PHASOR DIAGRAM OF SALIENT POLE ALTERNATOR

AT LAGGING POWER FACTOR

d − axis

See Page 5 for

Algorithm
Faq
Ff

Fad
Fa

Ead Faq Iq Ef
q − axis
δ
Fad φ
ER
I ar a

Id Eaq
Ia
Ia x
l

Vt Ead
Eaq

Ead = − jI d X d LEAKAGE REACTANCE

COMPONENTS
Eaq = − jI q X q − j Id xl
ER = E f + Ead + Eaq s
I ar a

∴ ER = E f − jI d X d − jI q X q − j Iq xl
E f = Vt + I a ra + jI d X d + jI q X q Ia xl

Vt = E f − ( I a ra + jI d X d + jI q X q )
= E f − I a ra − jI d X ad − jI q X aq − jI d xl − jI q xl
= E f − ER − I a ra − jI d xl − jI q xl
X d = X ad + xl
X q = X aq + xl
X ad − Direct axis armat ure reactance
X aq − Quadrature axis armature reactance
xl − Leakage reactance
δ − Torque angle or Load angle
φ − Power factor angle

Author: MELVIN KOSHY Email: 11kvac@gmail.com

 PHASOR DIAGRAM OF SALIENT POLE ALTERNATOR
AT LEADING POWER FACTOR

d − axis

Fa
Fad

Ff Faq

Ia Id
Fad

φ Faq Ead Ead

q − axis
Iq Ef
δ

ER Eaq
Eaq
Ia r
a
I ax
l

Vt

Author: MELVIN KOSHY Email: 11kvac@gmail.com

 PHASOR DIAGRAM OF SALIENT POLE MOTOR
AT LAGGING POWER FACTOR

d − axis

Faq
Ff
Fad
Fa

Ia ra Vt
ER
Ia xl

−Ead
Eaq δ Ef
q − axis
Iq − Eaq
φ

Id
Ia
Ead

Ead = − jI d X ad
Eaq = − jI q X aq
ER = E f − Ead − Eaq
∴ ER = E f + jI d X ad + jI q X aq
Vt = E f + I a ra + jI d X d + jI q X q
Vt = E f + I a ra + jI d X ad + jI q X aq + jI d xl + jI q xl
= E f + ER + I a ra + jI d xl + jI q xl
X d = X ad + xl
X q = X aq + xl
X ad − Direct axis armature reaction reactan ce
X aq − Quadrature axis armature reaction reacta nce
xl − Leakage reactance
δ − Torque angle or Load angle
φ − Power factor angle

Author: MELVIN KOSHY Email: 11kvac@gmail.com

 PHASOR DIAGRAM OF SALIENT POLE MOTOR
AT LEADING POWER FACTOR

d − axis

Fa
Fad

Ff
Faq

Ia ra

Vt Ia xl
−Ead

Ia ER − Eaq
Id
φ
δ
q − axis
Iq Ead Ef

Eaq

Author: MELVIN KOSHY Email: 11kvac@gmail.com

 PHASOR DIAGRAM OF SALIENT POLE MACHINE

Algorithm

Draw the field flux Ff (this is the d - axis)

EMF lags the flux which produces it by 900

Construct Ef (this is the q - axis)

Draw Ia at an angle (lagging or leading) to Ef

Ia produces Fa

Fa can be resolved into Fad (along d-axis) and Faq (along q-axis)

Fad produces Ead which lags F ad by 900

Faq produces Eaq which lags F aq by 900

For generator operation

E R = E f + Ead + Eaq

For motor operation

E R = E f − E ad − E aq

Author: MELVIN KOSHY Email: 11kvac@gmail.com