HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Short-Circuit Analysis
IEC Standard

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

CORTO CIRCUITO

Caractersticas principales:

Estndar de ANSI/IEEE & IEC.

Anlisis de fallas transitorias (IEC 61363).
Efecto de Arco (NFPA 70E-2000)
70E 2000)
Integrado con coordinacin de dispositivos de proteccin.
Evaluacin automtica de dispositivos.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Purpose of Short-Circuit Studies

A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine any or all of the following:

Verify protective device close and latch capability
Verify protective device interrupting capability
Protect equipment from large mechanical forces (maximum fault kA)
I2t protection for equipment (thermal stress)
Selecting ratings or settings for relay coordination

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 3

Types of Short-Circuit Faults

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Types of Short-Circuit Faults

Types of SC Faults

Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault

Three-Phase Grounded Fault
Phase to Phase Ungrounded Fault
Phase to Phase Grounded Fault
Phase to Ground Fault

Fault Current

IL-G can range in utility systems from a few percent to possibly 115 % ( if Xo < X1 ) of I3-phase (85% of all
faults).
In industrial systems the situation IL-G > I3-phase is rare. Typically IL-G .87 * I3-phase
In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition is frequently the only one considered, since this
type of fault generally results in Maximum current.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 5

Short-Circuit Phenomenon

v(t)

i(t)

v(t) = Vm Sin( t + )
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

v(t)

i(t)

di
= Vm Sin( t + ) (1)
dt
Solving equation 1 yields the following expression
v(t) = Ri + L

RL
-

i(t) =

t
Vm
Vm
sin( t + - ) +
sin( - )
Z
Z

Steady State

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Transient
(DC Offset)

Slide 7

AC Current (Symmetrical) with No AC Decay

DC Current

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

AC Fault Current Including the DC Offset (No AC Decay)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 9

Machine Reactance ( = L I )

AC Decay Current

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Fault Current Including AC & DC Decay

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 11

IEC Short-Circuit Calculation (IEC 909)

Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (I"k)

Peak Short-Circuit Current (ip)
Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current (Ib)
Steady-State Short-Circuit Current (Ik)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

IEC Short-Circuit Calculation Method

Ik = Equivalent V @ fault location divided by equivalent Z

Equivalent V is based bus nominal kV and c factor
XFMR and machine Z adjusted based on cmax, component Z & operating conditions

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 13

Transformer Z Adjustment
KT -- Network XFMR
KS,KSO Unit XFMR for faults on system side
KT,S,KT,SO Unit XFMR for faults in auxiliary system, not between Gen & XFMR
K=1 Unit XFMR for faults between Gen & XFMR

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Syn Machine Z Adjustment

KG Synchronous machine w/o unit XFMR
KS,KSO With unit XFMR for faults on system side
KG,S,KG,SO With unit XFMR for faults in auxiliary system, including points between Gen
& XFMR

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 15

Types of Short-Circuits

Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit
This is a short-circuit
short circuit condition to which at least one synchronous machine contributes a
prospective initial short-circuit current which is more than twice the generators rated current, or a
short-circuit condition to which synchronous and asynchronous motors contribute more than 5% of
the initial symmetrical short-circuit current ( I"k) without motors.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 17

Types of Short-Circuits

Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit
This is a short
short-circuit
circuit condition during which the magnitude of the symmetrical ac component of
available short-circuit current remains essentially constant.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 19

Factors Used in If Calc

calc ip based on Ik
calc ib for near-to-gen & not meshed network
q calc induction machine ib for near-to-gen
near to gen & not meshed network
Equation (75) of Std 60909-0, adjusting Ik for near-to-gen & meshed network
min & max calc ik

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

IEC Short-Circuit Study Case

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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Types of Short-Circuits

When these options are selected

Maximum voltage factor is used

Minimum impedance is used (all negative tolerances are applied and minimum
resistance temperature is considered)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Types of Short-Circuits

When this option is selected

Minimum voltage factor is used

Maximum impedance is used (all positive tolerances are applied and maximum
resistance temperature is considered)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 23

Voltage Factor (c)

Ratio between equivalent voltage & nominal voltage
Required to account for:
Variations due to time & place
Transformer taps
Static loads & capacitances
Generator & motor subtransient behavior

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Calculation Method

Breaking kA is more conservative if the option No

Motor Decay is selected

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 25

IEC SC 909 Calculation

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Device Duty Comparison

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 27

Mesh & Non-Mesh If

ETAP automatically determines mesh & non-meshed contributions according to
individual contributions
IEC Short Circuit Mesh Determination Method 0,, 1,, or 2 (default)
(
)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

L-G Faults

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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L-G Faults

Symmetrical Components

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Sequence Networks

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 31

L-G Fault Sequence Network Connections

If = 3 Ia0
If =

3 VPr efault
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0

if Z g = 0

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

L-L Fault Sequence Network Connections

I a 2 = I a1
If =

3 VPr efault
Z1 + Z 2

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 33

L-L-G Fault Sequence Network Connections

I a 2 + I a1 + I a 0 = 0 = I a
If =

VPr efault
ZZ
Z1 + 0 2
Z0 + Z2

if Zg = 0

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Transformer Zero Sequence Connections

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 35

Solid Grounded Devices and L-G Faults

Generally a 3 - phase fault is the

most severe case. L - G faults can be
greater if :
Z1 = Z 2 & Z 0 < Z1
If this conditions are true then :
I f3 < I f 1
This may be the case if Generators or
Y/ Connected transform er are solidly
grounded.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Zero Sequence Model

Branch susceptances and static loads including capacitors will be
considered when this option is checked
Recommended by IEC for systems with isolated neutral, resonant
earthed neutrals & earthed neutrals with earth fault factor > 1.4

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 37

Unbalanced Faults Display & Reports

Complete reports that include individual branch contributions for:

L-G Faults
L-L-G Faults
L-L Faults

One line diagram displayed

One-line
displa ed results
res lts that include:
incl de
L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current contributions
Sequence voltage and currents
Phase Voltages

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363)

Total Fault Current Waveform

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 39

Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363)

Percent DC Current Waveform

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363)

AC Component of Fault Current Waveform

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 41

Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363)

Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363)

Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 43

IEC Transient Fault Current Calculation

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

Unbalanced Faults Display & Reports

Complete reports that include individual branch contributions for:

L-G Faults
L-L-G Faults
L-L Faults

One-line diagram
g
displayed
p y results that include:
L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current contributions
Sequence voltage and currents
Phase Voltages

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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HUBUNG SINGKAT STANDARD IEC

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

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