Mo ‘Atvocton tact Atncy Corl Rchrd Oley fr bl ome Aistony OF AMERICA LAO “Their appeal met with Sstnt reponse. Olney, aay Tewyer ands nettber of te board of several rads, asked President ‘Grover Cleveland to sond Federal rope to Cnicngo to prevent i {eevee with che mls end th interstate commore, Bat Clove tend efsed unless wat seen fo suppet Yc tbones” “Olney promplly begin working ona plen to mak neces t0 se tcpe Theft stop wa fo Sd fill authority for epresive tion le did not ad icutAt he hist expres his ews: ‘Rratlway was nota mere private ener: wes publi igh tray” Any obstrcton in int highway cold be dele with by Fad ral enthrtie asa sertint of commerce. Employes who i com ert qut work on highway were In eality obstructing they could ‘Pedal wit a a"conmplacy in otra of trade” To cay otis Plan ho appointed a raloed Iyer, Edwin Walk, special oun ato the Feder Disc attorney in Cheng, ad fstucted ita toresort toa leg! modi’ to breakup the sk, suggenting that {Ewan ot ecesry to weit etl sme eval of egal act was committed boca was pore t Be bills in eqy enjloing [Drsons fom itrfrenco with the ails natin f the Sherman MnaTrest Act He kewiee sugested thatthe mamber of depty tubal in Chisago bo incon ‘Walker, Discs Attorney Mich together with Federal Judges eter Grosseap and C.D. Wood, esponded ith an njuncton ore gall pono "ty elain fom neering wth stopping any of Che buses uf enyof the raonds in Chego engage at eommen ‘Suen the ground that each ation wat fterferenco with the Shah and an unisl estant of cammerce At the sre ie the umber of marshals was snresed fom fy to ne thoasand Ia the “eroon of July 2od United States Marshal Argol, a the head of 125 depute red the order fo werd gateced on he Rock Island tracks Bins Lland, balay between Chicago snd Jolt, He was Hosted, He and his Septon were jid and roughoused, Amol th confancon with Weller, Michi, ad Groscup, threwpon set ‘ine highly isleading path ‘When the injunction was granted yesterday o mab off two to tee ore ell poweson of 2 paint hte ety» = where they bad ‘fsa ached’ mall win, ahd prevented te pshng of any tals ‘Whetbee mal or oferwae (Aer wading of incon to thew OR A's FREE DECADE-ROMESTEAD AND PULEMAN 203 the mb teow 4 numberof bagenge crs srs the tick, since when tral tabs Lev bon unable to sean erable to npr eb, cea te tls or ant tn men who sve cogaged inthe acts mare. and eee ttm force le ante ropa ye cxn prose tho psage Of tbo alt efoce te ro the sat Te w my edge thet th woop nl be ee a he erst moment When Arols message reached Washington, President Cleveland ordered tho cemnmandaat at Fort Sheridan to move hit force into Chicago, The army poured into the city on July th Simultaneously “Marshal Armoldedded 2600 deputies ois tal all armed and paid for by the miroads, and desebod by Chicago police as “hugs, {Rioves and exconvits” The atmosphere ofthe sake changed in- stanly, Largo exalted mobe gathered about the rallway yards end tracks. On July Sth the buring of foight cars hogan at the Rock Island yes, For several nights thereafter freight car, ts, signal towers and merchandioe inthe yarde throughout the ety were de stroyed by Bir, By July 6h Chicago was geipped ina wave of hysteria, [Eawaned ender had cessed tohave mesning "At ths point Governor Algold stepped into the situation. Alegela, who had been fllowing the strike very easly, was amazed. and Ingored by Clevelind’sdapatch of Federal troop int Tivol with tt nvtation. On July Sh he sant Cleveland a strongly worded mes sige protesting the ure of troops as Tannacusary, “unostiabe,” and ttoconstttional. ‘The next day, in nesponee fo requests om local tuthoris, be dispatched five thousand rate saitia into Chicago to suppren the lotoosdicerders that had developed after the arrival of Federal troops. Their eppearasce ld to the fist bloodshed of the strike. Ane infuriated by th growing mambers of oops t= tacked one Ino: roinest, which fred point blank nto killing twenty to thlry people and wounding sous’ of others. Between Jay Th and July @th the same Incident was repeated each day Cleveland end Akgeld, accordingly, bath poured more troops into the city until fourteen thousand sate snd Federal salers patrolled ‘ho strectandralroad right of ways. Tn the meantime Debs, who had boon indicted for conspiracy in restraint of commerce and for obstructing the mal, recognized that the boyott was being defeated and appealed to Bhe Chicago trade tions to ste in support of the radbay workers. Although sympe 208 Amsrone oF sseemcas 14308 ‘hei the trades held back unt Samoel Comper nved In Clea go, ‘worsed bythe rumor of en impending general stra. Gompers went {to see Deb, who laformed bim that Bure was no hope for victory nd asked him to secure an agreement fom the General Managers ‘Association to rehire the szkere witout disrimination. Compers ‘relied, ad the Pullman Sire collapsed. ‘Public reaction to tho trike war bitterly divided. Many recalled labor’ involvement in violence during the previous docado, and ther {mpresion that workingmen were cciminal in character. Olney use| of sich song expressions ax “We have beea breaht to the ragged fdge of anarchy," together with the ute of the fjuncion and of troops, and the arest of some seven Indred union leaders con- vinced them thatthe mation was being threatened with revelation. ‘They could hardly find word mficlent to express hele approval of theactioa taken by Cleveland and Olney. (On the other hand farmers of the Grange and Alliance country ware happy to have the railway workers stk a blow egaast their ‘old enemies. There were many, moreover, who were pasionately ‘tical of the nso of Federal troops to quell domestic violence aginst the wishes of esate governor snd of "government by injunction.” ‘Gaticiem, infact, became 20 perstent that Cleveland appointed | ‘commission to investigate the strike. The commissions report served {to give good foundations tothe crits. Ie denounced the unfeeling [palemalisn ofthe Pullen Company, castigated the Coneral Mam igen Atociation eta shrewd device to evado law, and exculpated {he American Raway Union ftom the charge of provoking violence. “The report came tro Tato to help labar; before it was issued the ‘counts had sleady given approval to the chef by-product of the Stike—the Injenetion. The junction was nothing new; courts had ‘been eng them in England and Amerta for ceturies. Nor was the ‘use of injunction in labor dispates new. A large mumber of injune- tions were granted by state courts during tho Southwest Strike of 1686, Federal counts laved injunctions during the Bunigton Strike (of 1888, But th injunctions foe before 1500 were of doubt legal ity In mot eases they were sted to prevent sikrs fom commiting tuts already protiited by criminal Is. Since the injunction was a remedy in equity, and At was a well established principle of juris peer ‘ume Arnk's me mecine-siostesrean axo retenase 205 prudence that equity would not interfere with crim, se ofthe in- [onetion to probit nina act was probably egal, ‘Btween 1800 and 1804 ato nd Federal cours Bogan to feroe Injonctions in greater member, particlaly during tho ralvay seks in the enrly pat of the decade. These injunctions had a diferent ‘asia They were justifed either as orders designed to prevent vol ‘ons ofthe Intestate Commerce Actor the Sherman Act, ara orders

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