Timeline: Chapters 28-30

1910-20

Mexican Revolution for election reform against dictator Porfirio Diaz.

1911

Fall of Qing Dynasty and Chinese Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen. Sun Yat-sens 3
principles of the People and Guomindang were established.

1912

African National Congress to oppose European colonialism and promote

apartheid.

1914-18

World War I: New destructive industrial technology used to create massive

casualties. Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (replaced by
Ottomans); Triple Entente Britain, France, (later U.S. and Italy; Russia drops
later drops out.)

1917

U.S. joins World War I after initially declaring neutrality and isolationism. When
America starts to feel threatened by German offensives and threats, they join the
war on the Triple Entente side. Turning point in the war war now favors Allies.

1917

Issue of Balfour Declaration of 1917; support of Zionists for creation of Jewish

homeland in Palestine, but could not displace the Arabs already living there.

1917

Creation of New Mexican Constitution: guaranteed land reform, limited foreign

investment, restricted church ownership of property, and a reformed education.

Feb. 1917

When rising casualties, food and supply shortages occur as a result of Tsar
Nicholas II refusing to end Russian influence in WWI, Russian Revolution
occurs. Tsar toppled and provisional government run by Alexander Kerensky
established. However, Kerensky fails to withdraw Russia from the war, thus
arousing anger.

1918

Vladimir Lenin and Bolsheviks take command of government, and Russia drops
out of WWI. (Therefore wasnt part of Treaty of Versailles); Leon Trotskys Red
Army created to severely repress oppositional forces.

1919

Treaty of Versailles: Official end of WWI. Despite U.S. President Wilsons pleads
for peace and balance of power, France and Britain wants to make up for losses
Makes Germany suffer tremendously, economically. This bred the
resentment necessary for the later rise of Adolf Hitler. Ottoman Empire divided
into Mandates between Britain and France.

1920

Britain acquires Palestine as a mandate

1919

Emperor ousted and Weimar Republic, a conservative democratic republic,

established, in favor of Germanys pre-war status.

1919

Benito Mussolini of Italy creates National Fascist Party.

1919

May Fourth Movement in China; attempted to create a Chinese liberal democracy

and increase in womens rights: footbinding outlawed and women given more
educational and career opportunities; Foundation of Guomindang Party under Sun
Yatsen

1920s

Lenin institutes New Economic Policy (NEP) combining socialism with

capitalism. Successful policy.

1920s

Mohandas Gandhi: peaceful protest: satiyagraha and civil disobedience. Although

Gandhi seeks to promote Muslim and Hindu unity, Muslims want a separate
Muslim nation of Pakistan.

1921

Foundation of the Communist Party under Mao Zedong

1922

Egypt wins political independence from Great Britain.

1923

Ataturk becomes the first president of Turkey. He increased secularization and

Westernized Turkey both culturally and politically

1923

Formation of USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

1924

Joseph Stalin, Lenins successor, takes power and discards NEP. More
nationalistic view of communism and wants to spread communism globally. He
initiates 5-Year Plans, collectivization, and upsurge agricultural production. Target
kulaks (wealthy landed peasants) Agricultural Collectivization = unsuccessful
due to lack of worker initiative but emphasis on Soviet heavy industry in the 5Year Plans is a big success.

1925

Chiang Kai-shek takes power of Guomindang after Suns death

1926

Italy transformed into a totalitarian fascist regime.

1927

Brutal Guomindang execution of communists in Shanghai Produces a civil war

in China: Communists vs Nationalists.

1929

U.S. Stock Market crashes, leading to the Great Depression. After the extremely
costly WWI, countries rely on American loans to rebuild after the war. Once the
American stock market crashes, this crisis quickly escalates into an international
crisis. Also caused by overproduction. Hardest Hit: America and Germany. Huge
amounts of unemployed citizens. Consequences: West: new social welfare, Italy
and Germany: Fascism, Japan: militaristic imperial expansion.

Late 1920s

Rise of National Socialist Part (Nazis) under Adolf Hitler. Similar to Mussolini in
his extreme nationalism and dreams of renewed greatness. Seeks to reverse Treaty
of Versailles humiliation.

1930s

Great Depression starts to affect Japan Militarists encourage aggression on

China.

1933

Hitler gains widespread support in Germany as he seemed to be the countrys only

hope. He is then elected as the chancellor and sets up Third Reich. He violates the
Treaty of Versailles by rebuilding German military

1935

Hitler captures Rhineland and rearms Germany

1935

Mussolini invades Ethiopia

1936

Japan signs AntiComintern Pact with Germany and forms Alliance (Germany,
Japan, Italy)

1937

Japan invades China Event signals beginning of WWI in Asia.

1938

Munich Conference of 1938; Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain APPEASEMENT

of Western nations to avoid war. Hitler given Sudetenland on condition to not
expand.

1939

Hitler eventually disregards Munich Conference and invades rest of

Czechoslovakia. Nazi-Soviet Pact: Mutual non-aggression between the two and
divided Eastern Europe among them. Germany attempts to take Poland
Start of World War II in Europe.

1940s

Germany and Axis Powers control most of continental Europe, including France.

1940

Battle of Britain: Winston Churchills determined effort to not quit and make
deals with Germany. British able to keep German army out of Britain.

1941

Japanese bomb U.S. naval station at Pearl Harbor and declare war against Japan;
Germany declares war against U.S.

1942

Red Army wins against Germans at Stalingrad.

1943

Tehran Conference for the liberation of France.

1944

D-Day: Liberation of France from German occupation.

1945

Yalta Conference: Soviet Union joins war against Japan in exchange for territory
in Manchuria and N. Japanese islands; Germany divided into 4 zones of
occupation.

1945

Americans drop atomic bomb on Hiroshima in attempt for Japanese surrender.

Devastating consequences. Later, when the Japanese refuse to surrender, a second
bomb is dropped on Nagasaki.

1945

Potsdam Conference: Soviets given control of eastern Poland and divided Austria.

1945

Creation of United Nations, an international peace organization.

1945

Establishment of United Nations for peace.

1946

U.S. grants the Philippines independence

1947

Marshall Plan of U.S. to help other countries reconstruct and recover.

1947

British grant independence to India. But then, a large civil war and killings
between Muslims and Hindus occur and Muslims given a separate homeland of
Pakistan. This leads to many of the tensions between the 2 countries we see today

1948

Afrikaners in South Africa impose apartheid

1948

United Nations partitioned Palestine into Jewish and Arab countries (Israel)
War breaks out and Jewish victory results in the expense of many Arabs exiled
from their homes.

1949

Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party are victorious through gaining
peasant support in promising land reforms. Chiang flees to Taiwan and Mao
founds the Peoples Republic of China.

1954

Gamal Nasser of Egypt is ruler of the newly independent Egypt

1956

With help of U.S. and Soviet Union, Nasser ends Britain and French influence in
Suez Canal zone.

1957

Ghana achieves independence (first African colony to gain independence)

1960

French possessions in W. Africa freed as well as the Belgian Congo.

1961

South Africa gains independence from Britain and apartheid continues.

1962

Violent independence movement in Algeria ends with independence. (settler

colony) most white settlers leave Algeria.

1963

Multiracial Kenya wins independence under leadership of Jomo Kenyatta (settler

colony) most white settlers leave Kenya.