FUNDAMENTAL FINITE

ELEMENT ANALYSIS
AND APPLICATIONS
With Mathematica and MATLAB
Computations

M. ASGHAR BHATTI

WILEY
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

CONTENTS

CONTENTS OF THE BOOK WEB SITE

PREFACE
1

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD: THE BIG PICTURE

1.1

1.2
1.3

1.4

1.5

Discretization and Element Equations / 2

1.1.1 Plane Trass Element / 4
1.1.2 Triangular Element for Two-Dimensional Heat Flow / 7
1.1.3 General Remarks on Finite Element Discretization / 14
1.1.4 Triangular Element for Two-Dimensional Stress Analysis / 16
Assembly of Element Equations / 21
Boundary Conditions and Nodal Solution / 36
1.3.1 Essential Boundary Conditions by Rearranging Equations / 37
1.3.2 Essential Boundary Conditions by Modifying Equations / 39
1.3.3 Approximate Treatment of Essential Boundary Conditions / 40
1.3.4 Computation of Reactions to Verify Overall Equilibrium / 41
Element Solutions and Model Validity / 49
1.4.1 Plane Truss Element / 49
1.4.2 Triangular Element for Two-Dimensional Heat Flow / 51
1.4.3 Triangular Element for Two-Dimensional Stress Analysis / 54
Solution of Linear Equations / 58
1.5.1 Solution Using Choleski Decomposition / 58
1.5.2 Conjugate Gradient Method / 62

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xiii
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CONTENTS

1.6

1.7

Multipoint Constraints / 72
1.6.1 Solution Using Lagrange Multipliers / 75
1.6.2 Solution Using Penalty Function / 79
Units / 83

MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION OF THE

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
98
2.1 Axial Deformation of Bars / 99
2.1.1 Differential Equation for Axial Deformations / 99
2.1.2 Exact Solutions of Some Axial Deformation Problems / 101
2.2 Axial Deformation of Bars Using Galerkin Method / 104
2.2.1 Weak Form for Axial Deformations / 105
2.2.2 Uniform Bar Subjected to Linearly Varying Axial Load / 109
2.2.3 Tapered Bar Subjected to Linearly Varying Axial Load / 113
2.3 One-Dimensional BVP Using Galerkin Method / 115
2.3.1 Overall Solution Procedure Using Galerkin Method / 115
2.3.2 Higher Order Boundary Value Problems / 119
2.4 Rayleigh-Ritz Method / 128
2.4.1 Potential Energy for Axial Deformation of Bars / 129
2.4.2 Overall Solution Procedure Using the Rayleigh-Ritz Method / 130
2.4.3 Uniform Bar Subjected to Linearly Varying Axial Load / 131
2.4.4 Tapered Bar Subjected to Linearly Varying Axial Load / 133
2.5 Comments on Galerkin and Rayleigh-Ritz Methods / 135
2.5.1 Admissible Assumed Solution / 135
2.5.2 Solution Convergencethe Completeness Requirement / 136
2.5.3 Galerkin versus Rayleigh-Ritz / 138
2.6 Finite Element Form of Assumed Solutions / 138
2.6.1 Linear Interpolation Functions for Second-Order Problems / 139
2.6.2 Lagrange Interpolation / 142
2.6.3 Galerkin Weighting Functions in Finite Element Form / 143
2.6.4 Hermite Interpolation for Fourth-Order Problems / 144
2.7 Finite Element Solution of Axial Deformation Problems / 150
2.7.1 Two-Node Uniform Bar Element for Axial Deformations / 150
2.7.2 Numerical Examples / 155
ONE-DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM
3.1 ,-Selected Applications of ID BVP / 174
3.1.1 Steady-State Heat Conduction / 174
3.1.2 Heat How through Thin Fins / 175

173

CONTENTS

3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

Viscous Fluid Flow between Parallel PlatesLubrication

Problem / 176
Slider Bearing / 177
Axial Deformation of Bars / 178
Elastic Buckling of Long Slender Bars / 178

Finite Element Formulation for Second-Order ID BVP / 180

3.2.1 Complete Solution Procedure / 186
Steady-State Heat Conduction / 188
Steady-State Heat Conduction and Convection / 190
Viscous Fluid Flow Between Parallel Plates / 198
Elastic Buckling of Bars / 202
Solution of Second-Order ID BVP / 208
A Closer Look at the Interelement Derivative Terms / 214

4 TRUSSES, BEAMS, AND FRAMES

4.1 Plane Trasses / 223
4.2 Space Trasses / 227
4.3 Temperature Changes and Initial Strains in Trasses / 231
4.4 Spring Elements / 233
4.5 Transverse Deformation of Beams / 236
4.5.1 Differential Equation for Beam Bending / 236
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
4.5.5
4.5.6

Boundary Conditions for Beams / 238

Shear Stresses in Beams / 240
Potential Energy for Beam Bending / 240
Transverse Deformation of a Uniform Beam / 241
Transverse Deformation of a Tapered Beam Fixed at
Both Ends / 242
4.6 Two-Node Beam Element / 244
4.6.1 Cubic Assumed Solution / 245
4.6.2 Element Equations Using Rayleigh-Ritz Method / 246
4.7 Uniform Beams Subjected to Distributed Loads / 259
4.8 Plane Frames / 266
4.9 Space Frames / 279
4.9.1 Element Equations in Local Coordinate System / 281
4.9.2 Local-to-Global Transformation / 285
4.9.3 Element Solution / 289
4.10 Frames in Multistory Buildings / 293

222

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CONTENTS

TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELEMENTS
5.1 Selected Applications of the 2D BVP / 313
5.1.1 Two-Dimensional Potential Flow / 313
5.1.2 Steady-State Heat Flow / 316
5.1.3 Bars Subjected to Torsion / 317
5.1.4 Waveguides in Electromagnetics / 319
5.2 Integration by Parts in Higher Dimensions / 320
5.3 Finite Element Equations Using the Galerkin Method / 325
5.4 Rectangular Finite Elements / 329
5.4.1 Four-Node Rectangular Element / 329
5.4.2 Eight-Node Rectangular Element / 346
5.4.3 Lagrange Interpolation for Rectangular Elements / 350
5.5 Triangular Finite Elements / 357
5.5.1 Three-Node Triangular Element / 358
5.5.2 Higher Order Triangular Elements / 371

311

MAPPED ELEMENTS
6.1 Integration Using Change of Variables / 382
6.1.1 One-Dimensional Integrals / 382
6.1.2 Two-Dimensional Area Integrals / 383
6.1.3 Three-Dimensional Volume Integrals / 386
6.2 Mapping Quadrilaterals Using Interpolation Functions / 387
6.2.1 Mapping Lines / 387
6.2.2 Mapping Quadrilateral Areas / 392
6.2.3 Mapped Mesh Generation / 405
6.3 Numerical Integration Using Gauss Quadrature / 408
6.3.1 Gauss Quadrature for One-Dimensional Integrals / 409
6.3.2 Gauss Quadrature for Area Integrals / 414
6.3.3 Gauss Quadrature for Volume Integrals / 417
6.4 Finite Element Computations Involving Mapped Elements / 420
6.4.1 Assumed Solution / 421
6.4.2 Derivatives of the Assumed Solution / 422
6.4.3 Evaluation of Area Integrals / 428
6.4.4 Evaluation of Boundary Integrals / 436
6.5 Complete Mathematica and MATLAB Solutions of 2D BVP Involving
Mapped Elements / 441
6.6 Triangular Elements by Collapsing Quadrilaterals / 451
6.7 Infinite Elements / 452
6.7.1 One-Dimensional BVP / 452
6.7.2 Two-Dimensional BVP / 458

381

CONTENTS

7 ANALYSIS OF ELASTIC SOLIDS

467
7.1 Fundamental Concepts in Elasticity / 467
7.1.1 Stresses / 467
7.1.2 Stress Failure Criteria / 472
7.1.3 Strains / 475
7.1.4 Constitutive Equations / 478
7.1.5 Temperature Effects and Initial Strains / 480
7.2 Governing Differential Equations / 480
7.2.1 Stress Equilibrium Equations / 481
7.2.2 Governing Differential Equations in Terms of Displacements / 482
7.3 General Form of Finite Element Equations / 484

7.4

7.5

7.3.1 Potential Energy Functional / 484

7.3.2 Weak Form / 485
7.3.3 Finite Element Equations / 486
7.3.4 Finite Element Equations in the Presence of Initial Strains / 489
Plane Stress and Plane Strain / 490
7.4.1 Plane Stress Problem / 492
7.4.2 Plane Strain Problem / 493
7.4.3 Finite Element Equations / 495
7.4.4 Three-Node Triangular Element / 497
7.4.5 Mapped Quadrilateral Elements / 508
Planar Finite Element Models / 517
7.5.1 Pressure Vessels / 517
7.5.2 Rotating Disks and Flywheels / 524
7.5.3 Residual Stresses Due to Welding / 530
7.5.4 Crack Tip Singularity / 531

8 TRANSIENT PROBLEMS
8.1 Transient Field Problems / 545
8.1.1 Finite Element Equations / 5^46
8.1.2 Triangular Element / 549
8.1.3 Transient Heat Flow / 551
8.2 Elastic Solids Subjected to Dynamic Loads / 557
8.2.1 Finite Element Equations / 559
8.2.2 Mass Matrices for Common Structural Elements / 561
8.2.3 Free-Vibration Analysis / 567
8.2.4 Transient Response Examples / 573

545

CONTENTS

p-FORMULATION
9.1 p-Formulation for Second-Order ID BVP / 586
9.1.1 Assumed Solution Using Legendre Polynomials / 587
9.1.2 Element Equations / 591
9.1.3 Numerical Examples / 593
9.2 ^-Formulation for Second-Order 2D BVP / 604
9.2.1 p-Mode Assumed Solution / 605
9.2.2 Finite Element Equations / 608
9.2.3 Assembly of Element Equations / 617
9.2.4 Incorporating Essential Boundary Conditions / 620
9.2.5 Applications / 624

586

USE OF COMMERCIAL FEA SOFTWARE

A.I ANSYS Applications / 642
A. 1.1 General Steps / 643
A. 1.2 Trass Analysis / 648
A. 1.3 Steady-State Heat Flow / 651
A. 1.4 Plane Stress Analysis / 655
A.2 Optimizing Design Using ANSYS / 659
A.2.1 General Steps / 659
A.2.2 Heat Flow Example / 660
A.3 ABAQUS Applications / 663
A.3.1 Execution Procedure / 663
A.3.2 Trass Analysis / 665
A.3.3 Steady-State Heat Flow / 666
A.3.4 Plane Stress Analysis / 671

641

VARIATIONAL FORM FOR BOUNDARY

VALUE PROBLEMS
B.I Basic Concept of Variation of a Function / 676
B.2 Derivation of Equivalent Variational Form / 679
B.3 Boundary Value Problem Corresponding to a Given Functional / 683

676

BIBLIOGRAPHY

687

INDEX

695