By

Orellana, Angie
AP U.S. History
Mr.Brown

Civil Rights

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Preface-2
People to watch for-3
Chapters:
1.Before the movement-7
2.Movement on the rise-8
3.Changes in the laws-13
4.Fallen heroes-14
5.Comparing movements-15
6.Authors note-16
Bibliography-17

PREFACE:
1. What led to Plessy vs. Ferguson on 1892, Plessy was
arrested for sitting on the white section of the bus in
Louisiana. Despite that his light complexion of his skin
that would pass him white, Homer is one-eighth African
American.
2. In 1896, the Supreme Court declared separate but equal
in Plessy vs. Ferguson.
3. It applied to every minority groups and African
Americans.

PEOPLE TO WATCH FOR:

a) Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. He was an activist during

the civil rights movements. MLK organized a 381-day
boycott of the bus system to protest segregation. He also
used nonviolent and peaceful protests.

b) Lester Maddox- He was a politician for Georgia.

Although he seems racist, Lester claims he isnt. Maddox
minimizes the efforts of the Civil Rights movement
organizers by rude names.

c) George Wallace- He was a governor of Alabama. In

1960s, Wallace is remembered for his strong support of
racial segregation. However, as he grew older in his late
years, George regrets for his ways. Later, he changed his
racist views.

d) Thurgood Marshall-NAACP lawyer used the 14th

Amendment to attack public schools. He argued that
equal schools imply that black children are inferior to
whites.

e) Dolores Huerta- She has worked to improve social and

economic conditions for workers and to fight
discrimination. Huerta is an activist who co-founded
UFW.

f) Caesar Chavez He was a union leader. Chavez drew

attention for his causes by using nonviolent methods.
Caesar was able to improve working conditions for farm
workers in CA, TX, AZ and Fl despite the conflict.

g) Betty Friedan- She was a women's rights activist. Also

wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963) and co-founded the
NOW.

h) Hector P. Garcia- He was infuriated by the discrimination

against Mexican-Americans. Hector organized the G.I.
Forum.

Martin Luther King Jr. had the greatest impact on civil

rights. He succeeded because he used nonviolent and
peaceful protest along with his followers. MLK made
more progress than other violent leaders.

CHAPTERS:
I.

BEFORE THE MOVEMENT

a) Mendez vs. Westminster- This case is similar to Plessy
vs. Ferguson. Mendez vs. Westminster ends segregation
of Mexican school children in California. Under the 14th
Amendment made it illegal.
b) Hernandez vs. Texas- This case was decided that all
minorities in the U.S.A. had equal protection under the
14th Amendment.
c) Delgado vs. Bastrop ISD-A court case banned the
segregation of Mexican-Americans in Texas and
California. The Mexicans were forced to attend inferior
public schools.
d) Edgewood ISD vs. Kirby- It required changes to school
finance to increase funding for poorer school districts.
e) Sweat vs. Painter- State law restricted access to the
university to whites, and Hemans application was
rejected because of his color. The Court held that the
Equal Protection Clause required that Sweat be admitted
to the university.

II.

MOVEMENT ON THE RISE

a) Montgomery Bus Boycott- African Americans refused to

ride the Alabama city buses to protest segregated seating.
Four days before, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat
to a white man on the bus. She was imprisoned, then
fined. The protest lasted around 381 days.

b) Greensboro Sit-Ins- College students, whites and blacks,

occupy most seats as a peaceful protest in Greensboro,
North Carolina. Despite some violent reactions to the sitins, these demonstrations led to good results. It received
much attention from media and government. Every
public accommodations were desegregated.

c) NAACP- the NAACP was most influential civil rights

organization in the U.S. It was also led by white and
African American intellectuals. They attacked
segregation and racial inequality.

d) SNCC-The SNCC was formed from the Greensboro SitIns. Handful of students has joined to this organization.
Its quite similar to that event.

e) Black Panthers- This group was formed in California.

They played a short but important part in the civil Rights
movement. The Black Panthers used violence to get what
they want.

f) SCLC- It emerged to organize the action of protests

groups throughout the U.S. Its associated with Martin
Luther King Jr. SCLC had a big role in the Civil Rights
movement.

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g) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom/I Have a

Dream Speech-Many civil rights supporters had marched
to Washington. MLK delivered his 17-minute speech, for
racial equality.

h) MLK-Letter from a Birmingham Jail- After leading Good

Friday, Martin and 50 other protestors were arrested.
King was separated from his supporters in jail. He was
refused to call his attorney or his wife. Then President
John F. Kennedy intervened on his behalf. A friend
smuggled in a Birmingham newspaper, local religious
leaders criticized them. He then wrote an open letter to
them, drew inspiration.

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i) National Farm Workers Association- NFWA is a labor

union for farmworkers. It was led by Cesar Chavez. They
had several victories.

12

III.

CHANGES IN THE LAW

a) Civil Rights act of 1964- It outlawed discrimination in

any way. It ended unequal voter registrations and racial
segregation in general public. The bill was weak, but was
later added with more power in 1965.
b) Voting Rights Act of 1965- federal legislation in the U.S.
that ban racial discrimination in voting.

IV.

13

FALLEN HEROES

a) Malcolm X- He was an
African-American leader.
However, he used violent
protest to stop segregation.
He was assassinated in New
York.

b) John F. Kennedy- He
35th president of the
States. JFK became
youngest man and
Roman Catholic to
office. His
assassination in
Texas has affected
people in the nation.

c)

was the
United
the
the first
hold that
Dallas,
many

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.-He was a Civil

Rights Activist and Baptist Minister.
MLK led the Civil rights movement.
Martin used peaceful
protest, never engage with
violence to his aggressors.

Martin Luther King, Jr.s approach towards civil

rights was more effective. He has more supporters
and used non-violence protests throughout U.S.

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V.

COMPARING MOVEMENTS

a. American Indian Movement- a Native American movement in the

U.S. It addresses American Indian issues. Also stating incidents
against Native Americans forced to move away from reservations.
The issues concerning Native American urban communities
include high unemployment, racism, police harassment, etc.
b. Asian-American Movement- an Asian movement in the U.S.
Americans of Asian descent came together to fight discrimination
at work. Also to organize for recognition of their shared cause. The
movement continued and grew to national prominence with other
events.
c. American Chicano Mural Movement- Represents by MexicanAmerican artists to establish a unique artistic identity in the U.S.
Much of the art and the artists creating Chicano Art were
influenced by Chicano Movement. The art has evolved over time
to illustrate current struggles and Mexican culture. Also to inform
Chicano youth and unify around their culture and histories.
Chicano art is not just artwork.
d. Caesar Chavez Labor Rights Movement- In 1962, Chavez created
the NFWA, which then joined AWOC. Later, both unions formed
together, and the resulting union was renamed the UFW. At the
end, Chavez and his union won several victories for the workers
when many growers signed contracts with the union.

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VI.

AUTHORS NOTES

Using nonviolence protest has broken the racial segregations pattern

in the South and win equal rights legislation for blacks. After the Supreme
Court decision in Brown v. BOE, both race (black and white) supporters
attempted to end segregationist ways. When Rosa Parks was arrested in
1955, the Montgomery Bus Boycott was led by MLK.
Later, the SNCC led boycotts and sit-ins to make many public
facilities free of use to any race. The [peaceful] movement spread, banning
Jim Crow Laws and public area. The Deep South remained the same
despite to most desegregation measures. The southern white people use
violent actions that harms or kills protesters.
Their efforts of the African Americans march on Washington, D.C, to
support civil rights law. Following JFKs assassination, President LBJ
convinced the Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Then was
followed by the Voting Rights Act in 1965. Then, the Black Panther Party
split off from the civil rights movement because they believed the
movement have dont nothing. MLKs assassination caused many
supporters to withdraw.
In the decades, selfless leaders attempt to find [legal] power through
elective office and economic and educational gains through affirmative
action with. These leaders were selfless and generously cared about
everyones right and freedom. Now there are less strict leashes in the
present.

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