DeterminationandComparisonofVO

Peak
2

BetweenRecreationalandCompetitiveSurfers
A.Felicetti,
A.Galutera,
M.Guilfoyle,C.Lopez,
R.Martineau,
D. Mateo
,C.Sinsuan,
J.Sperla,
Z.Tieger,
K.Valdez

CaliforniaStateUniversitySanMarcos

Abstract
Surfing,asurfacewateractivity,involvesmovementsbothinandonthewater.Themajorityofmovements
involvedwithsurfingrequiresignificantamountsofoxygenandareconsideredaerobicinnature.However,
intermittent,anaerobicmovementsarealsoperformedinparallel.Pastresearchanalyzingheartrateswhile
inthewater,concludedthatthearmpaddlingmotionofsurfingwasthemostphysiologicallydemanding.
Throughthisdetermination,armpaddlinghasbeenusedtodeterminephysiologicalelementsduringsurfing
andthecardiovascularbenefitsofthesport.Nevertheless,thereisstilllittledataconcerningthe
physiologicalcomparisonsbetweenrecreationalsurfersandcompetitivesurfers.Thepurposeofthepresent
studywastorecordandanalyzepeakoxygenuptakeandmetabolicpaddlingefficiency(heartrate,
respiratoryexchangerate)inrecreationalsurfers.Sixtyfourrecreationalsurfers,withanaverageage,
weightandheight(36.88+/1.88years,75.56+/1.75kg,1.76+/.01m)volunteeredtoparticipateinan
incrementalpaddlingtest.Subjectswerescreenedwithanestablishedsetofcriteria:1870yearsold,at
least3yearsofsurfingexperience,andnopriorcardiovascularconditions.VO
peakwastestedusinga
2
Vasaswimbenchergometer,whichmeasuredpoweroutputsthroughouttheprotocol,andaParvomedics
metaboliccartforgasexchangemeasures.Heartratemonitorsandfacemaskswereusedinconjunctionfor
eachtest.Subjectswereinstructedtolieproneontheswimbenchergometerandwerefamiliarizedwiththe
machineandthedesiredpaddlingmotion.Thetestconsistedofsixtysecond,constantloadincrements,
startingat10Wattsofintensity.Aftertheterminationofeachsixtysecondincrement,theintensityincreased
by10additionalWatts.Subjectswereinstructedtocontinueuntilcompleteexhaustion.TheVO
peakof
2
eachsubjectwasrecordedandthevalueswerecomparedtothoseofprofessionalsurfersfromprevious
data.ValuesofRespiratoryExchangeRate(RER),HeartRate(HR),andRatingofPerceivedExertion
(RPE)wereusedtovalidatetherecordedvaluesofVO
peak.TheaverageVO
peakforthegroupwas
2
2
27.220.86ml/(kg*min).Therecordedvalueswerelowerthanthoseforthecompetitivesurfers(39.53.1
ml/(kg*min)testedbyLoveless,etal.(2010),andthecompetitivesurfers(50.04.7ml/(kg*min),47.96.3
ml/(kg*min))testedbyMendezVillanueva,etal.(2005).However,significantdifferencesbetweenthe
groupswerenotdetermined.Also,comparisonsbetweenmaleandfemalerecreationalsurfersyielded
significantdifferences(p<0.05)withmalesurfershavingahigheroverallVO
peak.WhencomparingVO
2
2
peaksinmalesandfemalesacrossage,therewasanoverallnegativecorrelation(r=0.44).Interestingto
note,surferswhoprimarilyusedshortboards(29.531.04ml/(kg*min))hadasignificantlyhigherVO
peak
2
(p<0.05)thanthosethatusedlongboards(22.090.99ml/(kg*min)).Thesefindingshaveimplicationsfor
increasingcardiovascularhealththroughincreaseddurationandintensity,andbyutilizingashorter
surfboard.However,thesechangesmaybeconflictedbyage,gender,andexperiencelevel.

Introduction
Surfing,anintermittentsurfacewateractivity,isaninternationallyrecognizedsportthathas
increasedinpopularityovertime.Thesportinvolvesmovementsbothinandonthewater.Activitiesinthe
waterincludepaddlingouttogetinpositionofawave,whichmayrequireavoidingundesirablewaves.On
theotherhand,bothstandingupontheboardandridingthewaveareconsideredonthewateractivities.
Bothhaveshowntorequireasignificantamountofoxygenandareconsideredaerobicactivitieswithbouts
ofhighintensity,anaerobicmovements.Individualactivitiesbothinandonthewaterhavebeenexaminedin
ordertoassessthecardiovascularbenefitsofeachandthecorrespondinghealthbenefitsofsurfingasa
whole.
Similartomostsports,surfinginvolvesmultipleactivitiesthatvaryinbothfrequencyandintensity.
Priorresearchhassubdividedsurfingintothefollowingcategories:armpaddling,stationary,waveriding,
andmiscellaneous(duckingunderwaves,wading,etc.)(MendezVillanuevaetal,2005).Timespentinthe
armpaddlingmotionconstitutedthehighestpercentageofthetotaltimeat44%,followedbystationaryat
35%,miscellaneousat16%,andwaveridingat5%(MendezVillanuevaetal,2005).Thearmpaddling
motionalsoaccountedforthemostdemandingportionofsurfing,andrequiredupto10minutesof
strenuousactivity(MendezVillanuevaetal,2005).Fromtheseobservations,theabilitytoperformand
sustainarmpaddlinghasbeendeemedthemostaccuratetestmeasuretodetermineasurfersendurance
andoverallcardiovascularhealth.
VO
peakisameasurementthathasbeenusedtodetermineanindividualsabilitytoextractand
2
utilizeoxygenduringexercise,andprovidesanestimateoftheiroverallcardiovascularhealth.Inprevious
studies,VO
peakwasdeterminedthroughaswimbenchergometer,anincrementalpaddlingtest,anda
2
modifiedkayaktest.Maximalheartrate(HR),respiratoryexchangeratio(RER),andratingofperceived
exertion(RPE)wereusedassecondarymeasurestoassessif

VO
peakwasobtained.Pastresearch
2
focusedoncomparingVO
peaksforcompetitivesurferstoVO
peaksforrecreationalsurfers.Inastudy
2
2
conductedbyMendezVillanuevaetal.,VO
peakwasmeasuredusingarmpaddlingtocomparedifferent
2
performancelevelsofcompetitivesurfers.Inthesecomparisons,significantdifferenceswerenotobserved
inVO
peak(2005).InsupportofthestudybyMendezVillanuevaetal.,Lovelessetal.furtheranalyzedthe
2
relationshipbetweenpeakaerobicpoweroutputandperformance.Throughanincrementalramptest,he
foundnosignificantdifferenceinpeakVO
andpaddlingefficiencybetweenrecreationalandcompetitive
2
surfers.Thestudyconcludedthatsurfingandpeakoxygenuptakehadnocorrelationtooneanother
(Lovelessetal.,2010).Althoughcompetitivesurfershaveahigherskillsetthanrecreationalsurfers,the
previousdatasuggeststhatrecreationalsurferscanstillreceivesimilarhealthbenefitstothoseachievedby
competitivesurfers.
PreviousresearchconcludedthatVO
peakinbothcompetitivesurfersandrecreationalsurfersdid
2
notdifferfromeachother.However,curiosityarisesasaresultofthesimilarityofVO
peakbetweenthese
2
twopopulationsandwhetherornotrecreationalsurfershavebeenaccuratelydefined.Thepurposeofthe
currentstudywastobetterunderstandthecardiovasculardifferencesbetweentruerecreationalsurfers
andprofessionalsurfers.WehypothesizedthatrecreationalsurferswouldhavealowerVO
peakcompared
2
tocompetitivesurfers.

Method
Subjects
Aprospectivecasestudywasconductedandallsubjectswerescreenedwithanestablishedsetof
criteriabeforeparticipating.Sixtyfoursubjects,aged1870yearsold,wereincludediftheyhadbeensurfing
foraminimumof3yearsandusedsurfingastheirprimaryformofaerobicexercise.Subjectswereexcluded
fromthisstudyifthecriteriawerenotmetoriftheystatedtheyhadcardiovascularconditionsthatincluded
butwerenotlimitedto:havingapreviousheartattack,havingapacemaker,beingdiagnosedwithaheart
disease,ortakingheartmedications.Prescreeningtoolsandquestionnaireswereusedtoconfirmthe
subjectsqualificationtoparticipateinthestudy.

ExperimentalEquipment
Aswimergometer(Vasa,Inc.,EssexJunction,VT,USA)wasusedtoperformtheexperimentand
wasmodifiedtosimulatetheincrementalpaddlingtestthatwasusedinthestudyconductedby
MendezVillanuevaetal.(2005).Poweroutputvalueswereobtaineddependentupontheamountofforce

exertedonthehandpaddlesattachedtobothofthesubjectshandsthroughoutthetest.Thepoweroutputs
wereshownonthedigitaldisplayunitandfeedbackwascontinuouslygiventoprovidecuestothe
participants.
Ametaboliccart(ParvoMedicsTrueOneMetabolicSystemOUSW4.3.4,Sandy,UT,USA)was
usedtodetermineVO
peakandrespiratoryexchangeratio(RER)whileexercisingatthegivenworkloads.
2
Thesevaluesweredisplayedandsavedonthecomputerandwereusedforfurtheranalyzation.
Aheartratemonitor(PolarFT1,PolarElectroOy,Professorintie5,Kempele,Finland)wasusedto
observeheartrateatgivenworkloads.Theheartratemonitorwasplacedonthechestofsubjectbelowthe
sternumandtheheartratevaluewasdisplayedonthesynchronizedwatch.

Preparation
Priortotesting,themetaboliccartunderwentawarmupperiod,followedbyacalibrationtoallow
accuratereadingsofgasexchange.Forpropergascalibration,theroomtemperature,barometricpressure,
andrelativehumiditywereimputeduponinstructionfromthecomputer.Acalibrationcylinderwasopenedto
allowtheanalysisofaknowngasmixturebythemetaboliccart.
Aflowmetercalibrationwasthenconducted.Asamplebaselinewassetbycarefullycompleting
strokesforthefollowing:detectionofgasgoingthroughthesystem,flushingofthesystem,andcalibration
ofthesystem.Calibrationstrokes(litersperminute(lpm))weremadeat0100lpm,100200lpm,200300
lpm,300400lpmand400500lpm.Thetestingwascontinuedonceallthecalibrationstrokeswere
successful.

Protocol
Anincrementalpaddlingtestwasconductedbyincreasingthewattageinincrementsof10after
eachminuteofthetestingprotocol,startingwith10wattsinthefirstminute.Allsubjectsmaintainedthe
givenworkloadinordertocontinuewiththetest.Cuesweregivenbytheresearcherstoinformthesubject
toincreaseordecreasetheamountofwattagethatwasbeingexertedinordertostaywithintheworkload.
Allsubjectscontinuedtheexerciseprotocoluntilvolitionalfatiguewasattainedorexerciseworkloadcould
notbeconsistentlykept.Exercisewattagewasrecordedatevery10seconds,andthemeanvaluewithin
eachworkloadwasdeterminedthroughaveragingtherecordedvalues.
VO
peakwasmeasuredbyusingthemetaboliccart.Priortotheexerciseprotocol,subjectswere
2
fittedtothepropermasksize.Subjectsbreathedthroughthemaskwhichwaschanneledintothemixing
chamber.VO
peakandRERweredisplayedonthecomputerscreenthroughouttheincrementalpaddling
2
test.Attheendofeachtest,thesubjectsVO
peakwasdeterminedbyaveragingoutthetwohighestVO
2
2
peakvalues.TheRERvaluewasrecordedastwoaveragedRERvaluesthatcorrespondedtothetwo
highestVO
peakvalues.
2
PeakheartratewasmeasuredandrecordedthroughthePolarFT1heartratemonitor.Baseline
heartratewasrecordedpriortothecommencementoftheincrementalpaddlingtest.Fifteensecondsprior
toincreasingtheamountofworkload,heartratevalueswererecorded.Thesemeasurementshelped
determinethesubjectspeakheartrateattheendofthetestoratvolitionalfatigue.

DataCollection
Meanandstandarderrorvalueswerereportedforalldesiredvariables.Foreachtrial,VO
Peak
2
(ml/(kg*min)),RER(VCO
/VO
),HR(bpm),andrateofperceivedexertion(RPE,620)wererecorded.HR,
2
2
RERandRPEweremeasurementsusedtovalidatetheVO
peakofthesubjects.
2

Results
SubjectCharacteristics
Sixtyfoursubjects(48males,16females)completedtheprotocol.Subjectcharacteristicsofage,
heightandweightwererecorded(
Table1
).Surfingcharacteristicsofeachsubjectwerealsorecorded
(
Table1
).

Table1
.SubjectCharacteristics
MeanageSE(yrs)

36.881.88

MeanheightSE(m)

1.760.01

MeanweightSE(kg)

75.561.75

MeansurfingexperienceSE(yrs)

18.831.82

MeansurfingfrequencyperweekSE(hrs)

8.170.58

MeansurfingcompetencySE(010scale)

6.860.23

Frequencyofsurferswhopreferlongboard

17

Frequencyofsurferswhopreferlongboard

43

VO
PeakMeasurements
2
TheaverageVO
peakofrecreationalsurfers(n=64)fromthepresentstudywas27.220.86
2
ml/(kg*min)(
Table2)
.ThecompetitivesurfersfromtheLovelessetalstudy(2010)hadanaverageVO
2
peakof39.53.1ml/(kg*min)(n=8)whereasMendezetal(2005)foundthattheEuropeancompetitive
surfers(ELS,n=7)hadanaverageVO
peakof50.04.7ml/(kg*min)andtheregionalcompetitivesurfers
2
(RLS,n=6)hadanaverageVO
peakof47.96.3ml/(kg*min)
.
Whencomparingtherecreationalsurfers
2
andcompetitivesurfersfrompastresearch,ELShadthehighestVO
peak(
Figure1).
Withinmale
2
recreationalandcompetitivesurferswhowere18to30yearsofage,ELS(n=7)fromtheMendezetalstudy
(2005)hadthehighestVO
peak(50.04.7ml/(kg*min))whereastherecreationalsurfers(n=23)hadthe
2
lowestVO
peak(31.881.51ml/(kg*min))(
Figure2).
2
WhencomparingtheaverageVO

peakfromthepresentstudyalone,malerecreationalsurfers
2
(n=48)hadasignificantlyhigherVO
peak(28.840.99ml/(kg*min),p<0.05)thanfemalerecreational
2
surfers(22.381.02ml/(kg*min),n=16)(
Figure3).
AcomparisoninVO
peakacrossagebetweenmales
2
andfemaleswasalsoanalyzed(
Figure4)
.Malerecreationalsurferswithintheagesof18to30yearsold
(n=23)showedahigherVO
peak(31.881.51ml/(kg*min))thanfemalerecreationalsurfers(n=7)inthe
2
sameagegroup(23.950.88ml/(kg*min)).Whencomparingsubjectswhowereintheolderagegroup(61
to70yearsold),malerecreationalsurfers(n=5)stillhadthehighestVO
peak(20.611.41ml/(kg*min))
2
whereasonlyonefemalesubjectinthesameagegrouphadaVO
peakof13.500.00ml/(kg*min).
2
AverageVO
peakinrecreationalsurferswhousedlongboardandshortboardwerecompared(
Figure5).
2
Shortboardsurfersinbothmales(30.211.12ml/(kg*min),n=38)andfemales(24.381.15ml/(kg*min),
n=5)hadasignificantlyhigherVO
peakthanlongboardsurfers(males24.091.19ml/(kg*min)n=8,
2
females20.311.33ml/(kg*min)n=9,p<0.05).

ValidationofVO2

Peak
Theaveragepeakheartrateforthegroupwas169.972.10(
Table2
).Maleshadanaveragepeak
heartrateof172.362.42andfemaleshadanaveragepeakheartrateof162.943.84.Onlytwentytwo
ofthesubjectsmettheiragerelatedmaximumheartrate(
Table3
).
TheaverageRERforallsubjectswas1.230.01.TheaverageRERforthemaleswas1.240.01,
whereastheaverageRERforfemaleswas1.120.02.SixtyofthesubjectsmetthecriteriaforRER(
Table
3
).
Oncecompletingtheprotocol,subjectsweretodecideonanumberbetween6and20asarateof
perceivedexertion(RPE).AnRPEof6suggestednoexertionatallwhereasanRPEof20suggestedthat
thesubjectgavemaximalexertion.ThegroupaverageforRPEwas19.480.01.Amongthesixtyfour
subjects,onlyfortyfiveofthemmettherequirementforRPE(
Table3
).

Table2.
Physiologicalmeasurementsofrecreationalsurfers.
MeanVO
peakSE(ml/kg*min)
2

27.220.86

MeanpeakheartrateSE(bpm)

169.972.10

MeanRERSE(VCO
/VO
)
2
2

1.230.01

MeanRPESE(scale620)

19.480.01

Table3.
Numberofsubjectsthatmetrequirementstosupportvaliddata.
TotalCount

HR(220age)

RER(VCO/VO)

RPE(620scale)

64

22

60

45

*Note:Allsubjectsmetatleastonerequirement.

Figure1.
ComparisonbetweenaverageVO
peakinrecreationalandcompetitivesurfers.
2
*Thenumberofsubjectsfromeachstudyaredisplayedaboveeacherrorbars

Discussion
ThemajorfindinginthepresentstudyisthattruerecreationalsurfershadalowerVO

peak(27.22
2
0.86ml/(kg*min),n=64)thancompetitivesurfersfromtheLovelessetal.study(39.53.1ml/(kg*min),
n=8)(2010)andtheMendezVillanuevaetal.study(50.04.7ml/(kg*min)ELS,n=747.96.3
ml/(kg*min),n=6)(2005).Significantdifferencescouldnotbedeterminedbecauseoursamplewasbeing
comparedtomultiplestudiesdonepriortoourpresentstudy.Tofurtherourunderstandingonthe
differencesbetweenrecreationalandcompetitivesurfers,weattemptedtocomparemalerecreational
surfersbetweentheagesof1830tothemalecompetitivesurfersfrompreviousstudiesthatalsofellwithin
thatagerange.Thishelpedtonarrowoursamplesizeandcreatearationalcomparisonbetweenthetwo
groups.Bysettingtheagegroupparameterto1830yearsofage,weobservedanincreaseinVO
peak
2
(31.881.51ml/(kg*min),n=23).However,theaverageVO
peakofthemalerecreationalsurfersbetween
2
theagesof1830werestilllowerthantheVO
peakvaluesobservedinpreviousresearch.Thedifferences
2
intheVO
peakvaluesbetweenrecreationalandcompetitivesurfersareevidentandcanbedueto
2
physiologicalcharacteristicsandthelifestyleofeachsubject.Competitivesurferswouldtypicallyspend
moretimetrainingandexercisingforthisparticularsport,therefore,allowingthemtospendmoretime
performingthistypeofactivity.Inopposition,recreationalsurferscarryoutsurfingasaleisurelyactivity.
Competitivesurfersaretypicallymorephysicallyactivethanrecreationalsurfers,thusshowingahigherVO
2
peakthanrecreationalsurfers.Whenweisolatedtheparameterstomalerecreationalandmalecompetitive
surfersbetweentheagesof1830,wesawadecreaseddifferencebetweentheaverageVO
peakofboth
2
groups.ThisincreaseinVO
peakinthemalerecreationalsurfersbetweentheagesof1830isshown
2
because,physiologically,youngermaleswouldhaveahigherVO
valuethanfemalesorolderindividuals.
2
DuetoanincreaseofVO
whenfemalesurfersweretakenoutofthestatisticalanalysis,we
2
furtheredourresearchinordertoseeiftherewasadifferenceinVO
amongmaleandfemalesurfers.Inthe
2
presentstudy,male(28.840.99ml/(kg*min),n=48)recreationalsurfershadasignificantlyhigherVO
peak
2
thanfemale(22.381.02ml/(kg*min),n=16)recreationalsurfers(p=0.00079).DifferencesinVO
peak
2
betweenthetwogenderscouldbeaffectedbyphysiologicalfactors.Oxygenconsumptionisimpactedbythe
amountofbloodtheheartcanpumptotheperiphery.ThemalerecreationalsurfersshowedahigherVO
2
peakprobablyduetotheincreasedsizeoftheheartandlargerlungsizetoconsumemoreoxygen.

Comparisonswerealsomadebetweentherecreationalsurferstodetermineifusingashortboardor
alongboardwouldaffecttheindividualsVO
peak.Thestudyfoundthatindividualswhopreferreda
2
shortboard(29.531.04ml/(kg*min),n=43)showedahigherVO
peakvaluethanindividualswhopreferred
2
longboards(22.090.99ml/(kg*min),n=17)(p=0.00009).Inordertodifferentiatebetweenthepreferred
boardlength,surferswhopreferredbothlongboardsandshortboardswereexcluded.Therearemultiple
possibilitiesthatmayleadtoahigherVO
peakinsurferswhoprefershortboards.Onefactorthatmay
2
contributetothissignificantdifferenceisthatshortboardsaremoredifficulttocontrolcomparedto
longboards.Shortboardsallowsforbettermaneuverabilityforsurfersandallowsthemtocutintowavesand
willtendtoincreaseinspeedonceinthewave.Ontheotherhand,longboardsareknownfortheirbenefitto
surfersinprovidingmorestability.Ingeneral,wewouldseethatbeginnerswouldstartusingalongboard
andassurfersbecomemoreexperiencedandbeginsurfingatacompetitivelevel,theseriderswilltendto
prefershortboards.Therewasnosignificantdifferencesbetweenthetwogendergroupsandthetypeof
boardtheyused(malevsfemale(longboard),p=0.054)(malevs.female(shortboard),p=0.07).
Lastly,thisstudysoughttoseeifthereweredifferencesinVO
peakoftherecreationalsurfers
2
throughouttheagegroups.WeobservedadecreaseinVO
peakwithincreasingageintherecreational
2
surferstestedinthisstudy.Thistrendcouldbeinfluencedbytherelativelevelsofactivityandthehealthof
thebodybetweenyoungerandoldersurfers.Youngersurfersalsonotedthattheyparticipatedinother
formsphysicalactivityasopposedtoolderparticipantswhoseactivitylevelswerelargelyreduced.With
increasingage,thephysicalconditionofthebodywilldecreaseevenifanexerciseregimenhasalways
beenpracticedwhichwillyieldadecreaseinoverallVO
peak.
2
Limitationstothecurrentstudyincludealackofrepresentationbetweenallagegroups.The
majorityofsubjectswereyoungmales,whichmayskewthemeasuredVO
peakvaluesforrecreational
2
surfers.Inaddition,somesubjectsbelongedtosurfingorganizations,whichmaybeconsideredcompetitive
innature.Limitationsintheprotocolincludediscomfortoftheheartratemonitoronthechestandtheswim
benchergometeronthelowerback.Thesecouldhaveresultedinprematureterminationoftesting.Lastly,
theprotocolvariedfromnaturalsurfingduetotheabsenceofwaterunderneaththeboardandthesubjects
body.Futureresearchshouldperformthetestprotocolinthewater,suchasinaswimflumeagainst
resistancefromaprovidedcurrent.

Conclusion
Thecurrentstudyfocusedonexaminingthedifferencesincardiovascularhealthbetween

recreationalsurfersandcompetitivesurfers.VO
peaksweregatheredfromsixtyfourrecreationalsurfers
2
andcomparedtothevaluespreviouslyrecordedforcompetitivesurfers.Wehypothesizedthattheaverage
VO
peakforrecreationalsurferswouldbelowerthanthoseofcompetitivesurfers.Ourmainfindingwas
2
thattherecreationalsurfersindeedhadaloweraverageVO
peak.However,wewereunabletodetermine
2
significantdifferencesbetweenthegroups.Withinoursampleofrecreationalsurfers,significantdifferences
werenotedbetweentheaverageVO
peakformalesandtheaverageVO
peakforfemales,withmales
2
2
havingahigheroverallVO
peak.Additionally,recreationalsurferswhoprimarilyusedshortboardshada
2
higheroverallVO
peakthanthosethatusedlongboards.Finally,comparisonsweremadeintheVO
peak
2
2
valuesacrossdifferentagegroups,anditwasdeterminedthatVO
peakdecreaseswithageforbothmale
2
andfemalesurfers.Overall,ourstudyprovidesevidencetotheincreasedcardiovascularhealthofsurfers
whoperformtheactivityforlongerdurationsandatahigherintensity.Inconclusion,surfingcanbedeemed
abeneficialactivityforincreasingcardiovascularhealthinbothmalesandfemalesofvariousagesand
experiencelevels.

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