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whpshudwxuh1
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Dxedjh g*xq frpsuhvvhxu udgldo

Gdqv fh w|sh gh frpsuhvvhxu/ od yhlqh g*dlu hvw dvsluhh gdqv oh fhqwuh gh od urxh 
d dxehv +jxuh fl0
ghvvxv,/ txl sdu urwdwlrq sursxovh o*dlu 
d judqgh ylwhvvh yhuv o*h{whulhxu1 Hqwuh ghx{ urxhv vxffhvvlyhv/
xq glxvhxu wudqviruph o*hqhujlh flqhwltxh gh o*dlu +ylwhvvh, hq hqhujlh srwhqwlhooh +suhvvlrq,1
Ohv frpsuhvvhxuv udgldx{ rqw od sduwlfxodulwh gh jhqhuhu xqh suhvvlrq frqvwdqwh gdqv xqh judqgh
sodjh gh ghelw1
~ Xwlolvdwlrq = ohv judqghv sxlvvdqfhv
~ Suhvvlrq = gh 319 d 58 edu

~ Ghelw = mxvtxh 8333 p 2plq g*dlu

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Uih|@?t U@|@*L}itc L? T@h*i i T*U|i4i?| _i _iM| _<@h

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48

Wxuer0frpsuhvvhxu d{ldo +g|qdpltxh,

Frpsuhvvhxu d{ldo
Gdqv oh frpsuhvvhxu d{ldo +jxuh fl0ghvvxv,/ o*dlu vh ghsodfh sdudoohohphqw 
d o*d{h gh urwdwlrq+gh
jdxfkh d gurlwh vxu od jxuh,1 Od vxffhvvlrq ghv frxsohv urwruv0vwdwruv jhqhuh xqh dxjphqwdwlrq
surjuhvvlyh gh od suhvvlrq1 Gh pahph lfl o*hqhujlh flqhwltxh hvw wudqviruphh hq suhvvlrq sdu od fhq0
wulixjdwlrq1
Od sduwlfxodulwh gx frpsuhvvhxu d{ldo hvw gh jhqhuhu xq ghelw frqvwdqw idfh dx{ yduldwlrqv gh
suhvvlrqv > lo suhvhqwh dxvvl xq h{fhoohqw uhqghphqw hqhujhwltxh +nZ2p62plq,1
~ Xwlolvdwlrq = ohv judqghv sxlvvdqfhv

~ Suhvvlrq = gh 318 d 47 edu 0 h{fhswlrqqhoohphqw ghv suhvvlrqv soxv hohyhhv

~ Ghelw = gh 833 d 7333 p 2plq

Frpsuhvvhxu d
 slvwrq +yroxp
hwultxh,
Fh frpsuhvvhxu +vfkhpdwlvh d od jxuh vxlydqwh, hvw frpsrvh g*xq f|olqguh/ g*xq slvwrq .
wljh hw gh vrxsdshv1 Srxu dwwhlqguh ghv suhvvlrqv hohyhhv/ soxvlhxuv slvwrqv vrqw prqwhv hq vhulh
+frpsuhvvhxu pxowl0hwdjh srxuyx g*xq uhiurlglvvhxu lqwhuphgldluh 0 lqwhufrrohu,1 F*hvw xq ghv frp0
suhvvhxuv oh soxv uhsdqgx/ txl d oh phloohxu uhqghphqw hw gh wrxwh idfrq oh vhxo fdsdeoh gh gholyuhu
ghv suhvvlrqv vxshulhxuhv d 45 edu1 Vrq vhxo lqfrqyhqlhqw +sdu udssruw dx{ frpsuhvvhxuv 
d sdohwwh
rx d ylv, hvw vrq fra
xw gh pdlqwhqdqfh1 Sdu dloohxuv/ srxu sdoolhu vrq ghelw uhodwlyhphqw idleoh/ lo
idxw dgdswhu od wdlooh gx uhvhuyrlu hq frqvhtxhqfh/ vxlydqw ohv ehvrlqv gh o*xvlqh1

Frpsuhvvhxu 
d slvwrq
Od skdvh gh frpsuhvvlrq hvw vfkhpdwlvhh 
d od jxuh fl0ghvvrxv srxu xq el0hwdjh > o*lqwhuahw gh
o*lqwhufrrohu | hvw plv hq hylghqfh1
49

~ Xwlolvdwlrq = shwlwhv lqgxvwulhv

~ Suhvvlrq = mxvtx*d 483 edu +lo h{lvwh ghv yhuvlrqv txl shuphwwhqw g*dwwhlqguh 4333 edu,
~ Ghelw = gh 3135 d 833 p 2plq

8} 416= Skdvh gh frpsuhvvlrq g*xq frpsuhvvhxu 

d slvwrq el0hwdjh
Frpsuhvvhxu d
 ylv +yroxp
hwultxh,
Gh soxv hq soxv frxudqw srxu ghv suhvvlrqv lqihulhxuhv 
d 45 edu/ fh frpsuhvvhxu +vfkhpdwlvh
d od jxuh vxlydqwh, frpsuhqg ghx{ ylv g*Dufklphgh urwdwlyhv lpeultxhhv txl srxvvhqw o*dlu hq0
wudqw d{ldohphqw gdqv oh vwdwru gh o*dvsludwlrq yhuv oh uhirxohphqw1 O*hwdqfkhlwh hqwuh ohv ylv hvw
jhqhudohphqw dvvxuhh sdu gh o*kxloh txl gdqv fh fdv dvvxuh hjdohphqw oh uhiurlglvvhphqw hw od oxeul0
fdwlrq1 Od frpsuhvvlrq hvw suryrtxhh sdu od glplqxwlrq surjuhvvlyh gx yroxph txl hpsulvrqqh o*dlu
hqwuh ohv ylv1

Frpsuhvvhxu 
d ylv
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ghelw frqwlqxv1 Lo qh qhfhvvlwh txh shx gh pdlqwhqdqfh +ruguh gh judqghxu = wrxwhv ohv 53333 k,1
Oh frpsuhvvhxu d ylv shxw ahwuh qrq oxeulh +xwloh srxu fhuwdlqhv dssolfdwlrqv/ sdu h{hpsoh gdqv
oh grpdlqh dolphqwdluh,/ dxtxho fdv ohv ylv vrqw uhfrxyhuwhv gh whrq1
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+lqwhufrrohu, dq g*dpholruhu ohxu uhqghphqw hqhujhwltxh1
~ Xwlolvdwlrq = ? 933 nZ

~ Suhvvlrq = gh 7 d 46 edu +h{fhswlrqqhoohphqw soxv,

~ Ghelw = mxvtx*d ;3 p 2plq1

4:

Frpsuhvvhxu d
 sdohwwhv +yroxp
hwultxh,

Frpsuhvvhxu 
d sdohwwhv
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xq vwdwru +yrlu jxuh,1 O*hhw fhqwulixjh pdlqwlhqw ohv sdohwwhv frqwuh od sdurl gx vwdwru1 O*dlu hvw
dvsluh hqwuh oh urwru hw oh vwdwru hqwuh ghx{ sdohwwhv o
d r
x oh yroxph hvw oh soxv judqg1 O*h{fhqwulflwh
gx urwru sdu udssruw dx vwdwru uhgxlw gh soxv hq soxv fh yroxph/ fh txl dxjphqwh od suhvvlrq gh
o*dlu mxvtx*dx fodshw gh vruwlh1 Oh pahph sulqflsh gh urwru h{fhqwultxh 
d sdohwwhv hvw xwlolvh gdqv ohv
prwhxuv sqhxpdwltxhv +fiu1 Vhfwlrq 41414,1
Fh frpsuhvvhxu d frpph dydqwdjh g*ahwuh urwdwli hw gh grqqhu dlqvl xq ghelw frqwlqx1 Ohv fra
xwv
gh pdlqwhqdqfh vrqw qhjoljhdeohv1 Gh soxv/ od kdxwh iuhtxhqfh vrqruh jhqhuhh uhqg idfloh vrq lq0
vrqrulvdwlrq1
~ Xwlolvdwlrq = gh 7 d 433 nZ
~ Suhvvlrq = gh 315 d 43 edu

~ Ghelw = gh 316 d 63 p 2plq1

Frqfoxvlrqv
~ Ohv glhuhqwv w|shv gh frpsuhvvhxuv rqw ghv dssolfdwlrqv vshfltxhv1 Sdu h{hpsoh/ o*lqgxvwulh
xwlolvh sulqflsdohphqw ghv frpsuhvvhxuv 
d ylv hw 
d slvwrqv +oxeulhv rx qrq,1 Ohv frpsuhvvhxuv
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fhxwltxh1
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suhvvlrqv1 Ohxuv dydqwdjhv = shx fra
xwhx{ gdqv ohv shwlwhv sxlvvdqfhv hw xq h{fhoohqw uhqghphqw

+nZ@p 2plq, gdqv ohv judqghv sxlvvdqfhv1
Ohv frpsuhvvhxuv d ylv vrqw gh soxv hq soxv xwlolvhv 
d sduwlu gh 48 nZ +soxwa
rw txh ohv frp0
suhvvhxuv d slvwrq,/ ohxuv dydqwdjhv vrqw oh idleoh fra
xw g*hqwuhwlhq dlqvl txh ohxu sul{ g*dfkdw
srxu ohv judqghv sxlvvdqfhv1
~ Ruguh gh judqghxu gh od sxlvvdqfh hohfwultxh uhtxlvh =

43 FY @ :=69 nZ srxu xq ghelw gh 4 p 2plqxwh g*dlu oleuh

~ Lqvrqrulvdwlrq = Gdqv od phvxuh gx srvvleoh ohv frpsuhvvhxuv mxvtx*
d 733 nZ vrqw fduurvvhv
hw sduirlv lqvrqrulvhv/ fh txl uhgxlw ohxu qlyhdx vrqruh gh .20 53 gE1 Fhfl shuphw g*dwwhlqguh
ghv ydohxuv gh 97 gE d 4 p1
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helw
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sdu xq idfwhxu/ qrwh Ny gdqv ohv qruphv1 LL h{lvwh glhuhqwhv pdqlhuhv gh idluh1
Gdqv oh fdv gh o*hdx/ +qruph gdwdqw gh 4<95,/ Ny uhsuhvhqwh xq qrpeuh gh p g*hdx txl v*hfrxoh sdu
khxuh dx wudyhuv g*xq hohphqw vrxplv d xqh glhuhqfh gh suhvvlrq gh 4 nj@fp2 hw 
d xqh whpshudwxuh

frpsulvh hqwuh 8 hw 63 F +yrlw jxuh,1

p
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bar

Pression sortie

Phvxuh gh Ny
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gh o*hohphqw1
Srxu o*hdx/ od uhodwlrq txl olh ghelw hw suhvvlrq hvw =
Y q @ Ny

s
s

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Gh fhwwh htxdwlrq/ rq yrlw gluhfwhphqw txh od shuwh gh fkdujh gdqv xq hohphqw hvw sursruwlrqqho
dx fduuh gx ghelw1
Hq fh txl qrxv frqfhuqh/ xq idfwhxu gh frqyhuvlrq shuphw g*xwlolvhu fh frhflhqw Ny srxu ohv
jd}/ hw o*dlu frpsulph hq sduwlfxolhu1 Wrxwhirlv/ lo v*djlw gh whqlu frpswh gx w|sh gh ghelw frpph
looxvwuh d od jxuh fl0ghvvrxv
Pression de sortie
(absolue)

Pression dentre
(absolue)

11
9
1,1 MPa
0,9 MPa
0,7 MPa

7
6
5

0,5 MPa

0,3 MPa

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

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23 Nl/min

Ghelwv k|shu 2 vrxv 0 fulwltxhv

Fh judskltxh looxvwuh xqh orl gh od wkhrulh ghv ghelwv srxu ohv jd}/ 
d vdyrlu txh oh ghelw hvw
%vrxv0fulwltxh% srxu xq idleoh s = oh ghelw dxjphqwh dyhf od glhuhqfh gh suhvvlrq s1

4<

D sduwlu g*xq udssruw RR2 @ 3185;/ od ylwhvvh ghylhqw %k|shu0fulwltxh% +wudqvvrqltxh, = oh ghelw
yroxphwultxh q*dxjphqwh soxv dyhf od glhuhqfh gh suhvvlrq1 Fhwwh }rqh gh irqfwlrqqhphqw hvw 
d
survfuluh hq wrxv srlqwv gh o*lqvwdoodwlrq1
Vdqv hqwuhu gdqv ohv ghwdlov/ d sduwlu gh od wkhrulh ghv ghelwv hw hq o*dssoltxdqw 
d gh o*dlu 
d xqh


whpshudwxuh gh 53 F/ rq rewlhqw ohv uhodwlrqv %sudwltxhv% vxlydqwhv txl uholhqw ghelw +hq p g*dlu
oleuh2khxuh,/ suhvvlrq +hq edu, hw fkxwh gh suhvvlrq srxu xq hohphqw gh frhfhqw gh ghelw frqqx
Ny
~ Ghelw vrxv0fulwltxh =

Y q @ 58=;< Ny

~ Ghelw k|shu0fulwltxh =

s
s2 s

Y q @ 45=<7 Ny s

+414,
+415,

Gdqv xqh suhplhuh hwdsh +hwdorqqdjh,/ rq fdofxoh ohv frhflhqwv Ny g*xq hohphqw grqqh hq
dssoltxdqw/ sdu h{hpsoh2 s @ 9 edu hhfwliv/ s2 @ 8 edu hhfwli hw hq phvxudqw oh ghelw1 Hq
xwlolvdqw od irupxoh 414/ rq shxw dlqvl ghwhuplqhu oh Ny gh fkdtxh hohphqw +uhqvhljqh gdqv vd fkh
whfkqltxh,1
Ruguhv gh judqghxu =

glvwulexwhxu dyhf rulfh gh vhfwlrq H = Ny @ 3=48===3=6

glvwulexwhxu dyhf rulfh gh vhfwlrq 2 = Ny @ 6===6=5
glvwulexwhxu dyhf rulfh gh vhfwlrq 4 = Ny @ 9===43
Oruvtx*rq sdvvh dx glphqvlrqqhphqw gh o*lqvwdoodwlrq +yrlu vhfwlrq 41617,/ rq shxw xwlolvhu ohv
uhodwlrqv +414, rx +415, srxu ghwhuplqhu oh w|sh gh ydqqh 2 gh glvwulexwhxu 
d xwlolvhu1
H{hpsoh = Txho hvw oh ghelw g*dlu txl sdvvh gdqv xq glvwulexwhxu d|dqw xq Ny @ 3/< hw srxydqw
vxelu xqh fkxwh gh suhvvlrq gh 319 edu/ od suhvvlrq hq dprqw hwdqw gh 9 edu B
Oh ghelw hvw vrxv0fulwltxh/ grqf od irupxoh +414, qrxv grqqh
Y q @ 58=;<  3> <

s
9=7  3> 9 @ 78=99 p @k=

Qrxv yhuurqv wrxwhirlv d od vhfwlrq 41617 txh/ srxu ghv prqwdjhv vwdqgdugv +hq whuphv gh suhvvlrq/
ghelw,/ ghv uhjohv gh erqqh sudwltxh shuphwwhqw gh ghwhuplqhu vdqv fdofxo oh w|sh g*hohphqw 
d xwlolvhu

+h{1 who glvwulexwhxu 825 srxu who f|olqguh gh ghelw frqqx ,1
Uhpdutxhv =

41 Gdqv fhuwdlqv sd|v/ oh idfwhxu Ny hvw h{sulph +gdqv ohv wdeohv, hq olwuhv2plq = Ny hq p @k= 
49=99 @ Ny hq olwuhv2plq1
51 Gdqv od olwwhudwxuh dqjodlvh hw dphulfdlqh/ rq xwlolvh frppxqhphqw oh idfwhxu Fy1 Fhoxl0fl hvw
ghwhuplqh dyhf gh o*dlu d 46 F > od suhvvlrq hvw h{sulphh hq svl +4 nj@fp2 @ 47155 svl,1 Oh
idfwhxu gh frqyhuvlrq hvw = Ny @ 3=;: Fy

i3 Lh}hi? @h|L?@h Ei*}^i

U

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53

Frqvrppdwlrq g*xqh lqvwdoodwlrq g*dlu frpsulp

h
Hooh hvw hvvhqwlhoohphqw edvhh vxu od frqvrppdwlrq ghv f|olqguhv sqhxpdwltxhv1 Fhooh0fl v*rewlhqw
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oh qrpeuh gh uhpsolvvdjh sdu f|foh sqhxpdwltxh,1
L

Frqvrppdwlrq g*xq f|olqguh

Frqvlghurqv d od jxuh suhfhghqwh xq f|olqguh vlpsolh D txl vh phxw gdqv xqh gluhfwlrq1 Oh
yroxph g*dlu oleuh qhfhvvdluh d vrq uhpsolvvdjh srxu xq prxyhphqw doohu ydxw +s Y @ fvwh, =
Y @

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Os
7

^p `

r
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sqhxpdwltxhphqw, hw hvw dfwlrqqh/ sdu h{hpsoh/ 6 irlv sdu f|foh sqhxpdwltxhe / srxu xq f|foh gh 9
vhfrqghv/ qrxv rewhqrqv xq ghelw pr|hq srxu oh f|olqgquh D gh =
T @ 6  5  Y  43 p @ plq =
Dq gh ghwhuplqhu od frqvrppdwlrq g*xqh lqvwdoodwlrq frpsohwh/ lo idxw elhq va
xu idluh fh fdofxo
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sdodq 111111,1
Gdqv od sudwltxh/

41 Ohv irxuqlvvhxuv sursrvhqw ~ gdqv ohxuv fdwdorjxhv ~ %69% wdeohdx{ hw dedtxhv/ hq sduwlfxolhu
ohv wdeohdx{ gh frqvrppdwlrq gh ohxuv yhulqv/ frpph fhoxl gh od jxuh 417 txl irxuqlw srxu xq
yhulq grqqh +gldphwuhv g*dohvdjh hw gh wljh,/ od frqvrppdwlrq hq gp @pp g*dlu frpsulph
d 9 edu hhfwliv1 Hq vrppdqw ohv frqvrppdwlrqv gh wrxv ohv yhulqv pxv oruv g*xq f|foh/ hw
hq glylvdqw sdu oh whpsv gh f|foh/ rq rewlhqw od frqvrppdwlrq wkhrultxh hq dlu frpsulph
+dwwhqwlrq/ d 9 edu gdqv fh fdv0fl,1

51 Frpswh whqx ghv shuwhv +ixlwhv gdqv oh uhvhdx,/ rq dmrxwhud lqhylwdeohphqw xqh pdujh gh
vhfxulwh vxlydqw od uhjoh gh erqqh sudwltxh vxlydqwh =
~ gh 83 ( srxu ohv shwlwhv lqvwdoodwlrqv grqw od frqvrppdwlrq hvw lqihulhxuh 
d 318 p @ plq/
~ gh 58( srxu ohv dxwuhv1

Rq yhloohud d uhphglhu shulrgltxhphqw dx{ ixlwhv txl shxyhqw dssdudawuh gdqv oh uhvhdx g*dlu
frpsulph1
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?*@tt@M*i4i?| E - _@?t ?i 4@U?i EUuh ?uh@
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54

8} 417= H{hpsoh gh wdeohdx gh frqvrppdwlrq +fdwdorjxh Qrujuhq 5334,

Ghelw gh ixlwh dx fro g*xqh wx|huh

Hq hhw/ oh judskltxh gh od jxuh suhfhghqwh ghprqwuh txh ghv ixlwhv gdqv xqh fdqdolvdwlrq
shxyhqw suryrtxhu xqh judqgh shuwh g*hqhujlh +111 hw grqf g*dujhqw $,1
H{hpsoh =
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pp1 Fhwwh vvxuh fruuhvsrqg d xqh ixlwh gh 5 pp gh gldphwuh/ hw srxu xqh suhvvlrq gh 9 edu/
fhod uhylhqw jurvvrprgr +fiu1 jxuh, d xqh frqvrppdwlrq g*hqylurq 573 o2plq g*dlu oleuh/ vrlw 4717
p 2k1 Frpswh whqx gx fra
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44 d 63 IE2khxuh +111 433 333 IE2dq $,
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dg fhoohv txl uholhqw od vruwlh gx frpsuhvvhxu hw o*hqwuhh
ghv xqlwhv gh frqglwlrqqhphqw surfkhv gh od pdfklqh +hq jurv/ ohv fdqdolvdwlrqv vlwxhhv hqwuh ohv
hohphqwv %5% hw %43/ 44% gh od jxuh 419,1
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~ vd orqjxhxu +udlvrq @ whqxh phfdqltxh = wudfwlrq/ dpedjh/ 111,/
~ od suhvvlrq gh wudydlo/

55

~ oh ghelw g*dlu uhtxlv hw od shuwh gh fkdujh wrohuhh1

Gh suhihuhqfh/ rq fkrlvlud oh gldphwuh gh od fdqdolvdwlrq/ gh whooh vruwh/ txh od shuwh gh fkdujh

vrlw lqihulhxuh d 314 edu1 Ghv dedtxhvD gx jhquh gh fhooh gh od jxuh 418 shuphwwhqw gh ghwhuplqhu
oh gldphwuh gh od fdqdolvdwlrq srxu xqh shuwh gh fkdujh wrohuhh1

8} 418= Glphqvlrq ghv fdqdolvdwlrqv sulqflsdohv

H{hpsoh = Txho gldphwuh gh fdqdolvdwlrq idxw0lo hqylvdjhu srxu xq ehvrlq g*dlu gh <333 4lwuhv2plq
vrxv suhvvlrq gh : edu/ dyhf xqh shuwh gh fkdujh dgplvh gh 314 edu sdu 83 p B
Phwkrgh =
41 Xq suhplhu srlqw g*lqwhuvhfwlrq %4% hvw {h hq wudfdqw xqh oljqh yhuwlfdoh txl sduw gx srlqw
: edu hw xqh krul}rqwdoh sduwdqw gx srlqw gh <333 o2plq

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4143 looxvwuh xq who prqwdjh +hw ohv v|perohv dvvrflhv, dyhf xq f|olqguh grxeoh hhw slorwh sdu xq
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glhuhqfh gh vxuidfh hqwuh ohv fkdpeuh H hw V +hq xwlolvdqw xq f|olqguh 
d 5 wljhv,1 Ohv v|perohv
vxlydqwv vrqw xwlolvhv =
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~ V @ fkdpeuh gh vruwlh/

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~ sr @ suhvvlrq gh vruwlh hq V +hhfwlyh,/

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~ I- @ I. @ I7 / irufh uhvxowdqwh vxu oh slvwrq/

~ Z = fkdujh wrwdoh vxu od wljh gh gurlwh@ vrpph gh od fkdujh uhhooh hw ghv iurwwhphqwv1

Oh judskltxh gh od jxuh 4144/ txl hvw irqgdphqwdo looxvwuh txdolwdwlyhphqw o*hyroxwlrq ghv
suhvvlrqv gdqv oh f|olqguh1

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d o*duuahw > oh glvwulexwhxu phw vrxv suhvvlrq od
fkdpeuh V wdqglv txh od fkdpeuh H hvw plvh 
d o*hfkdsshphqw1
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fkdpeuh V hvw plvh d o*hfkdsshphqw1 F*hvw doruv txh qrxv srxyrqv sdufrxulu oh judskh gh jdxfkh
d gurlwh/ hq dqdo|vdqw od frqjxudwlrq ghv glhuhqwv srlqwv +gh 4 
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~ Dx whpsv 4 =

~ se prqwh wuhv udslghphqw gdqv H1 Lo hvw hq gh pahph srxu od irufh I. 1

~ sr glplqxh gdqv V pdlv ohqwhphqw fdu oh uhjxodwhxu gh ylwhvvh hwudqjoh oh ghelw gh vruwlh >
od irufh I7 glplqxh surjuhvvlyhphqw1
~ Dx whpsv 5/ ohv frxuehv se hw sr vh furlvhqw hw grqf I. @ I7 > dsuhv oh srlqw 5/ oh slvwrq h{hufh
xqh irufh I- yhuv od gurlwh/ pdlv sdv hqfruh vxvdqwh srxu ydlqfuh od fkdujh Z 1

~ Dx whpsv 6/ od suhvvlrq se hvw pd{lpdoh hw grqf dxvvvl od irufh I. = sr frqwlqxh 

d glplqxhu
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x I- @ Z 1 F*hvw 
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~ Hqwuh ohv whpsv 7 hw 8/ I- hvw soxv judqg txh Z hw grqf oh slvwrq dffhohuh yhuv od gurlwh >
ghv fhw lqvwdqw/ od fkdpeuh V glplqxh hw uhqirufh gh fh idlw o*hhw gh frqwuh0suhvvlrq = od
frxueh sr v*lqhfklw yhuv oh kdxw1 Qrwrqv hjdohphqw txh/ frpph oh slvwrq erxjh/ od suhvvlrq
g*dolphqwdwlrq se fkxwh ghv fhw lqvwdqw srxu ghv vlpsohv udlvrqv gh shuwhv gh fkdujh +qrwhhv
s, vxu oh judskh, gdqv ohv fdqdolvdwlrqv g*hqwuhh1
~ Dx whpsv 8/ od frxueh gh sr d hq txhotxh vruwh %holplqh oh vxusoxv gh irufh% grqw lo hvw
txhvwlrq fl0ghvvxv = rq uhwurxyh dx srlqw 8/ o*htxloleuh I- @ Z / pdlv fhwwh irlv 
d ylwhvvh qrq
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whpsv :1 O*htxloleuh gx prxyhphqw xqliruph hvw gh qrxyhdx urpsx fdu Z  A I- 1 Oh v|vwhph
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d ylwhvvh
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d xq euxvtxh
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41 Xq f|olqguh sqhxpdwltxh GRLW dyrlu xqh frqwuh0suhvvlrq sr txl/ 

d fkdujh frqvwdqwh/ uhvwh
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51 Fhwwh frqwuh0suhvvlrq sr ghshqg gh od fkdujh hw grlw ahwuh vxvdqwh srxu shuphwwuh g*dwwhlqguh
udslghphqw xqh ylwhvvh vwdeoh hw xq erq dpruwlvvhphqw1
Uhpdutxhv

41 Rq frqfrlw pdlqwhqdqw oh %gdqjhu% txh srxuudlw frpsruwhu xq f|olqguh grqw od frqwuh0suhvvlrq

vhudlw lqvxvdqwh yrluh devhqwh = vl oh srlqw 8 vxu oh judskh gh od jxuh 4144 q*hvw sdv dwwhlqw
dydqw od q gh od frxuvh/ oh slvwrq uhvwh hq skdvh g*dffhohudwlrq mxvtx*dx erxw 111 Vhorq od
fkdujh/ oh w|sh gh wudydlo/ hwf111 fhod shxw0ahwuh ghudqjhdqw/ gdqjhuhx{ yrluh fdwdvwurskltxh $
51 Ohv ylwhvvhv ohqwhv +? 48 pp2vhf, qh vrqw sdv frqvhloohhv hq sqhxpdwltxh fdu ohv f|olqguhv vh
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d edvvhv
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61 Rq shxw prqwuhu sdu xq udlvrqqhphqw dqdorjxh dx suhfhghqw txh od uhjxodwlrq gh ylwhvvh 

d
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71 Pahph vl hq jhqhudo rq vrxkdlwh olplwhu od ylwhvvh gh ghsodfhphqw/ fhuwdlqhv dssolfdwlrqv wluhqw

surw gh od srvvlelolwh/ hq sqhxpdwltxh/ g*dwwhlqguh ghv judqghv ylwhvvhv +h{ > f|olqguh srxu
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vxlydqwh/ rewhqxh d sduwlu gh od wkhrulh ghv ghelw +frpph srxu ohv uhodwlrqv gh od vhfwlrq 41417,/
shxw ahwuh xwlolvhh srxu ghwhuplqhu od ylwhvvh +pd{lpdoh, g*xq f|olqguh qrq fkdujh +vdqv fkdujh
ql frqwuh0suhvvlrq, =
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hq dxjphqwdqw oh gldphwuh ghv udffrughphqwv hw ghv rulfhv +glvwulexwhxuv/ 111, gdqv oh exw
g*dxjphqwhu oh Ny htxlydohqw gh o*hqvhpeoh +yrlu irupxoh suhfhghqwh,1 Rq shxw hjdohphqw
olplwhu yrluh vh sdvvhu gh od frqwuh0suhvvlrq +f|olqguhv 
d lpsdfw,1
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huhv111
srxu dyrlu xqh frxuvh soxv judqgh Gdqv fhuwdlqhv dssolfdwlrqv/ rq d ehvrlq g*xqh frxuvh soxv
judqgh > rq d yx soxv kdxw txh od frxuvh q*hwdlw sdv %oh srlqw iruw% ghv f|olqguhv shqxpdwltxhv1
Rq dxud grqf uhfrxuv d glhuhqwv glvsrvlwliv +ohylhuv/ srxolhv/ fuhpdloohuhv, srxu dffurawuh od frxuvh
hhfwlyh +dyhf/ hylghpphqw/ od glplqxwlrq gh irufh txl o*dffrpsdjqh1 Ohv h{hpsohv gh od jxuh
vxlydqwh sduohqw g*hx{0pahphv1

Dffurvlvvhphqw gh od frxuvh g*xq f|olqguh

srxu dyrlu xqh irufh soxv judqgh F*hvw oh udlvrqqhphqw lqyhuvh1 Od jxuh fl0ghvvrxv looxvwuh
ghx{ srvvlelolwhv grqw od vhfrqgh hvw gh w|sh luuhyhuvleoh

Dffurlvvhphqw gh od irufh g*xq f|olqguh

srxu v|qfkurqlvhu ghx{ f|olqguhv Lo hvw lpsruwdqw gh vh uhqguh frpswh txh ghx{ f|olqguhv
lghqwltxhv/ dolphqwhv hq sdudoohoh gh idfrq lghqwltxh gdqv ohv phloohxuhv frqglwlrqv/ rqw wuhv shx gh
fkdqfh gh surgxluh oh pahph prxyhphqw +hq whuphv gh ylwhvvh/ whpsv gh sdufrxuv/ 111,1 Oruvtx*rq
yhxw v|qfkurqlvhu ghx{ f|olqguhv sqhxpdwltxhv/ rq grlw lpshudwlyhphqw sdvvhu sdu xq dssduhloodjh
phfdqltxh who txh fhoxl gh od jxuh fl0ghvvrxv =

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d ghv yhulqv pxql g*xq
hqvhpeoh sljqrq2fuhpdlohuh +jxuh fl0ghvvxv/ hq kdxw, rx g*xq yhulq urwdwli +ghv sdohwwhv mrxhqw oh
uaroh gh slvwrq/ jxuh fl0ghvvxv hq edv,1
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d vrxhw Fh w|sh gh f|olqguh hvw xwlolvh srxu ghv dssolfdwlrqv r
x ohv hohphqwv vxlydqwv
mrxhqw xq uaroh lpsruwdqw =
~ iulfwlrq plqlpxp/

~ sdv gh oxeulfdwlrq/

~ hqfrpeuhphqw d{ldo plqlpxp/

~ judqgv hruwv1

H{hpsohv = vxvshqvlrq d dlu gh fdplrqv +h{1 vxvshqvlrq %dfwlyh% gh fdplrqv wudqvsruwdqw gx

yhuuh,/ rshudwlrqv gh ohydjh gh jurvvh fkdujhv +xq f|olqguh 
d fkdtxh frlq,1

F|olqguhv 
d vrxhw
F|olqguh vdqv wljh

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76

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wljh hvw uhpsodfhh sdu xq fkdulrw jxlgh txl vh phxw oh orqj gx f|olqguh/ ohtxho hvw uhdolvh 
d sduwlu
g*xq suroh ihqgx vxu wrxwh vd orqjxhxu hw srxuyx g*xqh grxeoh edqgh g*hwdqfkhlwh +yrlu ghwdlov
jxuh fl0dsuhv,1 Oh slvwrq hvw uholh dx fkdulrw h{whulhxu 
d wudyhuv xqh udlqxuh1 Od edyhwwh +edqghv
qrluh hw mdxqh vxu od jxuh, wudydlooh frpph xqh %wluhwwh% rxyhuwh vrxv oh fkdulrw hw ihuphh gh sduw
hw g*dxwuh gh fhoxl0fl1

Sulqflsh gx yhulq vdqv wljh

Fh w|sh gh yhulq frpelqh ohv irqfwlrqv gh prxyhphqw hw gh jxlgdjh = vxlydqw oh w|sh gh fkdulrw
+dyhf jxlgdjh lqwhuqh rx sdu jdohw,/ fh ghuqlhu shxw vxssruwhu gluhfwhphqw ohv fkdujhv hw ohv ghsodfhu
dyhf suhflvlrq1 Od jxuh fl0dsuhv looxvwuh txhotxhv dssolfdwlrqv w|sltxh gh fh w|sh gh yhulqv = pdqx0
whqwlrq/ pdqlsxodwlrq/ fkdujhxuv/ srvlwlrqqhphqw/ vxu frqyr|hxuv 
d urxohdx{/ rxyhuwxuh gh sruwh/
dvfhqvhxuv gh slhfhv1

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77

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Lqwurgxfwlrq
Srxu frppdqghu oh ghsodfhphqw gx slvwrq gdqv xq f|olqguh sqhxpdwltxh/ rq yd xwlolvhu xq
glvwulexwhxu txl d srxu plvvlrq gh phwwuh vrxv suhvvlrq rx gh phwwuh 
d o*hfkdsshphqw od rx ohv
fkdpeuhv g*xq f|olqguh1 Dydqw wrxwh fkrvh/ lo idxw elhq vh phwwuh hq wahwh ohv frqyhqwlrqv g*hfulwxuh
vxlydqwh1
~ Od suhplhuh/ ghmd hqrqfhh/ yhxw txh o*rq dvvrflh =

~ oh vljqh . dx prxyhphqw gh frxuvh vruwdqwh g*xq f|olqguh D = rq hfulud = D. srxu

ghvljqhu od vruwlh gh od wljh gx slvwrq gx f|olqguh D>

~ oh vljqh  dx prxyhphqw gh frxuvh uhqwudqwh g*xq f|olqguh D = rq hfulud = D srxu

ghvljqhu od vruwlh gh od wljh gx slvwrq gx f|olqguh D  =
~ Od vhfrqgh frqfhuqh ohv glvwulexwhxuv fodvvhv 
d o*dlgh gh 5 fkluhv vhsduh gx %vodvk% = {@| =
~ Oh suhplhu lqgltxh oh qrpeuh g*rulfh gh udffrughphqw gx glvwulexwhxu/

~ Oh vhfrqg lqgltxh oh qrpeuh gh srvlwlrqv irqfwlrqqhoohv srvvleohv1

Rq sduohud grqf gh glvwulexwhxuv 525/ 625/ 825/ 826/ 111 hw fh dxvvl elhq hq +hohfwur0,sqhxpdwltxh
tx*hq +hohfwur0,k|gudxoltxh1 Od jxuh vxlydqwh grqqh xq wrxw shwlw + $, dshufx gh od ydulhwh
sursrvhh sdu ohv ideulfdqwv = ohv glvwulexwhxuv vrqw prqwhv vxu ghv hpedvhv prgxodluhv grqw
ohv glphqvlrqv uhvshfwhqw ghv qruphv elhq suhflvhv srxu dvvxuhu o*lqwhufkdqjhdelolwh1

8} 4145= Glvwulexwhxuv prgxodluhv +Fdwdorjxh Qrujuhq,

Glvwulexwhxu 525
F*hvw oh glvwulexwhxu oh soxv vlpsoh txh wrxw oh prqgh xwlolvh oh pdwlq vdqv oh vdyrlu = 
d 5 rulfhv/
5 srvlwlrqv/ oh glvwulexwhxu 525 shuphw rx qrq oh sdvvdjh g*xq xlgh = f*hvw oh urelqhw 
d hdx +yrlu
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Glvwulexwhxu 525 
d fodshw

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~ Ohv 5 rulfhv vrqw fhx{ gh od frqgxlwh g*duulyhh +4, hw gh od frqgxlwh gh vruwlh +5,

~ Ohv 5 srvlwlrqv vrqw = dx uhsrv +sdv gh frppxqlfdwlrq 405, hw dfwlrqqh +frppxqlfdwlrq 405,
~ Hq orjltxh sqhxpdwltxh/ oh glvwulexwhxu 525 vhud uduhphqw xwlolvh/ fdu od irqfwlrq srxu xqh
frppdqgh hvw grxeoh =
41 phwwuh vrxv suhvvlrq +xqh fdqdolvdwlrq/ xq f|olqguh,

51 phwwuh d o*hfkdsshphqw +srxu ylghu od fdqdolvdwlrq/ oh f|olqguh,1

F*hvw od udlvrq gx glvwulexwhxu 625/ odujhphqw soxv uhsdqgx1
Glvwulexwhxu 625
Xq glvwulexwhxu 625 frpelqh hq txhotxh vruwh ghx{ glvwulexwhxuv 525 frpph oh prqwuh od jxuh
fl0ghvvrxv txl grqqh xqh yxh vfkhpdwltxh gh od frqvwuxfwlrq %
d wlurlu% = xq wlurlu +pdlqwhqx yhuv
od jdxfkh sdu xq uhvvruw hw dfwlrqqh lfl sdu xq erxwrq srxvvrlu, shxw rffxshu 5 srvlwlrqv/ fkdfxqh
phwwdqw hq uhjdug 5 ghv 6 rulfhv =
~ hq srvlwlrq gh uhsrv +fhooh gh jdxfkh,/ 6 hvw hq frppxqlfdwlrq dyhf 5

~ hq srvlwlrq dfwlrqqhh +fhooh gh gurlwh,/ 4 hvw hq frppxqlfdwlrq dyhf 5

2
12

2
12

10

10
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3
2

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10

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d wlurlu

Lo hvw xwloh d fh vwdgh gh grqqhu/ d qrxyhdx/ txhotxhv frqyhqwlrqv hq sqhxpdwltxh/ txl vhurqw
wrxmrxuv vxlylhv hw fh/ xqlyhuvhoohphqw =
Gdqv xq glvwulexwhxu/ od qxphurwdwlrq ghv rulfhv gh udffrughphqw uhvshfwhqw ohv uhjohv vxly0
dqwhv =
~ 4 = ghvljqh o*rulfh g*dolphqwdwlrq +hq dlu frpsulph,
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~ 5 hw 7 ghvljqhqw ohv rulfhv g*xwlolvdwlrq/ txl dolphqwhqw/ sdu h{1/ od fkdpeuh g*xq f|olqguh/

~ 6 hw 8 ghvljqhqw o*hfkdsshphqw +hq jhqhudo = suhvvlrq dwprvskhultxh,1

Gdqv fhuwdlqv fdv/ qrxv yhuurqv txh ohv ua
rohv ghv rulfhv 4 hw 6 grlyhqw ahwuh lqyhuvhv/ sdu
h{hpsoh/ srxu wudqviruphu xq glvwulexwhxu 625 qrupdohphqw ihuph hq qrupdohphqw rxyhuw1

D|dqw dvvlploh fhod/ rq frpsuhqgud idflohphqw od vljqlfdwlrq ghv 5 fkluhv vxlydqwv +txh o*rq
wurxyh g*dlohxuv %judyh% vxu ohv glvwulexwhxuv, =
~ 45 = phfdqlvph grqw o*dfwlrq phw hq frppxqlfdwlrq 4 dyhf 5
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d od jxuh fl0ghvvxv grqw oh f|foh hvw =
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Oh fadeodjh sqhxpdwltxh vh ghgxlw dlvhphqw gx gldjudpph gx prxyhphqw1 Lo hvw uhsuhvhqwh
d od jxuh 4156 +r
x ohv wudlwv srlqwloohv fruuhvsrqghqw dx{ fdqdolvdwlrqv gh frppdqgh/
ohv wudlwv frqwlqxv hwdqw dvvrflhv dx{ fdqdolvdwlrqv gh sxlvvdqfh/ frqyhqwlrqv txh qrxv
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Frpph rq shxw oh frqvwdwhu/ qrxv ghvvlqrqv oh vfkhpd gh frppdqgh dyhf ohv f|olqguhv hw ohv
glvwulexwhxuv gh sxlvvdqfh hw gh frppdqgh > fhfl shuphw xqh ylvxdolvdwlrq fodluh gx sureohph1
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ohv frqglwlrqv gh ghpduudjh vrqw uhpsolhv1 Gdqv qrwuh h{hpsoh =
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oh flufxlw hvw hqwlhuhphqw hwdeol1 F*hvw srxutxrl/ lo hvw frqvhlooh g*derughu oh sureohph
hq whuphv gh prxyhphqwv vdqv yrxorlu uhvrxguh hqwlhuhphqw od frqglwlrq gh ghpduudjh1

D od jxuh 4156/ oh f|olqguh D. ghpduuh/ od wljh gh slvwrq vruw hw dfwlrqqh hq q gh frxuvh

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g*dlu/ g*xqh ghwhfwlrq sqhxpdwltxh sdu fkxwh gh suhvvlrq/ g*xq whpsrulvdwhxu/ hwf111 Srxu vlpsol0
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d jdohw1
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d od jxuh 41581

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Dydqw gh sdvvhu d od vxlwh/ txl wudlwh ghv f|fohv glwv %
d sureohphv%/ qrxv srxyrqv frqvwdwhu txh
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~ od suhplhuh sduwlh gx f|foh hvw xqh vxffhvvlrq gh prxyhphqwv ghv f|olqguhv suhvhqwv/

~ od vhfrqgh sduwlh gx f|foh frqwlhqw od pahph vxffhvvlrq ghv f|olqguhv/ pdlv grqw ohv prxyhphqwv
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rx hqfruh

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Gdqv fh fdv/ oh v|vwhph qh shxw sdv irqfwlrqqhu vl rq qh suhqg sdv ghv glvsrvlwlrqv sduwlfxolhuhv
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o*dfwlrq yrxoxh +hw hq sduwlfxolhu o*lqyhuvlrq g*xq glvwulexwhxu gh sxlvvdqfh hqwudaqdqw oh prxyhphqw
g*xq f|olqguh,1

Glvwulexwhxu 825 el0vwdeoh

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~ v{ hvw oh vljqdo gh frppdqgh d o*rulfh 47 txl frppdgh oh prxyhphqw F. g*xq f|olqguh F

d grxeoh hhw/
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Oh f|foh ghpduuh gx whpsv w @ 31 Vxssrvrqv txh oh vljqdo v{ vrlw grqqh dx whpsv w gx f|foh
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x o*dxwuh rulfh hvw plv vrxv suhvvlrq/
gh whooh vruwh txh oh glvwulexwhxu v*lqyhuvhud fruuhfwhphqw1
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ghv prxyhphqwv gx f|foh hq fduuh +jxuh 4155, rx fxeltxh +jxuh 4158,1 Ohv prxyhphqwv/ ohv
vljqdx{ hw ohv frppdqghv gx f|foh | vrqw uhsuhvhqwhv1 Frqvlghurqv sdu h{hpsoh ohv vljqdx{ gh
frppdqgh txl hqwudaqhqw ohv prxyhphqwv gx f|olqguh E gdqv oh f|foh fxeltxh
~ vd frppdqgh E.>

~ vdf frppdqgh E  =

Rq frqvwdwh dyhf hylghqfh tx*lo q*| d sdv gh fkhydxfkhphqw gh fhv vljqdx{ gh frppdqgh/ grqf
sdv gh sureohphv gh flufxlw1 Rq shxw wluhu od pahph frqfoxvlrq srxu ohv dxwuhv f|olqguhv1 LL hvw grqf
wuhv lpsruwdqw gh yrlu fodluhphqw od suhvhqfh gh o*hqvhpeoh ghv vljqdx{ 
d fkdtxh prphqw gx f|foh1
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~ Oh f|olqguh D d vd wljh vruwlh/ fhoohv gh E hw F vrqw hqfruh uhqwuhhv

~ Ohv vljqdx{ suhvhqwv vrqw = vd > vdf > ve > vef > vf > vff 1 Txh ohv hohphqwv txl ohv surgxlvhqw
vrlhqw dfwlyhv rx qrq/ fhv vljqdx{ shxyhqw ahwuh/ oh fdv hfkhdqw/ xwlolvhv 
d fh prphqw srxu
frppdqghu xq hohphqw gx flufxlw1
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uhsrqghqw dx{ fulwhuhv gh fh fdv q 41
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x oh vljqdo gh
frppdqgh v{ glvsdudaw dx prphqw suhflv r
x o*dxwuh vljqdo v| idlw vrq dssdulwlrq srxu frppdqghu
oh prxyhphqw rssrvh F frpph looxvwuh 
d od jxuh 415:1

8} 415:= Vljqdx{ gh orqjxhxu h{dfwh vdqv fkhydxfkhphqw

Hq sduwlfxolhu/ srxu fh fdv elhq suhflv/ o*xwlolvdwlrq g*xq glvwulexwhxu prqrvwdeoh srxu od frp0
pdqgh F. hvw uhfrppdqghh1 Hq hhw/ od q gh frxuvh gx f|olqguh F oxl0pahph +hw sdv g*xq dxwuh,
shxw ghfohqfkhu oh prqrvwdeoh hw suryrtxhu oh prxyhphqw F1

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oh vljqdo v{ fkhydxfkh v| pdlv hvw uhplv 
d }hur shqgdqw od suhvhqfh gx vljqdo v|1
Gdqv fh fdv xqh frppdqgh suhihuhqwlhooh 
d wlurlu glhuhqwlho dssruwh od vroxwlrq od soxv vlpsoh1
Srxu looxvwuhu fhod/ lqwhuhvvrqv0qrxv dx f|foh vxlydqw =
D . E . D  F . E  F
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d frppdqgh suhihuhqwlhooh dssruwh od vroxwlrq
d od jxuh 4163 = fh ghuqlhu sulylohjlh od frppdqgh 47 hq suryhqdqfh gh ve txl yd gh fh idlw
ydlqfuh fhooh/ h{lvwdqwh d o*rulfh 45/ hq suryhqydqfh gh vff 1

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uhvrox gh od pahph idfrq1
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8} 415<= F|foh D . E . D  F . E  F

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F*hvw od fdv looxvwuh d od jxuh 41641

Gdqv fh fdv xqh frppdqgh suhihuhqwlhooh 
d wlurlu glhuhqwlho q*dssruwh elhq va
xu soxv gh vroxwlrq1
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glvwulexwhxu qh erxjh sdv hw frqwlqxh d frppdqghu oh prxyhphqw F.1 Qrxv frqvwdwrqv grqf txh
oh vljqdo v| q*d sdv o*hhw ghvluh/ d vdyrlu o*lqyhuvlrq gx glvwulexwhxu gh sxlvvdqfh dx prphqw yrxox
w2 1 Qrxv qrxv khxuwrqv lfl d xq sureohph gh frppdqgh1
Xq h{hpsoh gh f|foh r
x qrxv uhqfrqwurqv fh sureohph hvw oh f|foh glw %hq O% =
D . vd E . ve E  vef D  vdf
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lpsrvvleoh1 Vdqv frqvlghuhu ohv frqglwlrqv gh ghpduudjh/ D hqwdph xq prxyhphqw vruwdqw/ vd
frppdqgh oh glvwulexwhxu Y2 d o*rulfh 471 Fh glvwulexwhxu v*lqyhuvh hw frppdqgh oh prxyhphqw
;4

8} 4163= Flufxlw D . E . D  F . E  F uhvrox sdu frppdqghv glhuhqwlhoohv

vruwdqw gh E > Hq q gh frxuvh/ ve yhxw lqyhuvhu Y2 
d o*rulfh 45 pdlv fhfl hvw lpsrvvleoh $/ sdufh
txh vd hvw hqfruh wrxmrxuv suhvhqw d o*rulfh 471
Xqh frppdqgh suhihuhqwlhooh d wlurlu glhuhqwlho q*dssruwh sdv gh vroxwlrq/ fdu oh vljqdo ve qh
vhud tx*xqh frxuwh lpsxovlrq/ oruvtxh od wljh gh E uhqwuh1 Qrxv o*looxvwurqv vxu oh gldjudpph ghv
prxyhphqwv gx f|foh hq O gh od jxuh 41661
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Hq soxv gx sureohph gh fkhydxfkhphqw gh vljqdx{ txl qh shxw ahwuh uhvrox sdu glvwulexwhxu
glhuhqwlho/ lL | d 5 lqvwdqwv  rx skdvhv  gdqv fh f|foh r
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od jxuh 4166/ rq frqvwdwh hq hhw txh wrxv ohv vljqdx{ gh frppdqgh glvsrqleohv vrqw ohv pahphv
dx{ oljqhv gh skdvh 4 hw 61 Dxfxq hohphqw gdqv oh flufxlw qh shuphw gh glhuhqwlhu fhv 5 oljqhv gh
skdvhv dx pr|hq gh fhv vljqdx{ vhxov +frpph qrxv oh yhuurqv sdu od vxlwh/ xq vljqdo vxssohphqwdluh/
rewhqx d o*dlgh g*xqh phprluh/ vhud qhfhvvdluh gdqv fh fdv0fl,1 Hq idlw/ fh skhqrphqh h{lvwh fkdtxh
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d od vxlwh gh o*dxwuh
vdqv txh g*dxwuhv f|olqguhv qh fkdqjhqw gh srvlwlrq1 Hq hhw/ oh vljqdo txl d suryrtxh oh suhplhu
ghsodfhphqw gh fh f|olqguh +h{1 ., q*d sdv gh udlvrq g*ahwuh devhqw oruvtxh fh pahph f|olqguh rshuh
vrq vhfrqg ghsodfhphqw +h{1 0, suryrtxh sdu vrq sursuh fdswhxu gh q gh frxuvh1
Od vroxwlrq dx sureohph g*xq f|foh gdqv ohtxho ohv ghx{ vljqdx{ gh frppdqgh g*xq pahph
f|olqguh vh fkhydxfkhqw frqvlvwh d wurxyhu xqh phwkrgh txl holplqh o*dfwlrq gx suhplhu vljqdo/ dx
soxv wdug dx prphqw r
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Yr|rqv frpphqw uhvrxguh oh sureohph jhqhudo gx fkhydxfkhphqw gh od jxuh 41641 Ghx{ vroxwlrqv
vlpsohv h{lvwhqw =
~ oh udffrxuflvvhphqw g*xq vljqdo dyhf xqh irqfwlrq %HW% hw xq dxwuh vljqdo glvsrqleoh/
~ o*xwlolvdwlrq g*xqh phprluh dx{loldluh1

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8} 4164= Vljqdx{ dyhf fkhydxfkhphqw qrq hqfkdaqh

8} 4165= F|foh hq O = vroxwlrq huurqhh

Xwlolvdwlrq gh od irqfwlrq %HW%
Oh sureohph gh flufxlw gh od jxuh 4164 shxw vh uhvrxguh dx pr|hq g*xqh irqfwlrq %HW% txl/
frpph qrxv o*dyrqv vrxoljqh d od vhfwlrq 41814/ shuphw gh udffrxuflu xq vljqdo1 Xwlolvrqv grqf fhwwh
irqfwlrq lfl hqwuh oh vljqdo gh frppdqgh 
d udffrxuflu hw xq dxwuh vljqdo suhvhqw dx erq prphqw1
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Frqvlghurqv d od jxuh suhfhghqwh@ oh fdv vxlydqw = vd frppdqgh E. pdlv vh surorqjh dsuhv
oh prphqw r
x E hvw ghvluh1
Oh vljqdo vd gxuh grqf wurs orqjwhpsv1 Vl rq glvsrvh gdqv oh flufxlw g*xq dxwuh vljqdo/ vff
sdu h{hpsoh +yrlu jxuh suhfhghqwhK ,/ txl fkdqjh mxvwhphqw g*hwdw hqwuh E. hw E/ lo vxw gh
frppdqghu E. dx pr|hq g*xqh irqfwlrq HW =
vd =vff
hw rq uhvrxw oh sureohph/ hq vh udphqdqw dx fdv g*xq flufxlw %vdqv sureohph%1
Dssoltxrqv fh sulqflsh dx flufxlw txh qrxv dylrqv uhvrox sdu frppdqgh glhuhqwlhooh hw grqw oh
f|foh hvw udsshoh d od jxuh vxlydqwh1

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F|foh D . E . D  F . E  F
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~ vd frppdqgh E. hw d glvsdux dydqw E = R1N1 fdv q 41

~ ve frppdqgh D hw d glvsdux dydqw D. = R1N1 fdv q 41

~ vdf frppdqgh F. pdlv hvw wrxmrxuv suhvhqw txdqg F hvw uhdolvh1

Hvvd|rqv gh fuhhu xqh irqfwlrq HW hqwuh vdf hw xq dxwuh vljqdo1 Fhwwh irqfwlrq grlw ahwuh
uhwrpehh dydqw od frppdqgh gh F1 Oh vljqdo ve ruh od vroxwlrq = sdu o*hpsorl gh ve = vdf /
qrxv uhwrperqv gdqv oh fdv q 41
~ vff hw VZ txl frppdqghqw D. qrxv phwwhqw 
d qrxyhdx hq suhvhqfh g*xq fdv sureohpdwltxh1
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vef = vff =
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i +E., @ vd
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i +E, @ vf
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hw oh flufxlw shxw ahwuh fadeoh frpph looxvwuh 

d od jxuh 41671
uhp1 = Od irqfwlrq HW shxw ahwuh uhdolvhh sdu od plvh hq vhulh gh 5 glvwulexwhxuv +ve = vdf , rx hq
xwlolvdqw xqh irqfwlrq HW +vef = vff ,1 Oh fkrl{ gh o*xqh rx o*dxwuh vroxwlrq sudwltxh wlhqgud frpswh
gh od orqjxhxu ghv fdqdolvdwlrqv/ od vlwxdwlrq gx fruhw gh frppdqgh +fiu1 ghvlghudwd gx Exuhdx
g*hwxghv,1
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fadeohh +1111f*hvw orjltxh $,1
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d frqwdfw/ 111,
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Oruvtxh oh q gh frxuvh vd hvw dfwlrqqh/ vhv frqwdfwv QR HW QI vrqw wrxv ohv ghx{ df0
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~ oh frqwdfw QR v*hvw ihuph +hw d grqf hwh %dfwlrqqh%,

~ oh frqwdfw QI v*hvw rxyhuw hw d grqf DXVVL hwh %dfwlrqqh%1

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~ hq orjltxh fadeohh/ yrxv xwlolvhuh} oh frqwdfw QI gx q gh frxuvh/

~ hq orjltxh surjudpphh +Sqhxvlp hw fduwh ILF2lqsxwv,/ yrxv dolphqwhuh} hw xwlolvhuh} oh frq0

wdfw QR gx q gh frxuvh/ srxu xqh pahph vljqlfdwlrq orjltxh +111 
d phglwhu 111,1

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Od jxuh 5148 irxuqlw oh vfkhpd hohfwursqhxpdwltxh1
Uhpdutxhv =

~ Ohv srlqwloohv vxu oh flufxlw sqhxpdwltxh gh od jxuh 5148 lqgltxhqw vlpsohphqw txh o*rq d
fkrlvl ghv glvwulexwhxuv 8@5 dyhf slorwdjh sqhxpdwltxh lqwhuqh > fhfl q*d hylghpphqw dxfxqh
lqflghqfh vxu fh txl qrxv suhrffxsh dfwxhoohphqw = od orjltxh gx flufxlw vhtxhqwlho1
~ Rq uhpdutxh vxu oh vfkhpd hohfwultxh txh ohv qv gh frxuvhv vdf hw vef vrqw gh w|sh QR
dfwlrqqhv hq srvlwlrq gh uhsrv1 Gdqv fhwwh srvlwlrq/ vhxoh od erelqh E hvw dfwlyh
~ Ohv irqfwlrqv orjltxhv vrqw vlpsohv hw ghfrxohqw gluhfwhphqw gx f|foh =
i+D., @ V = vef

i+E., @ vd
i+D, @ ve

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shqvhh txh fhoxl gh o*h{hpsoh suhfhghqw1 Frpph srxu oh fdv sqhxpdwltxh/ fh flufxlw qh ghpduuh
sdv frpph vrxkdlwh/ elhq tx*hq dfwlrqqdqw oh erxwrq gh ghpduudjh V/ od erelqh D. vrlw plvh
vrxv whqvlrq dx wudyhuv gx q gh frxuvh vdf 1 Hq hhw/ od erelqh D hvw pdlqwhqxh vrxv whqvlrq dx
wudyhuv gh vef hw hpsahfkh oh prxyhphqw gx wlurlu hq srvlwlrq D.1 Oh pahph sureohph vh srvh dx
qlyhdx gh od erelqh E/ dfwlyhh sdu ve doruv txh E. hvw pdlqwhqxh vrxv whqvlrq sdu vd = qrxv
dyrqv frqqx oh pahph sureohph hq sqhxpdwltxh1
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d1g1 dydqw txh D. qh vrlw h{hfxwh >
~ gh frxshu o*h{flwdwlrq gh E. dydqw txh E qh vrlw h{hfxwh >

Fhwwh irqfwlrq vhud rewhqx juadfh d xq vhxo uhodlv 

d phprluh N txl/ frpph srxu oh fdv sqhx0

pdwltxh/ vhud xwlolvhh hjdohphqw hq lqyhuvh N / oh sdvvdjh gh o*xq 
d o*dxwuh vh idlvdqw dx{ pahphv
hqgurlwv +yrlu Vhfwlrq 41:17 srxu mxvwlfdwlrq,1 Od jxuh vxlydqwh looxvwuh oh f|foh frpsohwh gx uhodlv

N hw gh vrq lqyhuvh N=

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sa0

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d od
jxuh 519,1 Qrxv dyrqv yx d od vhfwlrq 51716 frpphqw idflohphqw phprulvhu o*lpsxovlrq srxu
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odlv N,/ f1d1g1 lpphgldwhphqw hq ghexw gh f|foh rx dx plolhx gh fhoxl0fl hqwuh E. hw E11 LL
| d olhx gh uhpdutxhu txh/ oruv g*xqh lqwhuuxswlrq gh whqvlrq/ od irqfwlrq phprluh glvsdudlw
+dqdorjlh dyhf od phprluh hohfwurqltxh UDP,1 LL idxw h{dplqhu dyhf dwwhqwlrq od txhvwlrq
vxlydqwh = %tx*duulyh0w0lo d od pdfklqh oruvtxh od whqvlrq glvsdudaw euxvtxhphqw B% Oh fkrl{
lghdo vh ihud d qrxyhdx hq irqfwlrq gluhfwh gh od qrwlrq gh vhfxulwh1 Od uhjoh jhqhudoh yhxw
txh/ dxwdqw txh srvvleoh/ rq xwlolvh xq uhodlv qrq h{flwh hq srvlwlrq gh vhfxulwh hw gh uhsrv
gh od pdfklqh/ grqf dydqw ghpduudjh = fhfl mxvwlh oh fkrl{ txh qrxv suhqrqv gdqv oh f|foh
suhfhghqw1

Yhqrqv0hq grqf dx fadeodjh hohfwultxh gx f|foh hq O/ srxu ohtxho qrxv ghyrqv g*derug hwdeolu
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odlvvh dx %ohfwhxu% fdu ohv irqfwlrqv orjltxhv shxyhqw dlvhphqw vh ghgxluh gh od yhuvlrq sqhxpdwltxh
hw gx f|foh gh od jxuh suhfhghqwh1
i+D., @ N


i+D, @ vef = N

i+E., @ N = vd

i+E, @ N

i +N, @ vdf = V . N = ve

Uhpdutxhv =

41 Oh pdlqwlhq gh N vh idlw dyhf xqh irqfwlrq RX grqw o*rshudqgh gh gurlwh frpelqh xq frqwdfw
gx uhodlv hw oh vljqdo gh pdlqwlhq +ve gdqv fh fdv0fl,
 q*h{lvwh sdv +od udlvrq hvw wuhv vlpsoh,1
51 Od irqfwlrq orjltxh srxu N
448

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ghx{ rswlrqv vrqw elhq va
xu fruuhfwhv,1 Gdqv od yhuvlrq hohfwur0sqhxpdwltxh/ rq sulylohjlh/ sdu
vrxfl g*krprjhqhlwh gx fadeodjh hw gh udwlrqdolvdwlrq ghv htxlshphqw/ o*xwlolvdwlrq ghv frqwdfwv
gx uhodlv N gdqv ohv irqfwlrqv orjltxhv txl frppdqghqw ohv dfwlrqqhxuv +ohv erelqhv gdqv fh
fdv0fl,1
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~ Wrxw g*derug rq | uhfrqqdlw od irqfwlrq gh pdlqwlhq gx uhodlv N >

~ Fkdtxh frqwdfw gx uhodlv N hvw +hylghpphqw $ 111, xq frqwdfw glvwlqfw/ lghdohphqw qxphurwh
vxu oh vfkhpd +rq shxw whqwhu gh idluh o*hfrqrplh gh fhuwdlqv frqwdfwv +hqwuh ghx{ eudqfkhv,
pdlv lo fhod shxw frqgxluh d ghv devxuglwhv dx qlyhdx gx f|foh1

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phprluh N srxu 5 udlvrqv =
~ udffrxuflu ghv vljqdx{

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sqhxpdwltxh,1
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Ohv irqfwlrqv orjltxhv srxu ohv f|olqguhv D hw E vrqw =
 . ve = N
i+D., @ V = vef = N

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i+E., @ N = vdf
 = vdf
i+E, @ N

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vljqdx{ txh grlyhqw hqfohqfkhu hw ghfohqfkhu N=

~ Hq fh txl frqfhuqh o*hqfohqfkhphqw/ oh f|foh gh od jxuh 514: qrxv irxuqlw fhod1 Lo v*djlw gh od
frpelqdlvrq = vd = vef

~ Hq fh txl frqfhuqh oh ghfohqfkhphqw/ rq yrlw vxu oh f|foh txh vd = ve hvw oh vljqdo 

d xwlolvhu1
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+516,

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lo v*djlw g*hq whqlu frpswh gdqv oh fa
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fhv ghx{ prxyhphqwv sdu xq glvwulexwhxu prqrvwdeoh grqw o*h{flwdwlrq grlw dyrlu od gxuhh
h{dfwh gx prxyhphqw1 Hq idlw/ rq yhulhud idflohphqw txh f*hvw ghm
d oh fdv srxu oh f|olqguh E
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d od jxuh 5149 hw eudqfkhv
9 hw : d od jxuh 514;1

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gx f|foh hq O ghmd wudlwh soxv kdxw1

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44;

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gxuhh h{dfwh1 Fh vrqw fhv vljqdx{ tx*lo idxgud xwlolvhu srxu od orjltxh hohfwultxh txl v*hfulw grqf =
 = vef ,
i+D., @ N . +N

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i +N, @ V = vdf . ve = N

Rq frqvwdwh txh ohv irqfwlrqv orjltxhv srxu N hw srxu E. vrqw lghqwltxhv 

d od yhuvlrq elvwdeoh
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o*doorqjhu dyhf ohv vljqdx{ glvsrqleohv +Qrwrqv txh gx srlqw gh yxh orjltxh sxuh/ rq shxw vlpsolhu
od irqfwlrq sursrvhh,1 Ohv irqfwlrqv orjltxhv dvvrflhhv 
d D hw 
d E rqw glvsduxv 111 srxu ghv
udlvrqv hylghqwhv,1
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d od jxuh 514< r
x rq
suahwhud dwwhqwlrq dx frqwdfw vef txl hvw xq QI dfwlrqqh dx uhsrv $

8} 514<= F|foh hq O prqrvwdeoh = vfkhpd hohfwultxh

Oh fkrl{ hqwuh xqh vroxwlrq dyhf glvwulexwhxuv prqrvwdeohv rx elvwdeohv vhud vrxyhqw frqgl0
wlrqqhv sdu ohv dvshfwv vhfxulwh1 Srxu oh fdv gx irudjh2fodpdjh/ rq sulylohjlh od whfkqltxh prqrv0
wdeoh srxu oh irudjh hw elvwdeoh srxu oh fodpdjh1 F*hvw grqf/ srxu fh jhquh g*dssolfdwlrq/ xq flufxlw
gx w|sh gh od jxuh 5149 gdqv odtxhooh od eudqfkh 8 hvw vxssulphh +E, txh o*rq fkrlvlud 111 hw txh
o*rq srxuud/ oh fdv hfkhdqw/ hwrhu dyhf ghv vhfxulwhv vxssohphqwdluhv +erxwrq %frxs gh srlqj%/
dqwl0uhwrxu sqhxpdwltxh srxu oh f|olqguh D> ===,1

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d wurlv f|olqguhv D> E> F dyhf glv0
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D . E . D  F . E  F
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i+D., @ V = vff = ve

i+E., @ +vd . ve , = vf
i+F., @ vdf = vef

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d od jxuh 51531

8} 5153= Flufxlw d wurlv f|olqguhv +yhuvlrq prqrvwdeoh, = vfkhpd hohfwultxh

453

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51 Dxwrpdwlvphv sdu o*dlu frpsulph/ Qrujuhq2Khulrq/ Vhpdlqh gh irupdwlrq hq sqhxpdwltxh hw

hohfwursqhxpdwltxh +Eux{hoohv/ 4<<:,

61 Ihvwr glgdfwlf/ Ihvwr/ frxuv hq sqhxpdwltxh hw hohfwursqhxpdwltxh

71 Ihvwr Wuhqg/ Ihvwr/ uhyxh phqvxhooh

81 Fdwdorjxhv gh frpsrvdqwv sqhxpdwltxhv +Qrujuhq/ Ihvwr/ 111,/ 5334

91 Ioxlg Srzhu Ghvljq Kdqgerrn/ I1 \hdsoh/ +P1 Ghnnhu Lqf1/ Qhz0\run,/ 4<;7

:1 Od sqhxpdwltxh lqgxvwulhooh +jxuhv, = Mrxfrpdwlf +Qdwkdq,/ 4<<3

;1 Jhqlh phfdqltxh 0 dxwrpdwlvphv lqgxvwulhov/ M1P1 Eohx{ > M1O1 Idqfkrq/ +Qdwkdq/ Hwdshv
uhihuhqfhv/ Sdulv,/ 4<<9

<1 Jhqlh Hohfwurwhfkqltxh/ U1 Phudw/ U1 Pruhdx hw do1/ +Qdwkdq/ Hwdshv uhihuhqfhv/ Sdulv,/ 4<<;

431 Dxwrpdwlvphv/ ghyhorsshphqw ghv Judifhw/ E1 Uhhe +Hoolsvhv/ Sdulv,/ 4<<<

441 Od surjudppdwlrq gx odgghu gldjudp +LHF446406,/ Vwdjh gh irupdwlrq FHIDS +Olhjh/ 5334,
451 Od surjudppdwlrq gx judifhw +VIF, +LHF446406,/ Vwdjh gh irupdwlrq FHIDS +Olhjh/ 5334,
461 Ohv uhvhdx{ orfdx{ lqgxvwulhov/ K1 Ohfrft/ XOj/ 4<<;

471 Fdp V|qwkhvlv/ P1D1 Jrq}doh}0Sdodflrv/ Mrujh Dqjhohv/ +Noxzhu Dfdghplf Sxeolvkhu/ Kdug0
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457