:

10

- -

12

13

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

31

32

34

36

38
3

)( a 0

ax + b :
b
a

x
ax + b

)( a 0

ax + bx + c :
R ( x ) = ax + bx + c :
:

x R R(x) = 0

) R ( x
+

+
2a
a a

-b

=0
= b - 4ac

-b

2a

S=

)R(x

S=f

<0

) R ( x

)R(x

R(x) = a x +

2a

} S = {x1 , x 2
:
-b - D
>0

2a

x 2 +

= x1

-b + D
2a

- x1

x
)R(x

) R ( x ) = a ( x - x1 )( x - x 2

a
= x2

x1 x 2 ax + bx + c = 0 :
-b
c
:
= x1 + x 2 = x1 x 2
a
a

( a 0) x R



.
a b
2

( a + b ) = a + 2ab + b
( a - b )2 = a 2 - 2ab + b 2
) a 2 - b 2 = ( a - b )( a + b
2

( a + b )3 = a 3 + 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 + b3
( a - b )3 = a 3 - 3a 2 b + 3ab2 - b3
) a 3 - b3 = ( a - b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2
) a 3 + b3 = ( a + b ) ( a 2 - ab + b 2
:
f

f x
:

)f (x) = R(x
)R(x
) Q( x

= Df

= )f (x

}Df = {x / Q ( x ) 0

)f (x) = R(x

}Df = {x / R ( x ) 0

= )f (x

}Df = {x / Q ( x ) > 0

= )f (x

} Q ( x ) > 0 Df = {x / R ( x ) 0

= )f (x

)R(x
} Q ( x ) 0 0
Df = x /
) Q( x

)R(x
)Q(x
)R(x
)Q(x
)R(x
)Q(x


( n *) x a x n x a x :
lim x = 0

lim x n = 0

x0
>

x 0

=0
=0

x = +

lim

x - x n

lim

x +

1
=0
x

lim

x + x n

lim

x +

n :

n :

lim x n = +

lim x n = +

x +

x +

lim x = -

lim x n = +

x -

= +
= +

x -

= +

lim

x 0 xn
>

= -

lim

x 0 xn
<

1
n

lim

x 0 x
>

1
n

lim

x 0 x
<

+ : -
+ -

+ -

:
sin x
=1
x 0 x
lim

tan x
=1
x 0 x
lim

1 - cos x 1
=
x 0
x
2
lim

x a u ( x ) :

) lim u ( x

)u(x

x x0

l 0

lim

x x0

l
+

x 0 x 0 + -
6

u ( x ) f ( x ) V ( x )

lim u ( x ) = l
lim f ( x ) = l
x x0
x x0

lim V ( x ) = l
x x0

f ( x ) - l V ( x )

lim f ( x ) = l
lim V ( x ) = 0 x x 0

x x0

u(x) V(x)

u(x) f (x)

lim f x = -
lim V ( x ) = - x x 0 ( )

x x0

lim f ( x ) = +

lim u ( x ) = +
x x 0
x x0

- + x 0 x 0

:
:
lim f ( x )

lim g ( x )

l'

lim f ( x ) + g ( x )

l + l'

x x0
x x0

x x0

:
lim f ( x )

lim g ( x )

l'

lim f ( x ) g ( x )

l l'

x x0
x x0

x x0

l<0

l>0

:
lim f ( x )

x x0

lim g ( x ) l' 0

x x0

lim

x x0

f (x)

g(x)

l
l'

l<0
0-

0+

l>0
0-

0+

-
0-

0+

+
0-

0+

+ - - + + - - +

- + x 0 x 0

) lim f ( x ) = f ( x 0
x x0

f x 0

) f lim f ( x ) = f ( x 0 x 0
x x0
>
) f lim f ( x ) = f ( x 0 x 0
x x0
<
f f x 0 x 0

f [ ]a, b f []a, b
f ] [a,b f []a, b

a b
:
f g I k
kf , f g , f + g I

f 1
g I
g g

x a x +
x a sin x x a cos x

x a tan x - + kp / k Z
2

:
f I g Jf ( I ) J :
g 0f : I

: f I
) f ( I
8

] [a,b
[[a,b
] ]a,b
[]a,b
[[a,+
[]a, +
]]-,a
[]-,a

) f ( I
f I
f I
f ( b ) ;f ( a )
f ( a ) ;f ( b )

lim- f ( x ) ;f ( a )
f ( a ) ; lim - f ( x )
x b
x b

f ( b ) ; lim+ f ( x )
lim+ f ( x ) ;f ( b )
x a

x a

lim
f
x
;
lim
f
x
lim
f
x
;
lim
f
x
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)

x a +
x b x b
x a +

lim f ( x ) ;f ( a )
f ( a ) ; lim f ( x )
x +

x +

lim f ( x ) ; lim+ f ( x ) lim+ f ( x ) ; lim f ( x )

x +
x a
x +
x a

lim
f
x
;f
a
f
a
;
lim
f
x
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
x -

x -

lim- f ( x ) ; lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) ; lim- f ( x )

x -
x a
x a
x -

lim f ( x ) ; lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) ; lim f ( x )

x +
x -

x -
x +

:
f ] [ a,b b ) f ( a ) f ( b
a ] [ a,bf ( a ) = b :
:

f ] [ a,b f ( a ) f ( b ) < 0
f ( x ) = 0 a ][a,b

f ] [ a,b f ( a ) f ( b ) < 0
f ( x ) = 0 a ][a,b

:
f ] [ a,bf ( a ) f ( b ) < 0 :
a f ( x ) = 0 ][a,b
a + b
a + b
:
:
f (a ) f
< 0
< 0
2
2
b-a
a+b
b-a
a+b

< a < a
:
< a < b :
2
2
2
2
a + b
a + b
2 ; b
a; 2
a
a
: a
f (b ) f


:
f x 0 :

) f ( x ) - f ( x0
x - x0

f x 0 f ' ( x 0 ) :

lim
x x0

- :
f x 0

f x 0y = f ' ( x 0 )( x - x 0 ) + f ( x 0 ) :
u u ( x ) = f ' ( x 0 )( x - x 0 ) + f ( x 0 ) :

f x 0 f x 0

- :
f x 0

) f ( x ) - f ( x0

x - x0

f x 0 f 'd ( x 0 ) :
f x 0

) f ( x ) - f ( x0
x - x0

lim
x x0

lim
x x0

f x 0 f 'g ( x 0 ) :

f x 0 f x 0

) f 'g ( x 0 ) = f 'd ( x 0

:
f x 0 f x 0

:
) f '( x

)f (x

-1
x

1
x

rx r -1

xr

2 x

10

) (k

)}( r * -{1

' ( u + v ) ' = u '+ v

' ) ( k R ) ( ku ) ' = k ( u

' ( u - v ) ' = u '- v

' ( uv ) ' = u ' v + uv

= nu .u n -1

' 1 - v
v = v

) (

un

' u u ' v - uv
= v
v

- :

' ( u 0 v ) ' = [ u ' 0 v] v

( u ) = 2u 'u

:
f I
f "x I I
f '( x ) 0

f '( x ) 0

f "x I I

f '( x ) = 0

f "x I I

a
)(a 0
=0

) f ( x ) - f ( x0
x - x0

) f ( x ) - f ( x0

) f ( x ) - f ( x0

)(a 0
) f ( x ) - f ( x0
x - x0

=0

x - x0
= -

) f ( x ) - f ( x0

) f ( x ) - f ( x0
x - x0

x - x0

=0

x - x0
= -

) f ( x ) - f ( x0
) f ( x ) - f ( x0
x - x0

x 0

)) (

lim
x x0+
lim
x x0-

lim
x x0 -

) A x 0 ; f ( x 0

)) (

A x 0 ; f x 0 a

) A x 0 ; f ( x 0

)) (

A x 0 ; f x 0

)) (

A x 0 ; f x 0

x 0

lim
x x0-

x - x0
= +

lim
x x0 +

) f ( x ) - f ( x0

)(a 0
) f ( x ) - f ( x0

lim
x x0+

f

x 0

A x 0 ; f x 0

a

lim
x x0 +

x - x0
= +

x 0

lim
x x0

x - x0
=

lim
x x0

) (Cf:

x 0

lim
x x0 -

)) (

A x 0 ; f x 0 a

) A x 0 ; f ( x 0

)) (

A x 0 ; f x 0

)) (

A x 0 ; f x 0

11



:
x = a

( 2a - x ) Df
) f ( 2a - x ) = f ( x

( Cf :

"x Df
"x Df

: a = 0 f

:
) I ( a,b

( 2a - x ) Df
f ( 2a - x ) + f ( x ) = 2b

( Cf :

"x Df
"x Df

: a = b = 0 f

- - :

f '' ( x ) 0 :
( Cf ) : I
"x I

f '' ( x ) 0 :
( Cf ) : I
"x I

'' f x 0
) ( Cf x 0
' f x 0
) ( Cf x 0
12


lim f ( x ) =

lim f ( x ) =

x a

)f (x
=0
x x
lim

)f (x
=
x x
lim

)f (x
= a
x x
)( a 0
lim

lim f ( x ) - ax =

( Cf :

x=a

lim f ( x ) = a

( Cf :

( Cf :

lim f ( x ) - ( ax + b ) = 0

lim f ( x ) - ax = b

) ( Cf :

y = ax

( Cf :

y = ax + b

( Cf :

y=a


:
f I
f ) f ( I I

f -1 :
:

f ( y ) = x
f ( x ) = y

x I
) y f ( I
"x I
f -1of ( x ) = x
-1

) (
( fof ) ( y ) = y
-1

) "y f ( I

:
f I
x ) f ( I y I
f -1 ( x ) = y f ( y ) = x :
y x ) f -1 ( x x ) f ( I

:
f I
f -1 ) f ( I

:
f I
x 0 ) f ( I ) y0 = f ( x 0

f x 0 f ' ( x 0 ) 0
f -1 y 0
'
1
= ) f -1 ( y 0
:
) f '( x 0

) (

f I
f I ' f I
f -1 ) f ( I
'
1
:
) "x f ( I
= ) f -1 ( x
f ' f -1 ( x )

) (

14

 :
f I
f -1 f

:
f I
f

-1

) ( C

) ( Cf

f -1

) A ( a, b ) ( Cf

f -1

A ' ( b,a ) C

x = a :

y = a :

y = b :

x = b :
:

1
b
y= x+
a
a

y = ax + b :

x = ay + b :
) (

) (

) (

) (

15

*
n n

:
a x n :

+ n
n
: + +

xanx
n
" ( x; y ) 2+
x = y x = yn

x=2x
3 x : x
2

" ( x; y ) 2+

* "n

xn = x
=x

) (

" ( x; y ) 2+

*" ( m;n )

x n y = n xy

) (
x

= n xm

x =nyx=y

x>n yx>y

) (
x

x
x
=n
n y
y

)( y 0

nm

=x

n m

:
x-y
x+ y

x-y

=x- y

3 x + 3 x 3 y + 3 y

= 3x -3y

:
f :

f (x) = n x

[Df = [ 0; +

} u ( x ) 0 Df = {x / x D u

)f (x) = n u(x

:
) lim u ( x

)u(x

x x0

l 0
+

lim

x x0

l
+
n

x 0 x 0 + -

16

:
x a n x +

u I ) x a n u ( x I

x a n x []0; +
1

n x n -1
n

= ( n x )

["x ]0; +

u I ) x a n u ( x

) u ( x

n -1
n n u ( x )

= ( n u ( x ) )

"x I

(a ) x

x n = a :

} {

a>0

S= na

a=0

}S = {0

}S = {0

S = - n -a

S=

a<0

S = -n a ; n a

:
p

= r p * : *q
q

= xp

p
q

["x ]0, +

x =x

1
xn

["x ]0; +

f x f ( x ) = u ( x ) :
r

=x

} u ( x ) > 0 Df = {x / x D u

1
1
-1
= u ' ( x ) u ( x ) n
n

= ( u ( x )) n

)u (x

x y *+ r ' r *
' = x rr

'r

) ( xr

' xr xr ' = xr + r

x
xr
=

yr
y
' = x -r

= x y

' = xr - r

1
'r

x
17

)( x y

xr

' yr

)* ( r

u n +1 = u n + r

u n +1 = q u n
q

un = up + (n - p) r

u n = u p qn - p

)(p n

)(p n

q n - p +1 - 1
u + un
u p + ... + u n = u p

q - 1 u p + ... + u n = ( n - p + 1) p

)( q 1
a b c

2b = a + c

b = a c

:
) ( u n

nI

un M
un m

( u n )nI "n I M

( u n )nI "n I m

( u n )nI

nI

) ( u n

:
) ( u n

nI

u n +1 u n
u n +1 u n
u n +1 = u n

) ( u n
"n I
nI
) ( u n
"n I
nI

"n I
) ( u n
nI

:
( u n )nI u p :
( u n )nI u n u p :
( u n )nI u n u p :
18

"n I
"n I

) (

n a: a * :
a>0

a<0

lim n a = +

lim n a = 0

n +

n +

) (

q n: q R :
q >1

q =1

-1 < q < 1

q -1

lim q n = +

lim q n = 1

lim q n = 0

) ( q

n +

n +

n +

vn u n w n

lim v n = l lim u n = l
n +
n
lim w n = l
n +

u n - l v n
lim u = l
lim v n = 0 n n

n +

u n vn

u n vn

lim u = +
lim v n = + n + n

n +

lim u = -
lim v n = - n + n

n +

) : u n +1 = f ( u n
) ( u n :

u 0 = a

) u n +1 = f ( u n
f I f ( I ) I a I
) ( u n l f ( x ) = x

19


:
:

f I
F f I
:

F I

) F' ( x ) = f ( x

"x I

f I
F f I:
f I :

) (k

x a F( x ) + k

f I
x 0 I y0
F f I :

F ( x 0 ) = y0

: - :
:
f g I k
F G f g I
:

F + G f + g I

kF kf I
20

:
f (x)

F(x)

ax + k
1
x + k
2
-1
+k
x

1
x
1

( r * - {-1})

2 x +k

x
xr

x r +1
+k
r +1

sin x

- cos x + k

cos x

sin x + k

1
cos x

1 + tan x =

tan x + k

1
x

ln x + k

ex

ex + k

(a )

f (x)

F(x)

u '( x ) + v '( x )

u (x) + v(x) + k

a u '( x )

a u (x) + k

u '( x) v ( x ) + u ( x ) v '( x )

u (x) v(x) + k

-v ' ( x )

1
+k
v(x)

v ( x )
u '( x ) v ( x ) - u ( x ) v '( x )

u (x)
v(x)

v ( x )
u '( x)

2 u (x) + k

u (x)

( r * - {-1})

+k

u ' ( x ) u ( x ) r

u ( x ) r +1
+k
r +1

u '( x )

ln u ( x ) + k

u (x)

u '( x ) e

u(x)

( a 0)

cos ( ax + b )

( a 0)

sin ( ax + b )

u(x)

+k

1
sin ( ax + b ) + k
a
1
- cos ( ax + b ) + k
a

21

(k R)

f ]_ [ !a, b F f ]_ [ !a, b

f a b :

) a f ( x )dx = F ( x )a = F ( b ) - F ( a
:

a
a f ( x )dx = 0
b
b
kf
x
dx
=
k
(
)
a
a f ( x )dx
:

a
b
=
f
x
dx
(
)
b
a f ( x )dx
b
b
b
f
x
+
g
x
dx
=
f
x
dx
+

(
)
(
)
(
)

a
a
a g ( x )dx

) (k

b
c
b
f
x
dx
=
f
x
dx
+
(
)
(
)
a
a
c f ( x )dx

:
f ( x ) 0 :
b
a f ( x )dx 0 :

] "x [ a, b
f ( x ) g ( x ) :
b
b
f
x
dx

(
)
a
a g ( x )dx :

] "x [ a, b

f ][a,b

b
1
] [ a,b f ( x )dx :

b-a a

:
f g

] [ #a, b

[ #a, b ' f' g

b
b
b
f
'
x

g
x
dx
=
f
x

g
x

f x g ' ( x ) dx
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)

a
) ( a a

rr
o,i, j

u . A :

r r
o i j
r

1.u . A = i j
22

f ][a;b

Cf
:
x = a y = b:

g ][a;b

Cf
Cg
x = a : y = b:

a f ( x ) dx .u.A

f
x
g
x
dx
(
)
(
)
a
.u.A

f
][a,b

a f ( x )dx .u.A

f
][a,b

a -f ( x )dx .u.A

f
][a,c
f
][c, b

) ( Cf ) ( Cg

][a,b

) ( Cf ) ( Cg

][a,c
) ( Cg ) ( Cf
][c, b
:

( Cf

][a,b
:

b

V = p ( f ( x ) ) dx u.v
a

23

b
c

a f ( x )dx + c -f ( x )dx .u.A

a ( f ( x ) - g ( x ) )dx .u.A

b
c

a ( f ( x ) - g ( x ) )dx + c ( g ( x ) - f ( x ) )dx .u.A


:
:

1 0; + x a

"x ]0; +[

"y ]0; +[

ln1 = 0

( r )

ln x = r ln x

ln

1
x
x

ln e = 1

"x ]0; +[
"y ]0; +[
ln x = ln y x = y
ln x > ln y x > y

ln xy = ln x + ln y

ln

ln :

= - ln x
= ln x - ln y

"x * ln x = n ln x
n

"x ]0; +[

"y

ln x = y x = e

: n

:

Df = ]0; +[

f
f ( x ) = ln x

Df = {x / x D u u ( x ) > 0

f ( x ) = ln u ( x )

:
:
lim u ( x ) = + lim ln u ( x ) = +
x x0
x x0

:
lim ln x = +
x +

lim u ( x ) = 0 lim ln u ( x ) = -
x x0
x x0
+

ln u ( x )
=0
lim u ( x ) = + lim
x x0
x x0 u ( x ) n

lim u ( x ) = 0 lim u ( x ) ln u ( x ) = 0
x x0
x x0
+

ln u ( x )
lim u ( x ) = 1 lim
=1
x x0
x x0 u ( x ) - 1
lim u ( x ) = 0 lim
x x0
x x0

ln u ( x ) + 1
u(x)

lim ln x = -
x 0+

( n *)

ln x
lim
=0
x + x n
n

lim x ln x = 0
x 0

ln x
lim
=1
x 1 x - 1
=1

x 0 x 0
- +

24

lim
x 0

ln ( x + 1)
x

=1

x a ln x []0; +

u I x a ln u ( x ) I

x a ln x

[]0, +

1
x

I x a ln u ( x )

["x ]0; +

= ( ln x )

) u '( x
)u (x

'

ln u ( x )

"x I

: ln
1 +
+

0
-

x
ln x

aa *+ - {1} :
:

a log a :
:

ln x
ln a

["x ]0; +

= log a x

: l og10 l og :

["y ]0; +

l og 1 = 0
a

["x ]0; +

l og a xy = l og a x + l n g a y

l og a = 1
a

= rl og a x

"r
r

["x ]0; +

= - l og a x

l og a x = r x = a

( r ) l og a x

1
x

l og a

x
l og a = l og a x - l og a y
y

:
a >1

0 < a <1
log a x > log a y x < y

log a x > log a y x > y

lim l og a x = -
x +
lim l og a x = +
x 0+

lim l og a x = +
x +
lim l og a x = -
x 0+

:
1
x ln a

= ' ) ( l og a x
25

["x ]0, +



:
x a e x ln
:
ex > 0

"r

"x

ex e y = ex + y

ln e x = x
["x ]0; +
eln x = x

["y ]0; +

" ( x; y )
= erx

"x

) (

1
= e- x
x
e

e x = y x = ln y

" ( x; y )

ex = ey x = y

ex

x-y

ex > e y x > y

:
f
f ( x ) = ex

=e

ex
ey

= Df

} Df = {x / x D u

u x
) ( f (x) = e

:
:

u x
lim u ( x ) = + lim e ( ) = +

lim e x = +

x +

x x0

u x
lim u ( x ) = - lim e ( ) = 0

lim e x = 0

x -

= +

ex
xn

lim

x +

x x0

)* ( n

lim x n e x = 0

x -

ex - 1
lim
=1
x 0 x

= +

u x
) ( e
n

u ( x )

x x0

x x0

lim u ( x ) = + lim

x x0

x x0

n u x
lim u ( x ) = - lim u ( x ) e ( ) = 0
xx
x x
0
)u(x

-1
= +
)u(x

lim u ( x ) = 0 lim

x x0

x x0

x 0 x 0
+ -

:
x a e x

u x
u I ) ( x a e I

26


x a e x

"x
e x = e x :

u I

) ( x a e I
u x
u x
"x I
e ( ) = u ( x ) e ( ) :
u x

) (

aa *+ - {1} :
:
x a a x log a a

:
" ( x; y )

"x

a x = e xln a

) (

ax ay = ax+y

log a a x = x
x

a log a = x

= a rx

["x ]0; +

ax = ay x = y
["x "y ]0; +

) (a

x r

1
= a -x
x
a

) a x = y x = log a ( y

= ax-y

ax
y

:
0 < a <1
ax > ay x < y

a >1
ax > ay x > y

lim a x = 0

lim a x = +

x +

x +

lim a = +

lim a x = 0

x -

x -

a -1
= ln a
x 0
x
x

lim

:
x

( a ) = ( ln a ) a
x

27

)( r

i = -1} : = z = a + ib / ( a; b )

:
z = a + ib :

( a; b )

a + ib z
a z Re ( z ) :

b z Im ( z ) :

) (
Re ( z ) = 0 : z

: Im z = 0 : z

:
z z

) Im ( z ) = Im ( z ) z = z Re ( z ) = Re ( z

ur uur

) ( o, e1 , e2
z = a + ib ( a; b ) :
z ) M ( a, b

z M M z M ( z ) :

uuur

uuur

uuur

) (

z OM OM ( z ) : z = Aff OM

z = a + ib ( a; b ) :

z z = a - ib :

)(

)(

M z M ' z

'z + z' = z + z
'z z' = z z
n

z =z

)* ( n

z z = - z

1 1
=
' z' z

z z

=
' z' z
:

z z = z

) z + z = 2 Re ( z

) z - z = 2i Im ( z

zz = Re ( z ) + Im ( z )

)( z ' 0

z = a + ib :

( a; b )

z :

z = zz = a + b
28

z z = z z

zn = z

z = z

-z = z

1
1
=
z
z

z
z
=
z
z

( n * )
( z ' 0)

M z
uu
r
uuuu
r

e1 , OM : q z

arg z = q [ 2p]

:
a>0

: z

z = r ( cos q + i sin q ) = [ r, q]

a = [ -a, p]

a = [ a, 0]

ai = -a, -
2

ai = a, +
2

i q+q ' )

reiq = re -iq
i p+q )

( )
reiq

z = reiq

: z

reiq r 'eiq ' = rr 'e (

-reiq = re (

z
arg z = q [ 2p] r = z

a<0

arg z :

= r n einq

[ r, q] [ r ', q '] = [ rr '; q + q ']

[ r, q] = [ r, -q]
- [ r, q] = [ r, p + q]
[ r, q]n = r n ; nq

arg ( zz ') ( arg z + arg z ') [ 2p]

arg z - arg z [ 2p]

- arg z ( p + arg z ) [ 2p]

arg z n n arg z [ 2p]

1
1
arg - arg z [ 2p]
1

=
; -q '
z
[ r '; q '] r '
z
[ r; q] = r ; q - q ' arg z ' ( arg z - arg z ') [ 2p]
reiq
r i ( q-q ')
= e

[ r '; q '] r '

r 'eiq' r '
z arg z = kp
"k Z [ r, q + 2kp] = [ r, q]
p
k Z ) z arg z = + kp
2

1
= e -iq '
i q'
r'
r 'e

:
"q R

cos q =

1 iq
e + e-iq
2

1 iq
sin q =
e - e-iq
2i

:
"n

( cos q + i sin nq )n

: ( a ) z

S = -i a ;i a

S = {0}

S = -i -a ;i -a

a>0
a=0

a<0

29

z z = a

= cos ( nq ) + i sin ( nq )

z = a

 z a : b c )( a 0

az + bz + c = 0 :

- b - D - b + D
S=
;

2a
2a
-b
S=
2a
- b - i -D - b + i -D
S=
;

2a
2a

>0

az 2 + bz + c = 0

)( = b2 - 4ac

=0
<0

AB

AB = z B - z A
z + zB
zI = A
2
uuur uuur
z - zA
AB; AC arg c
] [ 2p
zB - zA
zC - zA

zB - zA
z D - z A z D - zC
z - zA zB - zC

D R

R
zB - zA zB - zC
z B - z A z D - zC

I
][ A; B
uuu
r uuur

AB; AC

AB C

AB C D

z - zA = r

z - zA = z - zB

)( r > 0

zC - zA
p
= r;
zB - zA
2
zC - zA
]= [1; q
zB - zA
zC - zA
p
= 1;
zB - zA
2

AM = r

M
A r

AM = BM
AB
M ] [

ABC A
ABC A
ABC
A

zC - zA
p
= 1;
zB - zA
3

ABC

:
:
tu :

r
z = z + b b : u

h ( ;k ) :

) z - w = k ( z - w w : W

r ( ; ) :

) z - w = eiq ( z - w w : W

30

b
a

y' = ay + b

)( a 0

>0

y'' + ay' + by = 0

r + ar + b = 0

y ( x ) = aeax -

=0

) ( = a - 4b

r1 r2

)(a R

y ( x ) = aer1x + ber2 x
:

( a, b ) R

y ( x ) = ( ax + b ) erx
:

( a, b ) R

<0

r1 = p - iq

r2 = p + iq

y ( x ) = ( a cosqx + b sin qx ) epx

:

( a, b ) R


rr r
o, i, j,k

: - - :
r
r
) u ( a,b,c )' v ( a ', b',c J3
rr
'u.v = aa '+ bb'+ cc

r
u = a + b + c
r
'i a a
b b' r a a ' r a a ' r
r r r
= 'u v = j b b
ij+
k
r
'c c
'c c
'b b
'k c c

:
A B:

( x B - x A ) + ( yB - yA ) + ( z B - z A )

) ( P

uuur
= AB = AB

ax + by + cz + d = 0 ::

ax M + by M + cz M + d

= ) ) d ( M, ( R

a + b + c
r
M ) D ( A, u:
uuuur r
AM u
= ) ) d ( A, ( D
r
u

n ( a, b,c ) ( R ) : ax + by + cz + d = 0

)(R

uuur uuur
ABC
AB
A B C AC

(
)
) ( ABC :
uuuur uuur uuur
M ( ABC ) AM. AB AC = 0

:
) W ( a, b,c R:

( x - a ) + ( y - b ) + ( z - c ) = R

32

 ) ( S ] [ AB
:

) (

uuuur uuur
M ( S) AM . BM = 0

] [

: S W AB

AB
2

) S ( W, R ( R ) : ax + by + cz + d = 0
H W ) ( R
d = WH = d ( W; ( R ) ) :

) ( R
)(S

) (
)(S

) S ( W, R ) : ( D
H W ) ( D

) (
) (S ) ( C
R

H :
r = R - d :

d = WH = d ( W; ( D ) ) :

) (
) ( S

) (

) ( S H

33

) ( D )(S


:
:
E E CardE :
Card = 0 :

:
A B

) Card ( A B ) = CardA + CardB - Card ( A B

:
:
A E
A E A :
}A = {x E / x A

AA=
AA=E
cardA = cardE - cardA

p )* ( p

n1

n 2
.........................................
p n p

n1 n 2 n 3 ... n p :

- :
:

n p * ( p n )
p n n p :

34

n p * ( p n )

p n :

)A pn = n ( n - 1) ( n - 2 ) ... ( n - p + 1
p
:
n n n
n! = n ( n - 1) ( n - 2 ) ... 2 1 :

:
E n
A E ( p n ) p
p n
A pn
:
!p
n! : Apn : Cpn

= Cpn

n! = n ( n - 1) ( n - 2 ) ... 2 1
0! = 1
!n
= Cpn
!) p!( n - p
C1n = n

Cnn = 1

* n
!n
!) ( n - p

C0n = 1

Cpn = Cnn - p

= A pn
Cnn -1 = n

Cpn -1 + Cpn = Cpn +1

n:
n
n1 A

) ( n1 + n 2 + n 3 = n

n 2 B
n 3 C

!n
:
! n1 ! n 2 ! n 3

:
p n ) ( p n :

Cpn

np
A pn

35

W
A

A B
A B
A

A W

A B
A B

) A A = W ( A A =
AB=

A B

- :
:

W
} {wi pi } {wipi :

P ({wi }) = pi :

} A = {w1 ; w2 ; w3 ;...; wn W A:

) p ( A ) = p ( w1 ) + p ( w2 ) + p ( w3 ) + ... + p ( wn

W
p ( ) = 0 p ( W) = 1

0 p ( A ) 1 A W

:
A B W

)p ( A B) = p ( A ) + p ( B) - p ( A B

) p ( A B ) = p ( A ) + p ( B A B

) (

A Wp A = 1 - p ( A ) :

:
:

W
cardA
= )p(A
A W:
cardW
- :
:

A B p ( A ) 0 :

)p ( A B
B A :
= p ( B) = p B
A
p
A
(
)
A

) (

36

A B p ( A ) p ( B ) 0 :

( A ) = p ( B) p ( A B) :

p ( A B) = p ( A ) p B

:
A B
) A p ( A B ) = p ( A ) p ( B B

W W1 W 2 W
) W1 W2 = W ( W1 W2 =
A : W
p ( A ) = p ( W1 ) p A
+ p ( W2 ) p A
W1
W2

) (

) (

:
X W
X :
} : X ( W ) = {x1; x 2 ;x 3 ;...;x n X

) p ( X = x i

i }{1;2;...;n

- - :
X
:

xn

x 3 ...

x2

x1

xi

pn

p3 ...

p2

p1

) p(X = x i

E ( X ) = x1 p1 + x 2 p 2 + x 3 p3 + ... + x n p n

V ( X ) = E ( X ) - E ( X )

)s(X) = V(X

:
p A
n
X A
n p
:

n -k

) "k {0;1;2;...;n} p ( X = k ) = Ckn p k (1 - p

E(X) = n p

) V ( X ) = np (1 - p

37

( )
:

x
sinx

cosx

tanx

6
1
2
3
2
3
3

4
2
2
2
2
1

2
1

3
2
1
2
3

cos ( x + 2k ) = cosx
sin ( x + 2k ) = sinx
tan ( x + k ) = tanx

-sinx

-x
2
cosx

+x
2
cosx

-cosx

sinx

-sinx

-x

-x

+x

sin

-sinx

sinx

cos

cosx

-cosx

tanx =

sinx
cosx

1 + tanx =

1
cosx

-1 cosx 1
-1 sinx 1
cosx + sinx = 1

:
cosx = cosa x = a + 2k x = -a + 2k
sinx = sina x = a + 2k x = ( - a ) + 2k
tanx = tana x = a + k
( k Z)
38

:
cos ( a - b ) = cosa cosb + sina sinb

cos ( a + b ) = cos a cos b - sin a sin b

sin ( a - b ) = sina cosb - cosa sinb

tana - tanb
tan ( a - b ) =
1+ tana tanb

sin ( a + b ) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b

tan a + tan b
tan ( a + b ) =
1- tan a tan b

:
t = tan

cos 2a = cos a - sin a

= 2cos a -1
= 1- 2sin a
sin 2a = 2sin a cos a
2tan a
tan 2a =
1- tan a
1 + cos 2a
cos a =
2
1 - cos 2a
sin a =
2

a
:
2

2t
1 + t
1 - t
cos a =
1 + t
2t
tan a =
1 - t

sin a =

p+q
p-q
cos

2
2

1
cos a cos b = cos ( a + b ) + cos ( a - b )
2
1
sin a sin b = - cos ( a + b ) - cos ( a - b )
2
1
sin a cos b = sin ( a + b ) - sin ( a - b )
2
1
cos a sin b = sin ( a + b ) - sin ( a - b )
2

cos p + cos q = 2cos

p+q p-q
sin 2
2

p+q
p-q
sin p + sin q = 2sin
cos

2
2
p+q
p-q
sin p - sin q = 2cos
sin

2
2
cos p - cos q = -2sin

( a,b ) ( 0,0)

a cos x + bsin x :

a
b
cos x +
sin x
a + b
a + b

= a + b cos ( x - a )

a cos x + bsin x = a + b

: a

cos =

a
a + b

39

sin =

b
a + b