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Walter Bagehot. Physics and Politics. London, 1887. P. 20-21.
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, ,
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1913 . : Joseph Stalin. Marxism and the National and Colonial
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, .

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.1 XVIII ,
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)?
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14
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. J. Hobsbawn. Some reflections on nationalism. P. 387.

Ernest Gellner. Nations and Nationalism. P. 1. , ,
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: Rafael Samuel (ed.). Patriotism. The Making

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Ernest Renan. Qu'est que c'est une nation? P. 7-8; L'oubli et je dirai meme Perreur historique sont un facteur essentiel

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danger.**
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26
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Sao Paulo-Rio-Porto Alegre 1958-1964, vol. 13. P. 581.
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L. Curne de Sainte Pelaye. Dictionnaire historique de 1'ancien langage fran9ois (Niort n. d.), 8 vols.; nation.
28
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Dr. E. Verwljs & Dr. J. Verdam. Middelnederlandsch Woordenbock, vol. 4. The Hague, 1899, col. 2078.

I. ... 29

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Woordenbock der Nederlandsche Taal, vol. 9. The Hague, 1913, cols. 1586-1590.
Verwijs & Verdam. Middelnederlandsch Woordenbock, vol. 4.
3
L. Huguet. Dictionnaire de la langue fracaise du 16" Hiecle, vol. 5. Paris, 1961. P. 400.
2

30
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Woordenbock... (1913), col. 1588.

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Oxford English Dictionary, vol. VII. Oxford, 1933. P. 30. * (.). . .
2

32 . . 1780 .
I. ... 33
.
.

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John J. Lalor (ed.). Cyclopedia of Political Science. New York, 1889, vol. II, P. 932, Nation. ,
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J. S. Mill. Utilitarianism, Liberty and Representative Government. Everyman edition, London, 1910. P. 359-366.
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, 1789 1793. . .:
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Maurice Block. Nationalities, principle of J. Lalor (ed.). Cyclopedia of Political Science, vol. II. P. 939.
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John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism, Liberty and Repre-Hcntative Government. P. 359-366.

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36
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De Certeau, Julia & Revel. Une Politique de la langue, passim.

38

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120 . 1774.
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XIX , , (1830-1880 .),
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XVIII ,
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I. ... 45
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. . 1780 .
, 1890- . .1
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, , .
2

I. 47
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. . 1780 .
.1
1851 . ,
. . . ,
, , . .

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1950- .
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I. ... 49
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XIX , -
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Ibid. P. 933.
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/. J. Schumpeter. History of Economic Analysis. Oxford,

1954. P. 515-516.

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. . 1780 .
I. ... 51
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.1
,
(Nationaloekonomie) (Volkswirtschaft) , ,
,
.2 , -

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1
: Outline of American Political Economy. Philadelphia, 1827,
. .: W. Not . Friedrich List in Amerika //
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. : . Strauss. Irich Nationalism and British Democracy. London, 1951. P.
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, , . ,
Dictionnaire politique - (1843) ,
, .1
,
, .2
, , . ,
. . , ,
( . . X.).3
, , ,
... ,
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1
Elias Reghault. Nation : Dictionnaire politique, Garnier-Pages. Paris, 1842. P. 623625. N'y-a-t-il pas quelque chose de derisoire d'appeler la Belgique une nation?
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Oxford English Dictionary, VII. P. 30.
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. . 1780 .
.
.1
, ,
(Grossstaaten). ,
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, ... (zunachst einmal)
, . . 30-60. . ,
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, Kleinstaaterei ( ) 1
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Gustav Cohn. Grundlegung der Nationaloekonomie, Bd. I. Stuttgart, 1885. S. 447-449.
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; .
-, , ,
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. (

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1857 . : ,
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. Denis Mack (ed.). II Risorgimento. Bari, 1968. P. 422.
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).
.
, en passant,*
.
- , .
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XX , .
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Maurice Block Lalor. Cyclopedia of Political Science, vol. II. P. 941.

56
. . 1780 .
-, . . , .
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, .: Georges Haupt, Michel Lowy & Claudie Weill. Les Marxistes et la question nationale 1848-1914.
Paris, 1937. P. 204-207.
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. :
, ...
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,
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.1
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,
.2 ,

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XIX
1
Mill. Utilitarianism, Liberty and Representative Government. P.363-364.
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. . 1780 .
.
, , , .
. - ( ). , ,
,
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, ,
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, , ,
, -
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. , , 1707.
.1 XIX ,

XIX ; ,

. Linda Colley. Whose nation? Class and national consciousness in Britain 1750-1830 //Past and Present, 113,
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.1 , ,
, ,
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, , . Dissenting College ,
:
[ ] , .
,
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.2
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, . , , 1
leuan Gwynedd Jones. Language and community in nineteenth-century Wales .: David Smith (ed.). A People
and a Proletariat: Essays in the History of Wales 1780-1980. London, 1980. P. 41-71.
2
Inquiry on Education in Wales, Parliamentary Paper, 1847, XXVII, part II (Report on the Counties of Brecknock,
Cardigan and Radnor). P. 67.
3
Haupt, Lowy & Weill. Les Marxistes. P. 122.
60
. . 1780 .
,
. , : ,
, , ,
,
.
,
, ;

. , -. Fla-mingants *
. , , , , Staatsvolk,
, XIX
.
,
. .
, ?
, , .
, , , , ,
:
* (-.). . .

I. ... 61
, , -.
-
, -
. , ,
,
(
) -
. , , , ,
.
,
, , ,
.

, .
-, ()
,
, .1 , 1

62
. . 1780 .
I. ... 63
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
, .
,

( 2,5%),1 .2
, . :
.
, XIX
.
, , .
1
Tullio de Mauro. Storia linguistica dell'Italia unite. Bari, 1963. P. 41.
2
Obwohl sie alle in einem Reich "Deutscher Nation" nebeneinander lebten, darf nichts daruber hinwegtauschen,
dasz ihnen sogar die gemeinsame Umgangssprache fehlte Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte,
Bd. I. Munich, 1987. S. 50.

. , , , XIX , .

, .

( 1830 1880 .).
. -, , , ,
, ,
, , ,
, . . -,
, ,
.1
, .
(, , , , ,
) . ,
1
. Porter. Critics of Empire. British Radical Attitudes to Colonialism in Africa, 1895-1914. London, 1968. P. 331,
: G.Lowes Dickinson. A Modern Symposium. 1908.
64
. . 1780 .
.1 , .
, 1880- . (
1870- .), ,
, ,
,
.
, de
facto , .
, , .
, (. . )
, XIX .

 .
, , , .
,
, .
, , (
1

. : . J. Hobsbawm. The Age of Capital

1848-1875. London, 1975, . 3.

I. ... 65
IV) XIX ,
,
. , ,
, ,
, ,
. , 1914 , ,
, , ,
, , , . .
.
, : .
, ,
, -
.
, , . ,1
1

Franz Pichler. Polizeihofrat P. Bin treuer Diener seienes ungetreuen Staates. Wiener Polizeidienst 1901-1938. Vienna,
1984. .
t . 3790

66

. . 1780 .

,
1901-1938 ., ,
, ,
, .1
; ,
.

(Weltburger)... ...
,
.2

, ,
. ,

( ), ,
.
. -
,
1
Ibid. S. 19.
2
Ibid. S. 30.
I. ... 67

, . ,
,
:
, 1795 ,
, . () , ,
.

 .
,
, ,
,

,
.1
,
1

. , , 22-25 1882 . (Werke, vol. 35. P. 278 ff.),

: ,
, , , , -
, . ,
.

68
. . 1780 .
I. ... 69
, ,
, ,
.
,
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, ,
? ,
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, .
-,
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.
,
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XVIII ), , , ,
, . , ,
,
.
, , , , XIX
.
. , ,

, ,
. , 1871
- ( ) -
, ( ). ,

. ,
1848-1867 . , -
. ,
, ( )
(1873)

.
70
. . 1780 .
, 1880.,
.1

 . ,
, ,
, - ,
() .

. ,
, , ; ,
, , -
. ,
,
. , - -
,
, ,
XIX .
1
Emil Brix. Die Umgangsprachen in Altb'sterreich zwichen Agitation und Assimilation. Die Sprachenstatistik in den
zisleitanischen Volkszahlungen 1880-1910. ViennaCologne Graz, 1982.
I. ... 71
,
; - .
, ,
( )
(, , , , ): ,
,
. 1880- , ,
.
, , ,
,
.
, ,
, , , .
,
. , -,
. ,
72
. . 1780 .
( , ) , , ,
.
, , , ,
,
.1
, 18301878., , , ,
.
,
, '- :
, .2 ,
, , (
, )
. :
, .3 1880 .

1

Cf. Ivo Banac. The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Ithaca and London, 1984. P. 76-86.
.:
. Latham. Famous Sayingsand Their Authors. Detroit, 1970.
3
H. Roos. A History of Modern Poland. London, 1966. P. 48.
2

I. ... 73

 , -
- ,
. .

II

,
, ?
,
,
, , ,
. ,
, , ,
,
, ,
. ( )
, , , ,
, ,
- : , ,
II.
75
? , ,

; , ,
, , ,
.
.
. -, :
, ,
. ,
( );
, (,
, ) , -
, . -,
, ,
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. ,
,
-

76
. . 1780 .
, .
1945 ( ) ,
, , , , ,
- , - .
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
(, , ), ,
XIX , , ,
- ,
. ,
, ,
, , ( ,
)
, ,

 XIX
. , ,
(,
II.
77
, , , )
,
. , ,
, ,
, .
-? ,
, XX
.
, , ( ,
), , , ,
, ,
, .1 , Volk * ,
.
. ,
, , , ,
, ,

1

. Roger Chartier. The Cultural Uses of Print in Early Modern France. Princeton, 1987, ; : E. J.
Hobs-bawm. Worlds of Labour. London, 1984. P. 39-42, .
* (.)- . .

78
. . 1780 .
(1695 .) (Kelch),
(Selbige zu hassen wohl Ursache gehabt). ,
. -, ,
, - .
1860- , , . . . -, saks ()
, .
: , ()
,
:
XVIII ( );
.1
2
,
1
: Juhan Kahk. Peasants' movements and national movements in the history of
Europe //Ada Universitatis Stockholmensis. Studia Baltica Stockholmensia, 2, 1985: National movements in the
Baltic Countries during the 19"1 century. P. 15-16.
2
Michael Cherniavsky. Tsar and People. Studies in Russian Myths. New Haven and London, 1961. . :
Jeffrey Brooks. When Russia Learned to Read. Princeton, 1985, ch. VI, Nationalism and national identity, esp. P.
213-232.
II.
79
.
, ,
( ). , das heil'ge Land Tirol
( ), .
, ,
, . .
XV ,
,
, , . ,
, . , ,
,
( XVII ), , . ,
,

 , , , , , ,
, .1 ,
, -, .
XVII , ,

1
Cherniavsky. Tsar and People. P. 107, 114.
80
. . 1780 .
( ). :
; .
, , .1
, , , , .
, , .. , ,
, ,
. , , , ,
. ,
, .2
( XVI-XVII .,
). , . XVIII

. , ,
- ( !), , . .
.

1
Ibid. P. 113.
2

. : Ernst Kantorowicz. The King's Two Bodies. A Study in Medieval Political Theology.
Princeton, 1957.

II.
81
. ,
. ,
, ,
-
( )
, . , 1809
, . , , , .
, , , (, , )
,
, : .
, ? ,
, , ,
, ? , ?
, , ,
- ?
,
82
. . 1780 .
, <
,
?
, ,
, , , , , (
, , ). . ,

, ,
, .

.

, (
)
XX .
, , . , , , ,
. ,
II.
83
, , ,
, .
, , ,
, , ,
. -
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
: , ,
, ( , , )
, . . ,
.1
.
1
. : Eianar Haugen. Dialect, language, nation //
American Anthropologist, 68, 1966. P. 922-935.
. : J.A.Fishman (ed.). Contributions to the Sociology of Language, 2vols. The Hague-Paris, 1972,
, : The sociology of language: an interdisciplinary social science approach to language in
society in vol. 1.
84
. . 1780 .
II.
85
,
, , , .
- ,
- ,
(, ,
, ). , ,
, ,
, .
, , ,
( ).
,
. , ,
,
, ,
, ,
.
,
, , , .1
,
. ,
XIX- XX .
. - , , ,
, : , .
, , , .2

 / . : Heinz Kloss.
Die Ent-wicklung neuer germanischer Kultursprachen von 1800 bis 1950. Munich, 1952.
1
Les grands noms de cette litterature <...> ne celebrent jamais la religion dans leurs oeuvres; bien au contraire ils
nemanquent aucune occasion pour stigmatiser Paction hostile a Punite nationale des differents clerges <...>
semble que [la recherche de Pidentite culturelle] <...> se soit faite essentiellement autour du probleme de la
langue.* Christian Gut in Groupe de Travail sur PEurope Centrale et Orientale. Bulletin d'information, no. 2, June
1978, p. 40 (Maison des Sciences de PHomme, Paris).
* <...> ;
, ,
<...> , [
] <...> (.)- . .
2
Edith Durham. High Albania. 1909, . . London, 1985. P. 17; S.Thernstrom et al. Harvard Encyclopedia of
American Ethnic Groups. Cambridge and London, 1980. P. 24.
86
. . 1780 .

, , .
(1846-1900) : ; .1
, .
, ,
.
, , . .
.
, .
,
.

.2 1
. Groupe de Travail, p. 52.
2
,
. : Marlnella Lorinczi Angioni. Appunti per una macrostoria delle lingue scritte
del'Europa moderna // Quderni Sardi di Storia, 3, July 1981-June 1983. P. 133-156.
. .
. Coornaert Bulletin de la Societe d'Hisroire Moderne, 67" annee, 8, 1968, R.
Devleeshouwer, Donnees historiques des problemes linguistiques beiges. . : Jonathan Steinberg. The
II.
87
:
- , -
; XVI ;
,
. . , , ,
XVIII-XX . (
).
, ,
. , , (, ),
.
.
(1809-1872) , 1838 ,
, . ,
) (
- , ); )
; ),
.1 , , historian and the Questione della lingua : . Burke & Roy Porter (eds.). The Social History of Language.
Cambridge, 1987. P. 198-209.
1
: Ivo Banac. The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics.
88
. . 1780 .
. 1790
- , ,
, , .
(1808-1845)

, , ,
(, ) .
, ,
, , 1947 de facto
, 20% , ,
.1 ,
, , ,
, ;
,
,
.
Ithaca and London, 1984 ( ): , .
. , ,
. ,
(. 81).
1
Einar Haugen. The Scandinavian languages: An Introduction. London, 1976.

II.
89
, :
,
,
. , (
, , , ) ,
, . .
,
Sauerstoff, a
franglais.* ,
,

. .
(, , )
, VI . 1847 ,
,
, .1
* , .
. .
1
(Parliamentary Papers, XXVII of 1847, part III, p.
853 .).

90
. . 1780
,
,
( ), ,
,
, (

). , , , ,
, ,
,
.
,
, -
, ?
, .
,
, ,
, , ,
.1 ,
1
Arno Borst. Der Turmbau von Babel: Geschichte der Meinungen iiber Ursprung und Vielfalt der Sprachen der
Volker, 4 Bden. in 6. Stuttgart, 1957-1963, Bd. IV. S. 1913.
II.
91
,
, , ,

, . , ,
, - . (
, ,
).' (,
)
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
,2 .
- ,
. ,
, Schwy-zerdiitsch; -
Radetzky-marsch,
1
Paul M. G. Levy. La Statistique des lanques en Belgique // Revue de 1'Institut de Sociologie (Bruxelles), 18, 1938.
P. 507-570.
2
Emil Brix. Die Umgangsprachen in Altosterreich zwischen Agitation und Assimilation. Die Sprachstatistik in den
zisleitanischen Volkszalungen 1880-1910. Vienna-Cologne-Graz, 1982. e. g. S. 182, 214, 332.
92
. . 1780 .
, , ,
, .1 ,
,
, , ,
(
), .
, .
, , ,
. ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, - ; ,
, , .
, , , .
,
, , , , , . ,
. 5
1

Joseph Roth. The Radetzkymarch. Harmondsworth, 1974.

II. ,
93
, , :
, , . ..1
, , (
), ,
, ,
, nationes, .
, XIII , ,
( , ), generationes (
), , , gentes (
). , populus, :
, -,
.2
, , XIX
.
, ,
. , ,
1
2

Frederik Barth (ed.). Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. Boston, 1969. P. 30.
Borst. Der Turmbau von Babel. S. 752-753.

94

. . 1780 .

, , , ,
, , ,
.1 , , , , .

? . ,
,
.
( Wasserpolacken
Windlsche )
: - ,
, ,
, , .
- , -
.
, Volk, 1

. , VIII, 144. , :
, - ,
, - , , (ibid. S. 137, 160).

II.
95
-,
.
, , . ,
(
),
. . .1 -,
,
- ,
.
. (
) ,
,
. (1787-1864), ,
, , , ,
--
( )
1

Benedict Anderson. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London, 1983. P.
146-149; . 5.

96
. . 1780 .
, .1
, , ,
, .
, ,
, , , ,
.
, 1789 50%
12-13% ,
langue d'oui * ,
. - .2
1

.: Hugh Seton-Watson. Nations and States: An Enquiry

into the Origins of Nations and the Politics of Nationalism. London, 1977. P.170-171.
* . , , ( -- )
. Laugue d'oui (.: langue d'oil) langue d'oc (
), . . , .
langue d'oui (langue d'oil) langue d'oc
si (): . oil (.: oui), . .
2
Ferdinand Brunot (ed.). Histoire de la langue fran9aise. ISvols., Paris, 19271943), . vol. IX; : M. de Certeau, D. Julia, J. Revel.

II.
97
, , ,

 , ,
, ,
, (1860 .) 2,5%
.1
, .
XVIII ,

, .
300-500 2 ;
,
Une politique de la langue: La Revolution Fransaise et les patois: 1'enquete de 1'Abbe Gregoire. Paris, 1975.
. : Rene Balibar. L'lns-titution du fran?ais: essai sur le co-linguisme des
Carolingiens a la Republique. Paris, 1985; : R. Balibar & D. Laporte. Le Franjais national: politique et pratique de
la langue na-tionale sous la Revolution. Paris, 1974.
1
Tullio de Maura. Storia linguistica dell'Italia unita. Bari, 1963. P. 41.
2
, . . 30-40 , ,
, , 100 000 . . V.
Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte 1700-1815. Munich, 1987. S. 305.
4 . 3790

98
. . 1780 .
Hochsprache, , , .1
, , () ,
, (, ,
, .. , )
.
, , , ,
1

, , , - anche oggi il
tedesco (Hochdeutsch), ancor piu che 1'italiano, una vera e propria lingua artificiale di culture, sovradialettale sotto
insieme con la quale la maggior parte degli utenti si servono anche di una Umgangsprache locale (Lorinczi Angloni.
Appunti. P. 193n.).* XIX . , , Promessi
sposi ** ,
: - ( , , , -),
. ,
, ,
. .
* , ,
, , ( )
- (.). . .
** (.). . .

________ II.
99
, , ,
,
( ), , .
, ( ,
,
), ,
, .
( )
XVIII XX .
-,

.
, . ,
, ,
. , ,
,
, ,
, .
, ,
, 1830- 100 . . 1780 .

 ,
. ,
,
. ,

, -
.1 ?
, ,
. ,
- , ,
.2 , , ,
- ,
1

Shepard . Clough. A History of the Flemish Movement in Belgium: A Study in Nationalism. New York, 1930,
repr. 1968. P. 25. . : Val R. Lorwin. Belgium: religion,
class and language in national politics in: Robert A. Dahl. Political Opposition in Western Democracies. New
Haven, 1966, P. 158 ff.
2
S. B. Clough. A History of the Flemish Movement in Belgium. P. 21-22.
II.
101

. , . 1536
:
, LXXII ,
, .1
, .
?
, , ,
. ,
,
. (Kultur)
. .
, (Zivilisation),
. -
( : ) 1938
,
.2
,

1

Borst. Der Turmbau von Babel.

. Leopold Spira. Bemerkungen zu Jorg Haider // Wiener Tagebuch, October 1988. S. 6.
102 . . 1780 .
, .'
, (
) -,
; ,
, ,
, ,
, , , -
.2 ,
, , -
, -, - (
). , , ,
, , ,
( )
, .3 2

1
2

Frederik Barth. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries.

Theodore Zeldin. France 1848-1945. Oxford, 1977, vol. I. P.46-47.

Ivo Banac. The National Question in Yugoslavia. P. 44.

Istorija Crne Gore. , , 1970 .

II. 103
, , , , XIII , ( )
, , ,
, , ,
. .
, -
, ,
( ) .
, , , .
,
, . . , ,
, . ,
, ,
,
- , .
: ,
1745 , . .
, ,
. (
.)

104 . . 1780 .
, , ( ) ,
, .
, - 1809
, , , , , - .*1
, , . ,
, , ,
, ,
, (). , ,

, , ,
. , ,
, , , .
, ,
- . ,
, , , ; ,
.
,
? , , , * . . .
1
John W. Cole & Eric R. Wolf. The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley. New York and London,
1974. P. 112-113.

II.
105
,
, ( . .
). . -,
, , ,
, ,
.
,
(, ),
.

, , ,
- , cholos,
.1

, , , , ,
, , ,
. ,
1960-1970- ., cholos,
, .
,
- .

106 . . 1780 .
-, ,
, .
( ),
, , :
, , ,
, , , , , .
, - (
), ,
. ,
, ,
, , .
.
-, ,
, , -
, , , , .
,
.1
1

, () 99%, 94%
. .

.
107
.

, , ,
- -
, -. ,
.
,
, ,
.1 , ,
- , , -mdigenista, .2 ,
1

Magnus Morner. El mestizaje en la historia de Ibero-America. Mexico City,

1961; . : Alejandro Lipschutz. El problema racial en la conquista de America el mestizaje. Santiago de Chile,
1963, . . V. Leyes de Indias ,
(Sergio Bagu. Estructura social de la Colonia. Buenos Aires, 1952. P. 122).
2
, , . , . 216-218
, () ,
. . Ideologia mesianica del mundo andino, ed. Juan M. Ossio A.
(Lima, 1973) Alberto Flares Galindo. Buscando un Inca: identidad Utopia en los

108 . . 1780 .
, ,
. nigritude * ,
: ,
. ,

, , .
,
,

 .
, , , ,
XVII : ().
,
.
Andes (Havana, 1986). ,
, ) mistis
;
) , ,
(. 321)
) indigenista (. 292).
* ; , (.). . .

II.
109
,
. - ,
, , ,
.
, ,
, -,
.1

. . ,
,
.2 , , ,
,
.
- , ( ,
) 1

George Antonius. The Arab Awakening. London, 1938; Maxime Rodinson.

Developpement et structure de 1'arabisme Marxisme et monde musulman. Paris, 1972. P. 587-602.
2
Fred R. Van der Mehden. Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia: Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines. Madison,
1963.

110 . . 1780 .
, , . , , ,
.
, , VI . . . VII . .., ,
, , .
, ,

. ,
, , ,
. , ,
,
(
). , , ,

, ( , , ).
, , , ,
, -
. ; ,

.
111
, , , , .
, ( ),
( ) ( ).
, , ,
.1
, ? ,
,

 .
- , (, ,
), .
, , ,
; ,
, .2
( ) [] 1

XIX , , , , - .
, ,
.
2
, , : , ,
.

112 . . 1780 .
.
113
, . XIX
() ( ) , , . (
).1 , ,
,
( , )
( ) , .
, , , , , ,
,
, ,
( , , ). , ,
,
, . ,
,

,
1

Cf. Gwyn Alfred Williams. The Welsh in their History. London and Canberra, 1982; When was Wales?
London, 1985.
, , .1 ,
,
,
.
,
,
,
( ,
, , ). ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, () .
,
, . , ,
, ( ) ex post facto.
, , ,
,
1
.: . A. R. Gibb & H.A.Bowen. Islamic Society in the West.
Oxford, 1957, vol. I, pt. 2. P. 219-226.
114 . . 1780 .
,
( ).
, , , (
), . ,

 -
. , , .
, ,1 ,
( )
,
. , ,
,
. , -, -
, , , ,
. .
,
(
)
Gellner. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford, 1983.
.
115
, ,
(1967) -
.

( , XVII ,
- ),
, , ,
. ,
,
. ( , )
, , ,
, . ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, Joes Florals,
Eisteddfodan . .
, ,
.
116 . . 1780 .
, , , ,
,
-. -
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ex officio * ( ,
), ,
( ).1 , ,
, , ,
. , ,
. XIX ,
* , (.). . . 1 - ;
Marc Block. Les Rois thaumaturges. Paris, 1924.

II.
117
,
. de facto ,

 1860 .
,
, ,
IX. , XIX , ,
.
, ,
( )
.1 , ,
XIX , , ,
, Staatsvolk,
(, , . .). , ,
.
, 1

, , ,
, ,
. , (,
) (romaiosyne).

118 . . 1780 .
-,
, : .
gesta Dei per francos,*
( ,
XI ), , ,
, , . (
,
, , .

.) , ,
- , : natio, fidelitas communitas, .
. "", "" " " <...>
-
(einer gesellschaft-lichen Gruppe).1
, ,
, ,
, , * , (.). . . 1 Jeno Sziics. Nation und Geschichte. Budapest, 1981. S. 8485.

II.
119
. , - ,
.
.1
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
. , ,
,
( , , '), ,
,
1

, .
,
.
<...>, . . <...>,
. --
,
. , ,
: Mirjana Gross. On the integration of the Croatian nation: a case study
in nation-building // East European Quaterly, XV, 2, June 1981, p. 212.

120 . . 1780 .
, . -
,

 ,
, .
,
(,
XV-XVI .), : , , ,
. , , ,
bellatores * , . , , ,
?
.1
,
, (
)
( ). , ,
.2
1
2

Szucs. Nation und Geschichte, S. 112-125. * (.). . .

Ibid. P. 125-130.

II.
121
, ( ,
)
, . ,
: ,
, , . II
: ,
.
, ( )
- , , ,
. (
, , ,
, ,
.) XIX ,
, , ,
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
. , , ,
. , 122 . . 1780 .

, .

, ( )
. , I . . . , , ( )
. , , XIX ,
,
.1 , , , - ,
, (, ,
) XIX .
, , , , . , ,
.

. , ,
1

I. ' ( ) , .

 II.
123
, 1809
( ),
- .1
- ,
.
XIX ( ), , ,
! - . ( )
(. . -) ,
,
. ,
, , , --.
(. . ). , , ,
- , ,
. ,
(romaiosyne), ,
(). ,
.
1

Cole & Wolf. The Hidden Frontier. P. 53, 112-113.

124 . . 1780 .
,
-, , ,
,
.
, , , ,
.
, ,
, . (
) , , ,
, ; , , ,
, ,
. ,
, 70 000 ,
, 120 000 ,
( 1800
, ). :
, ,
.
, .
,
.
125
, .
-, , ,
,
( ), , ,
,
. ,
, .
-, XVIII ,
. , , ,
.
, . ,
, ,
, -
,
.

. , ,
: , , 126 . . 1780 .
, (
, ). ,
,
, ,
, , . ,
(,
),
. ,
, , , .
, , ,
,
, .
, II ,
, XVIII ,
.
? , , ,
, ,
, II.
127
, ? -
, ,
, ,
,
. ( )
XIX . , , , ,
, .

3

, ,
, .
, ( XVI-XVII .),
. ,
( ),
;
. ,
. , ,
,

III.
129
. ,
, ,
( ), /
, ,
, . ,
,
,
.
XIX
, - , ,
-

, , , ;
(, ),
,
. (,
XIX ), , ,

. ,
,
5 . 3790

130 . . 1780 .
,
. ,
(
), , ,
, , ,
, , .
,
. XIX ,
,
.

. (
, ,
, ).1 , 1

, ,
- () ,
, ,
, . , ,
,
1914 . .

III.
131
- :
, ( ) ,
,
. ,
, ,
( )
, ,
. ,
, 1910 . 1: 20 ,
, : . 700 000
- (1910), (1906),
. 1 500 000 (1907), 700 000 (1907).' ,
, , , ,
.
-, .
,

1
Peter Flora. State, Economy and Society in Western Europe 1815-1975, vol. I, chapter 5. Frankfurt, London and
Chicago, 1983.
132 . . 1780 .
( ),
,
: , (God
bless the squire and his relations/and Keep us in our proper stations),*

, ,
. ,

 , , ,
. ,
, 1830 .
1832 .,
,
. XIX ,
, ,
. ,
, 1880- , : ,
( * () . (.).
. .

III.
133
), ,
, ,
, , ,
.
.
, , .
, ,
, ,
(
, - ).
,
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
. , , . ., ,
( ),
, ,
134 . . 1780 .
, ,
.
.
,
,
, , .
, (, ,
), , (
1871 )?
, . 1789-1815 .
: -
. ,
, , ,
, . , ,
:
1789 .
. ,
,
, III
III.
135
I.1 , , .
,

, ,
XVI-XVII ., .
1914 -
,
( )
. , ,
, , ,
, .2
XX
, , - XIX
1
Linda Colley. The apotheosis of George III: loyalty, royalty and the British nation //Past and Present, 102 (1984).
P. 94-129. ,
, .: Hugh Seton-Watson.
Nations and States. London, 1977. P. 84.
2
Cf. Revolutions briefe 1848: Ungedrucktes aus dem Nachlass Konig Friedrich Wilhelms IV von Preussen
(Leipzig, 1930).
136 . . 1780 .
.
, ,
, . .
, .
, , ,
, ,

. ,
- ,
-
(, ,
), , ,
.
, , ,
? , 1880-1890- ,
, -
.
(),
. , , ///.
137
, .
- , -, .
1884-1885 . ,
(. .
) , ,
, , , ,
XVIII
.1
. ,
( , Kaiserlich und kbniglich), , (
United Kingdom).*
1
.: Raphael Samuel (ed.). Patriotism: The Making and
Unmaking of British National Identity, Svols. London, 1989 . Linda Colley. Whose nation? Class and
national consciousness in Britain 1750-1830 //Past and Present, 113, November 1986. P. 97-117 Imperial South
Wales : GwynA. Williams. The Welsh in their History. London and Canberra, 1982.
. Nairn. The Enchanted Glass: Britain and its Monarchy. London, 1988, part 2.
* (.). . .

138 . . 1780 .
, ,
,

,
.
,
, ,
, , .
,
, ,
(, ,
) .1
,
.
,
XIX , 1880- ,
. , 1

, , , , ,
.

III.
139
, -
II.
, , -,
, , , ,
, . . , . ,
, ,
( ) . ,
, , ,
, , ,
.1 ,
( , ,
, 1783 .)2 ,
, .
patrie,* ,
, -

Cf. Hugh Cunningham. The language of patriotism, 1750-1914 //History Workshop Journal, 12, 1981. P. 8-33.
J. Godechot. La Grande Nation: 1'expansion revolu-tionnaire de la France dans le monde 1789-1799. Paris, 1956, vol. I.
P. 254.
* (.). . .
2

140

. . 1780 .

, , ,
. 1200 , ,
19 1789 , ,
, , . ., .
1790 , , , ,
.' , La Nation consentie, voulue par elle-meme 2 *
. ,
,

 . - (un
plebiscite de tous les jours,** )
. : , ,

.
. . ,
1
Ibid., I, p. 73.
2

. : Pierre Nora (ed.). Les Lieux de Memoire. La Nation. Paris, 1986. P. 363.
* , (.). . .
** (.). . .

III.
141

,
,
.
1914 , ,
( ) .1
(. . )
,
, ,
,
.
XVIII , ,
. -
; , ,
,
,
. ,
, , ,
1
Marc Ferro. La Grande Guerre 1914-1918. Paris, 1969. P. 23; A Offner. The working classes, British naval
plans and the coming of the Great War //Past and Present, 107, May 1985. P. 225-226.
142 . . 1780 .
, , .
, ,
, patrie, .
, .
- , (
) . , ,
,
.
.
, , ,

1914 . , ,
,
, -,
.
;
;
(, ) ,
III.
143
( ).
,
, ,
.

 . ,
, ,
, , . ,
, ,
. , , XIX
,
. , ,
.
.1 ,
XIX ,
1
.: Karl Deutsch. Nationalism and Social Communication. An Enquiry into the Foundations of Nationality.
Cambridge MA, 1953. Ernest Gellner. Nations and Nationalism.
Oxford, 1983. Cf. Jong Breuilly. Reflections on nationalism // Philosophy and Social Sciences, 15/1 March 1985. P.
65-75.
144 . . 1780 .
, ,
.
,
.
,
- .
, pays, paese,
pueblo patrie ( 1776 . ).
() , .1
, ( ),
, ,
: , , , , . ,
, , ,
,
,
. , ,
,
, , ,
. 1

J. M. Thompson. The French Revolution. Oxford, 1944. P. 121.

III.
145
( )
.
Tableau de la geographic de la France (1903):' ,
,
,
"" (patrie)*. , ,
.

,
, . ,
, ,
, , ,
,
, , , , .
1880-1914 .
1

Histoire de la France , . .: J.-Y.Guiomar. Le Tableau de la

geographic de la France de Vidal de la Blache : Pierre Nora (ed.). Les Lieux de Memoire II. P. 569 ff.

146 . . 1780 .
- ,
, .

 .

. Primat der Innenpolitik,*
:
. ,
, . ,
1840 . ,
.1
,
, ,
,
* (.). . .
1

.
, , XIX . (Cf. D. Nord-. Des Limites d'etat aux frontieres nationales, .
P. Nora (ed.). Les Lieux de Memoire, vol. II. P. 35-62 passim, esp. p. 52).
1840. ,
. Cf. . V.
Wehler. Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte 1815-1845/49. Bd. II, Munich, 1987. S. 399. ,
.

III.
147

,
.1 , 1920-
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
, : (herr-lich.es) , !; ,
, ,
; ,
( Heimatland).2
1

. J. Hobsbawm. Mass-producing traditions: Europe 1870-1914, .: . J. Hobsbawm & . Ranger (eds.). The
Invention of Tradition. Cambridge, 1983, ch. 7; Guy Vincent. L'Ecole primaire franfaise: Etude sociologique. Lyon, 1980,
ch. 8: L'Ecole et la nation, esp. P. 188-193.
2
; ,
,
. , ,
, Deutschland uber alles.*
* (.). . .

148 . . 1780 .
III.
149

, ,
.
,
: ( ,
, , , -),1 ,
, .
, , ,
, .
, ,
. , ,
1914
, , , ,

 ( ) , -. ,
, , XIX ,
,
. ,
,
, .

, ,
,
, -,
.1 , , ,
,
. -
, , , XIX
, , ,
, ,

.
1

. Gerard de Puymege. Le Soldat Chauvin .: . Nora. Les Lieux de Memoire, II, esp. P. 51 ff. ,
, .
1
.: Pierre Andre Taguieff. La Force du
prejuge: Essai sur le racisme et ses doubles. Paris, 1987. P. 126-128. -
.: Gunter Nagel. Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854-1936). Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialdarwinismus
in Frankreich. Freiburg im Breisgau, 1975.

150 . , 1780 .

,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
, ;
, ,
.
, ,
1840 ,

. ,
,
, , ,
III.
151

,
( , ,
).1
, . ,
/ , ,
.
II,

 ; ,
( ); 1947
, .
( ), (Umgangsprache)
.

, . .
1
. Land of 100 tongues but not a single language (New York Times, 2 December, 1987).
.: J.Fishman. The sociology of language: an interdisciplinary social science approach to
language in society . T.Sebeok (ed.). Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. 12. The Hague-Paris, 1974.
152 . . 1780 .
,
.
:
, ,
, , , ,
, .
,
,
( , ,
).
, ,
, [
] ,
. .1
, , 1

Karl Renner. Das Selbstbestimmung der Nationen in besonderer Anwendung auf Oesterreich. Leipzig and Vienna, 1918.
S. 65. , Der Kampf der osterreichlischen Nationen um den Staat (1902).
, , - .

III.
153

- .

.1

, 1830 , .
, , .
( ) () ,
- , . ( , 1895
).2 , ,
, , ,
.
,
.
1

, ,
<...> ,
- (J.
Fishman. The Sociology of Language. P. 164).
2
W. A. Macartney. The Habsburg Empire. London, 1971. P. 661.

154 . . 1780 .
, ,
, ,
. : ,
, .
, , 1848 .1
, , ,
; ,

 , ;
; ; ,
;
; ,
, , ,
. , -:
,
: , ,
.2
,

1
P. Burian. The state language problem in Old Austria // Austrian History Yearbook, 6-7, 1970-1971. P. 87.
2
Ned Thomas. The Welsh Extremist: Welsh Politics, Literature and Society Today. Talybont, 1973. P. 83.
HI.
155
, .
, XIX .
, ,
, XIX
, .
, (1853 .),
: ,
, , .
-, , , (
) .
1860 . , , . .
, - .
1873 . .
,
, ,
( = ).
, , , ,
,
156 . . 1780 .
, .
, , ,
-,
, ,1 ,
.
, .
, ,
. ,
, - , , ) ,
, )
,
,
, , . .2 ,
, XIX ,
, .
,
. ,
III.
157
1
. Renner. Staat und Nation. S. 13.
2
Emit Brix. Die Umgangsprachen in Altbsterreich zwischen Agitation und Assimilation. Die Sprachen statistik in den zis
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.

, , , , 1840-
, (
-),1 XIX

.2 1842 . Revue des Deux Mondes ,
, , , , , ; , , , , ,
, .
, ,
,
III.3 ,
, ,
, . , ,
, , ,
, .4
, 1

Cf. Sarah Wambaugh. A Monograph on Plebiscites, With a Collection of Official Documents //Carnegie Endowment for
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2
Nordmann in P. Nora (ed.). Les Lieux de memoire, vol. II. P. 52.
3
Ibid. P. 55-56.
4
Brix. Die Umgangsprachen. S. 90.

158 . . 1780 .
, ,
1866 1869 . ( ) ,
.1
,
; ,
,
. ,
,2
, ,
, , ,
, ,
( ,
). , , ,
, , 1840 .
1

Richard Bockh. Die statistische Bedeutung der Volks-sprache als Kennzeichen der Nationalitat //Zeitschrift fur
Vb'lkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft, 4, 1866. S. 259-402); . Der Deutschen Volkszahl und
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2
Volksdeutsche,
, .
III.
159
,
,
.
?
, :
.
, ,
.
. , XIX ,
,
uttersprache, , , ,
, , . . ,
Muttersprache.1
-
, , ,

, ( ),
, .
. , ,
, ,
1860-
Brix. Die Umgangsprachen, S. 94.
160 . . 1780 .
. 1880 . , ,
,
.
,
.
, 1910..,
.
, .1
,
.
.
1
Ibid. S. 114.

4
1870-1918 .
,
, ,
(passiver Volkheit) .
, .

. , , 1789
.1
, ,
, , , , - , .
,
1
. Renner. Staat und Nation. S. 89.
6 . 3790

162

. . 1780 .

,
1830 , , ,
, -:
( :
).1 -, , :
(, XIX );
,
,
; ;
1789 , ,
.
,
, , ,
1830 - , ,
. , ,
, 1830-1870
.,
.
1880-1914 . .
-, ( ), ,

 1
Ibid. S. 9.
IV.

163

, . ,
, ,
. -,

, ( )
. , , ,
(
),
-, , ,
, , XIX . ( )
, .
, ,
. -,
XIX
, ,
.

- 1539
, 164 . . 1780 .
, ,
ancien regime,*
.1 ,
. ,
, ,
* (.). . .
1
() ; , , ,
. .
, ,
,
, , , ? ,
, ,
, ()
- ,
(les petits gens) <...>
(de gens comme il faut) <...>
. , ,
( . . Fernand Brunot. Histoire de la langue francaise. Paris, 1930-1948,
vol. IX, I. P. 207-208.

_______ IV.
165
, , , , .

, XIX
.
,
,
. , ,
, , , (
) .
XVIII
, ,
, , , ,

 .
,
( ), , , ,

. ,
-
, 166 . . 1780 .
() , ,
. (1831 .);
, ,
, -.1 ,
1780-1840 . ,
,
( ) , ,
,
, .
,

, ,
( )
. (1878 .)
, , , .
,
, -
,
1
. Juttikala & . Pirinen. A History of Finland. Helsinki, 1975. P. 176.
IV.
167
. .
, ,
, , .
.
, , ,
,
, 1 1871 . 13 1881 33 1891 '
. , , :

(Welsh Sunday Closing Act 1881 , ),2
(), ,
, .
1
, ,
1852-1892 .,
.
2
. Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the operation of the Sunday Closing (Wales) Act.,
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Oxford, 1981. P. 36.
168 . . 1780 .
, , ,
(, , ),
, ,
. , , ,
(1907) 1890-
, ,
.
, ,
, ,

, ,
. ,
,
(,
). , 1914
, 1870 ( )
, , ; ( ,
); ;
(
, IV.
169
; , , , ,
,
.
.
, /
. ,
. (1893 .),
, .
'- - (
) ( ), .

1900 .
, 1848
, .
1860- (
),
1880-
(
-, )
,
170 . . 1780 .
( , -, ,
, , ). 1880 .,
,
.1
- () 1850- , Joes Florals
( Eisteddfodau) 1859 .
1880- ,2
XX .3 ,
,

: 1894 ,
,
(PNV) , ,
(Euskadi).4
1
Juttikala & Pirinen. A History of Finland. P. 176-186.
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Francesc Vallverdu. El catala al segle XIX //L'Aven9, 27, May 1980. P. 30-36.
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Carles Riba. Centanys de defensa illustracio de 1'idioma a Catalunya //L'Avenc, 71, May 1984. P. 54-62).
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H.-J. Puhle. Baskischer Nationalismus im spanischen Kontekst H.A.Winkler (ed.). Nationalismus in
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IV.
171

XIX () , ,
1870 , ,
,
, , ,

.1 ,
( )
( ). -
XX , , ,
.

: ;
, XIX
. -, ,
, , , , ,
, ,
. -, , ,
,
1

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Report of the International Commission to Enquire into the Cause
and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington, 1914. P. 27.
172 . . 1780 .

, , ,
, ,
. . ,
( -) 1880 ;
(, X. . )
1890- ., 1900 .1
. , , , , , ,
,
, . , ,
,
,
( )
. ,
(, , 1

J. Romein. The Watershed of Two Eras: Europe in 1900. Middletown, 1978. P. 108. 1898 . (OED Supplement:
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, ,
.

_______ IV.
173
, , , . .) ,
XIX .

/ , . ,
, - Entente Cordiale 1904

.1 ,
.
, 1870-1914 . .

,
. ,

 : , ;
,
, ,
, ,
, .
, 1

Jean Finot. Race Prejudice. London, 1906. P. 5-6.

174

. . 1780 .

,
,
, , . ,
, : ,
- ,
,
,
, (
) -
. , 1914 . ,
, , ,
. ,
, , - ,

. , ,
,
,
, IV.

175

.

,
. ,
; ,
, ,
, , ,
, .
,
,
, . ,
(
). ,
, , .
, ()
,
.
, 95% -- ,
176 . . 1780 .
IV.
177
, . . . ,
1935 ,
, ""
.1 1900 ,
; , , ,

 .2
, , XIX ,
,
.
(
) ,
.
- .
:
,
,
. ,
1
Lewis Glinert. Viewpoint: the recovery of Hebrew // Times Literary Supplement, 17, June 1983. P. 634).
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Cf. Declan Kiberd. Synge and the Irish Language. London, 1979, e.g. P. 223.
, ,
().1
.
- (
XIX ) ,
,
; , ( )
.
,
, ,
( ) (
). ,
- ( , ) . 1930- ,
(Hindi Sahitya Samuelan, HSS),
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Einar Haugen. Language Conflicts and Language Planning: The Case of Modern Norwegian. The Hague, 1966;
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178 . . 1780 .
. 1942 ( ).
HSS ;
,
, ; 1950
, , ,
, 1956 .1
,
,
,
, (
franglais). ,
, ,
, . ,
,
1
J. Bhattacharyya. Laguage, class and community in Bengal //South Asia Bulletin, VII, I and 2 Fall 1987. P. 56-63;
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179
, XIX . 1890-
, , 93%
, .1 ,

 . ,
, , ,
,
.
,
, .
, , ,
,
( 1863 .) ?
( ,
, , ,
).2 1
. Suttner. Die Badenischen Sprachenverorduungen von 1897, 2 Bden. Graz-Cologne, 1960, 1965, Bd. II. S. 8688.
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180 . . 1780 .

,
,
, , , ?
, 1919
, , , ,
20 000? , ,
XIX , ( ) -
; , ,
- ,
? '
, , ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
,
1
Juttikala & Pirinen. A History of Finland. P. 176.
IV.
181
( , ,
).
, , , , ( ,
, ),
, ,
.
,
. , ,
,
, ; ,

, .
, , ; .
,
; ,
.
, ,
. , ,

182 . . 1780 .

 , , XX
. ,
;
, .1
, ,
, ;
, , , ,
, ,
, , .
,
, , .
,
, ,
. ,
, ,

,
1

,
.

IV.
183
, .
, ,
. (
, , ,
.)
,
, ,
.1 ,
, , ,

.
- ,
- .
- ,
, .
, ,
, 1

1794 , , , , ,
.

184 . . 1780 .
, , .
, , ,
,
. ,
,
, , indigenistas.
de facto ,
. ,
, 1846 1910 . ,
, .1
,
,
. , ,
, ,
( ), . ,
( ) ,

1
A. Zolberg. The making of Flemings and Walloons: Belgium 1830-1914 //Journal of Interdisciplinary History, V/2,

1974. P. 210-215.
IV.
185
, - , , en masse *
. (
, , ,
, , .)
, , , ,
, .
, grande bourgeoisie **
, XIX (. .
), . ,
, ,
-flamingant. ,
, ,1 ,
. (
, * , (.). . .
** (.). . .
1
Waslaw Dlugoborski. Das polnische Burgertum vor 1918 in vergleichender Perspektive . J. Kocka (ed.).
Burgertum im 19 Jahrhundert: Deutschland im europaischen Vergleich. Munich, 1988, Bd. I. S. 266-289.
186 . . 1780 .
.) ,
1707 .
, , ,
.
,
,
; ,
(1903 .)
, .1

( ) ,
. 1890- .
,
, ,
. , ,
, , 1

Jules Destree & Emile Vandervelde. Le Socialisme en Belgique. Paris, 1903, 1- ., 1898. , 48--
- .

IV.
187
. ,
, -, , .
,
. ,

,
.
II
( Oberlehrer,* )
.

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, .
, ( ),
, .
, ,

* (.). . .

188 . . 1780 .
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), , 1880- . , , , ,
. ,
, <...>,
, Flamingant .'
, ,
, - ,
,
. , , 1

Zolberg. The making of Flemings and Walloons. P. 227.

IV.
189
, ,
- , , , -
.1
, ,
( ) ,
(
). ,
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. . .
, , , , .
, ,
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.
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Ibid. P. 209 ff.
190 . . 1780 .
. ,
Flamingant .
.
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,
. ,
,
, ,
, . -
, .
, - ,
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. , PNV

1
Puhle. Baskischer Nationalismus. S. 62-65.
IV.

191

.
, ,
, , :
,
, ,
.
( ) , 1860-
( ,
), XIX
, ,
. ""
. ,
, ,
,
.1
,
, ,
1

Mirjana Gross. Croatian national-integrational ideologies from the end of Illyrism to the creation of Yugoslavia //
Austrian Yearbook, 15-16, 1979-1980. P. 3-44, esp. 18, 20-21, 34.
192 . . 1780 .
(), (, ) (, ).
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;
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, ;
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. 1880-
, , , , -
: , , .1 ,
, ,
, , - ,
; ,
patrie 1870. .2
1
Antoine Prost. Vocabulaire des proclamations electorates de 1881, 1885 et 1889. Paris, 1974. P. 37.
2
Jean Dubois. Le Vocabolaire politique et social en France de 1869 a 1872. Paris n. d. 1962. P. 65, item 3665.
IV.
193
, , .1
. ,
, , Turner,
, 1890-
( ) (--) 1848 (-) .2
,
, ,3 , , , ,
.

nationalisme ; : A. Prost. Vocabulaire des

proclamations, , . . 52-53, 64-

65.
1
.: Zeev Sternhell. Maurice Barres et le nationalisme fran^ais. Paris, 1972; . S.
Valutti F. Perfetti . R. Lill F. Valsecchi (eds.). II nazionalismo in Italia e in Germania fino alia Prima Guerra
Mondiale. Bologna, 1983.
2
Hans-Georg John. Politik und Turnen: die deutsche Turnerschaft als nationale Bewegung im deutschen
Kaiserreich von 1871 bis 1914. Ahrensberg bei Hamburg, 1976. P. 41 ff.
3
Jens Petersen .: W. Shieder (ed.). Faschismus als soziale Bewegung. Gottingen, 1983. P. 122.
7 . 3790

194 . . 1780 .
, .1
, , , ,
, ,
. 1914
, , ,
, .
, , ,

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. 1

Michael Kater. The Nazi Party: a social profile of members and leaders 1919-1945. Cambridge MA 1983, esp. p.
236; Jens Petersen. Elettorato e base sociale del fascismo negli anni venti //Studi Storici, XVI/3, 1975. P. 627-669.
IV.
195
,
( ) ,
.
, ,
. ,
, , ,
, ,
, (
, )
, ,
.
, 50 , ,
,
,
(, , ).1
1
4 : E. J. Hobs-bawm. Worlds of Labour. London, 1984
Working-class internationalism in F. van Holthoon & Marcel van der Linden (eds.).
Internationalism in the Labour Movement. Leiden-New York-Copenhagen-Cologne, 1988. P. 3-16.
196 . . 1780 .

.
, ,
,
; , , 1914
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197
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,

( . . 3, . 104-106). ,
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, , (, 198 . . 1780 .
IV.
199
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, 47% () 1917
. ,
, .1 1

. : G. Haupt, Low & Weill. Les Marxistes et la question Rationale. Paris, 1974. P.
39-43. , .
1
.: David Kirby.
Rank-and-file attitudes in the Finnish Social Democratic Party (1905-1918) //Past and Present, 111, May 1968), esp. p.
164. .: Ronald G. Suny (ed.). Transcaucasia: Nationalism and Social Change. Ann Arbor, 1983,
, part II, R. G. Suny, Anahide Ter Minassian and Gerard J. Libaradian.

200 . . 1780 .
, ,
(). ,

.

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.
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A. Fejtsma. Histoire et situation actuelle de la langue frisonne //Pluriel, 29, 1982. P. 21-34).
IV.
201
;
, , .1
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). ,
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,
.
, ,
.
,
.2
, 1
JVI (Janatha Vimukti Peramuna), 1971
, . Kumarl Jayawardene. Ethnic
and Class Conflicts in Sri Lanka. Dehiwala, 1985. P. 84-90.
2
CM. Z. A. Zeman. The Break-up of the Habsburg Empire, 1914-1918. London, 1961; Die
Auflosung des Habsburgerreiches. Zusammenbruch und Neuorientierung in Donauraum (Schriftenreihe des
bsterreichischen Ost- und Siidosteuropamstituts, Bd. Ill, Vienna, 1970).

202 . . 1780 .
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203

.
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).

Peter Handk. Die Volksmeinung wahrend des letzten Kriegsjahres in Osterreish-Ungarn . Die Auflosung. S. 58-66.
* (.). : , . . .

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1918 . (. . ),
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, 16% . 56%
, : ( Ibid. S. 62.
IV.
205
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. 206 . . 1780 .
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207
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209
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210 . . 1780 .
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211
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212 . . 1780 .
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, : 1945 . 1940.
, -
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1

. . A. Macartney. Refugees in Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. New York, 1934, vol. 13. P. 200-205; Charles
B. Eddy. Greece and the Greek Refugees. London, 1931. 400
, .

V. , 1918-1950
213
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). ,

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215
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.
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, .
, ,
. , ,
1947 , ,
, 1971 .
,
, . (,

).2
,
1
Mirjana Gross. On the integration of the Croatian nation: a case study in nation building //East European
Quarterly, 15, 2 June 1981. P. 224.
2
CM. G. Adhikari. Pakistan and Indian National Unity. London, 1942. Passim, esp. p. 16-20.
216 . . 1780 .
700- :
, 40% .
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. -
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. (R.Palme Dutt. India Today. London, 1940. P. 265-266).
V. , 1918-1950
217
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218 . . 1780 .
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219
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220 . . 1780 .
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221
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222 . . 1780 .
.

 , ,
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. , 1980 ,
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, ; 6,5%
.1 , 80% ,
91% - ( ), 30% 1977
( , , ),2 , ,
, ,
. (
) , , ,
, ,
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),
1

Le Monde, 11 1981.
H.-J. Puhle. Baskischer Nationalismus im spanischen Kontext .: . A. Winkler (ed.). Nationalismus in der Welt von
Heute. Gottingen, 1982. S. 53-54.
2

V. , 1918-1950
223

,
- . , ,
, ( )
, , .
1977 54% , , -,
8% (,
, ).1
.
1914 , ,
.
. ,
1945 .
- - .

, 1

. : . Garcia Ferrando. Regionalismo autonomies en Espana. Madrid, 1982 . Lopez Aranguren. La conaencia regional en el proceso autonomico espanol. Madrid,
1983.

224 . . 1780 .
, ,
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1960- .

.
, 1918-1950 . ,
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.
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, , 1
. . Sherrington. Welsh nationalism, the French Revolution and the influence of the French right .: D.
Smith (ed.). A People and a Proletariat: Essays in the History of Wales 1780-1980. London, 1980. P. 127-147.
_______ . , 1918-1950
225

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(1932 .),
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.

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). ,
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8 . 3790

226 . . 1780 .
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1918 , , , , , .
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, 1936 ,
.
( , ) ,

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, , ,
. , 1
. J. Hobsbawm. Mass-Producing traditions .: . J. Hobsbawm & . Ranger (eds.). The Invention of Tradition.
Cambridge, 1983. P. 300-301.
V. , 1918-1950
227
1929
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228 . . 1780 .
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_______ V. , 1918-1950
229
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230 . . 1780 .
V. , 1918-1950
231
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,
XX . ,
( 1941 ), ; ,

 , , .2 ,

1
.: . Dommanget. Eugene Pottier.
Paris, 1971, ch. III. . . Maurice Thorez. France Today and the Peoples Front.
London, 1936, XIX. P. 174-185, esp. 180-181.
2
Charles De Gaulle. Memoires de Guerre, II. Paris, 1956. P. 291-292. . Earl Browder. The Peoples
Front in the United States. London, 1937. esp. P. 187-196, 249-269.
, .
, ,

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. ,
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, .
, ,
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, . 232 . . 1780 .
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-, ,
.
1930- ,
, ,1
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,
, .
, , 1936
. , ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, . ,
-

Hywell Francis. Miners Against Fascism: Wales and the Spanish Civil War. London, 1984; Paolo Spriano. Storia
del Partito Comunista Italiano, vol. III. Turin, 1970, ch. IV.
_______ . , 1918-1950
233
, ,
:
.
-, , ,
, . ,

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1945
. , ,
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1939 . 1941 .
, , , - .
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. (. . )
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) , ()
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,
, , ,

. 1941 : A. Bullock. The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin, vol. 2 (1967). P. 77; H. Felling. The Labour
Governments 1945-1951. London, 1984. P. 120.

_______ . , 1918-1950
235
, , , .

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,
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.
, -
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, . . .

, , .
, , , : ,
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,
.1
1

. Sean Cronin. Frank Ryan. The Search for the Republic. Dublin, 1980; : Frank Ryan (ed.). The Book of the
XV Brigade. Newcastle on Tyne 1975, Madrid, 1938.

236 . . 1780 .
, ,
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- . (),
,
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.
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237
.1 1968 , ,
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, 1930-1960 .
, , . ,

,
, .
, 1948 .
1970- .
, ,
, , ,
. 1
.: William R.
Beer. The social class of ethnic activists in contemporary France . Milton J. Esman (ed.). Ethnic Conflict in the
Western World. Ithaca, 1977. P. 157.
238 . . 1780 .
, ,
( ),
, .
1930-
.
: , ? 1920- (
), -
.1 ( ) -, ,
,
, indigenismo,
, 1930-1940 .
,
. , , ,
1

Hans Kohn. History of Nationalism in the Bast. New York, 1933; . Nationalism and Imperialism in the Hither

East. New York 1932. , - 1928 1930 . ,

. , ,
.

V. , 1918-1950
239
sui generis *, ,
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240 . . 1780 .
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).

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_______ V. , 1918-1950
241
, ,
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- , ,
, XIX ,
, . . 1945 . ,
1

Die nationale Frage und Osterreichs Kampf um seine Unabhangigkeit: Ein Sammelband.
(Paris, 1939) .
,
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Anschluss, , ,
.

242 . . 1780 .
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, , ,
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/ XIX .1 ,
1
Kumari Jayawardene. Ethnic and Class Conflicts in Sri Lanka. Dehiwala, 1985; . The national question and
the left movement in Sri Lanka //South Asia Bulletin, VII, 1 and 2, 1987. P. 11-22; Jayadeva Vyandoga.
Reinterpreting Tamil and Sinhala nationalism (ibid., p. 39-46); R. N. Kearney. Ethnic conflict and the Tamil
separatism movement in Sri Lanka // Asian Survey, 25, 9 September, 1985. P. 898-917.
V. , 1918-1950
243
,
.
, ,

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.
, 1945 , ( ) , , ,
;
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(1967)
19 ,
, , ,
1
Fredrick Barth (ed.). Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. Boston, 1989. P. 34.
244 . . 1780 .
, 60% . ,
, ,
. , ,
, , ,
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20% , ,
1974 . ,
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modus vivendi *, ,
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V. , 1918-1950
245
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_______ V. , 1918-1950
247
,
() -
. , ,
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,
. , 1970 97% - (
- ), -
, , , ,
,
. ,
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,

 ( ).
. , vor dem VII Weltkongress: Materialen. Moscow-Leningrad, 1935, p. 445): ,
1930 .
, VI 1928 . .
(Compte-Rendu Stenographique du VI Congres de FInternationale Communiste 17
juillet-1 septembre 1928. . La Correspondance Internationale, no. 125, 19 October 1928, p. 1292-1293; no. 130, 30
October 1928, p. 1418).

248 . . 1780 .
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1950- ). , .

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. V. , 1918-1950
249
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( ),
,
4. , , ,
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, , ,
,
(1956 .). 40,
72% ,

1
2

, .
. Barth (ed.). Ethnic Groups, p. 34-37.

250 . . 1780 .
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, .
25
. ,
.
,
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,

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, ,2

. -, ,
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(
); , 1
. Sunil Bastlan. University admission and the national question Charles Abeysekera. Ethnic representation in
the higher state services . Enthnicity and Social Change in Sri Lanka (Papers presented at a seminar organized
by the Social Scientists' Association, December, 1979), Dehiwala 1985. P. 220-232, 233-249.
2
Earth (ed.). Ethnic Groups. P. 33-37.
V. , 1918-1950
251
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..., .
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.
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252 . . 1780 .
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. V. , 1918-1950
253
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, ), , ,

.1 , ,
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,
.2 , ,
, . ,
, .
1

Tresor de la Langue Francaise (vol. VIII, Paris, 1980) 1896 ,

1956 . Anthony D. Smith The Ethnic Origins of
Nations (Oxford, 1986) ,
, . ,
, 1960- . ( ).
* John H. Kautsky. An essay in the politics of development .: John H. Kautsky (ed.). Political Change in Underdeveloped Countries: Nationalism and Communism. New York-London, 1962. P. 33.

254 . . 1780 .
V. , 1918-1950
255
, , . .
, , . (

, ,
()
joual .)
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) . (
2'/2 700 ). ,
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,
,1 , .

. , ,
,
, , ,
,
,
,
.
, -,
( ),
, , ,
, 315 000 , 1971 ., 135 000
70 000
. .2
,
1
N. Tanner. Speech and society among the Indonesian elite .: J.. Pride & J. Homes (eds.). Sociolinguistics.
Harmondsworth 1972. P. 127.
2
Robert F. Harney. Sogreat a heritage as ours. Immigration and the survival of the Canadian polity //Daedalus, vol.
117/4, Fall, 1988. P. 68-69, 83-84.
256 . . 1780 .
,
. , , ,
, - , : ,
XIX /
.
, /

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, ,
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, belles lettres) * . , , 1975 .
, 1

. Francois Grosjean, Life with Two Languages. Cambridge MA, 1982, ,

1974 . 38 . 20 ()
, 36
(. 114). . : L. Harries. The
nationalization of Swahili in Kenya //Language and Society, 5, 1976. P. 153-164.
* , (.). . .

V. , 1918-1950
257
;
,
,
.1
.
1

- (, . .), (David Riesman. Introduction to Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society. New York, 1958. P. 4)
,
; , .
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Political Mobilization in Peru. Austin, 1974. P. 58. 1960-
. ,
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9 . 3790

6

1990- ,
, .

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259
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260 . . 1780 .
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1918-1921 .
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261
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.
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1917 ;
. . Radkey. Russia Goes to the Polls. Ithaca, 1989.

262 . . 1780 .
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263
1

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264 . . 1780 .
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1

Cf. Graham Smith (ed.). The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union, part IV, Muslim Central Asia. London and
New York, 1990, e. g. P. 215, 230, 262.

VI.
265
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. -

; , ( ,
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).
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-
( , ).
, (tut) jetzt, wie im 1866, em Stuck von unserer Arbeit in seiner Weise.1*
1989
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. , 1

, 15 1870 . (-Engels, Werke, Bd. 33. Berlin, 1966. S. 40).

* , 1866 ., , -* (.). . .

266 . . 1780 .
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VI. ...
267
1

Helens Carrere d'Encausse. L'empire eclate. Paris, 1978; idem. La gloire des nations, ou La Fin de 1'empire
sovietique. Paris, 1990.
).
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VI.
269

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, , VI.
271
- ,
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.
.
:
( 50% ),
, - ,
, 130 000
( 1988 .) . . , ,
,
.1 ,
,
- .
1

Leon Dion, The mystery of Quebec (Daedalus, vol. 117/4, Fall 1988, p. 283-318):
,
, , <...> <...>
, (. 310).

272 . . 1780 .
Canadiens * ,
- ,
Francophonie ** .1 ,
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.
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, 80% 25%,
.2
, -* (.)- . .
** , (.). . .
1
R. F. Harney. So great a heritage as ours. Immigration and the survival of the Canadian polity //Daedalus, vol. 117/4,
Fall, 1988. P. 75.
2
Gerard Pelletier. Quebec: different but in step with North America //Daedalus, vol. 117/4, Fall, 1988. P. 271; Harney. So
great a heritage as ours. P. 62.

VI. ...
273
, . ,

. (

 ) , , , ,
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, - ,
,
.
;
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.1
1

1970- . (
),
.
. ,
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- , 66%
. Cf. F.J.Artibise. Canada as an urban nation //Daedalus, vol. 117/4, Fall, 1988. P. 233-264.

274 . . 1780 .

, .
,
,
.

. , .1
, ,2 , , . "" 3 ,
, , VI. ...
275
1
. Hroch. Nationale Bewegungen fruher und heute. Ein europaischer Vergleich (unpublished paper 1991). P. 14.
, , ,
( ) ,
, Illusion der Reprise. , XIX
,
(. 11).
2
J. Kornai. The Economics of Shortage. Amsterdam, 1980.
3
Katherlne Verdery, Nationalism and the Road to Democracy. P. 36.

. , , ,
, , , .
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; -,
<...> "".1
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"" .2
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2

Caroline Humphrey. Icebergs, barter and the mafia in provincial Russia //Anthropology Today, 7(2), 1991. P. 8-13.
Andrew Lass. . Verdery. Nationalism and the Road to Democracy. P. 52.

276 . . 1780 .
VI. ...
277

 , , , , !
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Martin E. Marty. Fundamentalism as a social phenomenon //Bulletin, The American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, 42/2 November, 1988. P. 15-29.
. , ,
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<...> ,
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Ibid. P. 20-21.
2
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278 . . 1780 .
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1958-1974 . ( )
81,2% . . A. Zolberg . M.Esman (ed.). Ethnic Conflict in the Western World. Ithaca,
1977. P. 118.

VI. ...
281
, , , - , , ( ),

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283
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VI.
285
1

John H. Kautsky. An essay in the politics of development .: John H. Kautsky (ed.). Political Change in
Underdeveloped Countries: Nationalism and Communism. New York-London, 1962. P. 35.
. ,
,
(, , , ,
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, XX
VI. ...
287
1

,
. ,
.
2
Arno Mayer. Why Did the Heavens not Darken? The Final Solution in History. New York, 1989. P. 257-262.
. , , ,
-
.
.
, ( ,
) .
, 1960- ,

(
)
,
.
123 1951 . 280 1972 . 365 1984,
832 2173 1972 .,
, 4615.' ,
XX .
()
1
David Held. Farewell nation state //Marxism Today, December, 1988. P. 15.
288 . . 1780 .

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1914 .
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289
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. 3790

290 . . 1780 .
...
, , (The Wall Street Journal, 5 December, 1988,
p. 1). ,
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291
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292 . . 1780 .
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VI.
293
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1

: Sydney Pollard. Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe 1760-1970. Oxford, 1981, (.
VII).

294 . . 1780 .
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.1 1990 ., ,
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XIX
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VI. ...
295
1

Henry Kamm. Language bill weighed as Slovak separatists rally // New York Times, 25 October, 1990.
Algerians hit at language ban // Financial Times, 28 December, 1990.
,
, .1


, , , .
;
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The state of the nation state // Economist, 22 December 1990-14 January 1991. P. 78.
296 . . 1780 .
The Economist).1, ,
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;
XXI ? ,
, ' Ibid. P. 73-78.
2
"" <...> ()
,
, , "
" <...> . William R. Beer. The social
class of ethnic activists in contemporary France .: Milton J. Esman (ed.). Ethnic Conflict in the Western World.
Ithaca, 1977. P. 158.
VI.
2

297

. , , ,
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,
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. , 1943
,
.1 1946 .
.
,
, -.
, ,
(, )
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,
1
Marcello Citnino. Fine di una nazione. Palermo, 1977; G. C. Marino. Storia del separatismo siciliano 1943-1947.
Rome, 1979.
298 . . 1780 .
.
. -,
,
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.

, , ,
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/ -

.
, , VI. ...
299
. , ,
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em Volk, ein Reich, ein Fuehrer, . . /, ,
(Volk , ).
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, - ,
. -
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1972 . .1 , , , (
)

 ,
.

1
Bundesministerium fur innerdeutsche Beziehungen, Materialen zum Bericht zur Lage der Nation, 3 Bden.
Bonn, 1971, 1972, 1974, III. S. 107-113, esp. S. 112.
300

. . 1780 .
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40 ) , , ,
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, , VI.
301
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XIX .
: , , ,
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1918 1945 .), , ,
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1959 .)?
,
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302 . . 1780 .
(la patrie)
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. XIX
, .
1

Dion. The mystery of Quebec. P. 302. , 31 1967., ,

,
;
, (Canadian News Facts, vol. I, no. 15, 14 August 1967), p. 114.

VI. ...
303

1870 . (. .,
).1 -
- XXI ? .
, , - ,
, .
- , - ,
- -
- . -,
/ , ,
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.
, .
, ,
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1
Eugen Weber. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914. Stanford, 1976.
304

. . 1780
, , ,
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1970- . , , . M.Garcia Ferrando. Regionalismo y autonomies en Espana. Madrid, 1982, Table II.
2
, , -, , (John Breuilly), Nationalism and the State.
, ,
,
(Reflections on nationalism //Philosophy and Social Science, 15/1, March 1985. P. 73).

VI. ...
305
, ,
. , ,
, , , , ,
.

............................................................5
I.
..........25
II.

 ........................74
III.
................................ 128
IV.

1870-1918 ........................................... 161
V.
, 1918-1950.................... 208
VI.

......................................... 258
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