1. Orchids grow best when soil pH is between 4.0 and 5.0. A horticulturist attempts to grow orchids using hydroponics. He uses a nutrient solution of pH 4.5. (a) Define the term ‘pH’. TImark | (b) Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration of the nutrient solution. [ Lmark] (©) Ten cm’ of a solution with the same pH as that of the nutrient solution used by the horticulturist are placed in a flask and the pH of the solution is monitored, as 1.0 x 10° mol dm aqueous sodium hydroxide is added. (Sketch the titration curve that will be obtained, using the axes below. ‘Volume of aqueous Na OH added [ 3 marks}Table 1 shows a list of indicators. TABLE1 Indicator pH range Methyl red 42- 63 Bromothymol blue 60 - 76 Alizarin 10.1 - 13.0 (i) Which indicator (if any) is MOST suitable for use in the titration in (c) (i)? [ mark } (@) The acid dissociation constant, K,, for a monobasic organic acid, HA, is 3.3 x 10 mol dm”. (Write the expression for the acid dissociation constant K, of the monobasic acid HA in water. { 1mark } (ii) Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration and hence pH of a 0.10 mol dm” solution of the acid. (3 marks}Aspirin, CH;COO-C,H,-COOH, causes gastro-intestinal bleeding in many patients. Pharma- ceutical companies offer “buffered” aspirins which contain an antacid but which are not buffers. A true buffer can, however, be made from aspirin. (a) What compound can be mixed with aspirin to form an aspirin buffer? { mark] (&) Explain how the mixture of aspirin and the substance named in (a) will act as a buffer, when EACH of the following is added separately to it. (The contents of the stomach which contains hydrochloric acid [ 2 marks] (ii) The contents of the small intestines where the secretions are alkaline. [ 2 marks} Gil) Write ONE equation for EITHER (b) (i) OR (b) (ii). [ 1mark](©) 1.0 dm of a buffer contains 0.325 g of aspirin and 0.01 mol dm’ of the compound named in (a). K, aspirin = 3.3 x 10“ mol dm? Calculate EACH of the following: @ (i) ii) Number of moles of aspirin in the solution [ 2 marks} {H°] of the buffer 7 [1 mark) ‘The pH of the buffer [1mark) ‘Total 10 marks3. ‘The standard electrode potentials, E°, of four metals are given below. EW Zn + 2e- <> Zn 0.16 Co™* + 2e° — Co 0.28 Cu + 20 > Cu 40.34 Agt +e <> Ag +0.80 (a) What is meant by the term ‘standard electrode potential"? [2 marks] (>) Standard electrode potentials are obtained using a standard hydrogen electrode. Draw a fully labelled diagram of the standard hydrogen electrode. [ 3marks)1. ‘Two substances, Az and B,, react according to the equation: A, + By > 2AB ‘The kinetics of the reaction are studied and presented in Table 1 fa) () © TABLE 1: DATA ON THE REACTION BETWEEN A) AND B; Expt. # | Initial (4,Y | Initial (8,17 | tnitiat Rate of Formation mol dm-* mol dm-* of AB/mol dm *s-' 1 OL oO. 0.00141 2 OL 0.2 0.00138 3 0.2 OL 0.00290" 4 03 03 - What variable MUST be kept constant in order to determine the order of reaction with respect t0 Az? [i mark} What variable is manipulated in determining the order of reaction with respect to B,? {1 mark } What is the order of reaction with respect to [1 mark }@ Co} wo Estimate a value for the initial rate of formation of AB in Expt. 4. { mark } Write a rate equation for the reaction AND use the equation to calculate the value of the rate constant, k, for the reaction. (i) Rate equation { Lmark] (ii) Calculation of k { 1 mark} Propose a mechanism for the reaction that is consistent with its kinetics. [ 3marks} Total 10 marks‘The solubility product, K., of silver chloride at 25°C is 1.8 x 10""° mol’dm-*, Silver chloride precipitates out of solution if the product of the ion concentration of the salt in solution exceeds its solubility product. (a) Write an expression for the solubility product, K,y, of silver chloride. [1 mark } (b) When 1.0 cm’ of 0.001 mol dm silver nitrate is added to 1.0 dm} of 0.001 mol dmv sodium chloride at 25°C, will a precipitate of silver chloride be produced? Explain your reasoning. [ Smarks) (©) Iman experiment to determine the solubility product of calcium hydroxide, a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide at 25°C is carefully filtered into a clean dry flask. 25.0 em? of this solution are pipetted into a conical flask and three drops of phenolphthalein indicator added. The solution needs 11.50 cm? of 0.10 mol dm hydrochloric acid for neutralisation (i) Explain how the results of the experiment can be used to obtain a value for the solubility product of calcium hydroxide at 25°C. [4 marks] i) Calculate a value for the solubility product of calcium hydroxide at 25°C. (5 marks} (4) Explain what happens when the filtered solution in (c) is added to a concentrated solution of calcium chloride. [5 marks} Total 20 marks Colourless N,O, (g) decomposes on warming to give brown NO; (g). 0.10 mol of N20, (2) is placed in a 1.0 dm? bulb and sealed and the bulb is heated to 100°C, When equilibrium is established, 0.035 mol of Nz0, (g) is found to be present, (a) State TWO characteristics of a system in dynamic equilibrium. [ 2marks} (>) Write an equation for the equilibrium that exists between N,O, () and NO, (2). [1 mark } (©) @_ Predict what may be observed when the bulb is heated to 200°C. [1 mark ] (ii) Give a reasoned argument for your answer in (c) (i). [3 marks} (iii) Predict what may be observed when the pressure on the system is increased from 1 atmosphere (atm) to 2 atm, [ dmark] (iv) Give a reasoned argument for your answer in (c) (ii). [3 marks] (4) G@_ 0.40 mol of N,O, is introduced into the system at 100°C. What is the effect on the equilibrium constant, K.? [i mark } (i) Explain your answer in (€) (i). [2 marks] (©) Write an expression for K, for the system AND calculate the vatlue of K. at 100°C. [6 marks} Total 20 marks(a) ) Explain how the following factors may affect the rate of a chemical reaction: @ Surface area Catalysts [2 marks} [2 marks} ‘The reaction between peroxodisulphate (S,0,2-) and iodide (I*) ions yields the species 1,” in accordance with the following equation: $,0° +31 + 2802 +15 Table 1 gives some experimental data from an investigation of the rate of reaction be- tween peroxodisulphate ions and iodide ions. The rate equation can be represented as Rate = k{S,0,7]" [Fr]. ‘TABLE 1: EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR THE REACTION BETWEEN 8,0, and Experiment Initial concentrations (mol dm~) number (8,077 ir) reaction (mol dm™ s*) 1 0.05 0.10 = 15x10 2 0.10 0.10 R, = 30x10 3 0.10 0.05 R, = 15x 105Use the data in Table 1 on page 2 to determine EACH of the following: (i) The order of reaction with respect to both $,0,* and - [4 marks] (ii) The overall order of the reaction [2 marks] Total 10 marks (a) State Le Chatelier’s principle. [2 marks] (b) Using the equation, 2 $0,(g) + O,(g) <> 250,(g), explain the effect of EACH of the following on the equilibrit : (Change in pressureGi) Acatalyst [4 marks} (©) The equation for the decomposition of limestone can be represented as CaCO,(s) ==> CaO (s) + COL). () Write the equilibrium constant for this system in terms of partial pressures. (1 mark | (ii) Whatis the effect on the equilibrium system of adding a small quantity of solid calcium carbonate? Ui mark} Total 10 marks Gypsum (CaSO, + 2H,0) is a common calcium mineral that is found worldwide. It is slightly soluble in water, and ground water that is in contact with gypsum often contains some calcium sulphate (CaSO,). (a) @_ Write the equation which represents the equilibrium between Ca™(aq) and SO,*(aq), and undissolved CaSO, [1 mark ] Gi) Explain the meaning of the term ‘solubility product’ [2 marks]) © (iii) State ONE physical factor which affects the value of the solubility product constant, [1 mark] In bronzing and ornamental work requiring a golden colour, lead iodide (PbI,), which can be described as a dense, golden yellow “insoluble” solid, is used. Calculate the solubility of lead iodide in water at 25 °C, using the solubility product constant (K,,.) = 7.1 x 10°? mol? day (5 marks} How is the solubility of a slightly soluble ionic compound affected when a second solute that furnishes a common ion is added? [1 mark] Total 10 marks1 @) (b) ‘The blood is an important buffer that contains bicarbonate ions (HCO,” ) (aq) and car- bonic acid (H,CO,). Suggest how the blood responds in the presence of EACH of the following: (Lactic acid that is produced as a result of a) mild exercise b) _ strenuous exercise. [4 marks] Gi) Excess alkalinity [2 marks] An on-the-job trainee technician is asked to prepare a buffer solution of known pH. Outline the steps needed to prepare the solution and to determine that the solution is of the pH required. [4 marks} Total 10 marks4 Niacin, a member of the vitamin B group, has the molecular structure given below. Niacin is a weak acid and experimental determination shows that a solution of the acid of concentration 0.020 mol dm” has a pH of 3.26 at 298 K. (a) b) © By reference to the Bronsted-Lowry theory and the molecular structure of niacin, explain the statement, “Niacin is a weak acid”. [5 marks} Use the information provided above to calculate the @ i) @ co) concentration of H* ions in the 0.020 mol dm’ solution of niacin at 298 K [3 marks] concentrations of niacin and the conjugate base in solution at 298 K [3 marks] K, for niacin at 298 K. [3 marks] What changes in the values of pH and K, for niacin would be expected if the determination is carried out at 320 K? Suggest areason for your answer based on molecular structure. [3 marks} Comment on the suitability of using a weak base to determine the concentration of niacin in solution by titration. (3 marks] Total 20 marks@ (b) @ In 1791, Luigi Galvani observed that muscles in frogs’ legs contracted when touched simultaneously by two different metals. In 1794, Alessandro Volta showed that elec- tricity could be produced when two metals are immersed in a conducting solution. (i) Explain the “muscle twitch” observed by Galvani. [1 mark } (ii) Describe with the aid of a diagram the experiment that Volta might have per- formed using TWO named metals. [3 marks] (iii) Describe how the apparatus in (ji) can be modified to determine the standard electrode potential. (5 marks} Use the data on the standard electrode potentials below to answer the questions that follow: 2.08 V O,(g) + 2H"(aq) +2e° == Og) + H,00), Ee= Clg) + 2e === 2Cr (aq) E%=+136V (@ Stain removers often oxidize the coloured compound to a colourless complex. Suggest ONE reason why inventors believe that an ozone-producing formula- tion produces brighter, whiter clothes than bleach does. [2 marks] (ii) Comment on the suggestion that chlorine can be produced by bubbling ozone through sea water. [2 marks} One of the most common and useful batteries is the lead-storage battery used in auto- mobiles. The cathode of each cell is composed of lead (IV) oxide (PbO,), and the anode is composed of lead. The electrolyte used is sulphuric acid. () Use the information in the data booklet to write equations for the reactions occurring at each electrode during discharge. (2marks] Gi) Calculate the standard cell potential. (2 marks] The fuel cell (H, ~ O,) was a primary source of electrical supply on the Apollo moon flights. The fuel cell uses porous carbon electrodes into which pure streams of Hydro- zen (at the cathode) and oxygeh (at the anode) are introduced. By reference to standard electrode potentials in the data booklet, deduce the useful by-product of the reaction. Include relevant equations. [3 marks} Total 20 marks1, Lead (11) chloride (PbCI,) is a sparingly soluble salt. (a) Write an expression for the solubility product of lead (II) chloride. [2 marks} (©) A saturated solution of PbCI, contains 0.025 mol dm” at 25°C. Calculate the K,_ of PoC, ° [3 marks](©) Astudent finds that on adding NaCl(aq) to a saturated solution of PbCl, a white precipi- tate forms. Explain this observation. [5 marks} ‘Total 10 marks 2. When stung by an ant, a potent mixture containing an organic acid, methanoic acid (HCOOH), is injected into the skin. Typically, organic acids are weak acids. (a) (@)_Explain the meaning of the term ‘weak acid’. [2 marks} (ii) Account for the sensation that occurs when stung by an ant. {2 marks} (b) A sample of the mixture responsible for the sting is extracted from the ants and analysed to determine the pH and acid concentration. ‘The pH of the sample is 2.4. (i) Suggest a simple method of determining pH. (1 mark }i) ‘The acid concentration is determined by titrating the sample with a 0.05 mot dm” sodium hydroxide solution. 10 cm of sodium hydroxide reacts completely with 5 cm? of the sample. Given that the equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and methanoic acid is NaOH(aq) + HCOOH(aq) —» HCOO Na(aq) + H,O() a) Suggest a suitable indicator for this titr (1 mark | b) Calculate the concentration of the acid in the sample. (1 mark] ©) Use your answer to (ii) b) above and the pH value of the sample to calculate the value of K,, for the acid. (3 marks] Total 10 marks(a) (b) ‘The standard hydrogen clectrode is the reference electrode with which other electrodes are compared to determine standard electrode potentials. (i) Draw a labelled diagram to show how the standard electrode potential for the Zn** (aq) J Zn (s) electrode can be found by combining it with the standard hydrogen electrode. [3 marks] Gi) Which of the half cells is the positive electrode? [1 mark } i) Using arrows, indicate on the diagram drawn in (i) above, the direction in which the electrons flow through the external circuit. [1 mark } ‘AZn®* (aq) / Zn (s) half cell is connected to a Ag*(aq) / Ag (s) half cell as shown below Zn (s) / Zn** (aq): : Ag’ (aq) / Ag (s) (Write the equations for the reactions occurring at each half cell, using electrode potentials given in the data booklet. Positive electrode Negative electrode [2 marks] (ii) Calculate the standard e.m-f. of the cell. [1 mark]1. (@ ii) A student sets up the Ag” (aq)/ Ag (s) half cell in (b) page 5, using a solution of 0.1 mol dm~* Ag* ions instead of | mol dm~* Ag* ions. Suggest how this would affect the e.m.f. of the cell. Give a reason for your answer. [2 marks] ‘Total 10 marks The rate equation for the reaction between hydrogen, H, . and nitrogen monoxide, NO, is as follows: Rate = k [H, ..] [NO 2a ey Predict quantitatively what would happen to the rate of the reaction when the following changes are made. Give a reason for your answer in (i) and (ii. @ Gi) Gi) The concentration of H,,,, is doubled. Effect on Rate: Reason: (2 marks} The concentration of NO,,, is halved. Effect on rate: Reason: [2 marks} ‘The concentration of H,., and NO, are both tripled. Effect on rate:(b) _@_ The equation for the reaction between H, and NO at 25°C, | atm is as follows: 2N0,.) + 2 Ny) + 2H,00 HH, 2@) @) ‘The rate of the reaction was monitored by measuring the volume of products formed. Sketch a suitable graph representing the data collected. [2 marks} (ii) Apart from volume measurement, state ONE other method of monitoring the rate of this reaction. [1 mark] Suggest TWO precautions that should be taken when performing the experiment in (b) Gi) above. [2marks] ‘Total 10 marksIn some chemical reactions, the reactants are not converted completely to products. Instead, an equilibrium system, comprising reactants and products, is formed. One such equilibrium system can be formed in the reaction between SO,(g) and O,(g), as shown in the equation below: 197 kJ mol 280,(g) + 0,2) => 2802) AH (a) Le Chatelier’s principle can be used to predict how the position of an equilibrium may change in a system that is in dynamic equilibrium, (State Le Chatelier’s principle. [2marks] Gi) Give TWO characteristic features of a system in dynamic equilibrium. [2 marks] ii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K,, for the equilibrium system described above. (1 mark J (iv) The equilibrium constant, K,, for this reaction is 4.0 x 10" Pa! at 25°C. Use the value of K, to comment on the position of equilibrium at 25°C and the relative equilibrium concentration of the reactants and products. [ 2 marks] (6) Using Le Chatelier’s principle, predict how the position of this equilibrium and hence the concentration of reactants and products may be affected by EACH of the following changes. Explain EACH answer. (The temperature is increased while the pressure is kept constant. [3marks] Gi) The pressure is increased while the temperature is kept constant. [ 3marks} ii) Using a catalyst. [2 marks} © When a2:1 mixture of SO,(g) and O,(g) at a total initial pressure of 5 atm is passed over a catalyst at 425°C, the partial pressure of SO, (g) at equilibrium is found to be 3 atm. Calculate the value of K. [Smarks} ‘Total 20 marksBuffer solutions are used to provide suitable media for a variety of activities, ranging from those that are recreational to essential life processes. ‘The underlying chemical principles, however, are the same. @ () © @ © Define the term ‘buffer solution’. [2 marks] Sodium hydrogen carbonate is often added to the water in swimming pools to act as a buffer. (i) Suggest a reason for adding a buffer to the pool. [1 mark } Gii)__Use the following equation to explain how the aqueous hydrogen carbonate ion acts as a buffer. HCO, (aq) + H,O() = H,O"aq) + CO,*(aq) [2 marks] (i) Explain how the molecular structure of amino acids relates to their function as buffers in human blood. {3 marks} (ii) State ONE industry in which buffers are used. {1 mark } A buffer solution is made by adding 6.56 g of sodium ethanoate, CH,COONa, to 1 dm? of 0.02 M ethanoic acid, CH,COOH. (i) Calculate the concentration of the sodium ethanoate solution in mol dm™. (2marks} Gi) _K, for ethanoic acid is equal to 1.8 x 10 mol dm ‘Write the expression for K, and use it to calculate the pH of the buffer solution State any assumptions made in the calculation, [5 marks] 0.005 moles of solid sodium hydroxide are added to the buffer solution in part (4). ‘Assuming that there is no change in volume: (Find the new concentrations of the sodium ethanoate and ethanoic acid. [2marks] Gi) Comment on the pH of the new solution and explain your answer. [2 marks} Total 20 marks1 ‘An equilibrium is established on reacting bromine and chlorine in the solvent tetrachloromethane at room temperature and pressure. The product of the reaction is bromine chloride, BrCl. (2) @)_ Write the equation for the reaction in this equilibrium system. {1 mark | Gi) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K.. [2 marks] (>) G@_Inanexperiment set up to monitor this equilibrium, a reaction mixture is found to contain 0.0389 mol of Br, , 0.0111 mol of Cl, and 0.0546 mol of BrCl. Given that K, at 298 K for the system is 6.88, determine whether equi attained in the reaction mixture. Show all your working. [3 marks}© What TWO precautions should be taken to ensure that the experiment yields accurate results? {2 marks} (iii) Suggest ONE safety measure that should be taken in this experiment, (1 mark } Under what experimental condition would the value of K_ be greater than 6.90, given that the reaction is endothermic? (1 mark } Total 10 marks(a) (b) (©) (ay Define the term ‘buffer solution’ [2marks} A buffer solution can be made from a mixture of a weak acid and a salt of the acid. Explain how this mixture functions to maintain pH on the addition of (@ strong acid Gi) strong alkali [6marks} ‘The major buffer system used to control the pH of the blood is the carbonic acid (H,CO,) = bicarbonate (HCO, >) buffer system below. , = CO,(aq) + 1,0) > H,CO (aa) — Equation 1 H,CO (aq) = H"(aq) + HCO, (aq) — Equation 2 (a) During periods of strenuous exercise there is a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood. Explain what effect this has on the buffer system by making reference to Equations I and 2. [2marks} b) This effect can be reversed by breathing more deeply and more quickly during exercise. Explain how this is possible. {4 marks] A buffer solution is made up of 0.025 mol dm of ethanoic acid, CH,COOH. and 0.010 ‘mol dm” sodium ethanoate, CH,COONa. The K, for ethanoic acid is 1.75 x 10° mol dm" (i) Write the expression for the K, of ethanoic acid, {1 mark } Gi) Use the expression in (d) (i) above to calculate the pH of the buffer. [5 marks] Total 20 marks5. Table 3 below gives data obtained during an investigation of the rate of hydrolysis of a halo- genoalkane, R ~ X, with NaOH (aq). R-X+NaOH—> R-OH +NaX. TABLE 3: DATA ON THE RATE OF HYDROLYSIS OF A HALOGENOALKANE WITH NaOH Experiment | Initial [R-X] Initial [(NaOH(aq)) Rate of product number /mol dm /mol dm* (ROH) formation mol dm* s* 1 6x 10> 1x10? 3x 10° 2 6x 10° 2x10? 6x 10% 3 6x 10° 3x 10% 9x 10° 4 1x 10° 6x 10° 0.5x 10% 5 2x 10° 6x 10° 1x 10° 6 3x 10% 6x 10% 1.5.x 10% (a) Determine the order of the hydrolysis reaction with respect to @ R-X (ii) NaOH. [4 marks] (b) _ Deduce the overall order of the reaction and construct the rate equation for the hydrolysis. [2 marks] (c) Calculate the value of the rate constant and state the units. [3 marks] (dd) Suggest a possible mechanism for the hydrolysis of the halogenoalkane and use the representative structure below to illustrate the steps involved. R | Cay, x n% 1 Hq [3 marks} (e) Use collision theory to state and explain the effects of EACH of the following on the rate of a reaction: (i) Temperature [3 marks] Gi) Concentration {3 marks} (iii) Surface area [2 marks] Total 20 marks—D represent the structures of four diffferent organic molecules. 1 cH, cH, CH, CH, I 1 1 | H,C,-C-CH, —_-H,C,- C- CH, HC,-C=CH, —_H,C,~ C- CH, I bi b bu A B c D (@) Complete Table 1 by writing the reagent, condition and reaction mechanism for EACH of the following conversions. TABLE 1 Reagent Condition Reaction mechanism ASB CoA Electrophilic addition CoB [7 marks](b) _ B may be converted to D by reacting with ethanolic sodium hydroxide. Using curved arrows to show the movement of electrons, write the mechanism for the conversion of B toD. (4 marks] (© Complete Table 2 by writing the observation and expected product for any reaction of alcohol and K,Cr,0,/H". TABLE 2 Reaction with K,Cr,0, ‘Observation Expected product (fany) Primary Colour change from alcohol orange to green Secondary alcohol Tertiary alcohol [4 marks] Total 15 marks@ ): © Compound A below is similar in structure to warfarin which is used to control rodents. Gi) OCG we O oO ‘Compound A Identify THREE functional groups in the structure of A. [3 marks] Specific functional groups in Compound A react with the following reagents: 1 - HCN Il — Bromine in an organic solvent Identify ONE functional group that reacts with EACH reagent and show the change that occurs to the structure. [4 marks] Free radical reactions occur frequently in nature in photochemical processes. Using the reaction between methane and chlorine, explain the mechanism of free radical substitution. [3 marks] lustrate the reaction mechanism for electrophilic substitution, using the reaction between benzene and a named electrophile. [5 marks] ‘Total 15 marks(a) State TWO factors which affect reaction rates. [2 marks] (>) The data in Table 1 were obtained for the decomposition of nitrogen dioxide at 673 K. NO,(g) > NO (g) + ¥ 0,(g) TABLE 1 : DECOMPOSITION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE Time (s) | [NO,] mol dm? Roy mot am? 00 0.0100, 100, 50.0 0.00787, _—— 100.0 0.00649, 154 200.0 0.00481 — 300.0 0.00380, 263 (@ Complete Table 1 by writing the missing values for THOT [2 marks]Gi) [NO] mor! dm? Gi) 7) @) 100 time) 7” “0 [2 marks] From your graph, determine the order of the reaction with respect to NO,. Give a reason for your answer. Order of reaction: Reason: [2 marks] State the rate law for the reaction. {1 mark } Use the slope of the graph to determine the value and units of the rate constant, k, for the reaction. [2 marks](©) @ Several experimental methods, including titrimetry, can be used to determine reaction rates. Suggest TWO OTHER methods which can be used to determine reaction rates, [2 marks] Outline TWO experimental steps in the determination of the reaction rate of an esterifica- tion reaction using titrimetry. [2 marks} ‘Total 15 marks‘The following equation represents a step in the Contact Process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. a = : = r Equation 1: 280,(g) + O,(g) > 280,(@); AH = - 196 kJ mot (@) State Le Chatelier’s Principle. [2 marks] (b) State the effect of EACH of the following on the equilibrium position of the reaction in Equation 1: (An increase in pressure (ii) An increase in temperature [2 marks] © — @__ When SO, and O, are mixed in a2 : 1 ratio at 303 K the total equilibrium pressure of the system is 101.3 kPa Calculate K,, at 303 K for the reaction in Equation 1, if at equilibrium the number of moles of SO,, 0, and SO, are 1.2,0.6 and 0.8 respectively. [4 marks] (ii) | Comment on the value for K, at 695 K for the reaction in Equation 1 (1 mark] (d) Consider the following equation for a reversible reaction. = wor > = 8 Equation 2: HS + HO = H,O* + HS; K, = 89x10 (i) _ Define the term ‘Brénsted - Lowry base’. (1mark] (ii) Identify TWO bases in Equation 2. [2 marks] (©) Calculate the pH of a 0.05 mol dm” solution of Ba(OH),. [3 marks] ‘Total 15 marks