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Daniel Noteboom
Chem 155 AB Lab Report #5
Emission vs Energy
Blue
White
Orange
Absorbance
Green
Yellow
Red
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Energy(ev)
2.45
Orange
2.33
Green
2.2
Yellow
2.1
Red
Radius(
m)
1.80E09
2.10E09
2.28E09
2.55E09
2.84E09
3.27E09
Daniel Noteboom
Chem 155 AB Lab Report #5
Table
1:The
lowest
absorption
peaks of
Figure 2: A plot
of the
quantum
dots
absorption
the
quantum
dots
and
the
vs energy of the quantum dots. The data for blue
corresponding
of the
and green are highly
affected
by noise and
should
0.6energies
wavelengths.
The
approximate
equation
be shifted down.
The reference
was
probably not
0.4
for the
discussed in
calibrated correctly
forCdSe
thesenanoparticles
quantum dots.
the
introduction
was
used
to
calculate
Absorbance
Absorbance vs Energy
Blue
White
Orange
Green
0.2
0
1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7
Yellow
Red
Energy(ev)
20
10
0
-10
Energy(ev)
Highest Emission
Quantu
Energy(
m Dot
ev)
Blue
2.55
White
2.37
Orange
2.267
Green
2.159
Yellow
2.06
Red
1.94
Daniel Noteboom
Chem 155 AB Lab Report #5
1
0.5
0
2.82.9 3 3.13.2 3.33.4 3.53.6 3.73.8 3.9 4
Energy(ev)
2.84E-09
2.55E-09
2.50E-09
2.28E-09
2.10E-09
2.00E-09
1.80E-09
1.50E-09
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
Energy(ev)
2.5
2.7
2.9
Daniel Noteboom
Chem 155 AB Lab Report #5
Daniel Noteboom
Chem 155 AB Lab Report #5
Since the electrons interact somewhat with each other and the molecule the
calculated Schrodinger equation for energy is only approximate.
In figure 4, the difference between each of the three peaks of the
octatetraene is about .176ev which corresponds to a wavelength of 7045.45
nanometers. This wavelength is on a scale of 10^-6 meters, the length of infrared
radiation or the vibrations of molecules. In this case the molecule is vibrating and
able to absorb higher energy wavelengths. In the quantum dots samples the lowest
peaks from the absorption, figure 1, correspond to the highest peaks in the
emission, figure 2. The results are recored in tables 1 and 2. The quantum dots are
not excited to the lowest energy of the excited state but a higher energy of the
excited state. After the electron is excited it falls to the ground level of the excited
state and the largest emission is from the ground state of the 1 st excited state to the
ground state of the ground state. This peak corresponds to the lowest absorption
value.
Some error occurred in figure 2. The blue and green absorbance data was
probably not calibrated directly so there is a lot of background noise but the peaks
can still be measured at about 2.7 ev for blue and 2.2 ev for green. In figure 1, there
is a lot of noise from the UV lamp at 3.5 ev and the white peak is much higher than
the other colors. The variations in the UV lamp noise at 3.5 ev shows that the UV
lamp was positioned differently for different quantum dots which led to some
variation of the size of the peaks. The peak of white is off the screen because the
absorption was around 200. The yellow peak is not observed because the data was
not recorded correctly but a peak was still observed during the lab and is used in
table 2 . There is also some noise in figure 1 around 3 ev. Since the peaks look
roughly the same for all the colors, another error occurred and these peaks were
also ignored.
The absorption peak energy from figure 1 was related to the radius size in
figure 5 using the four-part CdSe equation discussed in the introduction. As the
energy is lowered the radius goes down exponentially because the energy is
proportional to 1/radius^2 in the equation. The quantum dots that absorb smaller
wavelengths of higher energy, have smaller radiuses.
Since the quantum dots were not all exactly the same size the peaks have a
fairly wide range. The range can be approximated by taking the full width at half
maximum or FWHM, the peak at half its height on both sides of the peak. For the
smallest quantum dot, blue, this is a range from 2.4-2.63 ev or 471.48nm-508nm in
figure 1. In this calculation the peak was assumed to be at about an emission of 7.2
since the peak actually drops down to about 0 absorbance if all the noise is
removed. One final analysis is observed by noticing in table 1 and 2 that the lowest
absorption peaks are higher than the highest emission peaks. For example, blues
highest emission is 2.55ev, .17ev lower than the highest absorption. This shift is
called the stokes shift and is due to the fact that the excited molecules cannot be
excited directly to the ground state. The highest emission is fall from the ground
state of the excited state to the ground state of the ground state, a smaller fall than
the rise from the ground state of the ground state to a higher level than the ground
state of the excited state. The molecules emit energy as they fall to the ground
state of the excited state and some of this noise is below 1.5ev and is too small to
see in figures 1 and 2.
Conclusion: The lowest absorption peaks correspond to the highest emission peaks
with a slight shift called the Stokes Shift due to the fact that molecules cannot be
Daniel Noteboom
Chem 155 AB Lab Report #5
excited to the ground state of an excited state. The radius for the quantum dots was
found to decay proportional to 1/radius^2 because of the terms in the four part
equation involving the coulomb potential, E-gap, the effective mass of the electron,
and the hole the electron leaves. The particle in a box model is a decent estimator
for some electrons that are delocalized, such as the double bonds in the
octatetraene . The energy difference in the octatetraene peaks corresponds to the
vibrations of the molecule. The FWHM was used to establish a range of about 30nm
for the blue, the smallest quantum dot. To understand how the different
wavelengths are being reflected at different angles, the grating constant was
measured to show that different wavelengths will constructively interfere at
different ponts.