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    DIA Biological Effects Electromagnetic Radiation Eurasian Communist Countries

    Transféré par

    charlenecleoeiben
    DIA_Biological_Effects_Electromagnetic_Radiation_Eurasian_Communist_Countries.pdf

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    DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C 20340-5100, U-11-3,1T1/DAN-1A (FOIA) AUG 19 cult Mr. Jonathan R. Tyrell 11925 Fresh Air Lane Roseville, California 95603 Dear Mr. Tyrell: ‘This responds to your Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request, dated November 13, 2010 that ‘you submitted to the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) for information concerning Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation (Radio-waves and Microwaves). I apologize for the delay in responding to Your request. In order to properly respond, it was necessary to consult with another office within the agency. A search of DIA's systems of records located one document (35 pages) responsive to your request. Upon review, { have determined that some portions of the document (35 pages) must be withheld in part from disclosure pursuant to the FOIA. The withheld portions are exempt from release pursuart (0 Exemptions 1, 3, and 6 of the FOIA, 5 U.S.C. § 552 (b)(1), (b)(3), and (b\6). Exemption 1 applies to information properly classified under the criteria of Executive Order 13526. Exemption 3 applies to information specifically exempted by a statute establishing particular criteria for withholding. The applicable statue is 10 U.S.C. § 424, Statute 10 U.S.C. § 424 protects the identity of DIA employees, the organizational structure of the agency, and any function of DIA. Exemption 6 applies to information which if released would constitute an unwarranted invasion of the personal privacy of other individuals. If you are not satisfied with my response to your request, you may exercise your right to file an administrative appeal by writing 20 the address below and referring to case number 0073-2011. Your appeal must be postmarked no later than 60 days after the date of this letter. Defense Intelligence Agency ATTN: DAN-IA (FOIA) 200 MacDill Bivd Washington, D.C, 20340-5100 Sincerely, Qrpa y, witbeerme Enciosure Alesia Y. Williams Chief, Freedom of Information Act Staff DST-18108.074-70 POST 76 C007FIE WO 6FIZ DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (RADIOWAVES AND MICROWAVES) EURASIAN COMMUNIST COUNTRIES (U) Nie PREPARED BY U.S. ARMY ak. MEDICAL INTELLIGENCE AND INFORMATION AGENCY ce OFFICE OF THE SURGEON GENERAL * BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION . (RADIOWAVES AND MICROWAVES) ~ EURASIAN COMMUNIST COUNTRIES (U) AUTHORS (O@: =e wa Dst~18108-074-76 DIA TASK PT-1810-02-75 DATE OF PUBLICATION March 1976 Information Cut-off Dace 10 Getober 1975 e Supersession Notice This document supersedes ST-CS-Ol-74-74, dated March 1974 WARNING ’ ‘This publicatioa contains information affecting che National Defense of the Untted Seates within che meaning of che Esptonage Lava, Tiele 18, U.S.C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transaission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an unauthorized person 18 prohibited dy Lav. This ts 4 Department of Defense Intelligence Document prepared by the US Army Nedical Intelligence and Information Agency and approved by the Directorate for Sctentifie and Technical Intelligence of the Defense Intelligence Agency. By DIA-oT : SCHEDULE OF EXECUTIVE XEMPTION CATEGORY 1,2 ST-LA10S-074-76 March 1976 PREFACE 46) The purpose of chis review {s to provide information necessary to assess hunan vulnetability, protection materials, and aechods applicable to milicary operations. The study provides an insight on che current research capabilities of these countries. Information on crends is presented vhen feasible and supporcabie. 40) The scudy discusees che biological effects of electromagnetic radia tfon in the radio- and microvave ranges (up through 300,000 megahertz). Te is nor within the realm of chis study to provide detatled descriptions of every Laboratory experiment. Such data have been purposely omitted ta faver of an analytical approach. An attempt has been made to identify che principal areas of research and to discuss the significance of experivental results. (@) The information reported in chis study has been dram from scientific, medical, and military journals, incelligence reports, eagazines, neve cess, dooks, and ocher publ{cations. The information cut-off date for this study vas 1 October 1975. #9 Constructive criticism, comments or suggested changes are encouraged, and should be forvarded to the Defense Intelligence gency (ATTN: DT-1A), Washington, DC 20301. ni (Reverse Blank) Cone UNCLASSINTED SECTION I~ INTRODUCTION SECTION 11 - BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF RADIOJAVES AND NICROWAVES PART 1 ~ Blood -————~ PART 2 - Cardiovascular System —-—--——-———— PART 3. ~ Cells PART & = Central Nervous System -———---———-— PART 5 ~ Digestive System ~ PART 6 - Glands ——-——-~ PART 7 ~ Metabolism PART 8 - Reproduction PART 9 ~ Visual Systens ——-—— e PART 10 ~ Internal Sound Pereeption SECTION TTT ~ MISCELLANEOUS ORSERVATTONS ————-—-———. SECTION IV - DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES —-—— SECTION V_~ SAFETY PRECAUTIONS. AND STANDARDS —-—- SECTION VI - TRENDS, CONCLUSIONS, AND FORECAST — SECTION YIT - INFORMATION GAPS Daea Handling -—~- Dieeribueton List ~- @ wes March 1976 siveiany (C}_ The thermal effects of electromagnetic radiation save been reasonably veil established through experimental investigation. The nonthermal effects. however, remain a controversial issue between scientists in the West and in the Eurasian Conmunist countries. The difficulties encountered in conclu sively denonstrating the nonthermal effects of electronugnetic exposure are lixely responsible for differences in exposure standards; sone standards are based Largely on the dewonstrable theraal effects, vhile others allow for possible nonthermal effects at subtheraal intensities. () The Eurasian Comunist countries are actively involved in evaluation of the biological signifiesnce of radiovaves and microvaves. Most of the research being conducted involves animals or in vitro evaluations, but active programs of a retrospective nature designed co elucidate the effects fon humans are also being conducted. The major systems, system components, or processes currently under study incide the blood, ine cardiovascular aystee, cells, the cencral nervous system, the digestive system, the glundular system, metabolic effects, and the reproductive and the visual systems. Other aspects of exposure are also being studted, but the limited SS nunber of reports uncovered aakes assessment of the taportance placed upon this research impossible. These lesser ceporced research areas include nonthermal effects. irmunological studies, and use of radiovaves for funetional control of organ systems. fe No unusual devices or neasures for protection from radiovave exposure were noted, but a continued stress upon personnel protection in occupa~ Clonal situations was apparent. Here, protect!ve goggles and clothing are , recommended when working in regions of microvave radiation. Although sone I differences in standards renain beturen the various Communist countries | und between military and civilian standards, the Communist standards rens‘n | fmuch more stringent than those of the West. an exception to chis aay be i Poland vhere a recent relaxation of their standards has occurred. This is | the faret significance shift of an East Ecropean country avay from the scandard firse set by the USSR in 1958. 46) LE che more advanced nations of che West are strict in the enforcenent. of steingent exposure standards, there could be unfavorable effects on in- dustrial output and military functions. The Eirastan Communist counertes : could, on the other hand, give lip service to 1e- chenical variations, effects on erythrocytes, changes In coagulation, and alterations in the blood forming system. As vould be expected, post communist country reports originate from in vitro or in vivo aninal experiments rather than from human dats. (U) Long-term ultrahigh frequency (UKE) exposure in race reportedly reduced the iron and copper content in both the blood and muscle vith a concoaitane increase in iron concent in the liver. Sim{lar exposure in chicks caused an increase in total proteins and globulins, but de- creaged the albuxin in the plasma. Rats exposed co 0.06 W/en? for 25 days denoostrated similar shifts. In some studies with dogs, irradiation with microvaves significantly decreased the lifetime of erythrocytes, while other studies iadicated no changes in the granulocyric systes after exposure. } In the lymphocytic system, hovever, aitotic disturbances and changes of nuclear structure occurred. Rabbits exposed to “an electromagnetic fielé” shoved significant increases in the number of monocytes, basophils, and Lemphocytes/am. Although undesirable, these shifes are not significant enough to impair che functional perfornance of humans. lovever, they are significant enough to varrant further experimentation. Soviet Tesearchers vill emphasize nore experiments with aniuals and they will continue to try and relace these experinents to data on human exposure to microwave envi- roncents. They will wost Likely work tovard relating such changes in different spectes of animals to particular intensities or exposures. (©) one study involved the observation of several thousand persons vorking in microvave~irradiated vorkshops, as well as aninal experizents. In the human subjects, three kinds of damage vere found: G) lymphocytosis and monocytosis. (2) Granulocytopenia, monocytosis, and eosinophilia frequently accompanied by absolute lyaphocytosis. (3) Moderace neutrophils. © : UNCLASSIFIED CLASSIFIED Dst-18108-074-76 March 1976 (Us) Blood coagulation indices of dogs subjected co high intensity super high Frequency fields vere scudied at intervals of ten minutes to thirty days after irrediation. Initially the coagulation time vas prolonged, but cwo hours after irradfation it was accelerated as 9 result of protective Ccupensatory changes in neurohumoral factors. The provectiva reaction was, tovever, pf short duration; the itradiation-indaced prolongation of coagulation time reappeared and che aninals' clorting tines did not Tetura to normal until at least {ifreen days after exposure. Another study showed thac long-term exposure to microwaves at a power density of LOaiv/ex* decreased the overall activity of butycyicholinesterase in the Blood serum of rats. Under conditions of whole-body exposure, the micro- waves did not exert a consistent effect on the enzyme molecule. The decrease in the overall activity of bucyryicholinesterase was correlated wich decrease in 1ts concentration ‘a the blood of the irradiaced (U) The action of microvaves on human erythrocyte permeability to potas~ sium amd sodiun ions vas also investigated. The vechanism of action ap- pears to be aq inhibition of active transport and am altered diffusion through che pores in the meabrane. The latter my be caused by the influence of WHF energy oa the meabrane itself or on the hydrated Sodium : cation and potassium cation, The nicrovaves either change che wenbrane structure thereby decreasing che passive sodium cation and potaseiun cation diffusion “nd reducing che concentration gradient, oF somehow block the mechanism ef active ion transport. (W) The question of stability of microvave-induced changes in blosd com ponents was addressed in chronic and acute tests using dogs and robbits. The irradiation was at 2 frequency of 2375 Miz vith a field strength of thirtr mécrowatts per square centineter. The rabbits were subjected co between one and ten irradiarions of sixcy ainutes duration each, and the dogs vere subjected to repeated {rradiations over 3 cerfod of nore than ‘a year. The changes {n the blood and marzew of rabbits were found co be tunstable and to pasa after a period of five Co cen days. Changes observed in the chronically exposed dogs vere sore stable, but became normalized over 2 period of rvency-ftve days. Investigation of chronic aicrowave irradiation on the blood-forning systen of guinea pigs and rabbits vas also Exposure of rasbits to lew levels of microwave radsation resulted in alteration of brain electrical activity, but caused no decectable mactescopic or mleroscopic histological changes. Examination of the brains of rabbits sacrificed immediately after exposure to 10 centiveter microvaves at pover densities of 20 co 10 ali/cu’ revealed hyperema of the wentages, distension of superficial vessels, and small extrovasations ‘of blood tn deeper brain areas. Some, : all of the observed changes, could have been thermal rather chan nonthermal effects, since the pover densizy employed in the experiment vas poverful enough’ to have caused a fairly great tenperature rise. The effects noted imediately after exposure were apparently reversible, since no changes in the condition of the brain eissue vere found in enimals sacrificed on the day folioving exposure. (U) Study of che rabbit visual corcex after 2 one minute exposure of the head to 40 sW/en™ at a vavelength of 12.5 om revealed changes in the fre~ quency of the background activity of 52 percent of visual cortical aeuront Chronte ‘rradtacton (evo weeks) of rabbits caused the development of a prevalence of slow, irregular biological currents; this vas interpreted as evidence of progressive establishaent of an inhibitory state in che cortex of the cerebral hemispheres. Normalization of the electrical shifts re-~ quired up to tvo months in sose cases. Siailar studies vith rats tndicated apparent decrease in cholinesterase activity 1a the central rervous systea. (U) tstological examination of the cerebral cortex cells from rats exposed to UNF at 5 co 1! wWica? revealed the onset of sclerosis and the Formation of vacuoles in sone of chi: cells. (U} Some excellent studies using biopotential recordings vere performed co determine the effect of microvaves on che Kinetics of nerve impulse conduc Clon. Frog sctatle nerves were irradiated with 12.5 cn vavelength aicrovaves for one minute and parallel cenperature measurements were wade. Calcula- tions snowed that the absorption of one caloric of alcrovave energy per kram of aaterial per minute gave a cenperature rise of 1.1 degrees C in the exneriment. The effects of cicrowaves and of direct contact heating (Eom three to aine degrees) on nerve impulse parameters (the rate of excitation conduction (EC) and the blopotential amplitude (BA)) vere ind coupared. For theraal effects alone, one degree increased values of EC and BA about five percent. Changes tn EC vere charac~ certzed by rapid fneresses as absorption of aiccovave energy increased, followed by a fatrly sharp drop upon switching off the microvave {rra- rmalization within three minutes. These (ncreases in EC values Chigher chan values obeained by thermal effects alone) vere espe cially pronounced in a study where the samples vere heated three and six 2p 2 9.3 degrees, EC vas lover, although che vegeees: Comperacure did act exceed physfological normal limies, Changes in BA 9 OST-18108-074-76 March 1976 during microwave irradiation vere also characterized by a such faster increase, followed by 2 sharp drop to below the original level after arradiation and essential recovery in chree minutes. In a series vhere the cemperarure incteased to 31°C, the microvave effect at first vas the save as the thermal effect; after thirty seconds the $A value vas even Jover than for the thermal effect alone, possibly due to overlap of tonic currents at such kigh temperature. This vas folloved by a substantial drop after irradiation, and very litele recovery in three minutes. The Aifferences in results in this series were attributed to different taitial conditions of the preparations. (U) These experiments indicate chat mlcrovaves nay have 2 specific effect of a nonthermal nature on EC and BA, causing sharp and reversible changes fa these functional paraneters of nerve impulse. Further experimentation vill be needed before extrapolations of similar functional changes to in vivo conditions, or to humans, are atteapced. It {a expected that Soviet research on these and other CNS responses vill continue during the next five years. PART 5 ~ DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (W) A number of alterations in the funetion of the gastrointestinal @ systen were observed. Reportedly, exposures of subjects vorking for long periods of tine in the presence of lov Intensity centimeter and decineter Saves resulted in nunerous disorders. These included dyspeptic disorders, cedena of the guns, bleeding guns, alteration of the gastric acidity, and 3 reduction of the tonus and evacuator functions of the stoasch. (U) Yunerous aniaal studies have been conducted on che aotor function of the gastrointestinal tract and the secretory function of the stomach. Non~ thermal intensities vere reporcedly used. In general, suppression of the stonach's evacuatory funetion, with signa of adaptation upon repeated ex- posure, was found. After partial denervation of the stomach, the opposite cccurred, Tt vas concluded that che vaves have a dual effect ~ a nediated changes in the function of the CNS and a direct effect on the organ or its local innervation. In general, gastric juices increase¢ and ltetie change in acidity was noted. This work tends to support obser~ vations of funcefonal changes in huzang and indicates thac they say actually result from a CNS tnteraction. Other aninal results are discussed below, hue do not relace co the hunan observations. 10 CONFETTI, UNCLASSIFIED e DST-18108-G74-76 March 1976 (8) The effects of high Erequency radiouaves on the content of nucleic acids in che digestive organs of rabbizs vere studied. The tecai aucleic ‘acid concent and che individual levels of DNA and RNA were assayed in the . Liver, panereas, stomach, small intestines, and blood. Tt vas found ¢ the conteat of nucleic acids a the organs vas a function of che pover and duration of exposure. Lov doses were found to considerably stimulate the nuctefe acids, while higher dosea reduced their content. Significant shifes in DNA content required very high level exposures. In a similar study on frogs exposed to microwaves (2307 tz), the highest nucleic acid content was found in the pancreas and the lovest in the stomach. Again, lov doses increased the cotal nucleic acid content while higher doses Anduced insignificant increases or reductions in their content. (W) “The effects of alerovaves (2307 Miz) on cadfophosphorus resorption in the stonach, duodenum, ileus, and colon were studied in rabbits. Simuleaneously, absorbed radiophosphorus distribution in che liver, longs, iddney, and apieen was investigated. It was found chat rates of radio- active phosphorus tesorption by sections of the alimentary canal differ. er nicrovave exposure, reserntive activity of the stomach 1s somevhat decreased, vhile ia the small and large intestines, it is increased. Lover tensity expocure accelerated the intestine resorptive function to ) greater extent chan large doses. of lover frequency waves. Radiophosphorus deposition in the viscera ts also a function of the dosage. PART 6 - GLANDS (U) Tavestigations of the effects of radiovaves and microwaves on che glandular gvstem have been concentrated mainly on the adrenal, pituitary, dnd the thyroid. The glandular effects, hovever, do 10t appear co be 3 high priority area when compared to other systens curently under taves- clgacton. (©) The funcetonal yg syncrone was found in ten @ r UNCLASSIF LED average levels were 20.5 ag. UNCLASSIFIED 2 subjects and 2 U wave was registered in lead V3 in eight subjects. Hemo- dynanic and ayecardial function parameters were studied by tachooseillo~ graphy and polysphyguography. Arterial pressure vas usually vithin normal Limits, alehough ic vas of a labile nature. Bradyeardia vas present in 16 subjects and decreased ainute volume was observed in eight; incveased peripheral resistance was found "in a significant nuaber" of subjects. Autonomic-vaseular changes and exotionz] lability and reactivity vere sceribuced to CNS changes and ‘ncreased pituitary-adrenal gland function. Te was also noted that such shifts in neuroendocrine function cwsld iead ko circulatory disorders manifested by changes in the hemodynamic indices and electrical activity of the heart. DST-18105-076-76 March 1976 (&) A second study vas done on two groups of vorkers occupationally exposed in the radio industry. The first group consisted of 100 subjects vho had worked for several years under conditions of periodic exposure to ateravaves ‘of considerable intensity (up to several mk/en2). The second group consisted of 115 subjects who had begun vork after the introduction of protective aeasures and had been exposed ro nicrevave intensity levels approximately the same as those co which the first group vas exposed. A control group of 100 subjects not exposed to the action of microvaves vas also continu- ously examined. The study shoved adverse effects, primarily on the nervous and cardiovascular systens, in both exposed groups. These effects vere ore pronounced in the first group. They vere manifested by more frequent couplaints of asthenic syndrome and vegetative vascular dysfunction. (WU) A lack of standards for measuring pover levels represents a problea vhich probably accounts for conflicting reports regarding the effects of 2 given frequency and intensity. Other problems wich dosimetry and experi- mental cechnique also exist. Such differences make comparison of results Fron one {nvestigator fo another, as well as from ore country to another, excrenely difficult. (U) Oniy a few seudies involving eleccrosagnetie interaction with the immunological systen have been reported. In one, rabbits vere cxployed £0 study che body inmunological reactivity under long-term irradiation. ‘The rabbite vere tomunized with typhoid antigen and divided into cue groups. One group vas exposed to waves of 50 and 10 wea? intensity for four hours a day over a four-sonth pertod. Analysis of the data obtained indicaced that chronic exposure co the effects of iow intensity high frequency radio~ waves can influence che ismmoreactive state of the body as evidenced by differences-in phagocytic activity of neutrophils, blood serum complenent level, and spectfte antibody titers. u UNCLASSTFIED DsT-18105-074~ March 1976 (W) Soviet investigators have conducted studies on the effects of micro vave Frequencies in coabination wich Jonizing radiation, magnetic fields, drugs, and nonionizing electromagnetic radiation of ocher wavelengtis. Generally, synergistic effects have been observed. Continued work in clis area'is expected, and possibly new safety standards for these con bined effects will be developed. (U)_ Ia summary, this section shows the rather broad front on which Soviet researchers are investigating the biological effects of SR. Ic is apparent cnat their interest covers all body systems which could =eason- ably be expected to display responses to such radiation. As with Wester. researchers, they have concentrated their efforts on the higher frequency spectrum which would be expected to produce more theraal responses. ever, they also contiaue co be interested in nonthermal effects, uhich, by Western standards, they have yet to conclusively denonstrate. How 9 Ps. 21 and 22 are (Reverse Blank) denied in full under (b) (1) 140) UNCLASSIFIED DSt-Le105-074-76 March 1976 SECTION ¥ SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AID STANDARDS Wy Safety precautions and standards have been establishea in both che US and {SSR co Frocect nor only persons uho are occupationally exposed but also co protect the health of persons Living or working near poverful generating or transmitting facilities. Significant differences in these standards exist and appear to be primarily due to different viewpoints fon nonthermal effects In the two countries. Both nations’ standards take into account the potentially lethal chermal effects resulting fror high- intensity exposure, but the biological effects of nonthermal irradiation are not ell defined or documented. In addition, sone research has ind{- cated che possibility of a cumlative effect on humans, but this 1s also very pocrly defined. AGH Soviet research has produced guidelines which vere used co establish [a value of 10 W/em? per working day as the aaximm aduiss(ble value for, microwave Irradiation. Migher exposures, at values of 0.01 to 0.1 a/cn’ are permissible for up co cuc hours per day or 1 aW/en® for 15 co 20 minutes @ per day. Protective glasses are required in the latter case. The Crecho- ! Slovakian scandatds for frequencies above 300 sfiz allow a maximum of 9.025 ak/en? in che continuous vave mode for eight iiour exposures. The standard for pulsed operation for the sane exposure period is 0.01 nl/en?. In June 1973, Poland revised tts exposure safety standards for nontontzing i radtation inthe frequency range of 0.3 co 300 Giz. The new standard per~ sits unlimited exposure of humans to field intensities of 0.01 aW/en’. | Elghe hours per day exposure 1g permitted for intensities up to 0.2 nil/en? for fixed fields and 1.0 el/en® for rotating fields. Exposures of up to 10 sW/ea" are peraitted for Llaited pertods of tine without safety equip nent. Exposures greater than 10 al/en’ are prohibited without approved safety equipment. Prior £0 June 1973, the maxtmus, radiation exposure iovel ger all rontonizing radiation was 0.01 sW/va? for up co eight hours per day. hich :s the sane as che safety standard for the USSR. The O.1 mbyea? Limit remains tn effect for 0.1 Miz to 300 Hz, but revised standards for chis frequency range are under cona‘deracion. the Fast Gorman aixinum setmtsaible exposure co microwaves 12 10 al/en2, hut neither rhe exact Frequency range or duratton for this exposure is specified. fv comparison, the United States Standards Institute recommends 10 aW/en? as averaged wer iny 1/10 hour period. The US Aray and Air Force use the Vowing equation to determine permissible exposure time (Tp). 200 durtay, anv one Jour ser tad Ad e a cenbEBE Ett ie exposure Cime ta minutes DST-1810S-074-76 March 1976 Potential problem areas for exposure te excessive electromagnetic radia- clon which were found in the Cosmunist Literature Included 2 wood prac~ essing plant, coastal radiocransmirting centers, radio equipaent on ships, ‘and flight communications equipnen: in the crew cabins of afrerafe. Open Seeder Lines vere identified as major sources of exposure. (U) Protective devices described for use in vorking near unacceptable fntensity fields include protective (metal-coatea; eye glasses and clothing and shielding of che source with special absorbers or sheet metal or vire mast shields. A snall seutconductor indicator instruneat used to warn workers of dangerous conditions from electroasgnetic fields has been developed. It rings an alarm when the fiels intensity exceeds the allow- able level. An indicator paper for visual determination of the intensity ‘of an electromagnetic field has also been developed. The indicator is prepared by impregnating a {1lter paper with a therwosensitive cheatcal compound. () to an aninal study, it vas ceported that oral adaintstration of caf- Feine {n doses of 20mg per kg lovered the duration 2f resiztance agains? | hiypertheraia caused by aicrovave irradiation. Caffeine did not taflvence che Cenperatuce a€ hich the animale died, but {t shortened the tine to death. The reason for che lovered resistance of rate to aterovaves uss actributed to cafreine’s exciting effect on the CYS which caused increased mecabolic ucciviry and consumption of oxygen. dlchough caffeine aight exert similar effects on the human CNS, any lovering of resistauce ro hyper~ cheraia vould be Insignificant; crained personuel vorking with properly operating, adequately serviced aicrovave equipaent would probably alnost never be exposed, even accidentally, co the tremendous radiation intensity required to induce heating of the human body. Nevertheless, sonitoring of Sovier research on the action of drugs in cosbination with microvave radiation should continue, since such studies may eventually result tn the detection of sonthernal safety hazards resulting froa the mutually poten- thating effects of radiation flelds and pharmacological compounds. 46} Should subsequent research recult in adoption of the Sovier standard by other councrics, industries vhose practices are based on less stringent safety regulations could be required co sake costly modifications in order to protect workers. Recognition of che .O1 al/en? standard could also iimit the applications of new electronic cechnology by making the com nercial exploitation of some products unattractive because of increased casts imposed by the need for additional safeguards. dst-i8ios-076-76 March 1976 SECTION VE TRENDS, CONCLUSIONS, AND FORECAST (UW) A significant anount of research contiques Co be perforned in the Eurasian Communist countries co.esiablish che effects of radiovaves and sicrovaves on biological systems. Ir is often difficult to evaluate the reported resuics, however, Decause detalls of the exposure in terms of Evequency, duration, and intensity are quite vartable, and sometines poorly reported. This, coupled vith probleas of measurenent eacountered in such studies, creates a tarher confusing body of data from uhich to drav objec- elve and absolute conclusione regarding the significance of the research. The Eurasian Communist investigators cend to place greater imporrance fon che potential nonthernal affects chae do chetr counterparts im the West, but infornacton regarding the precise nature of the exposure under consid~ eration is often difficult to establish. A move toward improved statistical analysis of daca and seandardization of dosinccry can be expected as Eastern Bloc researchers reac ro erieicism of their work by Western scientists, (&) The cypes of responses reportedly exhibiced by che vartous biological organs, processes, or functions are ia line with vhat has been reporced by Wescer invesetgators. Again, most of the responses which are reported can be Linked with the thermal action of che radiation, Studies vhich report on nonthermal effects deal largely vith subjective responses, relying on reports of headache, sleepiness, loss of appetite, etc. The presence of nontheraal effects, in addition to thermal effects at higher Intensictes, has alse been postulated by Eurasian Communist investigators, but ac detailed investigative support for this possibility vas nored. Accordingly, tr ts difftcate te establish whether or not a trend coward chis type of Feswarch wiLl begin. Ue Ls safe co gay that cesearch on aontherasl effects: at thermal intensities will be exceedingly difficule since another dimen~ Sion to un already foraidable problen vill have been added. 46) Yo Surasian Communist research activity has been identified which can be clearly or directly related to any aiiicary offensive weapons progran. However, Soviet sclencises are fully ware of che blological effects of lowrievel microwave radiation which aight have offensive veapons applicatinn. Thetr ingornal xound perception research has grete potential for development into 4 systen Cor disceiencing ur disrupting the behavior patterns of aAlitary of diplomatic personnel; tt could be used equally vell as an Incerrogacion tool. The Soviets have also studied the psvchophrstological and metabolic changes .ind the alzeraeions of brain function resvlting frou wrpesure co mixed Frequencies of eleccromagnecic radtatton. One physio- Logical effec which Nas been demonstrated is heare seizure, TAs has been Accomplished experimentally in frogs be avackrom2ctag a guised uiceahigh Nr Dst-18105-074-76 March 1976 Frequency aterovave signal of low average-pover density vith the senolact- zation of the ayocardium and beaming the signal at the thoracic area. A . Erequency probably could be found which would provide sufficien= penecra~ tien of the chest wall of humans to accomplish che sane effect. nother possibility is alteration of the permeability of the blood-brain barrter. This could allow neurctoxins tn the blood co cross. As a result, an individual could develop severe neuropathological symptons and either die or becoue seriously impaired neurologically. 46} A scudy published In 1972 by the US Arwy Mobility Equipment Research ‘and Developaenc Center, titled “Analysis of Microvaves for Yarcier Warfare” examines the plausibility of using radiv frequency energy in barriet- councerbarrivr warfare. Tt discusses both anti-personnel and anti-aatertel effects for lethal and nonlethal applications for meeting the barrier Fequirenents of delay, immobilization, and Increased target exposure. The report concludes that Le ts possible to field a truck-portable aicrovave barrier system char Will coupletely immobilize personnel in the open with present-day Cechnology and equipment. b. There {s a strong pocential for + aicrovave system chat vould be copable of delaying oF immobilizing personnel in vehtcles. teh present technology no method could be identified for a micro wave systea to destroy the cype of armored sateriel comon to tanks. +46) The shove study Ls recomended reading material for chose consusers who have an interest in che application of aicrovave energy to Veapons. A discussion at weapons Ls not within che scope of this study. 46> The imediate danger from aicrovave barrier weapons {s burns. The US Acay Medical Research Laboratory ac Fort Knox, Kentucky, has conducted tests on bums wich migvovaves. They have produced third-degree buras on human skin vith 20¥/en” in two seconds with frequencies of spproxtaately JGile. The study also points out that a alcrovave barrier can be sec up Wich extscing scate-of-the-art technology and off-the-shelf hardvare. Consdering the Soviet expertise in che area of elsetromaynetic energy, which La probably very close to, Lf not on a par vith char of the US, che possability aust be accepted that they too have (avestigated microwave energy for barrier vartare and that they are also concerned with the biological effects of this type of radiation. Close nonitscing of their research effores on burns and Sura therapy may posatbly reveal Sovter mncormeaaures sfainat aictovave barriee warfare. effores co develop

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