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m_g_fb[h[m j[l]c[cm) g[m j[l_]_ `[fn[l*Eb_mi chal_^c_hn_ jlch]cj[f io [

jlijili
]lo]c[f _hnl_ _f[m) ko_ m__h]ihnl[p[ h[ Aolij[ K]c^_hn[f+ =
mi]c_^[^_ lomm[ ]lcio og mcmn_g[^_ Amn[^im) im c_c\_fYY' I[m Ep[h) i
P_llp_f) ko_\lio
i j_m]ii ^[ hi\l_t[
ch^_j_h^_hn_+ =$n_hn[ncp[ j[l[
l_]oj_l[l
im jlcpcfacim p_ci ^_jicm ^_ [`[mn[^[ [ gi `iln_ ^_ L_^li) i
Cl[h^_) _ ^[ l_mofnio [ i\n_hi ^_ jlcpcfacim m_g [m i\lca[_m ]il*
l_mjih^_hn_m io m_g [ l_jl_m_hn[i hi jli]_mmi ^_ aip_lhi+ = ?bch[
\oli]lnc][ a_lio i ]ih]_cni ^_ I[h^[ni
^i ?o) ko_ ^_o ]_lni nig ^_
f_acncgc^[^_ l_mcmnh]c[]ihnl[ [ ijl_mmi chdomn[* g[m m_g og[ `iln_
hii ^_ cgohc^[^_ ]iljil[ncp[)
[fai ko_ im `oh]cihlcim chn_f_]no[cm
]lc[l[g
hog[ _rn_hmi fcgcn[^[) h[ jlnc][ *) _ ]ihnl[ i jlch]jci
\*
mc]i ^[ jifnc][ \oli]lnc][+ K `_o^[fcmgi molaco ^_ `[ni hi F[ji) g[m
]ig al[h^_ h`[m_ h[ f_[f^[^_ j[l[ ]ig im moj_lcil_m _ ]ig og aip_l*
h[hn_ ^cpchi ++B[fn[p[*fb_ i ]ih]_cni ^_ og ]igjligcmmi
_hnl_ cao[cm
n_lc]im+ Ji mcmn_g[^_ ][mn[mch^c[h[m) ji^_gim
[j_l]_\_l*him
^_ `iln_
!n_h^h]c[ hi m_hnc^i ^i ]ih]_cni ^_ cgohc^[^_ _ ^i jlcpcfaci ]iljil[*
ncpi) g[m n[g\g
m_g [ n_ilc[ io [ jlnc][ ^i ]ihn[ni fcpl_+
=m n_hn[ncp[m hi m_hnc^i ^_ _h]ihnl[l
og[ hc][ _rjfc][i ]ih*
]l_n[ ^_mn[m^c`_l_h[m)_mncgof[^[m jil [faog[m i\m_lp[_m _rnl[m ^_
I[lr
_ ]ofgch[h^i
h[ ]ih]_ji
jifgc][
^_ Scnn`ia_f ^i ^_mjincmgi
ilc_hn[f \[m_[^i hi ]ihnlif_ ^i `ilh_]cg_hni
^_ ao[) hi ng nc^i
rcni+ Emni hi mcahc`c][ ko_ `imm_g g[f ^clcac^[m+K `ilh_]cg_hni
^_
ao[ ]ihmncnoc n[fp_t og[ hii ^_g[mc[^i _mnl_cn[+Li^_g molacl ^_m*
jincmgim nl[^c]cih[cm ko[h^i
og [onilc^[^_ ]_hnl[f _mn
_g jimci
^_ ^_m_gj_hb[l ^cp_lm[mn[l_`[m io moj_lpcm[l [m [ncpc^[^_m _mm_h]c[cm
[i
`oh]cih[g_hni
^_ ni^[ og[ mi]c_^[^_+ =hnca[g_hn_) _l[ gocni g_him
jimmp_f ^i ko_ bid_) [ og aip_lhi) ]lc[l mcno[_m
ko_ nl[hmjiln[mm_g
]ihmcai [ mo[ jljlc[
^_`chci ^[ n[l_`[ _mm_h]c[f mi]c_^[^_) hi m_o
]ihdohni) _ `[t_l ]ig ko_ [ jijof[i
[ []_cn[mm_j[mmcp[g_hn_+ Lil
cmmi) g_him [llcm][^i jlimm_aocl h_mm[bcjn_m_ mi\l_ [ fi][fct[i ^[
_r_]oi ^[m n[l_`[m _mm_h]c[cmm mi]c_^[^_m jl*ch^omnlc[cm) ^i ko_
m_lc[ j[l[ [m mi]c_^[^_m gi^_lh[m+ Lil ionli f[^i) j[l_]_ n[g\g
b[p_l
og[ a[g[ g[cm [gjf[
^_ _m]ifb[ ^i ko_ [hnca[g_hn_) ko[hni [i hp_f
jifnc]i
[ ko_ og[ mi]c_^[^_ ila[hct[
[ ^cpcmi ^[ gi*^_*i\l[
_ [
g[hon_hi
^[ ]i_mi mi]c[f+ = [f^_c[ ][gjih_m[)
i `_o^i io g_mgi
og[ ]lo[ \oli]l[]c[
n_llcnilc[f ji^_g
]ihmncnocl i hp_f+^_]cmcpi mi\ )
n_]hifiac[m [allc[ma_l[fg_hn_ m_g_fb[hn_m+
=jm _mn[\l_p_ [p[fc[i ^[m p[lc[_m ^i jihni ^_ j[lnc^[) ji^_*
gim pifn[l*him j[l[ i jli]_mmi ^_ gi^_lhct[i
_g mc+Dog jihni

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ko_ m_ ^_mn[][ ]f[l[g_hn_+ = j_lmcmnh]c[ ^i [\mifoncmgi l_[f io) ^_

+gi^i
g[cm a_l[f) ^_ og aip_lhi
\oli]lnc]i
jl*ch^omnlc[f) [n im
n_gjim gi^_lhim) ]lcio ]ih^c_m ^_m`[pilp_cm ^_gi]l[]c[
^i ncji
i]c^_hn[f+ =m ^c`_l_hn_m bcmnlc[m^[ ?bch[) ^[ Nmmc[_ ^[ =f_g[hb[
]ihp_la_g
h_mm_jihni+ l og `[ni ]olcimi) j[l[ i ko[f hi n_hn[l_c
i`_l_]_l _r fc][ i) i ^_ im aip_lhim ]_hnl[cm ji^_limim) [ ko_ ji^_l_*
gim*]b[g[H[bmM.Qnfmgim l_[EO io oli]l[]c[m [allc[m)m_n_l_g _m [ $8$_*
) f_]c^i him m]ofim TRE _ TREE _g ni^im im j[m_mg[cO cgjiln[h2m
ko_
_mno^[gim %_r]_ni) _pc^_hn_g_hn_) him Amn[^im Qg^im&) cmni) h[ Ehaf[*
n_ll[) h[ Bl[h[) h[ j[ln_ jlommc[h[ ^[ =f_g[hb[)
h[ Nmmc[)h[ ?bch[)
hi F[ji _ h[ h^c[+ O_d[ ko[f `il i gincpi) i `[ni ]ihmncnoc og mojiln_
]ihp_hc_hn_) _g\il[
j[l]c[fg_hn_
[l\cnllci) hi ko[f ji^_l_gim
mom*
j_h^_l im jlch]jcim ^[ gi^_lhct[i+
Ag\il[
[ mo[ j_lmcmnh]c[n_hb[
nc^i ]ihm_kh]c[m ^_m`[pilp_cm) [m chmncnoc_m
gihlkoc][m `iln_m
^_m_gj_hb[l[g
og[ `ohi ch^cmj_hmp_f)h_mm_jihli+chc]c[f)
]_hnli*
f[h^i [ nol\ofh]c[ ^[ hi\l_t[+ = ^_gi]l[]c[
hi ji^_lc[ ]l_m]_l _ `fi*
l_m]_l mig\l[ ^[ jcfb[a_g cgch_hn_ jil j[ln_ ^_ \[l_m g[f`_cnil_m+
Ji jlch]jci
^im n_gjim gi^_lhim) cao[fg_hn_) og[ jl_]ih^ci
^_]cmcp[ j[l[ [ ^_gi]l[]c[
gi^_lh[
`ic [ [j[lci ^_ og ]_lni _kocf*
\lci !_hnl_ [ ?Kli[ _ [ hi\l_t[)
m_aoh^i i ko[f i ji^_l l_[f jl_^igc*
h[p[ g[m ^_cr[p[ hi\l_t[
og al[o mo\mn[h]c[f ^_ ch^_j_h^h]c[+ =
hii jfol[fcmn[ ^_ ko_ og[ hi\l_t[
ch^_j_h^_hn_ ]ihmncnoc og chal_*
^c_hn_ _mm_h]c[fhi ^_m_hpifpcg_hni ^[ ^_gi]l[]c[
_h]ihnl[
og[ \[m_
`clg_ hi `[ni bcmnlc]i+ K [jici ]igj[l[ncpi
j[l[ _mn[n_m_ `ilh_]c^i
j_f[ [omh]c[ ^_ n[f chal_^c_hn_ h[ h^c[ ^_ =e\[l
_ h[ ?bch[ g[h]bo)
io) n[fp_t g[cm _r[n[g_hn_) h[ ch][j[]c^[^_
^_ ]ihm_aocl og[ mcno[i
[]_cnp_f_ f_ancg[ j[l[ i al[o ^_ ch^_j_h^h]c[ ko_ _`_ncp[g_hn_ _rcm*
nc[+ Km g_cim jil ko_ _mm[ch^_j_h^h]c[
`ic `ild[^[ mi cao[fg_hn_
cgjiln[hn_m+ J[ Ehaf[n_ll[) i \_Sec S\QccYSecj[l[ m_ i\n_l_g
jlip[m
jimcncp[m) [ Co_ll[ ^[m @o[m Nim[m ^ctcgio [ [lcmni]l[]c[ jlijlc_nlc[)
nilh[h^i
]ihmc^_l[p_fg_hn_ g[cm `]cfi _mn[\_f_]cg_hni ^_ og[ `ilg[
^_ [\mifoncmgi l_[f) \[mn[hn_ g[cm mo[p_ ^i ko_ h[ Bl[h[+ ?ihpg
f_g\l[l
ko_ [ l_[fct[i ^_mm__kocf\lci) ni al[ni nl[^ci fc\_l[f _
jfol[fcmn[) `ic i `loni ^_ gni^im pcif_hnim _ i][mcih[fg_hn_
l_pifo]ci*
hlcim)ko_ im fc\_l[cm ]ihn_gjilh_im
a_l[fg_hn_ l_d_cn[g+
J_mn_ jihni) ji^_*m_ [laog_hn[l
i ko_ mo]_^_ ko[h^i _ m_[ [lcm*
ni]l[]c[ jlijlc_nlc[ n_hn[ fc\_ln[l*m_ ^im ]ihnlif_ l_[cm) h[ [omh]c[ ^_
og[ ]f[mm_^_ b[\cn[hn_m ^[m ]c^[^_m) hog_lim[ _ jifcnc][g_hn_ pcailim[+
?ifi][h^i
[ ko_mni ^_ `ilg[
g_him _r[n[) i ko_ ji^_ mo]_^_l m_[

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I:pG>86H

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1./

6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H96 9>I69JG6

: 96 9:BD8G68>6

hi\l_t[
jli]ol[l
fc\_ln[l*m_) h[ [omh]c[ ^_ og[ l_pifoi \olao_m[<
L_hmi ko_ m_aoli [`clg[l ko_ i l_mofn[^i [fn[g_hn_ ^_m`[pilp_f
p_lmi i]c^_hn[f ^[ ^_gi]l[]c[+
J[ Nmmc[)^ol[hn_ i m]ofi TREEE)[
hi\l_t[
]ihm_aoco l_m]ch^cl [m mo[mi\lca[_m j[l[ ]ilh+[ [oni]l[]c[
]t[lcmn[) ]ihm_lp[h^i*m_ mcgofn[h_[g_hn_) _ [og_hn[h^i
g_mgi) [m
mo[mjlijlc_^[^_m
_ i m_oji^_l mi\l_ im m_lpim+Po^i cmni`ic [fn[g_hn_
^_m`[pilp_f ^_gi]l[]c[+
= bcmnlc[ [f_g ) mi\ [faohm [mj_]nim) g[cm
l_p_f[^il[+ =) ]ihnl[ i Cl[h^_ Af_cnil) [ hi\l_t[
fonio h[ g[cil j[lnw
m_j[l[^[ ^[m ]c^[^_m+ Iocn[m ^[m _rcah]c[m [lcmni]lnc][m^[ ji][
[mm_*
g_fb[g*m_ m ^[ Ehaf[n_ll[7 n_l pit hi aip_lhi
_) _mj_]c[fg_hn_) him
g_cim ^_ i aip_lhi i\n_l ^chb_cli+ I[m i l_mofn[^i hi `ic [ ^_gi]l[*
]c[ j[lf[g_hn[l+
= `l[ko_t[ ^[m ]c^[^_m n_g ]ihmncno^iog[ ][l[]n_lm*
nc][ ]ihmn[hn_ h[ bcmnlc[ ^[ =f_g[hb[)
[jm i `fil_m]cg_hni ^_f[m h[
=f_g[hb[
g_lc^cih[f
_ i]c^_hn[f) _g `chm ^[ E^[^_ I^c[) ji][
_g
ko_ ]ig_[l[g
[ ^_]fch[l+
O_g _hnl[lgim _g *lh[cmjlip[m h_g ^cm]onclgim im g[n_lc[cm [mc*
nc]im ko_ [jihn[g
h[ g_mg[ ^cl_i) ji^_gim
mcgjf_mg_hn_ l_acmnl[l =
og `iln_ []il^i
9ZX [ n_m_g[lrcmn[ ^_ ko_ og[ ]f[mm_pcailim[ _ ch^_*+
j_h^_hn_ ^_ b[\cn[hn_m ^[ ]c^[^_ n_g mc^i og _f_g_hni ch^cmj_hmp_f
hi ^_m_hpifpcg_hni ^[ ^_gi]l[]c[
j[lf[g_hn[l+
O_g \) Q$ZGw_m_m
hi b
^_gi]l[]c[7
K [nil jlch]cj[f hi [j[l_]_lc[
hi j[f]i m_fcgcnmm_gim
[
himm[ [n_hi _mnlcn[g_hn_ [i m_nil [allci+ ?ihno^i)
im [nil_m ^[ tih[
lol[f ^_m_gj_hb[l[g
og j[j_f mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ cgjiln[hn_
_ ko_ g_*
l_]_ og[ ]oc^[^im[ [jl_]c[i+ A) m_kocm_lgim _m]l_p_l [ bcmnlc[ ]igi
b_lcm _ pcf_m)jimci ko_ i [onil l_jo^c[) i pcfi nin[fcnlci pcp_o jil
p_t_m hi ][gji
_ i b_lc ^_gi]lnc]i ^[m ]c^[^_m _h]ihnlio
[ cgjil*
n[h n_m[fc[^im+
Amm_`ic) jil _r_gjfi)
i ][mi ^[ Ehaf[n_ll[+ Ahko[hni i [\mifoncm*
gi m_nilh[p[ ][^[ p_t g[cm `iln_ h[ Bl[h[) hog al[h^_ m_nil ^[ |=f_*
g[hb[
_ h[ Nmmc[)_h]ihnlio
[ mo[ jlcg_cl[ ^_llin[ _g mifi chafm)
ih^_) h[ l_[fc^[^_) [n_hn[ncp[ ^_ i _mn[\_f_]_l `ic gocni g[cm `l[][+ Ag
al[h^_ j[ln_) `ic [mmcgjilko_ [ [lcmni]l[]c[ jlijlc_nlc[ chaf_m[ ]ig_*
io ]_^i [ [^koclcl ][l[]n_lmnc][m ]ig_l]c[cm+ Ahnl_ [m ^_n_lgch[hn_m
g[cm ^_]cmcp[mko_ ch`fo_h]c[l[g
i ]olmi ^[ _pifoi jifnc][ mo\m_*
k_hn_) _h]ihnl[*m_ [ ^_ [ [lcmni]l[]c[ jlijlc_nlc[ m_pifn[l iohi
j[l[
[ [alc]ofnol[ ]ig_l]c[f
_) h_mm_][mi) ^[ `ilg[
ko_ _mm[]ig_l]c[fct[i
nigio+
P _hn_lhim him [j_l]_\_l
^_mm[nl[hm`ilg[i
him$m_om]ihnilhim
jlch]cj[cm _ _g j_lmj_]ncp[ ]igj[l[ncp[+
K mcmn_g[ g_^c_p[f _olij_o

>BEA>86oq:H

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I:pG>86H

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1.0

`ic ^i ah_li _g ko_ og[ ]_ln[ j[ln_ ^[ n_ll[ ^i m_hbil `_o^[f _ ^i

^ighci
_l[ ]ofncp[^[ j[l[ i m_hbil j_fim ][gjih_m_m8 _g nli][) i
m_hbil `_o^[f im jlin_ac[ _ [^gchcmnl[p[ [ domnc[* `l_k_hn_g_hn_)
j[l[ `[f[l [ p_l^[^_) ]ig og[ gi `iln_ `wpil_]_h^i
im m_omjljlcim
chn_l_mm_m
g[n_lc[cm+ Km ][gjih_m_m oncfct[p[g ionl[ j[ln_ ^[m n_ll[m ^i
) m_hbil j[l[ ]ofncp[l_g [fcg_hnim j[l[ m_ojljlci
momn_hni_ j[l[+]ihm*
nlol_g [m mo[mb[\cn[_m+ Qg[ n_l]_cl[ j[ln_) ]ihmncno^[ a_l[fg_hn_
jil \imko_m) ]ill_hn_m ^_ ao[ _ j[mn[a_hm) _l[ ]ihb_]c^[
jil n_ll_hi
]igog
_ m_lpc[ ^_ `ihn_ ^_ ]ig\omnp_f) ][[ _ j[mn[a_hm jl_]cim[m)
n[hni j[l[ i m_hbil ]igi
j[l[ im ][gjih_m_m+ Ag j[ln_ j[l[ [mm_aol[l
[i m_hbil og[ gi*^_*i\l[
_nj ko[hnc^[^_ ]ihp_hc_hn_) im ][gjih_m_m
_h]ihnl[p[g*m_ jl_mim [i mifi ^_ ^cp_lm[m`ilg[m+ ]_lni ko_ i g_l][*
^i ^_m_gj_hb[p[
og j[j_f cgjiln[hn_
h[ _]ihigc[
[allc[ g_^c_p[f)
g[cm cgjiln[hn_
[ch^[ h_mm[ji][
^i ko_ m_jimm[ cg[ach[l+ ?ihno^i)
_g mihnl[mn_ ]ig n_gjim jimn_lcil_m) i) m_hbil) _g ]ihdohni ]ig im
m_om][gjih_m_m+l ]ihmncno[) _g al[h^_ _m][f[) og[ ]igohc^[^_
[oni*
*mo`c]c_hn_)][j[t
^_ [\[mn_]_l al[h^_ j[ln_ ^[m mo[mh_]_mmc^[^_m)[nl[*
pm ^_ l_]olmim fi][cm _ ]ig im [ln_mim fi][cm+ ?ig chg_l[m p[lc[_m)
i mcmn_g[jl_p[f_]c[ _g al[h^_m tih[m ^[ Aolij[+ Ji _rcmncoh[ ?bch[+
K F[ji
`_o^[f [jl_m_hn[p[ `iln_m m_g_fb[h[m ]ig
_mn_ mcmn_g[) _
ji^_g
m_l_h]ihnl[^[m [h[fiac[m _g ]_lnim jihnim ^[ h^c[+
K ^_m_hpifpcg_hni ^i ]igl]ci
h[m ]c^[^_m _ [m _rcah]c[m _g
cgjimnim ^im aip_lh[hn_m [\mifoncmn[mncp_l[g) _hnl_ [m mo[mgocn[m ]ih*
m_kh]c[m)i l_mofn[^i ^_ i m_hbil h_]_mmcn[l][^[ p_t ^_ g[cm ^chb_cli+
Oolacl[g nlml_[_m jlch]cj[cm _g ^c`_l_hn_m j[ln_m ^[ Aolij[+ < [lcm*
ni]l[]c[
jlijlc_nlc[ chaf_m[ pifnio*m_ j[l[ og[ `ilg[
^_ [alc]ofnol[
]ig_l]c[f
ko_ cgjfc][p[ [ fc\_ln[i ^im ][gjih_m_m j[l[ m_ aip_lh[*7
l_g ^[ g_fbil g[h_cl[ ko_ ]ihm_aocmm_g+= _fcn_jlijlc_nlc[ `l[h]_m[
^_cw[s[ a_l[fg_hn_ [im ][gjih_m_m [ jimm_ TUVQSd_^i mifi+ J[m l_[m
_w_
m_pifn[l[g
j[l[ i ]igl]ci)
`ct_l[g*hi `il[h^i im ][gjih_*
m_m[ _hnl_a[l og[ j[ln_ ^[ mo[ jli^oi) ko_ im hi\l_m _hni p_h^c[g+
J[ Aolij[ Klc_hn[f) p_lc`c]io*m_ [ n_l]_cl[ p[lc[hn_) [ l_[i m_hbilc[f+
Km Fohe_lm ^[ =f_g[hb[
Klc_hn[f l_^otcl[g
im ][gjih_m_m [hn_lcil*
g_hn_ fcpl_m ]ih^ci ^_ m_lpim)j[l[ ]ofncp[l_g _ _rjiln[l_g
]_l_[cm)
_hko[hni ko_ h[ Nmmc[m_p_lc`c][p[ og jli]_mmi m_g_fb[hn_) ^_pc^i
gocni g[cm [ l[t_m jifnc][m ^i ko_ [ gincpim _]ihgc]im+
O hi
)m]ofi TET) [ _rjiln[i
^_ ]_l_[cm m_nilhio og[ ][l[]n_lmnc][ cgjil*
n[hn_ ^[ j[cm[a_g _]ihgc][
_ jifnc][ ^[ Nmm[+
J[ jljlc[
Ehaf[n_ll[) [ n_h^h]c[ j[l[ [ [alc]ofnol[ ]ig_l]c[f)
jil

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1.1

,,,,,,!,,

6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H 96 9>I69JG6

>BEA>86oq:H

: 96 9:BD8G68>6

j[ln_ ^[ [lcmni]l[]c[ jlijlc_nlc[) [`[mnio gocni ^i ko_ l_mn[p[ ^[ mo[

+ch^_j_h^h]c[ ^[ ]ili[
_ a_lio al[h^_ j[ln_ ^[ mo[ bimncfc^[^_ j[l[
]ig [m ^_m[mnl[^[mn_hn[ncp[m ^_ [\mifoncmgi ^im Ono[lnm+@i g_mgi
X! $gi^i)
R `ilg[ ko_ [ [alc]ofnol[ ]ig_l]c[f nigio h[ fwaf[n_ll[) _g
) ]ihnl[mn_ ]ig [ =f_g[hb[
Klc_hn[f) a_lio og[ ]ihmc^_lp_f ]igohc*
^[^_ ^_ chn_l_mm_m
]ig [m ]c^[^_m+=g\im im `[nil_m `il[g
][om[mcgjil*
n[hn_m ^[ Co_ll[ ?cpcf _ ^[ pcnlc[ `ch[f ^[ ][om[ j[lf[g_hn[l+
Km m_om
_`_cnim ]ihncho[l[g
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1.4

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1.5

6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H 96 9>I69JG6

: 96 9:BD8G68>6

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>BEA>86oq:H

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1.6

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6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H96 9>I69JG6

: 96 9:BD8G68>6

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>BEA>86oq:H

I:pG>86H

1/.

: EGD?:oq:H

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1//

6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H 96 9>I69JG6

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6H DGY<:CH HD8>6>H96 9>I69JG6

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[mmcgim ]igjih_hn_m
[lcmni]lnc]imhi m_o ][gchbi
j[l[ i aip_lhi j[lf[g_hn[l+
K l_mofn[^i)
him m]ofim TREE _ TREEE)`ic [ !Amj[ln[ ^i Jiln_ ! og[ `omi gcfcn[lc*
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dohni) ]igi
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pcl) _ [faohm ^_f_m gocni cgjiln[hn_m) n[cm ]igi
[ ch^omnlc[fct[i)
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++
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p[l i m_oji^_l+
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210

6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H96 9>I69JG6

: 96 9:BD8G68>6

>BEA>86oq:H

I:pG>86H

211

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^_gi]l[]c[m _h`l_hn[l_g im jli\f_g[m al[p_m^[ ji][ _ [ mo[l_fonh*

im ^_m_dim
^im aip_lh[hn_m m_`ct_mm_gm_hnclh[ [l_h[ ^[ jifnc][ chn_l*
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aip_lhim) `ic [
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6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H 96 9>I69JG6

>BEA>86oq:H

: 96 9:BD8G68>6

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jlipp_f ko_ [ [j[lci ^_ ][j[]c^[^_m ^_
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A
11/

6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H 96 9>I69JG6

>BEA>86oq:H

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lomm[) _g .6.4) _mn[p[
chn[]n[+ I[cm og[ p_t) ]igi
n_l_c ][mci ^_ ^ct_l g[cm [^c[hn_) h_mn_
][jnofi) hi `il[g
im ][gjih_m_m ^[ =f_g[hb[
Klc_hn[f) ]igjlcgc^im
j_f[ l_[i m_hbilc[f _ j_f[ l_chnli^oi ^[ m_lpc^i) ko_ m__lao_l[g
_g m[hal_hn[ l_pifn[ hi m]ofi TRE) g[m mcg im ^i Oof _ ^i K_mn_)ko_
g[hnchb[g
_ [gjfc[p[g
[n i m_o[hncai gi^i
^_ pcp_l+ J[ l_[fc^[^_)
g_mgi [ bcjn_m_ ijimn[ [ ko_ g[cm m_ [jlircg[
^[ p_l^[^_) ]igi
p_l_gim ijilnoh[g_hn_+
) @[ nl[^ci lighnc][
_ ]ihm_lp[^il[
^i m]ofi TET mola_ ionl[
n_m_`[gcfc[l) [ ^_ ko_) ko[h^i
i [lcmni]l[n[ pcp_ hi ][gji
_hnl_ im
m_om][gjih_m_m) bg_him jli\[\cfc^[^_m
^_ l_pifn[m ][gjih_m[m al[*
p_m^i ko_ ko[h^i _f_ j[mm[ [ [g[l i fori _ [ pcp_l h[) ][jcn[f+ O ]ih*
nl[mn_m_hnl_ i ^_mnchi ^im [lcmni]l[n[m `l[h]_m_m _ chaf_m_) ^ol[hn_ i
m]ofi TREEE_ TET j[l_]_g
_mn[l h[ ilca_g ^_mm[hii++ ?ihno^i)
i
m_hbil lol[f lommi ^i m]ofi TET j[mm[p[ ]ig `l_kh]c[ og[ al[h^_
j[ln_ ^_ mo[ pc^[ h[ mo[ jlijlc_^[^_)
`[ni ko_ hi cgj_^co im ][gjih_*
m_m^_ ko_cg[l_g
im mif[l_m _) `ch[fg_hn_) [`[mn[l i TUf_bYQ^cdf_ ^i
$j[f]i bcmnlc]i+ I_mgi _g l_f[i jljlc[
Bl[h[) [ n_m_ ^opc^im[+

>BEA>86oq:H

I:pG>86H

((-

: EGD?:oq:H

= chp_mnca[i gi^_lh[
^_gihmnlio
ko_) ^_ gi^i
[faog) [ nin[fc^[^_
^[ hi\l_t[
pcpc[ h[ ]iln_8 gocnim hi\l_m f_p[p[g pc^[m gil[fg_hn_
_r_gjf[l_m h[ tih[ lol[f+
= hii ^_ ko_ og al[h^_ jlif_n[lc[^i
lol[f ^_ gi*^_*i\l[
m_g
n_ll[m og[ `ihn_ jin_h]c[f ^_ chmoll_ci _ l_pifoi ji^_ [jlircg[l*
*m_og jio]i
g[cm ^[ p_l^[w_7=m _hilg_m ^cg_hm_m _ [ _mj[hnim[
gcml%`jwifnccE[f*8w.
^[ h^c[ j[l_]_g
ji^_l l_`on[l _mm[n_m_+
Iocnim ^_mn_m][gjih_m_m _mni) jil ionli f[^i) fca[^im [i mcmn_g[jl_*
p[f_]_hn_) j_f[ jimm_ ^_ og gchm]ofi j_^[i ^_ n_ll[ _ j_fi mcmn_g[
^_ ][mn[m+Kh^_ _mm_m
f[im m_ko_\l[l[g
iohoh][
_rcmncl[g) ]igi
h[m
_]ihigc[m ^_ jf[hn[i ]ig gi*^_*i\l[
]ihnl[n[^[
gocni \[l[n[) ^_
l[[ ^c`_l_hn_) io ^_ _m]l[pim) [m jimmc\cfc^[^_m ^_ chmoll_ci mi gocni
g[cil_m+ Ag\il[
im jlijlc_nlcim ^_ _m]l[pim ^i mof^im Amn[^im Qhc^im
j[l_[g n_l nc^i l_]_cim _r[a_l[^im) biop_ \ihm gincpim j[l[ n_g_l [
chmoll_ci7 h[ [hnca[ Nig[) hi D[cnc _ _g ionlim jihnim ^[m ?[l[\[m)
^ol[hn_ im m]ofim TREEE_ TET8 _g ]_ln[m j[ln_m ^[ Amj[hb[) him n_g*
jim gi^_lhim)
_) gocni l_]_hn_g_hn_) h[m jf[hn[_m ^_ [][l ^_
?o\[+ I[m) _g\il[
[ bcjn_m_ _rcacmm_og[ chp_mnca[i g[cm ]oc^[^im[
j[l[ ml ]ill_n[) hi _rjfc][lc[ ][mim bcmnilc][g_hn_ mcahc`c][ncpim+J_*
hbog jlif_n[lc[^i
lol[f ^_mm_ncji n_p_ ch`foh]c[ h[m l_pifo_m lomm[m
^_ .6-2 _ .6.4%.&+ Ag\il[
i ][mi ]bchm _mn_d[g_him \_g ^i]og_h*
n[^i _ n_hb[g mc^i cgjiln[hn_m [ im \[h^im ^_ ][gjih_m_m p[a[\oh*
^im [`[mn[^im ^[m mo[mn_ll[m jil gincpim ^cp_lmim)im gipcg_hnim l_pi*
fo]cihlcim ^_ .6/4 _ .616 hi l_mofn[l[g ^_ og jlif_n[lc[^i
lol[f
nl[\[fb[h^i
_g al[h^_m jlijlc_^[^_m+
J_g `ic _mm_i ][mi him gipc*
g_hnim l_pifo]cihlcim ^i m]ofi TET+ ?igi
_rjfc][i
a_l[f) _mm[
]ih]_ji
hi m_lpc[)mcgjf_mg_hn_+
+
Boach^i ^[m _rjfc][_m g[n_lc[cm) ji^_l[gim
pifn[l*him) h[nol[f*
g_hn_) j[l[ bcjn_m_m mi\l_ i j[j_f ^[ l_fcaci+ ~ jlcg_cl[ pcmn[)j[l_]_
og ][gchbi
jlig_n_^il+
K bch^omgi ji^_lc[ _rjfc][l gocni \_g [
j[mmcpc^[^_ ^im ][gjih_m_m ch^c[him+ @_ gi^i
g[cm a_l[f) og[ ]imgi*
fiac[ ilahc][ ko_ ]ih`_lcmm_ f_acncgc^[^_ [i j[j_f ^[m ]f[mm_maip_lh[h*
n_m)]ih]_\c^[
hog[ n_ilc[ ^_ b[lgihc[
^i Qhcp_lmi ko_ ^_mm_h`[m_
l_mcah[i _ []_cn[i ^i ^_mnchi ch^cpc^o[f) ji^_lc[) ]ih]_\cp_fg_h*
n_) ]ihmncnocl og `iln_ cgj_^cg_hni
j[l[ [ chmoll_ci _ j[l[ [ l_pifn[)
m_im ][gjih_m_m []_cn[mm_g [m mo[mhilg[m+ =koc) mla_ cg_^c[n[g_hn_
og[ ^c`c]of^[^_+ P[cm l_fcac_m mi jli^oni
^_ ]f[mm_m
ol\[h[m _ m[]_l^i*
%.&Ni\chmih) _g GebQ\GeccYQ%
j+ /-3) _rjf]cni h_mn_jihni +

,,
c

-.)

6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H96 9>I69JG6

: 96 9:BD8G68>6

n[cm+= _rn_hmi ^[ mo[ []_cn[i _hnl_ im ][gjih_m_m jli\f_gnc][+

Ag a_l[f) [ _rcmnh]c[ ^_ og[ mo\]ill_hn_ ^_ ]l_h[ ^EO!nchcc^[ ^[m
][g[^[m ]ofn[m) `l_k_hn_g_hn_ _g m_hnc^i ijimni) ][l[]n_lct[ [m mi]c_*
^[^_m ][gjih_m[m+ L[mm[^im p_l\[fg_hn_
^_ a_l[i _g a_l[i) m im
`l[ag_hnim ^_mn[ nl[^ci mo\n_llh_[ _h]ihnl[g
jlip[p_fg_hn_
l_acm*
nli bcmnlc]i) _) gocni jimmcp_fg_hn_) ^_ `ilg[
^cmnil]c^[+
I_mgi
h[ h^c[) _h]b[l][^[
_g l_fcaci) bhog_lim[m ch^c][_m
^_ og[ _mj[fb[^[ bimncfc^[^_ ]ihnl[ im \lg[h_m+ Limmcp_fg_hn_) im
][gjih_m_m
ch^c[him _ ionlim []l_^cn[g
h[ _`c]ch]c[ ^[ g[ac[ _ ^i
lcno[f _g mc)_hko[hni ko_) mcgofn[h_[g_hn_) m_l_mm_hn_g ^[ jl_m_h[
^i [a_hn_ bog[hi
ko_ _r_]on[ im lcno[cm_ ^im jl_im ko_ _f_ _rca_ j_f[
mo[ _r_]oi+ Oolacl[g) ]f[h^_mnch[g_hn_) n[hni h[ Aolij[
]igi
h[
mc[) jil f[laim j_li^im) gipcg_hnim j[l[ [][\[l
]ig im m[]_l^in_m)
[nchach^i []_mmi ^cl_ni ^cpch^[^_ _ `ihn_ ^_ g[ac[ _) ^_ p_t _g
ko[h^i)
_rjl_mm[h^i*m_ ^_ `ilg[
b_lnc][ _ l_\_f^_+ = _mm_l_mj_cni)
chn_l_mm[]ihb_]_l [m ]cl]ohmnh]c[m ko_ nilh[g im ][gjih_m_m l_]_jnc*
pim [ _mm_m
gipcg_hnim) _g ]_ln[m ji][m) _ hi l_]_jncpim _g ionl[m+
P[g\g
hi ]ihmncno_g og []igj[hb[g_hni
ohcp_lm[f ^im f_p[hn[*
g_hnim ][gjih_m_m g[cm cgjiln[hn_m+ D jio]im mch[cm^_ ko[fko_l
]igjih_hn_
l_fcacimi h[m j_lnol\[_m ^_ ][gjih_m_m ko_ jl_]_^_l[g
_ []igj[hb[l[g
[ N_pifoi Bl[h]_m[) J[ N_pifoi Nomm[) [fn[*
g_hn_ cgjlipp_f ko_ [m hi_m l_pifo]cihlc[m ^[m ]c^[^_m) l_fcacim[m
io m_]of[l_m+c+`imm_g
^_ ko[fko_l cgjilnh]c[+ C+ P+ Ni\chmih) hi m_o
_mno^i ^[ pc^[ ][gjih_m[
lomm[ [n_m ^_ .6.4) ch^c][ ko_ [m ]ill_hn_m
l_fcacim[m _ ionl[m ]ill_hn_m chn_f_]no[cm)pch^[m ^i _rn_lcil [i _h]ihnli
^im ][gjih_m_m) m__h]ihnl[p[g)
h[ mo[ nin[fc^[^_) ^i f[^i ^i ]ihm_l*
p[^ilcmgi)
_ h_a[ _h_lac][g_hn_ i j[j_f ^[m c^c[m)l_pifo]cihlc[m jli*
p_hc_hn_m ^[m ]c^[^_m$@+ l ]ih_\p_f ko_ g[cil chp_mnca[i jimm[ pcl [
l_p_f[l i j[j_f ^[m nl[^c_m mo\n_llh_[m jljlc[m ^im ][gjih_m_m) _h*
pifn[m _g n_lgim l_fcacimim+ ?ihno^i)
j[l[ n_l mcahc`c][^i) og[ n[f
_rjfc][i) hi ][mi ^[ Nmmc[ io ^_ ko[fko_l mi]c_^[^_) _rca_ ch`ilg[*
_mmi\l_ i gi^i
jil ko_ _mm[m
c^c[m _mn[p[g l_f[]cih[^[m ]ig ]cl*
)]ohmnh]c[m mi]c[cm]ih]l_n[m+ = l_fcaci) jil mcm) hi `ilh_]_ [ ]b[p_+
C++
K ^_`_cni ^_ ni^[m _mn[mbcjn_m_m l_mc^_ hi `[ni ^_ _f[m `cr[l_g
^_g[mc[^[g_hn_
[ [n_hi him ][gjih_m_m+ Qg[ l_`f_ri gig_hnh_[
mi\l_ i ]olmi ^_ ko[fko_l l_\_fci jl*ch^omnlc[f _mj_]`c][ l_p_f[ ko_
hi m_ji^_ jli]ol[l
_hn_h^*E[ m_g ]igj[l[i
]ig [m [_m^[m _f[m*
%,& E_\MWGeccYQ%
j+ .11+

>BEA>86oq:H

I:pG>86H

: EGD?:oq:H

12.

m_mmoj_lcil_m ko_) _g al[h^_ g_^c^[) [m jlipi][l[g+

Konl[ ][l[]n_lm*
nc][ hinp_f ^[m l_\_fc_m h[m mi]c_^[^_m [allc[m [ mo[ n_h^h]c[ j[l[
nig[l_g
i ][ln_l ^[ mi]c_^[^_ ]ihnl[ [ ko[f m_l_pifn[l[g+
Jim n_g*
jim gi^_lhim)
_mm[n_h^h]c[ i\m]ol_]c^[)
jilko_ [m l_\_fc_m \_g*
*mo]_^c^[mng mc^i i jl_f^ci ^_ og[ chp_lmi nin[f _ pcif_hn[ ^_ ni^[
[ mi]c_^[^_+ J[m l_pifn[m ][gjih_m[m [hn_lcil_m _l[ gocni g[cm _pc^_hn_+
Km chmoll_nim fon[g j_f[ l_mn[ol[i ^[ !f_c [hnca[!) ]igi
h[ 7QeUb^&
[bYUW%
j_fi !]t[l
p_l^[^_cli!
io j_fi !]t[l
\ig!)
him gipcg_hnim
lommim+J[ ?bch[ nl[^c]cih[f) i l_mofn[^i$ `ic! `l_k_hn_g_hn_)
[ mo\mnc*
noci ^[ og[ ^ch[mnc[ ^_][^_hn_ jil ionl[ hip[ _ pcailim[) io m_d[)
og[ l_mn[ol[i _mm_h]c[fg_hn_ ]ig [ g_mg[ _mnlonol[ mi]c[f+ =hn_m ^_
i\m_lp[lgim im ][gjih_m_m) n_l_gim ko_ i\m_lp[l ni^[ [ mi]c_^[^_+
P_h^i _g pcmn[ _mn[m]ihmc^_l[_m) ji^_gim
jl [ ko_mni ^_
]_lnim ncjim ^_ mi]c_^[^_m [allc[m_ jl*gi^_lh[m
_mn[l_g g[cm mod_cnim
[ chmoll_c_m_ l_\_fc_m ][gjih_m[m ^i ko_ ionlim _ ko[cm [m ][l[]n_*
lmnc][m _mnlonol[cm ko_ [do^[g
[ _rjfc][l
[m ^c`_l_h[m+ K ]ihnl[mn_
_hnl_ [ h^c[ _ [ ?bch[ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ ^_gihmnl[l
ko_ _rcmn_g ^c`_*
l_h[m _ ko_ _f[m ng jlifiha[^[m
]ihm_kh]c[m jifnc][m+ @_ gi^i
m_g_fb[hn_) [ _rcmnh]c[ ^_ og[ mo\mn[h]c[f n_hn[ncp[ ^_ l_pifn[ ][gji*
h_m[ h[ h^c[ * [ ^_ Ds^_l[\[^)
_g .615 *) g_mgi jih^i
^_ f[^i
ionlim gipcg_hnim g_hil_m) moa_l_ `iln_g_hn_ ko_ h_hbog[
_mnlonol[
mi]c[f ji^_ _mn[l nin[fg_hn_ cgoh_ m n_h^h]c[m l_pifo]cihlc[m ]lc[^[m
hi ]olmi ^[ gi^_lhct[i+
Lil ionli f[^i) ]_ln[m mi]c_^[^_m mi i\pc[*
g_hn_ gocni g[cm pofh_lp_cm^i ko_ ionl[m+ @_ gig_hni)
ji^_gim
jl ^_ f[^i ni^im im jli\f_g[m
ko_ mola_g hi+ ]olmi ^[ gi^_lhct[i
_ ko_ m_ ]ih]_hnl[g
_mj_]c`c][g_hn_ h[m ^c`_l_h[m _mnlonol[cm ^[m
mi]c_^[^_m jl*gi^_lh[m$
\*
K ]ihnl[mn_ _hnl_ [ h^c[ _ [ ?bch[ moa_l_ og[ bcjn_m_ n[fp_t
g[cm ^_`_hmp_f^i ko_ [m ko_ [][\[gim
^_ ^cm]oncl+= mi]c_^[^_ ch^c[*
h[) ]igi
gocnim _mno^cimimi\m_lp[l[g)
[mm_g_fb[*m_[ og _hilg_ g[m
gocni mcgjf_m ila[hcmgi
chp_ln_\l[^i+ Ji _l[ h_]_mmlc[j[l[ [ ]ihnc*
hoc^[^_ ^i m_o `oh]cih[g_hni
og[ [onilc^[^_
]iil^_h[^il[)
og gi*
%0&?igi ^_gihmnl[g [m _rjl_mm_m!cgoh_! _ !pofh_lp_f!)i ]imnog_ chafmcgj_
og[ pcmi ]ihm_lp[^il[ h[ [hfcm_
^[m l_pifo_m7[ ]ih]fomi cgjf]cn[ ko_ og[ mi]c_^[^_7
!m[o^p_f!_mn
cgoh_ l_pifoi+ Pig[*m_ jil cmmih_]_mmlci
nilh[l ]f[l[ [ l_d_ci^_mn[
]ih]fomi jil j[ln_ ^i [onil+ = [hfcm_
^i gincpi jil ko_ [ml_pifo_mi]ill_g
io hi hi
hcjfc][ og[ [jlip[i io ^_m[jlip[i WnRTNM]'
g[m ko_ chp_mnca[^il[faog _mn_d[fcpl_^_ n[cm
jl_`_lh]c[m+O_g n_hn[l ^_m_hpifp_l[koc i [laog_hni) momj_cniko_ m_ji^_ \_g ^_`_h^_l [
n_m_^_ ko_ [mmi]c_^[^_m_h`_lg[m mi [ko_f[m_g ko_ [ml_pifo_mmi cgjimmp_cm
+

,,

()&

6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H96 9>I69JG6

h[l][ io) j[l[ ]ihncho[l [ [h[fiac[ \cifac][) og ]l_\li+ =nl[pm ^_

al[h^_ j[ln_ ^[ bcmnlc[ch^c[h[) [n im n_gjim gi^_lhim) hi biop_
[onilc^[^_ ]_hnl[f ko_ cgjom_mm_
[ mo[[onilc^[^_ [ ni^i i mo\]ihnc*
h_hn_+= mi]c_^[^_ ch^c[h[ f_g\l[ [ _mnl_f[*^i*g[l ko_ $Xim
j_m][^il_m
]imnog[p[g ^_mj_^[[l cl[^[g_hn_) [jm i ko_) ^_ ][^[ `l[ag_hni)
h[m]c[ og[ hip[ _mnl_f[+
I[m [ [h[fiac[ ch_r[n[+ = mi]c_^[^_ ch^c[h[
_l[ [ch^[ gocni mcgjf_m_) ]ihno^i) g[cm ^c`_l_h]c[^[+ K ]fcg[) im mcmn_*
g[m ^_ [alc]ofnol[) im mcmn_g[m
^_ [jfc][i ^_ cgjimnim) [m]l_h[ml_fc*
acim[m_ gocn[mionl[m ][l[]n_lmnc][mmi]c[cm_ ]ofnol[cm^c`_lc[g hcnc^[*
g_hn_ ^_ og jihni ^i j[m j[l[ ionli+ = ][mn[)jil ionli f[^i) _l[
]igog [ ni^im _ `ilh_]c[ [ _mnlonol[_g nilhi^[ ko[f ni^[ [ pc^[ _l[
ila[hct[^[ _g ni^[ [ j[ln_+ Pilh[p[ jimmp_cm
_mn[m
^c`_l_h[mog[
mi]c_^[^_ ih^_ og m_ag_hni n_llcnilc[f ji^_lc[ m_lm_j[l[^i ^i l_mni
m_g _mnl[aimio) j_fi g_him) m_g ^[him `[n[cmj[l[ _f_ io j[l[ i $l_mni
^[ mi]c_^[^_+Iocni g[cm cgjiln[hn_) mi\ i jihni ^_ pcmn[^i himmi
jli\f_g[
cg_^c[ni) i l_p_lmi ^_mn[][l[]n_lmnc][+Mo[fko_l n_hn[ncp[
^_ chip[i) ko[fko_l p[lc[i fi][f) nilh[p[*m_mcgjf_mg_hn_[ \[m_ ^_
ionl[$ ][mn[+Ji m_nl[n[ [j_h[m ^_ og[ ko_mni ^_ hip[m ]l_h[ml_fc*
acim[m+
@[^i ko_ [ ^cmnchi
_hnl_ m[al[^i _ jli`[hi gocni ^\c[ h[
mi]c_^[^_ ch^c[h[) _ ^[^i ko_ im ]^caim ^_ ][mn[m]ig nihml_fcacimim
]i\l_g jl[nc][g_hn_ ni^[ [ a[g[ ^_*[ncpc^[^_m
bog[h[m) ko[fko_l chi*
p[i) io ko[fko_l n_hn[ncp[^_ chip[i) him n_gjim jl*gi^_lhim)
nilh[p[*m_)gocni h[nol[fg_hn_) h[ \[m_ ^_ ionl[ ][mn[+=mmcg<-.<-mc*
i mi]c_^[^_ _ i _mjifc[l ^[ mi]c_^[^_ nilhio*m_ og[ j! +n_ ^_mm[
g_mg[ mi]c_^[^_) mi\ [ `ilg[ ^_ ][mn[m^_ \[h^c^im io ][mn[mmi\ [
`ilg[ ^_ m_cn[m
l_fcacim[m+fJ[?bch[) n[g\g m_]ihb_]_g \[h^c^im
b_l_^cnlcimn(&+@_hnli ^i ]ihn_rni ]bchm)i m_omcahc`c][^i_l[ nin[f*
g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_)[fg ^i `[ni ^_ [ [omh]c[^_ ][mn[ nilh[l i l_]lon[*
g_hni g[cm `]cf+
J[ ?bch[) i m_hbil lol[f h_]_mmcn[p[
^_ og[ `iln_
[onilc^[^_ ]_hnl[f) ko_ `[tc[ j[ln_ ^i mcmn_g[)
j[l[ _rnl[cl i _r]_^_hn_
^im ][gjih_m_m+ =n n_gjim gocni l_]_hn_m)[ ][mn[ nilh[p[ _mm_
mcm*
n_g[ ^_mh_]_mmlci
h[ h^c[+Lil _mm_
gincpi) [ mi]c_^[^_ ]bch_m[h_]_m*
mcn[p[^_ [fai m_g_fb[hn_[ og ]l_\li) og[ [onilc^[^_ ]_hnl[f g[cm ^i
ko_ lo^cg_hn[lg_hn_ ]iil^_h[^il[+
Km\[h^c^im _l[g og[ [g_[[ h[
?bch[ _ ji^c[g nl[hm`ilg[l*m__g chmoll_c_m
^_ ][gjih_m_m+
= bcjn_m_ a_l[f ko_ _g_la_ ^_mn[\l_p_ l_][jcnof[i) li^_[^[
jil [ko_f[ `l[m_lcno[f `[gcfc[l SUdUbYc
`QbYRec%om[^[ j_fim chn_f_]no[cm
%.& =cYQ_%GebQ\
8XY^Q%
`* 13/)

>BEA>86oq:H

: 96 9:\d'V)8G68>n

I:pG>86H

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: EGD?:oq:H

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h_m_m)
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g_hn_) [ ijimci nig[ [ `ilg[ ^_ g[cm og m_ag_hni+Lil ionli f[^i)
og[ \oli]l[]c[ [allc[)io og[ mi]c_^[^_ ko_ ^_j_h^_ ^_ og[ [onilc*
^[^_ ]_hnl[f j[l[ _rnl[cl i _r]_^_hn_) og ncji gocni g[cm pofh_lp_f
[ _mm_m
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`_o^[cm)ih^_ i p_l^[^_cli ji^_l
_mj[fb[^i jil ^cp_lmim]_hnlimmi\ [ [onilc^[^_ higch[f ^_ og gih[l*
][ `l[]i) `c][g _hnl_ [g\im+ Amn[bcjn_m_]ih]il^[) j_fi g_him) ]ig
im `[nimjlch]cj[cm ^_mn__mno^i+= l_\_fci ][gjih_m[ _l[ og jli\f_g[
al[p_ h[ ?bch[ nl[^c]cih[f _ h[ Nmmc[ ]t[lcmn[8_l[ og jio]i g_him
al[p_) g[m `l_k_hn_g_hn_ pch^i nih[) h[ Aolij[ g_^c_p[f8 _l[ \[m*
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hin[gim) og[ p_t g[cm)ko_ i rcni io i `l[][mmi ^[m]f[mm_m
moj_lcil_m
[i m_i]oj[l_g
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him l_mofn[^imjifnc]im+ Kh^_ [ ]f[mm_moj_lcil jlijlc_nlc[ m_pifnio
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ch`foh]c[m]ig_l]c[cm j_lg_[l_g [ pc^[ lol[f) [ml_pifo_m][gjih_*
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i [hnc*l_pifo]cihlc[m_p_lc`c]io+Ji F[ji ^i I_cdc)og[ ]f[mm_moj_*
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^[ mi]c_^[^_ ][gjih_m[ nl[^c]cih[f) ]igi g_ci ^_ _rnl[cl i _r]_^_hn_+
Ag ionlim ][mim*]b[p_m)
[ mi]c_^[^_ ][gjih_m[ `ic ^_mnlo^[)ko_l j_fi
]iln_ ^[ fca[i ]ig [ n_ll[) ]igi h[ Ehaf[n_ll[) ko_l j_f[ chn_hmc`c][*
i ^_mm[fca[i) ]igi hi ][mi ^[ l_chnli^oi ^[ m_lpc^i h[ Llmmc[+
?ihnl[lc[g_hn_) [mjlip[m ch^c][g ko_ gocni g[cmpcp_f
ko_ og gi*
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cgjofmi ]ig_l]c[f l_[fg_hn_ ji^_limi) ^_hnli ^[mmo[mjljlc[m `cf_cl[m+
Ahni) ji^_l ^_cr[l [nlm
^_ mcog[ mi]c_^[^_ ][gjih_m[ ^[hc`c][^[
g[m chn[]n[) ]ig [ ko[f n_g jio]im _fim^_ fca[i+Ahnl_n[hni) jli*
-

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6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H96 9>I69JG6

: 96 9:BD8G68>6

>BEA>86oq:H

pp_fko_ n_hn_ g[hn_l i m_o_mncfi^_ pc^[ hog goh^i _g nl[hm`ilg[*

i) _rnl[ch^i og g[cil _r]_^_hn_ ^im ][gjih_m_m+ Bic _mn_)^_ fiha_)
i ][mi ^[ Bl[h[ ^i m]ofi TREEE _ ^[ Nmmc[_ ^[ ?bch[ ^ol[hn_ im
m]ofim TET _ TT%3&+X
= al[h^_ ao_ll[ $^im ][gjih_m_m [f_g_m) [ 7QeUb^[VYUW^_ .2/1*
*.2/2) cfomnl[_mm[m
l_f[_m ^_ og gi^i
hinp_f) _mj_]c[fg_hn_ m_]ig*
j[l[lgim
[m tih[m _g ko_ clligj_o
pcif_hn[g_hn_ ]ig [m j[ln_m ^[
=f_g[hb[
ih^_ hi j[mmio ^_ og _jcm^ci chmcahc`c][hn_+@[^i ko_
`ic [ g[cm cgjiln[hn_
l_pifoi ][gjih_m[
^i ch]ci ^im n_gjim gi*
^_lhim) h[ Aolij[)
]ihpcl `[f[l ^_f[) l_mogc^[g_hn_+ Qg[ p_t g[cm) i
m_o mcahc`c][^i nilh[l*m_* g[cm ]f[li jil ]ihnl[mn_ ]ig [m gi^c`c][_m
^[ mi]c_^[^_ chaf_m[+Qg m_nil ch`fo_hn_ ^[m ]f[mm_mmoj_lcil_m jlijlc_*
nlc[m^_ n_ll[m ^[ Ehaf[n_ll[ jl_ _h^c[) hi big_hm) g[m mcg n_ll[ j[l[
]lc[i ^_ ][lh_clim+ Kmdohe_lm [f_g_m) jil ionli f[^i) jl_n_h^c[g
big_hm) g[cm _mj_]c`c][g_hn_ big_hm fca[^im n_ll[) j[l[ ]ofncp[l_g i
]_l_[f ko_ _f_m _rjiln[p[g+
Cl[h^_ j[ln_ ^[ bcmnlc[ mo\m_k_hn_ ^im
^icm j[m_ml_jiln[*m_ [ _mn[^c`_l_h[ chn_lh[+
J[ Llmmc[)i [j[l_]cg_hni
^[ _rjiln[i
^_ ]_l_[f nlior_ ]ihmcai
og[ jli`oh^[
chp_lmi ^[m n_h^h]c[m [hn_lcil_m) ko_ b[pc[g mc^i m_g_*
fb[hn_m m ^[ Aolij[
K]c^_hn[f) ih^_ [ ^_gi]l[]c[
j[lf[g_hn[l
_p_h*
no[fg_hn_ nlcoh`io+ Ag g_[^im ^i mw]ofi TER) [ Llmmc[[ch^[ m_[mm_*
g_fb[p[ Aolij[
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n_hb[ [nchac^i _mm[`[m_ jil og
)][gchbi
^c`_l_hn_+ Al[ _hni og[ n_lw[ ^_ ][gjih_m_m jlmj_lim _ l_f[*
ncp[g_hn_ fcpl_m+P[f ]igi
hi l_mni ^i ko_ jimn_lcilg_hn_ m_nilhio i
hil^_mn_ ^[ =f_g[hb[)
[ h_]_mmc^[^_ ^_ ]ih]_^_l
]ih^c_m `[pilp_cm
[im ]ifihim [f_g_m cgcal[hn_m nchb[ mc^i) _g ]ihdohni ]ig [ ]lc[i
^_ og[ `iln_ [onilc^[^_ ]_hnl[f mi\ [ `ilg[
^[ Kl^_g P_onhc][ _ ^_
og[ pcailim[ pc^[ ]cn[^ch[) [ ][om[ jlch]cj[f ^_mm[fc\_l^[^_+ Km][gji*
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]igi
^_ p_h^_l im m_omjli^onim him g_l][^im ^[m ]c^[^_m jlrcg[m+
Km m_om^_p_l_m j[l[ ]ig i m_hbil lol[f) n[hni _g*^chb_cli ]igi
_g
%3&= Eh^c[ ji^_l j[l_]_l og[ _r]_i [ _mn[ a_h_l[fct[i ^[ mi\l_pcph]c[ ^[ mi]c_*
^[^_ ][gjih_m[
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][om[ ^[ l_pifoi gi^_lh[)
_rjfc]p_f) _g j[ln_) _g n_lgim ^im
cgj_^cg_hnim l_\_fci _ l_pifoi ch_l_hn_m _mnlonol[ mi]c[f jl*lhi^_lh[
^[ Eh^[ _) _g
j[ln_) j_f[ g[h_cl[
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[ gi^_lhct[i
m_ _`_noio [n [ail[+ A) i ko_ g[cm cgjiln[hn_
[ch^[) [ gi^_lhct[i
g[f ]ig_io
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I:pG>86H

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: EGD?:oq:H

nl[\[fbi)
_l[g j_ko_him) _ [ [onilc^[^_ ^i m_hbil mi\l_ im [mmohnim^[
[f^_c[ _l[ _mnlcn[g_hn_ fcgcn[^[) jlch]cj[fg_hn_
!domnc[moj_lcil!)
cmni ) [im ]lcg_m g[cm al[p_m+Mo[hni [i l_mni) im [f^_im nl[n[p[g ^im
m_omjljlcim [mmohnim$!&+
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im ]ifihim) nl[tc[*im ^_m^_ i m_ojihni ^_ ilca_g) ^_mnch[p[*fb_m[m mo[m
jlijlc_^[^_m)
g_^c[ im ][gjim ^[ [f^_c[ _) _g nli][) m_nilh[p[ i ]b_`_
b_l_^cnlci ^[ [f^_c[) ]ig jlijlc_^[^_m
g[cil_m ^i ko_ [m ^im l_mn[h*
n_m%5&+
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[m [f^_c[m ^i hil^_mn_ ^[ =f_g[hb[
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im m_om^cl_cnim mi\ [ `ilg[
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jimn_lcil mo\doa[i hi hil^_mn_) _g\il[
im ionlim `[nil_m `imm_g jli*
p[p_fg_hn_ g[cm mcahc`c][ncpim+Konl[ ^c`_l_h[ _g l_f[i [i mof `ic i
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jicm im [f_g_m `cr[l[g*m_ _g
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:9

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6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H96 9>I69JG6

: 96 9:BD8G68>6

l_m ^_cr[l[g
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j[l[ i ]ofncpi _ [gjfc[i
^i m_o ^ighci+ L[l[ n[f) _l[ h_]_mmlcii
nl[\[fbi
^im ][gjih_m_m+ =og_hn[l[g
im m_lpcim_g nl[\[fbi8 im ][g*
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[i mifi+ Km m_om^cl_cnim ^_ p_h^_l _ f_a[l [
mo[ jlijlc_^[^_
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I:pG>86H

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Km ][gjih_m_m
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l_pifn[ cgjiln[hn_
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l[g [ N_pifoi Bl[h]_m[+ Emmijilko_
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jihnim) m_hi `imm_gim chn_f_]no[cm
[hnc]ih*
]_jno[fcmn[m)
ko_ m_^_fc]c[g hog _m`ilij[l[ _mg[a[l [m ^cmnch_m
bcmnlc][m)
[jihn[h^i n[cm
nlcpc[fc^[^_m+
K\pc[g_hn_) i ko_ cgjiln[ i j[j_f ko[fcn[ncpi ^_m_gj_hb[^i j_fi g_l][^i h[
tih[ lol[f7 i m_o_`_cni mi\l_ [ml_f[_mmi]c[cm
+

,,
c

240

6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H96 9>I69JG6

> 96 9:BD8G68>6

n_]hifac][m ng mc^i gocni g[cm cgjiln[hn_m hi K]c^_hn_8 h[+ _]ihi*

gc[ ^i [llit ^[ mc[) [ g[cil jli^oncpc^[^_ n_g molac^i jlch]cj[fg_hn_
[nl[pm ^[ chn_hmc`c][i^i nl[\[fbi bog[hi+
@_hnli ^_mn_ ]igjf_ri
^_ gi^c`c][_m l_f[]cih[^[m)
b nlm
[mj_]nim jifcnc][g_hn_ cgjiln[hn_m7 i ][ln_l ^[ fca[i _hnl_ [ ]igo*
hc^[^_ ][gjih_m[
_ i m_hbil lol[f) [m^cpcm_m^_ jlijlc_^[^_
_ ^_ ]f[m*
m_m_hnl_ im ][gjih_m_m _ i al[o ^_ mifc^[lc_^[^_ io ^_ ]i_mi [jl_m_h*
n[^i j_f[ ]igohc^[^_
][gjih_m[+
@[^i ko_ _mn_mnlm [mj_]nim m_
_h]ihnl[g
ni _mnl_cn[g_hn_ fca[^im _hnl_ mc) cgjimmp_f _pcn[l mi\l_*
jimc_m_ l_j_nc_m)[i n_hn[l nl[[l j[^l_m ][l[]n_lmnc]im ^_ gi^_l*
hct[i j[l[ ][^[ og ^_f_m+
L[l[ pifn[l [i jihni ^_ j[lnc^[ ^i jli]_mmi) p_lc`c][*m_ko_ _rcm*
n_g _g gocn[m ]cpcfct[_m[allc[m]_ln[m m_g_fb[h[m_hnl_ [m ]igohc*
^[^_m ][gjih_m[m io [f^_c[m _ h[m mo[ml_f[_m ]ig i goh^i _rn_lcil+
O_lncf ]ig_[l ^_m_hb[h^i i jf[hi a_l[f \mc]i ^_mm[m
]igohc^[^_m
_g n_lgim gocni a_l[cm) ]igjl__h^_h^i
ko_ b chg_lim jihnim ^_
[`[mn[g_hni
^_mn_ jf[hi) ni^im jifcnc][g_hn_
mcahc`c][ncpim+J[ l_[fc*
^[^_) g[cm `]cf]igjl__h^_l
i mcahc`c][^i ^_mm_m
jihnim ^_ [`[mn[*
g_hni) m_j_l]_\_lgim
jlcg_cl[g_hn_
ko[f i gi^_fi
a_l[f+ Hcgcn[l_c [
^cmm_ln[im [f^_c[m) ]ih]_\c^[m ]igi
jipi[g_hnim
]igj[]nim
li^_[*
^im jil| ][gjim
]ofncp[^im+ Ag\il i mcmn_g[^_ jipi[g_hnim
ch^cpc*
^o[cm _mj[fb[^im n[g\g
m_p_lc`cko_ \[mn[hn_) hi i jl_^igch[hn_
_g j[ln_ [faog[) _r]_ni) n[fp_t) _g ]_ln[m tih[m ^im Amn[^im Qhc^im)
him n_gjim ]ifihc[cm _ ^_ `lihn_b*[+ Lil mcm) _mn[ og[ ^[m \[m_m j[l[
m_l_]om[l [ ^_mcah[i ^_ ][gjih_m_m [im f[pl[^il_m [g_lc][him+
Mo_l ^cl_n[) ko_l ch^cl_n[g_hn_) i m_hbil lol[f ^_m_gj_hbio
og
j[j_f cgjiln[hn_
h[ pc^[ ^[ [f^_c[+ J[m mi]c_^[^_m `_o^[cm) _l[ i [gi8
h[ ?bch[ \oli]lnc][) _l[ i m_hbil lol[f ^_j_h^_hn_ ^[ \oli]l[]c[
cgj_*
lc[f8 _g ]_ln[m j[ln_m ^[ h^c[) i jQ]Y^TQb%og[ `caol[ mcno[^[) Wb_cc_
]_T_% _hnl_ i `oh]cihlci \oli]lnc]i _ i [gi `_o^[f) = n[l_`[ a_l[f
^i m_hbil lol[f m_]of[l _l[ [ ^_ jlijil]cih[l
m_aol[h[ ]ihnl[ im chcgc*
aim _rn_lhim+ Bl_k_hn_g_hn_) g[m hi ohcp_lm[fg_hn_) _f_ _r_l]c[ [
domnc[_ l_mifpc[ [m ^cmjon[m _hnl_ im b[\cn[hn_m ^[ [f^_c[+ =i f[^i ^i
m_hbil lol[f m_]of[l _mn[p[ ]ig `l_kh]c[ i m[]_l^in_+ = mo[ n[l_`[ _l[
[ ^_ [do^[l [ ]ih`_lcl f_acncgc^[^_ il^_g mi]c[f jl_p[f_]_hn_ _ `ilh_*
]_l og g_ci ^_ _rjfc][l _ _h`l_hn[l im [t[l_m _ ^_m[mnl_m)
j[l[ im ko[cm
_l[g ch[^_ko[^[m [mn]hc][m _]ihgc][m _ mi]c[cmnl[^c]cih[cm ^im ][g*
jih_m_m+ Ag nli][ ^i ^_m_gj_hbi
^_mn[m`oh_m) i m_hbil lol[f _ i
+j[^l_ _rnl[[g
i _r]_^_hn_ _]ihgc]i
^im ][gjih_m_m) mi\ [ `ilg[

>BEA>86oq:H

I:pG>86H

> EGD?:oq:H

241

^_ gi*^_*i\l[)
jli^onim [al]if[m io [n ^chb_cli) _g\il[
_mn_`imm_
a_l[fg_hn_ g_him cgjiln[hn_
him n_gjim jl*]ig_l]c[cm+ K gi^i
jil
ko_ _mm[m
i\lca[_m _l[g ^cmnlc\o^[m _hnl_ im ][gjih_m_m p[lc[p[ ]ih*
mc^_l[p_fg_hn_+ K ^cl_cni ^_ im ][gjih_m_m ]ofncp[l_g [ n_ll[ _ ao[l^[*
l_g og[ j[ln_ ^im m_omjli^onim j[l[ omi jljlci
^_j_h^c[ a_l[fg_hn_
^i ]ogjlcg_hni
^[m l_`_lc^[m i\lca[_m+
Djlip[m ]ihmc^_lp_cm_g [\ihi
^[ n_m_^_ ko_) ko[h^i im f[im
l_mofn[hn_m^[m l_f[_m _hnl_ i m_hbil lol[f _ [ ]igohc^[^_
][gjih_m[
mi `iln_m) [ n_h^h]c[ j[l[ [ l_\_fci %_)g[cm n[l^_) l_pifoi& ^im
][gjih_m_m `l[][+ P[hni h[ ?bch[ ]igi
h[ Nmmc[) im f[im _l[g
nho_m _ im f_p[hn[g_hnim ^im ][gjih_m_m) _h^gc]im h_mm_mj[m_m)
_g\il[
[ _mnlonol[ ^[m ]igohc^[^_m
][gjih_m[m `imm_ ni ^c`_l_hn_
ko[hni m_ jimm[ cg[ach[l+ Ji F[ji)
ih^_ [m l_pifo_m ][gjih_m[m
`il[g
g[hnc^[m mi\ ]ihnlif_) [ fca[i _l[ gocni _`c][t+ Arcmn_g [faohm
jihnim ^_ chn_llia[i _ ]ihnl[^c_m h[m jlip[m+ J[ h^c[) i ji^_l
_mnlcn[g_hn_ jifnc]i
hi ]b_a[p[ m [f^_c[m) _r]_ni _g ]_ln[m l_[m)
h[ ji][
jl*\lcnhc][+ I[m _rcmnc[g `iln_m f[im]ig [ [onilc^[^_ [nl[*
pm^im m[]_l^in_m+
@o[m ]ih^c_m mi jlip[p_fg_hn_
_mm_h]c[cm
j[l[ ko_ [ fca[i
m_d[og [a_hn_ _`c][t ^[ _mn[\cfc^[^_ mi]c[f+ Qg[ ^_f[m hi b[p_l `iln_
]gj_nci) j_f[ n_ll[ io jil ionlim l_]olmim) _hnl_ im ][gjih_m_m _ i
m_hbil lol[f+ Ji m_ nl[n[ mcgjf_mg_hn_ ^[ ko_mni ^[ ko[hnc^[^_ ^_
n_l$l! ^cmjihp_f+ =m chmncnoc_m
mi]c[cm mi ni cgjiln[hn_m ]igi

ko[hnc^[^_ ^_ n_ll[) j[l[ ^_n_lgch[l

m_ im ][gjih_m_m ng io hi
`ig_ ^_ n_ll[m+ =mmcg) moacli og[ m_aoh^[ ]ih^ci) _mnl_cn[g_hn_
l_f[]cih[^[
]ig [ jlcg_cl[7 [ _mn[\cfc^[^_ jifnc][ _rca_ [ ch]fomi ^
m_hbil lol[f _,io ^i j[^l_ ]igi
g_g\lim
^[ ]igohc^[^_
[f^_ ko_
_r_]on[g
m_lpcimh_]_mmlcimj[l[ i ]c]fi [al]if[
_ j[l[ [ ]i_mi
mi]c[f ^[ [f^_c[) _ j_fim ko[cm l_]_\_g
jlcpcfacim _ l_]igj_hm[m
g[n_*
lc[cml[ti[fg_hn_
]ih]_^c^im+ Amn_jihni _rva_ g[cil ^_n[fb_) jicm `[t
molacl [mj_]nim a_l[cm ko_ mi [mmohni ^_ [][fil[^[
^cm]ommi+
= ^c`c]of^[^_ l_mofn[ ^[ hii ^_ l_]igj_hm[m _ jlcpcfacim jli*
jil]cih[cm [im m_lpcimjl_mn[^im j_f[ ]f[mm_moj_lcil+ Jog[
mi]c_^[^_
`_o^[f) ko[hnim ipim _ a[fchb[m) _g ji][m ^i [hi ^_n_lgch[^[m) ko[h*
nim ^c[m ^_ nl[\[fbi)
him ][gjim
^i m_hbil) m_lc[g og j[a[g_hni
!domni! +j_f[ jlin_i _ j_f[ domnc[^i m_hbil< Ji m_nl[n[l ^_ og[
ko_mni chn_cl[g_hn_ [l\cnllc[) ko_ [j_h[m ji^_ m_l ^_]c^c^[ jil og
n_mn_^_ `il[< @_ gi^i
g[cm a_l[f) hi m_li ]ih]_cni ^_ !_rjfil[*
i! jol[g_hn_
mo\d_ncpi) h[^[ g[cm ^i ko_ og _jn_ni jifnc]i ko_

,p,

(*(

6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H96 9>I69JG6

: 96 9:BD8G68>6

hi ji^_ m_l g_^c^i i\d_ncp[g_hn_< Iocni jlip[p_fg_hn_) [ g[cilc[

^im ]c_hncmn[m
mi]c[cm^_ bid_ l_mjih^_lc[ [`clg[ncp[g_hn_ [ _mn[mj_l*
aohn[m+O_ m_nig[l _mm[jimci) [ jlijimn[ moa_lc^[nl[hm`ilg[*m_ _g
nlcpc[fn[onifiac[+ Ocahc`c][ko_ im ][gjih_m_m hi m_l_p6fn[g _hko[h*
ni []_cn[l_g ]igi f_ancgim im jlcpcfacim^[ [lcmni]l[]c[ _ [mmo[mjl*
jlc[m i\lca[_m j[l[ ]ig _f[+E_b aeU ]_dYf_ im ][gjih_m_m im []_c*
n[g) ]ihncho[ [ m_l og jli\f_g[+ @_hnli ^[ _mnlonol[^_mn[jimci)
[ `il[ _ i fiali ji^_g m_l[mhc][ml_mjimn[mjimmp_cm
[ _mn[ko_mni)
jicm og[ mlc_^_ l_]igj_hm[m ni [l\cnllc[ ]igi ko[fko_l ionl[+
L[l_]_*g_ ko_) h_mn_jihni) ni^[ [ chn_ljl_n[i mo\d_ncp[^[ _rjfil[*
i m_ ko_\l[ _ m_ nilh[ `f[al[hn_g_hn_ [oni]ihnl[^cnlc[+ ?igi
ji^_g hip_ ^]cgim ^[ ]ifb_cn[ ^im ][gjih_m_m m_l g[cm io g_him
[l\cnllcim^i ko_ og n_li< +
K jihni ^_ pcmn[ijimni) ^_ ko_ [ _rjfil[i ) _g jlch]jci) og[
hii i\d_ncp[) `[t g[cm m_hnc^i)^_ g[h_cl[ a_l[f) ^_pi [^gcnc*E[)_)
j_fi g_him) jlijil]cih[
[ jimmc\cfc^[^_^_ og[ _rjfc][i+ K jihni
_g ko_mni i ^_ m_ji^_l io hi `[t_l og ]f]ofi i\d_ncpi ^[m]ihnlc*
\oc_m^_ [ncpc^[^_mko[fcn[ncp[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m)n[cm]igi [ ao_ll[ _ i
]ofncpi ^i mifi) j[l[ [ ]ihncho[i ^[ _rcmnh]c[^_ og[ mi]c_^[^_
_mj_]`c][+ %Km
_]ihigcmn[m ]imnog[p[w ^ct_l*him ko_ cmmi_l[ jimmp_f)
j_fi g_him [nl[pm ^_ og g_l][^i ^_ ]ih]illh]c[) g[m m_hncl*m_*c[g
l_fon[hn_m)j_hmi _o) _g cl ni fiha_ [ail[+& L[l_]_*g_ ko_ cmmim_d[jim*
mp_fj[l[ og i\m_lp[^il ^_mfca[^i U` mmohni_ ko_ i `[lc[) ]ifi][h^i
[m j_laohn[m nl[^c]cih[cm7%.&Amn[[ncpc^[^_ h_]_mmlc[
j[l[ [ mi]c_^[*
^_< K ko_ mo]_^_lc[ m_j[l[mm_+io m_gi^c`c][mm_<%/&Mo_ l_]olmimmi
h_]_mmlcim
j[l[ j_lgcncl [i jipi _`_no[l _mn[[ncpc^[^_ ]ig _`c]]c[<
Ag\il[ [ml_mjimn[m[ _mn[m
j_laohn[m m_gjl_ n_hb[g og[ g[la_g mo\m*
n[h]c[f ^_ ch]_ln_t[) ng n[g\g og h]f_i i\d_ncpi ]igog+
@_hnli ^_ fcgcn_mmo`c]c_hn_g_hn_[gjfim j[l[ [ mi]c_^[^_ `oh]ci*
h[l) i ][ln_li\d_ncpi ^[ _rjfil[i j[l_]_ ni n_llcp_fg_hn_ \pci ko_
f_p[ [ momj_cn[lko_ [ h_a[i ^[ i\d_ncpc^[^_ ko_ h_]_mmcn[
m_l_rjfc*
][^[+ Ji ^c`]cf ^ct_l ko[h^i og[ ]igohc^[^_ _olijc[ l_]_\_ jli*
n_i l_[f ^i m_om_hbil _ ko[hni i m_hbil hi ]ihm_ao_ [`[mn[l im chc*
gcaim io _mn
fca[^i [ _f_m+
Qg m_hbil lol[f ko_ hi g[hng [ j[t) ko_
ao[l^[ [ g[cilc[ ^i [fcg_hni ^im ][gjih_m_m _ fb_mlio\[ [mgofb_l_m
* ]igi mo]_^c[ _g gocn[m tih[m ^[ ?bch[) him m]ofimTET _ TT *
]f[l[g_hn_ _rjfil[^il+ Ahnl_ _mn[mcno[i_ [ domnc[
i\d_ncp[ _rcmn_g
al[^[_m gocni ^cp_lm[m)
_g ko_ [ jlijili
_hnl_ im m_lpcim
jl_mn[*
^im _ i _r]_^_hn_) _rnl[^i ^im ][gjih_m_m _mn
mod_cn[[ ^cm]ommi+

>BEA>86oq:H

*,

,,

+8+

I:pG>86H

(*)

: EGD?:oq:H

P[cm^cmjon[mji^_g chnlca[l im `cfmi`im+Ji mi ^_ gif^_ [ ^cpc^cl[

mi]c_^[^_+ = n_m_[koc [jl_m_hn[^[ [j_h[m [`clg[ ko_ [m ]ihnlc\oc_m
^im ko_ fon[g) aip_lh[g _ l_t[g ^_p_g m_l_pc^_hn_mj[l[ i ][gjihm)
_ ko_ im j[a[g_hnim ^i ][gjihm) _g nli][ ^_f[m)hi ^_p_g _mn[l_g
al[h^_ ^_mjlijili _g l_f[i [im m_lpcim
jl_mn[^im+Km ]ih]_cnim
jijof[l_m ^_ domnc[)
j[l[ [jl_m_hn[l i [laog_hni ^_ ionl[ `ilg[) ng
og[ \[m_ l[]cih[f _ l_[fcmn[8_ im mcmn_g[m
ko_ m_[`[mn[g ^_mm[\[m_
h_]_mmcn[g)jlip[p_fg_hn_) n[hni g[cm ^i fiali _ ^[ `il[ ko[hni g[cm
^_f[7m_[`[mn[g+
?_ln[m `ilg[m ^_ gi^_lhct[i mi _mj_]c[fg_hn_ mom]_np_cm
^_
nl[hm`ilg[l ko[fko_l `ilg[ ^_ _kocf\lci ko_ m_jimm[ _mn[\_f_]_l h[m
l_f[_m_hnl_ [ ]igohc^[^_ ][gjih_m[ _ [m ]f[mm_m
moj_lcil_m jlijlc_*
nlc[m)
[jfc][h^i hip[m n_hm_m[im g_][hcmgim ko_ [m fca[g+ Kh^_ [
[onilc^[^_ l_[f n_hb[ [og_hn[^i _ chn_hmc`c][^i[ ][la[ ^i ][gjihm)
j[l[ m[ncm`[t_lim ]omnim^_ og ]ilji gcfcn[l _g _rj[hmi _ ^[ \oli]l[*
]c[ [^gchcmnl[ncp[)\_g ]igi ^_ og[ jifnc][ ^cmj_h^cim[ ^_ g[ahc`c*
]h]c[ ]iln_m) i ^_m_hpifpcg_hni ^i [\mifoncmgi l_[f ji^_ ]ihnlc\ocl
j_m[^[g_hn_ j[l[ [m _rjfim_m ^im ][gjih_m_mnn&+Kml_cm>iol\ih
_
im ]t[l_m lommim)][^[ og ^_f_m^_ gi^i gocni ^c`_l_hn_) oncfct[l[g
_mn[]ig\ch[i ^_ ^cmjimcncpim
j[l[ ^ig[l [ml_mj_]ncp[mhi\l_t[m) +
]omn[ ^_ gocni mi`lcg_hni _hnl_ im ][gjih_m_m+ = l_[i jlipi]io
_loj_mchn_lgcn_hn_m)gocni g[cm al[p_m h[ Nmmc[^i ko_ h[ Bl[h[+
KmPo^ilm _ im Ono[lnmh[ Ehaf[n_ll[ _h`l_hn[l[g og[ mcno[ichn_cl[*
g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_ _ j_l^_l[g og[ ][\_[ l_[f) _g j[ln_ jilko_ n_hn[l[g
jlin_a_l im ][gjih_m_m ]ihnl[ i ]igjiln[g_hni
![hnc*mi]c[f! ^_ og[
hi\l_t[ [ ][gchbi ^[ ]ig_l]c[fct[i+ Ji F[ji) i HX_We^Pieoa[q[
pifnio l_mifon[g_hn_ [m ]imn[m[i goh^i _rn_lcil _) [mmcg)hi n_p_^_
]lc[l og mcmn_g[gcfcn[l _ [^gchcmnl[ncpi ni ^cmj_h^cimi ]igi i ^im
gih[l][m [\mifonim ^[ Aolij[+ =mj_lnol\[_m ][gjih_m[m hi m_nil*
h[l[g cgjiln[hn_m [hn_m^[ fncg[ j[ln_ ^_mm[_l[+
@_ g[h_cl[ a_l[f) [ ]lc[i ^[ gih[lkoc[ ]_hnl[fct[^[ mcahc`c][p[
ko_ i m_hbil lol[f cg_^c[n[g_hn_ []cg[ ^im ][gjih_m_m j_l^c[ [mmo[m
`oh_m^_ jlin_i+ P[hni h[ Bl[h[ ]igi h[ Nmmc[)_mm[gi^c`c][*
i p_lc`c]io*m_^_ gi^i [ ^_cr[l chn[]nim)_g al[h^_ g_^c^[) im ^cl_c*
nim^i m_hbil ko[hni [ og[ mlc_^_ i\lca[_m j+il j[ln_ ^i ][gjihm+
Amm_m
^cl_cnimm_hbilc[cm_l[g [jic[^im j_fi hipi ji^_l ^i Amn[^i) jil*
%0.&L[l[ i\n_l og l_f[ni ^_n[fb[^i ^[m l_f[_mh[ Bl[h[ ^i m]ofi TREE)p_l Lil]b*
h_p) H_e\UfU]U^dc`_`e\QYbUc'

,,

133

6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H96 9>I69JG6

: 96 9:BD8G68>6

ko_ [ [onilc^[^_ l_[f hi ji^c[ [fc_h[l [ hi\l_t[+ Lil mo[ p_t) [ al[^o[f
ch`cfnl[i h[ tih[ lol[f ^[m g_l][^ilc[m
`_cn[m h[m ]c^[^_m) ^_ ko_ i
m_hbil h_]_mmcn[p[io dofa[p[ h_]_mmcn[l)_g ]ihdohni ]ig [m _rcah]c[m
^i ]ihmogi
]ihmj]oi
^[ ]iln_) [og_hn[p[ [ h_]_mmc^[^_ ^_ i m_hbil
_rnl[cl g[cm ^im ][gjih_m_m+ = ch][j[]c^[^_
^_ [`clg[i ^[ [alc]of*
nol[ ]ig_l]c[f
_g f[la[ _m][f[ jcilio
[ mcno[i) pcmni mcahc`c][l ko_
^c`c]cfg_hn_ b[pc[ ko[fko_l [fn_lh[ncp[ ijl_mmi [i ][gjihm+ ?igi
pcgim) [m+n_h^h]c[m ko_ m_ p_lc`c][l[g
j[l[ [ [alc]ofnol[ ]ig_l]c[f
_l[g ^i ah_li ^_ l_jl_mmi ^[ gi*^_*i\l[+
J[ Bl[h[) h[ Nmmc[_ _g
ionl[m j[ln_m ^[ Aolij[
Klc_hn[f) i j_ko_hi m_hbil nilhio*m_ [ `caol[
g[cm l_[]cihlc[) n[fp_t jilko_
ni^[m [m [fn_lh[ncp[m m_`_]b[p[g
j[l[
_f_) n[cm]igi
[ ]iln_) og \ig
][m[g_hni io og[ n_hn[ncp[ ^_ [alc]of*
nol[ ]ig_l]c[f+ Ji bh_]_mmc^[^_^_ _f[\il[l
[ fca[i _hnl_ _mm[m
n_h*
^h]c[m _ i ^_m]ihn_hn[g_hni
^im ][gjih_m_m) ko_ d`ic [jihn[^[
jil
chg_lim bcmnilc[^il_m+
Jim fi][cm ih^w im ][gjih_m_m m_l_pifn[l[w) bch^c][_m^_ ko_
`il[g
[]l_m]_hn[^im hipim gni^im ][jcn[fcmn[m ^_ _rnl[cl i _r]_^_hn_
_]ihgc]i
^im ][gjih_m_m) _hko[hni im mcmn_g[m
nl[^c]cih[cm m_g[hnc*
hb[g io _l[g g_mgi chn_hmc`c][^im+=mmcg mo]_^_o h[ Bl[h[ ^i m*
]ofi TREEE) ih^_ i gipcg_hni
][gjihm
ko_ [do^io [ ^_llo\[l
i
Q^SYU^bwWY]Unchb[+`iln_m ][l[]n_lmnc][m [hnc][jcn[fcmn[m _ [hnc`_o^[cm+
J[ Nmmc[)[ [i ^i ]t[l ^_ ^_mnlocl [ m_lpc^i [ j[lncl ^_ ]cg[ hi
]ihm_aoco m[ncm`[t_l im ][gjih_m_m ++
Km j[a[g_hnim
j[l[ [ fc\_ln[i
_l[g ^_g[mc[^i _f_p[^im _ [m ]ih]_mm_m ^_ n_ll[ ^_g[mc[^i j_ko_h[m)
]igi
^_gihmnlio
_g \l_p_ [ mo\m_k_hn_ []ogof[i
^_ [nl[mim ^_
j[a[g_hnim+ J[ [omh]c[ ^_ ko[fko_l gi^_lhct[i
]igjf_n[
^[ tih[
lol[f) _mm_m
j[a[g_hnim
nilh[l[g*m_ mcgjf_mg_hn_ hipim gni^im ^_
_rnl[i ^i _r]_^_hn_ ^im ][gjih_m_m) cgj_^ch^i*im ^_ i\n_l_g
[
n_ll[ ko_ _l[ mo[ !jil ^cl_cni!+ P[g\g
h[ ?bch[) i ][gjihm ^_gihm*
nlio) ]ig i m_o ]igjiln[g_hni)
ko_ m_l_mm_hnc[^[ ]ig\ch[i
^i
[hncai `oh]cihlci ]i\l[^il
^_ cgjimnim ]ig i m_hbil lol[f ]ig_l]c[f)
j_lmihc`c][^[ j_fi l_acg_ Goigchn[ha+
+
Amn_m`[nim hi cgjfc][g
ko_ [ ][la[ nin[f ^i ][gjihm [og_h*
n[mm_^USUccQbYQ]U^dU%
h_mn[m]cl]ohmnh]c[m+J[ l_[fc^[^_) og foa[l*
*]igog
bcmnlc]i ko_ [ g_fbilc[ ^[ mcno[i _]ihgc][
^im ][gji*
h_m_mjimm[ m_l og jl_f^ci
j[l[ [ l_pifn[%0/&+K `[ni j[l_]_ _mn[l
%0/&
Amm[g_fbilc[ ji^_lc[ j[l_]_l ]ihnl[lc[l [ n_m_^_ ko_ [ _rjfil[i i\d_ncp[ ][om[
^_ l_pifn[+ Ji h_]_mm[lc[g_hn_[mmcg+
= l_f[i _hnl_ i m_hbil lol[f _ [ ]igohc^[^_ ][gji*

>BEA>86oq:H

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I:pG>86H

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134

gi^_l[^[g_hn_
\_g _mn[\_f_]c^i _g l_f[i tih[ lol[f chaf_m[) [hn_m
^i f_p[hn[g_hni
^_ .05.) 7QeUb^\QYUW
^i m]ofi TRE h[ =f_g[hb[
_
[im ][gjih_m_m `l[h]_m_m [hn_m ^_ .456+ Ag ionlim ][mim) im g[cm cg*
jiln[hn_m * Nmmc[_ ?bch[ * [ ][la[ ^im ][gjih_m_m [og_hnio)
gocni
jlip[p_fg_hn_+
O_d[ ]igi
`il) og ^im al[h^_m j_lcaim j[l[ i Q^SYU^bwWY]U%
^o*
l[hn_ [m jlcg_cl[m `[m_m^[ nl[hmci j[l[ i goh^i
^i ]igl]ci
_ ^[
ch^mnlc[) _l[ j_l^_l i [jici ^[ ][g[^[
moj_lcil ^im ][gjih_m_m+ Qg[
_rjfc][i ko_ m_nilhio ]igog
[ _rjfc][i jmc]ifac][) ko_ ch^c][
ko_$ [ g_fbilc[ fcgcn[^[ ^[ jimci _]ihgc][
^_mm[ ][g[^[
f_pio [
_rcah]c[m ][^[ p_t g[cil_m _) _p_hno[fg_hn_) [ og[ [i l_pifo]cih*
lc[+ Amn[ hii ^_ og[ !l_pifoi ^_ ]l_m]_hn_m _mj_l[h[m! ji^_ n_l
og ]_lni ji^_l _rjfc][ncpi+ Ji m_lp_) jilg)
]igi
_rjfc][i a_l[f+
P[hni j[l[ [ Nmmc[]igi
j[l[ [ ?bch[) g_mgi hi m]ofi TT) nilh[ [
jlip[ ko[m_ cll_]ihb_]p_f+ D^cp_lm[mg[h_cl[m ^c`_l_hn_m j_f[m ko[cm
im ][gjih_m_m g[cm lc]im m_pifn[g j[l[ [ il^_g [hnca[) ]ih`ilg_
[m
]cl]ohmnh]c[m bcmnlc][m _mj_]`c][m _ i cgj[]ni
mi\l_ _f[m ^[m ^c`_l_h*
n_m`ilg[m ^[ mi]c_^[^_ ][gjih_m[+
K lcngi ^[m gi^c`c][_m h[ pc^[ ^im ][gjih_m_m) ch]foch^i i
hg_li
^_ j_mmi[m [`_n[^[m mcgofn[h_[g_hn_) ]ihmncnoc `[nil ]l o]c[f )
jil mcjljlci+
Oomj_cni m_l g[cm cgjiln[hn_
^i ko_ [m [fn_l[_m g[n_*
lc[cm_g [fcg_hnim) [\lcaim _ p_mnolci)[ g_him ko_ _mn[mm_d[g gocni
m\cn[m _ p[mn[m+= ^_n_lcil[i _]ihgc][
_g `[m_mf_hn[m ji^_ m_l+
[]_cn[ j_f[m mo[mpncg[m) ]igi
j[ln_ ^[ mcno[ihilg[f+ Amj_]c[fg_hn_
ko[h^i hi b[fn_lh[ncp[m ]f[l[g_hn_ pcmp_cm)
ji^_*m_ _h]ihnl[l
][^[
p_t g[cil []_cn[i ^[m jlcp[_m) ^_hnli ^i j[^li
^im ][gjih_m_m
^[kocfi ko_ domni _ ^_pc^i+ K ko_ _h`ol_]_ im ][gjih_m_m %_hi m
im ][gjih_m_m& og[ hip[ _ m\cn[ _rcah]c[ cgjimn[ ko_ ][c mi\l_
gocn[ a_hn_) [i g_mgi n_gji) _ mcahc`c][ og[ ko_\l[ ^_ l_al[m _ ]imno*
g_m []_cnim+ I_mgi im ][gjih_m_m ch^c[him nl[^c]cih[fg_hn_
^]_cm m_
f_p[hn[l[g
_g g[mm[ _ cgjom_l[g
i _mj_]nli ^[ l_pifn[ [allc[ _g
h_m[ji^_ nilh[l*m_ g[cm _rjfil[^il[)
m_g ko_ im ][gjih_m_m `cko_g g[cm ji\l_m) g_mgi ko_
[ mo[ mcno[ig[n_lc[f g_fbil_+ =mmcgmo]_^_ko[h^i [m_rcah]c[m^i m_hbil [og_hn[g _ [
mo[]ihnlc\oci j[l[ i \_g*_mn[l _ j[l[ [ m_aol[h[^[ [f^_c[ ^_]fch[+Qlh[ ^cgchoci ^[ ]ih*
nlc\oci ^i m_hbil) _g ]ihdohni ]ig olh[ g_fbilc[ _]ihgc][ a_l[f _ im _m`ilim^i m_hbil
j[l[ [og_hn[l [ mo[ !j[ln_!) ji^_lc[ ][om[l l_mm_hncg_hnim
nl_g_h^im+ R_lc`c][l ]oc^[^im[*
g_hn_ _mn_]ih]_cni ^_ _rjfil[i i\d_ncp[) _g ]igj[l[i
]ig ][mim^cp_lmim)m_lc[og _g*
jl__h^cg_hni gocni ^c`]cf g[m ]igj_hm[^il+ Ji i `ct8 [ hii molaco*g_)hi ]olmi ^_ og
jlifiha[^i
_m`ilij[l[ _rnl[cl i m_hnc^i^im ^[^im i\nc^im) _ [jl_m_hni*[ ]ilhi olh[ bcjn_m_
[ m_l_mno^[^[ko_ _h]ihnl[ ]_lni [jici h[ _pc^h]c[+

p,,

135

6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H96 9>I69JG6

al[h^_ j[ln_ ^[ l_aci ^_ >_ha[f[) h[ ^][^[ ^_ .53-) ko[h^i im m_hbi*

l_m chaf_m_m
n_hn[l[g `il*fim [ ]ofncp[l [hcf [ jl_im gcm_lp_cm)
j[l[
og g_l][^i nrncfmo\cn[g_hn_ _g _rjfimi%00&+
=mg_^c^[m l_pifo]ci*
hlc[m]ihnl[ im j[^l_m) h[ R_h^c[) ncp_l[g og _`_cni gocni m_g_fb[h*
n_+Ji h_]_mmlci
gofncjfc][l im _r_gjfim+ K jihni mcahc`c][ncpi
ko_) h_mn[m]cl]ohmnh]c[m)[ml_]f[g[_m ch^cpc^o[cmnilh[g*m_ mo\cn[*
g_hn_ ]if_ncp[m+O_ i cgj[]ni `il*^i ncji [^_ko[^i %m\cni)[gjfi)
]ihno^i hi ni al[p_ ko_ `[[ ]ig ko_ [ l_mcmnh]c[
]if_ncp[ j[l_[
chncf ^_m^_i ch]ci&) ji^_l jlipi][l
[ cahci ^[ mifc^[lc_^[^_ h[
l_\_fci io h[ l_pifoi ^_ ko[fko_l ncji ^_ mi]c_^[^_ ][gjih_m[+
Pcji [faog fb_ cgoh_) [n ih^_ jimmi dofa[l+ ?ihno^i) bp[lc[_m
hi jin_h]c[f _rjfimcpi ko_ ji^_g _mn[lfca[^[m[im ncjim ^_ mi]c_^[^_
][gjih_m[+
Ji ^_]ill_l ^_mn__mno^i)hin[gim og[ a[g[ mo\mn[h]c[f^_ ^c`_*
l_h[mhi al[o ^_ ]iij_l[i _ h[ ^cpcmi[mmi]c[^[ ^[ gi*^_*i\l[ h[m
]igohc^[^_m ][gjih_m[m+ Jog ^im _rnl_gim) ji^_l[gim ]ifi][l im
][gjih_m_m ^[ R_h^c[) ]ig [mmo[mkochn[mcmif[^[m)\[mn[hn_ [njc]im
_g l_f[i [im ][gjih_m_m ^[m mi]c_^[^_m]cpcfct[^[m+Ji ionli _rnl_*
gi `c][lc[ [ [f^_c[ d[jih_m[ [fn[g_hn_ chn_al[^[) ko_ j_lmcmnco
[n im
n_gjim gi^_lhim+ Ag \[m_ma_l[cm)j[l_]_ \pci ko_ i al[o ^_ mifc^[*
lc_^[^_ [jl_m_hn[^i j_fim ][gjih_m_m) ^[^i ko_ og[ _rjl_mmi ^_
ni^[ [ l_^_ ^_ l_f[_mmi]c[cm^_hnli ^[m ko[cm][^[ ch^cp^oi pcp_[
mo[ pc^[) n_lc[ og[ ch`foh]c[ cgjiln[hn_ h[mn_h^h]c[mjifnc][m+?ih*
no^i) jilko_ _mm_
`[nil _mn
chn_lfca[^i ]ig gocnim ionlim) [ [p[fc[i
^[ mo[ cgjilnh]c[ [jl_m_hn[ ^c`c]of^[^_m+P[f ]igi chn_ljl_ni [mjli*
p[m)[ [omh]c[ ^_ mifc^[lc_^[^_ %io) g[cm _r[n[g_hn_) og _mn[^i ^_
`l[][ mifc^[lc_^[^_) pcmniko_ m_gjl_ _rcmn_[faog[ ]iij_l[i& cgj_
al[h^_m ^c`c]of^[^_mhi ][gchbi ^_ aeQ\aeUb [i jifnc][+ Lil cmmi)[
mo[ ]ihm_kh]c[ ]ihm_lp[^il[) _g\il[
i ncji ^_ ]biko_ m\cni ^_
ko_ `[f[gim jimm[ ofnl[j[mm[l _mm[n_h^h]c[ ]ihm_lp[^il[ _ f_p[l im
][gjih_m_m [i pcif_hn[+Lil ionli f[^i) ih^_ [ mifc^[lc_^[^_ al[h*
^_) jimmp_f^cmnchaocl_hnl_ [m`ilg[m ]ihm_lp[^il[m _ [mko_ `[pil_*
]_g [ l_\_fci io [ l_pifoi+
Jog[ `ilg[ ^_ mifc^[lc_^[^_ l_\_f^_ io l_pifo]cihlc[) im mcmn_*
g[m chmncno]cih[cm
mi ^_ gif^_ [ _mj[fb[l [ml_]f[g[_m jil ni^[ [
]igohc^[^_ ][gjih_m[ _ nl[hm`ilg*E[hog aloji mifc^lcibimncf[i
%00&
Ah]ihnl[*m_ og l_f[ni _fo]c^[ncpi) ^_ og jihni
EUQcQ^dJ`bYcY^Wc%
][ji ER+

>BEA>86oq:H

: 96 9:BD8G68>6

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)*

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I:pG>86H

136

: EGD?:oq:H

m_hbil+ D`iln_m ch^c][_m^_ ko_ cmmimo]_^c[ h[m [f^_c[mlomm[m)

_g
`chm^i m]ofi TET _ jlch]jcim ^i m]ofi TT+ Qg[ ^[m jlch]cj[cm ]ih*
m_kh]c[m^[ l_^cpcmij_lc^c][ ^[ jlijlc_^[^_
^i ]Yb%io ]igoh[
][gjih_m[) j[l_]_ n_l mc^ia_h_l[fct[l [ `ig_ ^_ n_ll[m_ [fchb[l im][g*
jih_m_mg[cm lc]im ]ig im g[cm ji\l_m+ Bic _mn[]_ln[g_hn_ [ ]ih]fomi
^_ Onifsjch) ko_ chp_ln_o i [hn_lcil [jici i`c]c[f j[l[ i XT\' _ n_hnio
_mn[\_f_]_l og[ p_lmi lomm[^_ mfc^imj_ko_him jlijlc_nlcim) j[l[
[jic[l i nlihi im]cf[hn_^im Nig[hi``%01&+P[g\g
p[f_ [ j_h[ l_]il*
^[l ko_ im ]igohcmn[m]bch_m_m)
[hn_m^_ nig[l_g i ji^_l) ncp_l[g ko_
]lc[l _mm_
ncji ^_ mifc^[lc_^[^_ ]ig g[n_lc[cmmi]c[cml_`l[nlcim
++
K ncji ijimni ^_ mifc^[lc_^[^_) i ]ihm_lp[^il) ^_lcp[ [ mo[]i_mi
fca[h^i _mnlonol[mi]c[f jl_p[f_]_hn_ im ko_ ng gincpim l_[cm_ jin_h*
]c[cmj[l[ l_]f[g[l+ Emnimo]_^_)]igi gimnl[g im g[n_lc[cmd[jih_m_m_
ch^c[him)[nl[pm ^_ og[ ^cpcmi^[ gi*^_*i\l[
ko_ n_g) jil nlm
^_ mc)
`iln_m m[h_m)
_hko[hni ko_) [i g_mgi n_gji) jlijil]cih[
og hc]bi
l_]ihb_]c^i) _g\il[ bogcf^_) j[l[ Kmko_ ng jio][m jlijlc_^[^_m+ l
gocni jimmp_fko_ [ ]b[p_ ^[ ^c`_l_h[ _hnl_ [m `ilg[m ^_ mifc^[lc_*
^[^_ l[^c][f _ ]ihm_lp[^il[ l_mc^[h_mm_
jihni+ = mifc^[lc_^[^_ l[^c][f)
+n[f ]igi hi mcmn_g[
lommi)ji^_l l_jl_m_hn[l og[ n_hn[ncp[j[l[ _h]ih*
nl[l og[ ^cmnlc\oci_kocn[ncp[^_ og l_]olmi _m][mmi)
io m_d[)^[ n_ll[8
[ mifc^[lc_^[^_ ]ihm_lp[^il[ \[m_[p[*m_|h[ ^cpcmi^[ gi*^_*i\l[+ Ag
a_l[f) j[l_]_ g[cm `]cf]ihm_aocl ko_ [m j_mmi[m]iij_l_g
hog[ n[l_`[
]igog ^i ko_ i `[[g j[]c`c][g_hn_ hi omi ^_ l_]olmim _m][mmim%02&+
?ifi][h^i
[ g_mg[ ko_mni ^_ og gi^i fca_cl[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_) [
^cmjimci^[ jlijlc_^[^_ p[lc[ gocni ]ig i gi^i jil ko_ fca[ im ][g*
jih_m_mm mi]c_^[^_ jl_p[f_]_hn_) _ ^[ im m_om_`_cnimjifnc]im+ L[l[
ko_ m_`imm_g_g\li
^_ og[ [f^_c[ ]bch_m[_ m_`c][mm_mi\ [mch`foh*
]c[m ]ihm_lp[^il[m ^[ l_^_ ^_ i\lca[_m `[gcfc[l_m _ l_fcacim[m)_l[
h_]_mmlci
n_l og[ ]_ln[ ko[hnc^[^_ ghcg[ ^_ jlijlc_^[^_+ F jli]_mmi
^_ gi^_lhct[i [og_hnio [j[l_hn_g_hn_) ^_ gi^i gocni ]ihmc^_l*
p_f) i hg_li ^_ ][gjih_m_m [\[cri ^_mm_ghcgi) [fai ko_ n[g\g
%01&
Ni\chmih) _g GebQ\GeccYQ%
j+ .20) [jihn[ ko_) _hnl_ [mpchn_WeRUb^YYQc_g ko_ im
m_hbil_mlol[cm mi`l_l[g jl_dotim g[cm j_m[^im) ^ol[hn_ im f_p[hn[g_hnim ][gjih_m_m ^_
.6-2) ^_t_mm_cm
gimnl[p[g og[ jl_^igchh]c[ ^_ n_h^h]c[ l_j[lnp_f ^[mjlijlc_^[^_m b_l_^c*
nlc[m)
jil j[ln_ ^im ][gjih_m_m ch^cpc^o[cm+
Mo[hni [i l_]_ci ^[ mifc^[lc_^[^_ _hnl_ im ][gji*
h_m_m)
^[ j[ln_ ^i aip_lhi) p+YRYT'%
j+ /31+
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L[l[ i\n_l og[ cfomnl[ibogcf^_ ^i [mmohni)]igj[l[l
i ko_ mo]_^_ ko[h^i og[
al[h^_ `[gfc[ n_g ^_ jl_j[l[l og jcko_hcko_ ]igjfc][^i
hog[ jl[c[) ih^_ og[ ]lc[h[ l_]i*
fb_ f_hb[) ionl[ `[t [ `iao_cl[) _n]+)]ig i ko_ mo]_^_^ol[hn_ [ ]illc^[ g[nch[f j[l[ i \[hb_cli+

p,,

*+
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6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H 96 9>I69JG6

>BEA>86oq:H

: 96 9:BD8G68>6

^_p_ n_l mo]_^c^i him n_gjim jl*gi^_lhim _ ^[ i m_ojin_h]c[f l[^c*

][f+ Lil ionli f[^i) [m[f^_c[md[jih_m[m_ ch^c[h[mjlijil]cih[p[g
og[
mcno[if_ancg[) _g\il[ \[cr[) ko_f_mko_ nchb[g jio][m jlijlc_^[*
^_mio h_hbog[) n[hni him n_gjim jl*gi^_lhim) ]igi jiwn_lcilg_hn_+
K ncji ^_ mifc^[lc_^[^_ `l[][ ko_ chc\_ [ [i jifnc][ ^_ ko[fko_l
ah_li ) jlch]cj[fg_hn_) og `_hg_hi gi^_lhi+ =jm i _mn[\_f_]c*
g_hni ^_ og[ _mnlonol[][jcn[fcmn[f_a[f) _ ^_jicm ^_ i ]igl]ci
_[
ch^mnlc[n_l_g i\nc^i og cgj[ ^_i mo\mn[h]c[f)[ mi]c_^[^_ ][gjih_m[
ji^_ [nchacl og[ hip[ `ilg[ ^_ $_mn[\cfc^[^_
]ihm_lp[^il[+ =mmcgmo]_*
^_o _g al[h^_ j[ln_ ^[ Bl[h[)_g ]_ln[ml_[m
^[ =f_g[hb[ K]c^_hn[f
_ _g ionlim jihnim ^[ Aolij[ K]c^_hn[f) ^ol[hn_ [ jlcg_cl[ g_n[^_ ^i
m]ofi TET+I[lr ]ihm_aoco i\n_l [ _mmh]c[
^[ mcno[i)ko[h^i ]ig*
j[lio [m [f^_c[m`l[h]_m[m)]ihmmcno^[m
jil j_ko_him n_ll_him j_ln_h*
]_hn_m[im ][gjih_m_m) ]ig m[]im^_ \[n[n[m%03&+
= ][l[]n_lmnc][*]b[p_
[ [omh]c[^_ og[ l_^_ ^_ l_f[_m]iij_l[ncp[m+ Emmi
nilh[ [ gi^_lh[
[f^_c[ ][gjih_m[ hi ijimni ^[ [f^_c[ g_^c_p[f+ Qg _mno^il_]_hn_ ^_
og[ [f^_c[ ^_mm_
ncji) hi mof^[ Enfc[)
^_gihmnl[ ]igi [ ]igj_nci
_hnl_ [mohc^[^_m`[gcfc[l_mko_ ]ihmncno_g[ [f^_c[ chc\_ ko[fko_l ncji
^_ [i jifnc][ _`c][t+ = ilca_g ^i !`[gcfcmgi [gil[f! * og[ ][lc][*
nol[ ^i ][jcn[fcmgi * n_g l[t_m h[ bcmnlc[_mj_]`c][ ^_mm[[f^_c[) og[
mcno[i_rnl_g[ ko_ ]ihnl[mn[ ]ig m
l_f[_mg[cm ]iij_l[ncp[m) _g
ionl[m j[ln_m ^[ Enfc[%04&+
Konlim `[nil_m g[cm cgjiln[hn_ _ ^_ ][ln_l
g[cm a_l[f ji^_li m_li ^_m[j[l_]cg_hni ^im ^cl_cnim]igohm _ ^[ _r_*
]oi _g ]igog ^_ ]_ln[mn[l_`[m7^ol[hn_ i ]c]fi [al]if[) [ _mj[hnim[
cgjilnh]c[ ^[ j_ko_h[ kochn[) nl[n[^[ j_f[ gi*^_*i\l[ `[gcfc[l) _ [m
l_f[_m^_ ]ih]illh]c[ chnli^otc^[m j_fi ][jcn[fcmgi+ Jog[ `[m_g[cm
[p[h[^[ ^i ^_m_hpifpcg_hni ch^omnlc[f)_mn_ncji ^_ j_ko_h[ [f^_c[
[nigct[^[) ko_ p_gim _g ]_ln[mtih[m ^[ =f_g[hb[) nilhio*m_ [ m_g_h*
n_cl[ ^_ og m_hncg_hnil_[]cihlci [hnc][jcn[fcmn[)h[ tih[ lol[f+
Ag l_mogi) [m][om[mg[cmcgjiln[hn_m ^[ml_pifo_m][gjih_m[m
$ji^_g n_l mc^i [ [omh]c[^_ og[ l_pifoi ]ig_l]c[f h[ [alc]ofnol[)
^clcac^[ j_f[m ]f[mm_m
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[
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pcp_) ]igi hi F[ji) n_g ko_ g[hn_l*m__mnl_cn[g_hn_fca[^[ ]f[mm_
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`[ni ^_ og[ cgjiln[hn_ ][om[ ko_ ]ihnlc\oco j[l[ [ l_pifoi ][gji*

h_m[ n_l mc^i[ `l[ko_t[ ^im f[imchmncno]cih[cm
ko_ fca[g [ mi]c_+^[^_
][gjih_m[ m]f[mm_m
moj_lcil_m)_g ]ihdohni ]ig i ][ln_l^_ _rjfil[*
i ^_mm[l_f[i+ L[ln_ ^i mh^lig_ a_l[f n_g mc^i [ j_l^[) jil j[ln_
^i l_wg_) ^i [jici $^[m]f[mm_m
moj_lcil_m^im ][gjih_m_m lc]im) j_fi
`[ni ^_ _mn[m
n_l_g ]ig_[^i [ ch]fch[l*m_j[l[ mcmn_g[m
g[cm ][jcn[fcm*
n[m^_ [alc]ofnol[ _ [ _mn[\_f_]_l[ mo[ch^_j_h^h]c[ ]ihnl[ og[ n_hn[*
ncp[[lcmni]lnc][j[l[ g[hn_l [ mo[ jimci [nl[pm ^[ chn_hmc`c][i^_
i\lca[_m nl[^c]cih[cm) ]igi
mo]_^_o h[ Bl[h[ ^i m]ofi TREEE+
Mo[h^i _mn[m
]ih^c_m_mn[p[g [om_hn_m
io chp_lnc^[m)
[ml_pifn[m ][g*
jih_m[mhi ]ihm_aoc[g pcha[l io _l[g `[]cfg_hn_ mojlcgc^[m+
=m al[h^_m \oli]l[]c[m [allc[m^i [\mifoncmgi l_[f) ch]foch^i [
?bch[) _mncp_l[g _mj_]c[fg_hn_ mod_cn[m
]ig\ch[i ^_ `[nil_m ko_
`[pil_]_g [ l_pifoi ][gjih_m[+ = mo[ jljlc[ `il[ j_llhcn_*fb_m
chc\cl i ^_m_hpifpcg_hni ^_ og[ ]f[mm_]ig_l]c[f _ ch^omnlc[fch^_j_h*
^_hn_+Ji grcgi) _h]il[d[li og[ ]f[mm_`l[ag_hn[^[ _ fca[^[ jil
]il^cm l_[f_t[) j[l[ h_]_mmc^[^_m
^_ g[ahc`c]h]c[ io ^_ ao_ll[)
]igi mo]_^_o h[ Bl[h[ ^i m]ofi TREEE+
@igch[h^i [ \olao_mc[) [
]ili[ l_^ot i gj_ni hi m_hnc^i^_ og[ g[cil gi^_lhct[i) mi\ +[
`ilg[ ^_ og gipcg_hni l_pifo]cihlci \olaom+Amm_
_`_cni `ic \[m*
n[hn_ hin[^i) g_mgi h[ Bl[h[+= Nmmc[_ [ ?bch[) _m][j[h^i l_pi*
foi \olao_m[) nilh[l[g*m_ g[cmpofh_lcp_cmml_pifo_m][gjih_m[m+
=fg ^cmmi)og[ \oli]l[]c[ [allc[)]ig [m g[cm j_m[^[m_rcah]c[m^_
cgjimnim) [llcm][*m_
[ f_p[l im ][gjih_m_m j[l[ og[ [fc[h[ ]ig [m_fc*
n_mfi][cm ^[m ]c^[^_m)og[ mcno[i_mj_]c[fg_hn_ j_lcaim[) jicm m_j[l[
im `oh]cihlciml_[cm^[ g[mm[^[ jijof[i%05&+Bch[fg_hn_) h[ g_^c^[
_g ko_ nig[ [m `oh_mdo^c]c[cm_ ^_ jlin_i ^i m_hbil fi][f l_mc*
^_hn_)i [\mifoncmgi l_[f _h`l[ko_]_ i f[i ]lo]c[f ko_ fca[ im ][gjih_*
m_m
m]f[mm_m
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`oh_m[j_h[m j[l]c[fg_hn_
_ [i [][mi) ji^_ _hnl[l _g ]igj_nci ]ig [m_fcn_m
fi][cm j[l[ _rnl[*
i ^im l_]olmim ^im ][gjih_m_m+ J_mm[m]cl]ohmnh]c[m)mola_ [ n_h*
n[i ^_ im hinp_cm
fi][cm m_[fc[l_g [im ][gjih_m_m+
=m p[lc[_m^im ncjim ^_ []il^im mifc^lcim
_hnl_ im ][gjih_m_m)
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hb[l[g [ ;b_^TQ' R_l Lil]bh_p) H_e\xfU]U^dc `_`e(QYbUc%
jj+ ..5*0.)06/133+K [onil ^_*
gihmnlio) j[l[ [fg ^_ ko[fko_l ^pc^[ jimmp_f)ko_ [ ;\ZYOM `ic gocni g[cm ^i ko_ og[
\lch][^_cl[ [lcmni]lnc][+
Lil gincpim ko_ hi p[f_ [ j_h[ l_j_ncl) jicm `[t_g j[ln_ ^im [lao*
g_hnim ko_ n_hbi n_hn[^i [jl_m_hn[l) l_d_cnii m_o_m`ili_ i ^im [onil_m g[lrcmn[m)hi m_hnc*
^i ^_ c^_hnc`c][li [\mifoncmgi l_[f ]ig i `_o^[fcmgi+

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250

6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H96 9>I69JG6

: 96 9;'BD8G68>6

>BEA>86oq:H

j[l[ ]ihncho[lgim ]ig `[nil_m a_l[cm)mi jlch]cj[fg_hn_ cgjiln[hn_m

h[ g_^c^[ _g ko_ ]ihmncno_g jihnim `i][cm j[l[ [ ]lc[i ^_ og[ mi]c_*
^[^_ ][gjih_m[ ^cmnchn[)
_g ijimci ]f[mm_^igch[hn_) _ ]igi \[m_
j[l[ ]ih]_cnim jijof[l_m ^_ domnc[
_ chdomnc[)
ko_ ]ifc^_g ]ig im ^im
aip_lh[hn_m+=m ]ihm_kh]c[m]ihm_lp[^il[m io l[^c][cw ^_j_h^_g ^[m
`ilg[m _mj_]`c][m^[m chmncnoc_m
ko_ jligip_g
[ ]i_mi ][gjih_m[+
= mifc^[lc_^[^_ _hnl_ im ][gjih_m_m ji^_ [do^[l [m]f[mm_m
^igch[hn_m
io ]ihmncnoclog[ [lg[ ]ihnl[ _f[m)jil p_t_mgo^[h^i ^_ og [mj_]ni
j[l[ ionli+ Ag [faog[m mi]c_^[^_m jl*gi^_lh[m ji^_*m_ n[g\g
_h]ihnl[l) ]igi j[l_]_ n_l mc^i i ][mi ^[ ?bch[) og[ ^cpcmi^[ gi*
*^_*i\l[ ko_ ]lc[ ]i_mi gocni g_hil+ Lil cmmi)
i jin_h]c[f l_pifo]cih*
lci) mi\ i cgj[]ni ^[ gi^_lhct[i) p[lc[ gocni ^_ og[ mi]c_^[^_ [al*
lc[ j[l[ ionl[+ Lil ionli f[^i)+ [m`ilg[m g[cm _rnl_g[m ^_ [nigct[i
ko_ `iln_g_hn_ chc\_g [ [i jifnc][ _`c][t _ ko_ ng ji^_limim l_mof*
n[^im ]ihm_lp[^il_m j[l_]_g i]ill_l hog[ `[m_ jimn_lcil ^i ][jcn[*
fcmgi+ Qg[ n[f ]ofnol[ ^_ ji\l_t[
_aimn[ ji^_ m_l[j_h[m og[ `[m_
^_ nl[hmcij[l[ ionl[m `[m_m[ch^[ hi [nchac^[mj_fi ch^omnlc[fcmgi
[p[h[^i+
Km`[nil_m jl_]_^_hn_mji^_g _rjfc][l i gi^i jil ko_ mola__hnl_
im ][gjih_m_m og jin_h]c[f l_pifo]cihlci+ O_ _mm_
jin_h]c[f m_nilh[
jifcnc][g_hn_ _`c][t io hi) ^_j_h^_ ^[ jimmc\cfc^[^_^_ og[ `omi
_hnl_ [m ko_cr[m ^im ][gjih_m_m _ [m^[m ionl[m ][g[^[m+ Lil mcm)im
][gjih_m_m ji^_g hoh][ ]b_a[l [i _r_]on[l og[ l_pifoi+ Oi\ _mm_
[mj_]ni) im g[lrcmn[m_mni[\mifon[g_hn_ ]_lnim)_g\il[ _mn_d[gfiha_
^[ l_[fc^[^_ _g ionlim [mj_]nim ]lo]c[cm+Km][gjih_m_m jl_]cm[g n_l
]b_`_m^_ ionl[m ]f[mm_m+
I[m [ ]b_`c[) jil mcm)hi \[mn[+=ml_pifn[m
g_^c_p[cm _ jimn_lcil_m `il[g ]b_`c[^[m jil [lcmni]l[n[mio a_hn_ ^[
+]c^[^_ _) ]ihno^i) `il[g _mg[a[^[m+Amn_jihni ^_p_l]ihmncnoclog
[pcmi m[fon[l [im ^_n_lgchcmn[m
gi^_lhim * h_g ni^im _f_mg[lrcmn[m
* ko_ []b[g ko_) ^_m^_ko_ im ][gjih_m_m m_gip[g) pg h[nol[f*
g_hn_ [ ][gchbi al[h^_m gi^c`c][_m+J[ l_[fc^[^_) [ml_pifn[m ][g*
jih_m[m ng mc^i gocni g[cm p_t_ml_jlcgc^[m ^i ko_ \_g*mo]_^c^[m+
L[l[ ko_ n_hb[g rcni) h_]_mmlc[
og[ ]ig\ch[i ^_ ]cl]ohmnh]c[m
\[mn[hn_ ch]igog) ko_ [j_h[m i]ill_o him n_gjim gi^_lhim+ K rcni
_g mcn_g mc^i ^_ og ncji _mnlcn[g_hn_h_a[ncpi+Km][gjih_m_m `ilh_*
]_l[g [ ^ch[gcn_ ko_ ^_llo\io i _^c`]ci [hncai+L[l[ i nl[\[fbi mo\m_*
k_hn_ ^_ l_]ihmnloi h[^[ nlior_l[g8 _g p_t ^cmmi)`il[g * g_mgi
h[ Bl[h[ * [mjlcg_cl[m pncg[m+=m ]f[mm_m
moj_lcil_mng ^_ jimmocl
og al[o mo\mn[h]c[f^_ ]_ao_cl[) jlch]cj[fg_hn_ jli^oni ^_ ]cl]ohmnh*

A\

I:pG>86H

251

: EGD?:oq:H

]c[mbcmnlc][m_mj_]`c][m)j[l[ [m ko[cmm_gjl_ biop_ _r]__mch^cpc*

^o[cm cgjiln[hn_m) [hn_m ^_ m_nilh[l jl[nc]p_fog[ lojnol[ l_pifo*
]cihlc[+
J[nol[fg_hn_) i gipcg_hni ][gjihm hi _h]ihnl[ [fc[^im _hnl_
[ _fcn_)_g\il[
jimm[ [jic[l*m_ hog[ j[ln_ ^_f[) _mj_]c[fg_hn_ hog[
gi*]b_c[
^_ chn_f_]no[cm^_m]ihn_hn_mhim n_gjim gi^_lhim) ^[
_rnl[ch^i im m_om]b_`_m+Kmchn_f_]no[cmjio]i
ji^_g `[t_l jifcnc][*
g_hn_) [ g_him ko_ m_fcao_g [ og[ `ilg[ g[]c[ ^_ ^_m]ihn_hn[g_h*
ni+ K chn_f_]no[f ^_m]ihn_hn_) ]ig [m mo[mj_mkocm[m
chn_lcil_m)[nl[co
^_mjlijil]cih[fg_hn_
[ [n_hi j[l[ [ mo[ cgjilnh]c[ jifnc][) _g
j[ln_ jilko_ _mm[m
j_mkocm[m
^_cr[g [nlm
^_ mcl_f[nim _m]lcnim_) n[g*
\g) jilko_ [ko_f_mko_ _m]l_p_g [ bcmnlc[mi cao[fg_hn_ chn_f_]no[cm+
og nloko_ _mj_]c[fg_hn_ _ha[h[^il h_a[l ko_ og[ l_pifoi jlipg
^[m ko_cr[m ^im ][gjih_m_m) m jilko_ im m_om]b_`_mmi jli`cmmcih[cm
io chn_f_]no[cm+
Km[fc[^im ko_ i ^_m]ihn_hn[g_hni ^im ][gjih_m_m ji^_ _h]ih*
nl[l ^_j_h^_g ^[ `[m_^i ^_m_hpifpcg_hni _]ihgc]i ko_ i j[m jimm[
n_l [nchac^i _ ^_ [faog[m ]cl]ohmnh]c[m
bcmnlc][mg[cm _mj_]`c][m8_mm_m
`[nil_m n[g\g ^_n_lgch[g i jihni _g ko_ im [fc[^im m_pifn[g ]ih*
nl[ i gipcg_hni ][gjihm j[l[ i ^igch[l_g io mojlcgcl_g+ Km][g* +
jih_m_m[f_g_m ^[ 7QeUb^[bYUW]ihm_aocl[g ]_ln[ [do^[ ^[m ]c^[^_m)
\_g ]igi ^_ [lcmni]l[n[m`oh^clcim^cmmc^_hn_m)
g[m h[^[ l_[fct[l[g8
i ji^_l ]if_ncpi ko_ [ _fcn_jlijlc_nlc[ ]ihm_aoc[ [ch^[ _l[ _mj[hnimi+
J[ Bl[h[) i gipcg_hni ][gjihm `oh^co*m_]ig [m_rcah]c[m\olao_*
m[m)
jlch]cj[fg_hn_ jilko_ [ l_[i `_o^[f jl_]_^_hn_ b[pc[ ]ihnl[lc[^i
im ][gjih_m_m [\[mn[^im+= fca[i j[l_]_*g_ n_l mc^ijl_]lc[ _ ji^_*
lc[ n_l mc^i ]ihnllc[) pcmniko_ gocnim \olao_m_mnchb[g jlijlc_^[^_m
h[ tih[ lol[f _ _l[g j_lnol\[^im j_f[m ^_mil^_hm ^im ][gjih_m_m+
Konli cgjiln[hn_ [fc[^i l_pifo]cihlci `ic [ gofnc^i ol\[h[ ^_ L[lcm)
_g\il[ i n_lgi [fc[^i hi mcahc`cko_
ko_ [mmo[mjifnc][m `imm_g]iil*
^_h[^[m io ko_ ko[fko_l ^[m ][g[^[m) jil _mm_
gincpi) ncp_mm_
og[
jifnc][ l_[fg_hn_ ]i_l_hn_+ KmcQ^c&Se\_ddUc_l[g jlch]cj[fg_hn_ im
g[cm j_ko_him [ln_mim_ [mm[f[lc[^im)ko_ _g a_l[f ^_m_gj_hb[p[g og
j[j_f l_pifo]cihlci gocni g[cm cgjiln[hn_ ^i ko_ [ n_ilc[ g[lrc) +
n[
ji^_lc[ f_p[l*him[ ]l_l+
J[ Nmmc[^_ .6.4) [m ]f[mm_m
]ig_l]c[f _ ch^omnlc[fhi ]ihmnc*
no[g [fc[^im [^_ko[^im j[l[ im ][gjih_m_m `olcimim+= \olao_mc[
lomm[_l[ gocni g_hil _ g[cm `l[][) h[ nin[fc^[^_ ^i j[m) ^i ko_ [ \ol*
ao_mc[h[ Bl[h[)[j_m[l ^_ jimmoclog hp_f g[cm _f_p[^i ^_ n_]hifiac[)

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6H DG><:CH HD8>6>H96 9>I69JG6

252

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253

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ih^_ _rcmnc[]igl]ci
_ ch^mnlc[+Ag\il[
m_ncp_mm_
p_lc`c][^i og ]_lni
h[gili
]ig hi_m ]ihmncno]cih[cm i]c^_hn[cm) [ \olao_mc[ lomm[_mn[p[
fca[^[ jil chg_lim ]il^cm [i aip_lhi ]t[lcmn[) ko_ nchb[ _h]il[d[^i)
jlch]cj[fg_hn_
jil gincpim gcfcn[l_m) og ]_lni ^_m_hpifpcg_hni ][jcn[*
fcmn[_g _mno`[+A) i ko_ _l[ n[fp_t g[cm cgjiln[hn_
[ch^[) h_hbog m_nil
mcahc`c][ncpi ^[ ]f[mm_][gjih_m[
lomm[m_chn_l_mm[p[jil i\n_l ^cl_cnim
^_ jlijlc_^[^_
mi\l_ im l_mnim^_ `_o^[fcmgi _rcmn_hn_m)n[f ]ilhi mo]_*
^_l[ h[ Bl[h[+ =m _rcah]c[m ^i ][gjihm
lommi _l[g \lon[fg_hn_
mcgjf_m7p_l*m_fcpl_ ^i m_hbil lol[f) ^cpc^cl [m n_ll[m _) _pc^_hn_g_hn_)
[][\[l
]ig [ ao_ll[+ Km^_gi]l[n[m ]ihmncno]cih[cm) i jlch]cj[f j[lnc^i
]ig
m[\il \olaom) nchb[g ]ihmc^_l[^i
[hn_lcilg_hn_
[ bcjn_m_ ^_
]_^_l m _rcah]c[m ^im ][gjih_m_m+ I[m i [n[ko_ `lihn[f ][gjihm $
jlijlc_^[^_
`ic ^_g[mc[^i j[l[+ i m_o _mng[ai) ko[h^i i ][mi n_p_ ^_
m_l _h][l[^i
^_ `l_hn_+ Lil ionli f[^i) h[^[ b[pc[ h[ c^c[ ^_ ^cpc^cl [m
n_ll[m ko_ j_lnol\[mm_ im nl[\[fb[^il_m
ch^omnlc[cm)j_fi g_him ^_ cg_*
^c[ni+ =][\[l
]ig [ ao_ll[ [al[^[p[ [im ][gjih_m_m) ko_ _l[g [m jlch*
]cj[cm pncg[m ^[ g[n[h[ _ nchb[g jio]i
chn_l_mm__g ^_`_h^_l og
aip_lhi ko_ l_]om[p[ ]ih]_mm_m+Ahnl_ im ][gjih_m_m) im \if]b_pcko_m
hi nchb[g ko_g im m_aocmm_+
I[m) m_h^i i hc]i j[lnc^i m_g fca[_m
]ig [ il^_g _rcmn_hn_)ji^c[ ^[l*m_[i fori ^_ ]_^_l n_gjil[lc[g_hn_
m mo[m_rcah]c[m) j[l[ ]ihm_aocl i #ji^_l+ =mmcg `ct_l[g) [i [ji^_l[*
l_g*m_ ^i aip_lhi
_) hip[g_hn_)
[jm i ][im ^[ Co_ll[ ?cpcf+ Oo\m_*
k_hn_g_hn_) im \if]b_pck o_m ]ihac^_l[l[g
h[nol[fg_hn_
h_]_mmlci
pifn[l_g*m_ j[l[ [ko_f_m ko_ im b[pc[g jimni hi ji^_l _ ]ifi][l_g
im
][gjih_m_m _g ]if_ncpc^[^_m) j[l[ im nilh[l_g
[ \[m_ jlch]cj[f _ [m p*
ncg[m jlch]cj[cm ^[ p_lmi mi]c[fcmn[^[ []ogof[i
jlcgcncp[ ^i ][jcn[f+
J[ ?bch[) ji^_gim
_h]ihnl[l ionl[ ]ig\ch[i
^_ ]cl]ohmnh]c[m8
mi\l_ [m ko[cm m_m[\_ g_him) _g j[ln_ jilko_ im []ihn_]cg_hnim [ch^[
mi ^_g[mc[^i l_]_hn_m j[l[ dn_l_g mc^i i\d_ni ^_ og[ chp_mnca[i
bcmnlc][ _rn_hm[+ l ^c`]cf [jihn[l ko[fko_l ][g[^[
\_g ^_`chc^[ ]igi
[fc[^[ ^im ][gjih_m_m) jil ]cg[ ^_ ko_g im ]igohcmn[m `ch[fg_hn_
[p[h[l[g j[l[ [ pcnlc[) g_mgi) io n[fp_t _g j[ln_) jilko_ i ^_m]ih*
n_hn[g_hni
j_l[hn_ i Goigchn[ha
m_ _mj[fb[l[ jil ni^[m [m ]f[mm_m+
?igi
^_gihmnlio
]ihpch]_hn_g_hn_
og i\m_lp[^il
]ihn_gjilh_i)
im ]igohcmn[m jio]i
[p[h[l[g _hko[hni m_[a[ll[l[g
m hi_m g[l*
rcmn[mmi\l_ [ cgjilnh]c[
^i jlif_n[lc[^i
]igi
p[hao[l^[ ^[ fon[ l_pi*
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[jici
g[]ci ^im ][gjih_m_m+ ?ihno^i)
m_g ]b_`_m ol\[him) _ cgjli*
pp_fko_ im ][gjih_m_m jo^_mm_g n_l ila[hct[^i
i Arl]cni R_lg_fbi
_ f_p[^i [ ][\i
[ ao_ll[ j[lnc^lc[ ko_ ^cmnchaoco _mn[ l_pifoi ^[m
mo[mjl_^_]_mmil[m _ ^_n_lgchio i gi^_fi
^[m n_hn[ncp[mmo\m_k_hn_m+
K _`_cni mi\l_ im m_omijih_hn_m `ic ]olcimi8 og[ j[ln_ ^i _hnomc[mgi
)i]c^_hn[f jil [jl_h^_l [m !fc_m! ^_ ao_llcfb[ f_g\l[ [m hi_m d[jih_*
m[m^i m]ofi TET mi\l_ ^_gi]l[]c[7
[ ]l_h[ ^_ ko_ m_nl[n[ ^_ og[
mcgjf_m n]hc][ ko_ m_ji^_ j_^cl _gjl_mn[^[ _ ko_ nl[t ]ihmcai ni^[m
[mionl[m p[hn[a_hm ^_ ko_ i ijih_hn_ ait[+
P[hni h[ Nmmc[ ]igi
h[ ?bch[) [m jimmc\cfc^[^_m ^_ `[t_l j[l[l i
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_ ch^om*
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a_l[f) [i fihai ^i jli]_mmi ^[ gi^_lhct[*
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im nilh[l[g
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i goh^i
_g [nl[mi him [him ko_ m_ [jlircg[g)
^c`c]cfg_hn_ nig[l _mm[`ilg[+

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