Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
()
: , 2003
:
................................4
1 .................................................................................................................7
1. ........................................................................................................7
2. ....................................................................................................................8
2.1. ....................................................................8
2.2. ..........................................................................9
3. () ......................................................................................9
3.1. ..................................................................................................................9
3.2. ().......................................................................10
3.3. ......................................................................................................10
2 .....................................................................................12
1. ...............................................................................12
2. .................................................12
3. .............................................................13
3.1. ........................................................................13
3.2. .............................................................13
3.2.1. ................................................................................................14
3.2.2. .............................................................................................14
4. ..................................................................................................15
3 () .................................................................17
1. ......................................................................................................................17
1.1. ............................................................................................17
1.2. ..........................................................................................................18
1.2.1. ...................................................................................................18
1.2.2. ...........................................................................................................................18
2. ...........................................................................................19
2.1. ....................................................................................20
3. .................................................................................20
3.1. ........................................................................................20
3.2. .........................................................................................21
3.3. ..................................................................................................................21
4 ......................................................................23
1. ......................................................................................................................................23
.......................................................................................................................23
1.2. ......................................................................................................................23
2. .....................................................................................................................................24
2.1. ..........................................................................24
2.2. .....................................................................................................................25
3. .....................................................................................................................................26
3.1. .............................................................................................................26
3.2. ....................................................................................................................26
4. .....................................................................................................................................27
4.1. ..............................................................................................................27
4.2. ....................................................................................................27
2
5
................................................................................................................................................................28
1. ..........................................................................................28
2. ..................................................................................................29
2.1. ..................................................................29
2.2. .............................................................29
2.3. ...............................................................29
3. ............................................................................................29
3.1. ............................................................................................30
3.2. to have a smoke.............................................................................................30
3.3. - give in.........................................................30
6 ..........................................................................32
1. .............................................................................................32
1.1. .........................................................................................32
1.2. ...................................................................................33
2. ......................................................................................33
2.1. : ............................................................................................33
2.2. .............................................................................................34
7 ........................................................................................................35
1. ........................................................................................35
1.1. ...........................................................................................35
1.2. .......................................................................35
2. ..........................................................................................35
2.1. ............................................................................................................................36
2.2. ......................................................................................................................36
2.3. ................................................................36
3. ......................................................................................37
3.1. ..................................................................................................................................37
3.2. ...............................................................................................................................37
3.3. ............................................................................................................................38
3.4. ..........................................................................................................................39
8
.......................................................................................................................................40
1. .............................................40
1.1. ....................................................................................40
1.2. ......................................................................41
1.2.1. ..........................................................................41
1.2.2. ..........................................43
2. ...............................44
, , (. leksis, leksicos
, ; logos ). , ()
. . , general lexicology, , ,
, . (special lexicology)
, , , . ,
, ,
,
.
, .
.
, -
. ,
(, descriptive lexicology). , , (historical
lexicology) .
, (contrastive lexicology).
,
.
,
. ,
. , ,
, , . . /, hut/ heart
, [dl], [], [l], [h] [w].
,
, , carian ur,
. ,
, .
, arm arms (arms and hands;
coat of arms); genius genii, geniuses; open (open the door; the open door). ,
(We are going there tomorrow We shall go there
Gone today, forgotten tomorrow), , We are going there now,
. . . -
, .
sculan ( shall),
.
, ,
,
. , father dad ,
, ,
( dad,
father).
, .
.
: - , , ,
. :
- , , ,
, , ,
. . . , ,
. ,
, ;
4
(, 1986). 70
, , , , .
,
- , , . .
. , , ,
, .
.
.
, .
, .
.
1. ?
. , ,
, .
2. ? ,
,
, , ,
, .
3. ?
, .
4. ? , .
;
.
5. , (casual free
and easy; to begin (smth) to get (smth) under way; etc). ,
, . ,
.
6. ?
, .
,
70 % .
7. ? ? ?
, , .
, . ,
, 1.
, .
, -
; , .
, ,
, . , , ,
. , . . ,
, , ()
(,1987, . 13). . . ,
3 : (will work, an egg), (worked, eggs) ,
. . (work, egg) (,1989, . 32).
, ,
. , . . , ,
, , .
() () ,
. ,
1
.
. . .
: ... - ... , ,
,
... (, 1994, . 8). . . ,
(, 1992).
, ,
.
, , , .
. , haerfest, ,
autumn . ( season for)
reaping and gathering in of grain or other products.
knave. cnafa
boy, servant (. . Knabe). ,
unprincipled man, rogue. . layer
layered. . , 60- . XX .
(layered hair styles introduced by Vidal Sassoon),
(the layered look big skirts with tight pants, tiers of fabric, one color on top of the other).
, (, ), .
: They never fired anyone either. They just put a superwhatever on top. When they put somebody else in below, they call it sandwiching (Safire, 1993, p. 181).
, ,
.
, -
.
. , .
, mo (
camouflage): a colour combination and pattern resembling the camouflage garments of soldiers and their equipment.
mouse.
, , ,
address, behaviour (pleasing address) , .
, - ,
, ()- .
, .
box: 1) kinds of small evergreen shrub, esp. one with small leathery leaves, much used
in garden borders (L. buxus); 2) receptacle of wood, cardboard, metal, etc. (L. buxum boxwood); 3) slap with hand
( ). , ,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
1
1.
,
, 2.
, , , . ; ,
. , . ,
,
. , ,
.
(), -
, .
, , . ., . .
, - .
. ()
, . , ,
. ,
, -:
(, , . .)
[.]
(, )
(, )
, .
.
/ . ,
, ; , ,
[on] , on, .
(),
, ( 1) ; 2) ; 3) ,
; fork 1) implement used for lifting food to the mouth; 2) farm tool; 3) place where a road, tree-trunk, etc.
divides or branches). ,
,
, , ,
andswerian, answer.
, , ,
. ,
. , goblin UFO ,
. ,
, ( money
, Papa, what is money?,
).
(run trot joggle; house mansion
building; etc.); (quickly in the nick of
2
., , . . ,
, . . .
7
2.
2.1.
, .
, , . .,
, , ,
() .
. , chairs, children, phenomena
, .
(-on ).
, , , .
. .
, , .
, ,
() . . . ,
- ,
(, 1977).
, . .
(, magic, magically, magician
(connected with the use of) supernatural forces; boy, boyhood, boyish, boyishness young man, time of man's youth,
young man's behaviour; etc.) ,
. , -ness (darkness, boyishness, happiness)
,
( ). , , ,
,
. , be am, is, are, was were;
boy, boy's boys , .
, , ,
, .
. , in the box in '
, give in .
,
. , . .
, :
( ) ,
().
. . . - ,
-, ,
. ,
, - ,
. ,
, .
2.2.
( )
, (<Lat. ilenotare , ), (-,
connotation <Lat. con + notare , ) .
, .
. ,
( , 3):
notorious
widely known for criminal acts or bad traits of character (-)
celebrated
for special achievements(+)
glare glance look
steadily, lastingly (long)
briefly, passingly (short)
father
parent
(neutral)
daddy
(colloquial)
, ,
(), (, , )
. ,
, , . ,
(look, know, parent, long ). - ,
(, , good,
awkward, dirt, murder, riot, treason, etc.4). (, )
( , ).
bias words, . . , .
, , (communist, fascist, democracy, etc.).
, , , - ,
, , - ,
, .
. , ()
.
3. ()
,
- . ,
, () .
, . ,
( )
.
3.1.
. buzz, cuckoo, splash, gargle, purr
, .
,
. , loudspeaker
loud speak r ( , ); prefabricate (pre fabric
ate: ); bestseller, rewrite, employee .
.
; :
barking (cough) (barking of a dog).
: snowdrop
; buttercup .
, ; ,
. .
, snowdrop; , honeysuckle, volleyball, wilful, , home, read, alphabet, parachute, etc.
; ,
, . , ,
. oilcloth. - ,
. ( ) glasses
( ).
; cock-a-doodle-do .
3.2. ()
,
.
. , . .
, .
,
(cupboard, forehead), . ,
lord, window, daisy, (hlaf + weard, wind +
eaze dges+eage ).
- (
). ,
tyrel mere, nostril (nase + yrel) mermaid (mere + mgden).
, . alphabet parachute, , ,
- ,
(alpha, beta prer .
+ chute . ).
,
. sweetmeats,
, ,
. spoon
, spon , .
telegram/wire (
); pseudonym/pen name ( );
radio/wireless ( , ) . .
3.3.
. .
. (J. Greenough) . (G. Kitteredge),
. ,
. , reindeer
10
rein deer, . . ,
hrenn () deer (); shamefaced
, scam (. modesty) faest (.
confirmed to). , ,
. , ,
, (sirloin),
. , sir;
surloin ( ).
. , rime
(rhyme) rhythm, cisoires
scissor.
, . ,
. primrose,
primerole (), ,
rose.
11
2
1.
, , ,
.
, ,
- . .
-, .
, ; , ,
,
, , ,
.
(, )
( , ).
, . . -
. ,
,
, .
2.
. , - core (horny capsule containing seeds of apple, pear,
etc.) , , bar of soft iron forming center of electro-magnet or
induction coil. , screen, ,
- , , .
(., , antennae, pilot, cabin, to
sail, etc).
- .
, , atom, XIX . (an
atom of a girl). atom
(supposed ultimate particle or matter).
probe, surgical instrument for exploring wound,
an instrument for exploring outer space (lunar probe).
.
to sail (travel over, glide through),
(travel on water by use of sails).
, .
, mill, (building fitted with machinery),
. Hospice (house of rest for travellers, esp. one kept by religious order),
, , .
. (. , phemo )
, -
. , cancer, rumour growth; fatal inoperable . .
, , : pass away, perish, join the
better, kick the bucket, go to green pastures, etc. ,
.
: pass away ,
; the better -, , ; .
. ,
, .
(political correctness). ,
, correct thinking, ,
12
80- . , . . ,
-. ,
, . crisis
depression, starvation undernourishment, unemployed redundant, salary cuts adjustment,
secondhand pre-owned, etc. ,
: Government spokesmen talk about REDEPLOYMENT of American troops; they mean
WITHDRAWAL. When sociologists refer to BLACKS LIVING IN SLUMS they are likely to mumble something about
NON-WHITES IN A CULTURALLY DEPRIVED ENVIRONMENT (Tune).
3.
3.1.
,
.
.
.
. , , foe,
enemi (. , enemy)
. valley/dale people/folk
, .
, , , starve,
. die
, (. . ).
reindeer,
. animal
, .
, . .
,
. (. ( )
( , )). : a weekly (paper); a musical
(show); (policy of) brinkmanship; (steam) engine . . ,
,
.
,
, (). ,
. , brick tactless
to drop a brick to say or do smth tactless; chaff (outer part of grain, removed before the grain is used as
food) easy trick An old bird isn't caught with chaff.
,
. , ,
.
3.2.
. ,
, .
, .
.
( , ,
) ( ).
. .
13
3.2.1.
, , ,
, ,
, .
( ) - ,
-, .
; ,
: town (The whole town was asleep); hall (The hall was silent); Whitehall government; British
Government (policy); kettle (The kettle is boiling) . .
. , mint (place where money is
coined) mynet (money, coin; coinage), ,
,
Moneta, . (youth period of one's life > a
person in this period), / (cork outer bark of the tree > a stopper for a
bottle; paper substance manufactured from wood fibre, etc. > a document written on it; etc.). ,
.
(-), ,
(the Crown = monarchy),
(penny = (a pretty penny)a good sum of money),
(royal horse = cavalry) . .
(pars pro toto)
(totum pars parte), (lunch meal taken > (packet lunch) food for the meal).
, -
. , sad
It is sad ( ) His story is sad ( ).
wear: The coat wears long (
) wears a coat ( ).
3.2.2.
, . ,
, ,
.
(, )
, .
bridge, smth to join two parts over smth:
1. Structure carrying a road across a river, etc.
2. Platform over and across the deck of a ship.
3. Upper bony part of a nose [between the two cheekbones].
4. Movable part over which the strings of a violin etc. are stretched. eye (of a
needle), neck (of a bottle), , foot (of a mountain), back (of a boot),
, ,
nut, onion head.
(-) . ,
soft :
soft music, voice, whispers quiet, pleasant to hear, tender;
soft surface, ground, velvet smooth and delicate, pleasant to touch or walk on.
sharp:
sharp voice, sound piercing, going deep into or through;
sharp feelings, pain, flavour producing a physical sensation like cutting or piercing;
sharp mind, intelligence acute, keen, deep.
deep (cutting), sharp knife
with a fine cutting edge, not blunt. , sharp
unscrupulous, not altogether honest (lawyer, practice).
, . ,
-, .
14
,
, . ,
, ,
caterpillar. , ,
lungs (of a town).
sharp ,
. . ,
leg , : one of the parts of an animal's or a person's body;
support for (a body, a cover of a table, etc.). stool-pigeon: a)
pigeon used as a decoy; b) (fig) person acting as a decoy, e. g. one employed by the police to trap a criminal.
, ,
,
. ,
, , (.,
, is a regular mouse leg of a table the
Bar All the world is a stage).
4.
. ,
. XIX ., : 1)
; 2) ; 3) ( ) .
, , , , .
, , , ,
.
, . , ,
. ( (, ) )
; , .
, , . .
.
, . , -
() . , to bootleg,
, (sell alcoholic drinks illegally) (sell anything illegally).
, ,
.
holiday. .-. halig dajg a religious feast day, c.-a. holi day church festival falling on a
week day, day of rest from work.
. , season spring
season part of the year between winter and summer any part of the year.
. ,
, affection
( any feeling, feeling feeling of
love) hound ( any dog, a certain kind of dog).
,
. atom, .
, , :
beauty 1) quality; 2) person of this quality ( ).
, , .
, . .
- ,
, , caterpillar, .
. , .-a. gebed (prayer)
bead (for counting prayers),
small ball of wood, glass, etc with a hole through it, for
threading with others on a string or wire.
15
, .
, , villain (feudal serf, farm-servant)
(person guilty or capable of great wickedness, scoundrel).
boor.
(a peasant, farmer).
illiterate, dull or insensitive peasant, boor a rude, illmannered person. urbane (
, . urban living or situated in town, courteous, elegant, or refined in manner), marshal (servant
looking after horses general officer of highest rank), nice (.-a. foolish, c.-a. pleasant), etc.
boy knave.
Knave, .-. cnafa, c.-a. knave ,
a male infant, a boy, or youth (. . . Knabe ).
a boy or lad employed as servant, a stable boy, groom; a cook's servant a man low in
rank or position. -f ,
rogue, unprincipled man.
knave . , knave.
, boy.
boi(e), knave, (servant, person of low rank and position)
a person lacking refinement, an ordinary fellow. , , boy
a youth, a male child.
, .
, , -
, .
, ,
().
16
3
()
1.
, , ( poly + sema)
. ,
. 2- :
the - ,
(The tiger was old), (The tiger is a cat-like animal) .
(). .
. , . . ,
. ,
, ,
(igloo, koala). . ,
.
,
,
. robot
a user who is actually a programme ( -).
kangaroo XIX XX . a tall thin man,
especially ill-shaped and round-shouldered.
- - . . (. Warrel)
Science of Human Behavior (Warrel, 1962) : 500
10 000 , ,
. , - 25 .
, . -
, , .
1.1.
. . . ;
, . , .
. , . ,
.
. , , ,
. , ,
, , ( !) ,
. . . .
take , lay hold of smth, , :
take smth from the table lay hold of smth with the hands; take advantage use; take smb. else's hat borrow without
permission; take smb home carry, accompany; take a cup of tea eat, drink; take notes make a record of smth; take
smb for a fool suppose, consider, etc. ,
, ,
. take ,
, .
. ,
thing any material or non-material object.
, : swimming things belongings;
there's another thing I would like to ask you about there's another subject...; That only makes things worse
circumstances; You take things too seriously events, circumstances.
(sweet little thing a
17
darling) (., ,
, . ).
1.2.
1.2.1.
,
(. contextus , ).
, , ,
. . : (, 1990). ,
, , ,
.
,
. , (,
, ),
-. , , .
. . : , ,
, -, . . ,
. , , ,
(. , . . ,
).
. : ,
- . .
, .
, -
-, . ,
, . . ,
, , , , .
,
.
, .
, - ,
, - . ., ,
. ()
() ;
, , . . .
, , , , ;
.
, ,
. . .
1.2.2.
, , .
, ( )
(-) .
-,
. , sound
: 1) healthy, not injured, hurt or decayed; 2) based on reason, prudent; 3)
capable, careful; 4) thorough, complete.
: 1) sound mind in a sound body; sound fruit; 2) sound argument (policy); sound advice; 3) a sound tennis
player; 4) sound sleep; sound thrashing. mind, body, fruit (smth that can be injured,
hurt or decayed) 1. reason,
18
19
2.
,
, , .
2.1.
, , ,
, . . ,
,
. , room part of a
flat, space (no room to drop an apple) possibility
(There's always room for improvement) . . .
- ().
,
. (,
) . . .
, ,
, .
. , , .
, . , hand
part of the human arm beyond the wrist, (
) (influence or agency; a source from which
smth comes; skill; employee who works with his hands; applause; etc.) (keeping;
possession; responsibility; share in an activity; pointer on a watch, clock, etc.; handwriting; signature).
;
, - (to
surprise: 1. give a feeling of smth sudden or unexpected; 2. come upon suddenly), ,
, . .
, ,
.
. .
. , room part of a flat.
,
. ,
. make,
: V + construct or produce smth; e. g. make
coffee, make bricks; V + + Inf compel, force, persuade; e. g. They made me repeat the story; V + + cause smth
or smb to be a particular thing or possess a particular quality; e. g. make the world a better place; make smb a star.
ill : to be ill//an ill omen.
- ,
- . , walk
, journey on foot, quick, lazy, morning . .,
. , - ,
, path or route (my favourite walks in the neighbourhood; a stony walk to the castle, etc.).
,
(stony walk/quick walk).
.
()
, , . ,
blank empty, blank wall, blank look, blank
despair blank verse with no door, window, or other opening; without interest or expression; utmost;
without rhyme .
20
3.
3.1.
(. dia chronos ),
, . ,
bandy , (to bandy compliments, suggestions) to
exchange. , . .
to throw (a little ball).
, , .
,
.
, , . ,
quick (speedy; lasting a short time) .
quick , to touch to the quick the quick
and the dead, quick silver. ,
quick alive, , ,
.
.
beam: 1) line of light that shines from a torch or the sun; 2) a long
thick bar of wood, metal, or concrete, esp. one which is used to support the roof of a building.
, ,
beam um .
3.2.
, ,
.
,
.
brand.
Brand 1) burning or charred log or stick; 2) mark made by hot iron; 3) stigma; 4) trade-mark; 5) particular kind
of goods (.-, brandoz: bran-pret. of brinnan burn + suf. -do). ,
. -
. order: I) way in which things are placed in relation
to one another (alphabetical order); 2) condition in which everything is carefully arranged (working order); 3) obedience to
law, rules authority (keep order); 4) rules accepted (on a point of order); 5) command given with authority (obey orders); 6)
request to supply goods (an order for two tons of coal); 7) written direction (bank order). ,
, .
,
. , .
, ,
.
. , .
, .
step. (0. movement of
one's leg) , 1) one action in a series of actions to
gain a purpose; 2) putting the right (or wrong) foot at the same/different time with others; 3) way of walking (as seen or
heard); 4) place for the foot when going from one level to another. (0. movement of
one's leg) 3 (way of walking as seen or heard) ,
3- (sound made by smb when walking). 4 (place
for the foot when going from one level to another), 4- (grade, rank,
promotion).
21
3.3.
,
.
. :
1. , .
.
. industry, ,
diligence (his industry and thrift) trade or manufacture
(cotton industry), toast (cp. A buttered toast to propose a toast).
2. , .
, stock: I) share (stock exchange); 2) part of a gun; 3) family;
(central part of a tree) , .
.
3. . ,
florem flour
part of a plant that produces seed (flower) fine meal, powder made from grain
(flour). account of real or imaginary events (story) floor
or level in a building (storey) estoree, a building.
4. ,
. , box
, .
,
.
,
( , , ),
.
22
4
1.
(homonyms < Gk
homo same+ onoma name), . . ,
.
(stock part of a gun; a share; line of ancestry; etc.), ,
( );
(knight <
kniht; night < niht). , ,
. , basis
base lowest part of anything,
, deep sounding (voice).
1.2.
,
. ,
, ; ,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
, .
(homophones < Gk homos same, phono sound), ,
, , (bare/bear, road/rode, etc.).
(homographs < Gk homos same, grapho write), , , (row,
read, bow, etc.). ,
(bear carry, bear animal; match contest, match person; match
fit).
,
(lighter device; lighter boat, PI. lighters), ,
(rose flower; Past form of rise), ,
, ; saw (
see saw). ( . .
, )
, .
-
, -.
, , . . . , match contest match person
, .
,
. ,
, , , . , match
contest (noun) match put smth in competition (verb)
, compete;
. mere (noun) pond, small lake
mere (adj) not more than, . -- ,
, ,
. match possible husband / match put smth in competition; stem
severe, strict / stern back end of a ship . , ,
23
,
. -
. ,
, , .
, ,
(-s: 3rd person Sg, Present Indefinite form of a verb/Pl of a noun/Possessive marker; -er: Noun suffix/
Comparison form of Adjective suffix).
- . ,
, , (., , ,
. . , . . , . . ),
. , ,
, ,
( ), (
).
2.
2.1.
( . synonymia )
. ,
, , .
,
.
- .
. , , ,
, -
, , , . , . .
, ,
.
,
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
(spirants/fricatives; /; / . .)
,
, (), . ,
, , .
1, , .
, , .
, . .
. , rotten addled
egg, brain head.
. , jail, prison,
(be in jail/prison; put in jail/prison; jail bird/-).
tongue/language: mother tongue/language, dead language/-; to wage/carry: to
wage/carry on straggle, campaign, to wage/- war.
.
,
, , ,
. , Its effect on history is exaggerated. They have been overrating it for years
exaggerate overrate .
, .
24
. ,
.
- (mistake/blunder: wrong opinion, idea, act/foolish mistake);
(mistake/slip (small mistake)/lapse (unexpected mistake) . .,
(die/expire/pop off). - .
2.2.
.
-
(gentleman/man/chap; thrifty/economical/stingy),
(cowshed/cowhouse; haystack/hayrick; tap/faucet; windshield/windscreen).
, . . , ,
. , please pray
; stop talking shut up , ,
. ,
, - . , small/ little/ tiny/
wee (girl) small little (small not large in degree, size, etc.; little
small, usually emotive, often preceded by another adjective, expressing feeling: a pretty little girl), tiny
small (tiny extremely small), a wee ,
(wee very small, Scottish). ,
, ,
, ( ).
; .
, ,
, ( ) ,
, (power force energy ,
power (power ability to do or act; force power of body or mind; energy
force, capacity to do things and get things done; beautiful handsome pretty ,
).
, . . , .
. ,
, . power goodlooking .
( -
), ( ) . ,
( ) (spirants/ fricatives).
(, . .),
. ,
( ) .
valley dale,
; causate, ,
. cause
cause trigger start,
, , (cause: make smth happen; trigger be the cause of
smth serious or violent; start make a beginning of smth).
,
, . , poet swan
, poet,
. (the Swan of Avon).
. ,
, . ,
smash, condemn, stop, fight , racism
fight.
25
.
, , , ,
. , jump, bounce, hop, spring, leap
, ( - ), oak,
, elm, fir, birch , .
3.
3.1.
, , ,
. , .
:
1) , : not tall but short; 2) , : (I'll tell you if you are) right or wrong; 3) X A, a Y : (Jack is)
tall, but (Jim is) short. ,
(wisdom foolishness), (mingle separate), (quickly slowly), (up
down) . .
,
. , dull stupid bright,
monotonous, tedious interesting, blunt sharp, a dismal, cheerless happy, cheerful.
,
. , crown -discrown , ,
, . . , . truth fib
, , truth
, a fib , . .
.
,
, .
, , .
, , , ,
, , .
3.2.
, , . ,
tall short ,
hot cold. short medium
hot warm, cool chilly, warm cool . . ,
, . . .
( ), (
). ,
, : happy unhappy; regular
irregular. , . .
, ;
. , ,
( ), ,
( ).
.
, , , . . ,
(mother father ( parent); employer employee ( person at
work) . .). , ,
(give take ( ), lay lie ( ) . .).
.
26
, , .
, .
, .
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the spring
of hope, it was the winter of despair... (Ch. Dickens. A Tale of Two Cities).
, spring winter.
, , ,
, . spring winter
, , .
4.
4.1.
.
( . para onima ) ,
, ()
. , () ,
,
, (adage/adagio).
, (. /; ,
conservatory/conservatoir).
, .
,
. ,
. , ,
. , disburse (pay smth
out, especially from a fund) disperse (spread out over
a wide area), (Quite an amount of money was dispersed in regional development
grants).
4.2.
,
, . .
, ( ) ,
, . ,
.
; .
27
5
1. .
, .
,
. .
, + N,
, ,
, : ,
. :
May I come in? Knock at the door, etc.
. , ,
. ,
; , , , ,
Good morning
.
, .
, ,
, . .
,
. , red
(red frock, red banner, red strip, red hair, etc.), .
, , ,
, (red frock, dirty frock,
new frock, expensive frock, etc.).
. , black sheep (= the worst
member), + N,
(black ram grey sheep).
, () , . .
- .
, ,
. , ,
. , , ,
; -
. , Instead of
taking urgent measures the government chose sitting on the fence sit on the fence
waiting (
, .. .chose sitting in the pub).
, , ,
. to place oneself on record, :
to do smth noteworthy to say smth. in public.
. , wear and tear
- (breaking down), (overstrain).
,
.
, . ,
brain-trust - brain-truster, single-rhyme single-rhymer.
,
. : I
ground my teeth; he was grinding his teeth; let her grind her teeth then, etc. , : You are the
coolest cucumber I've ever met. , ,
.
28
, () ,
. , (
) .
.
2.
2.1.
, ,
. ,
(take silk; break the ice, etc.). (pick and choose; rain or shine; light
to darkness; for love or money; by hook or by crook; etc.).
(as the matter stands; before you could say Jack Robinson; as the crow flies).
, (Take it easy! Draw it mild! Bless my soul! Take your
time; etc.), (as dead as a door-nail; as mad as a hatter; etc.).
,
(behind the scenes; in the blood; for good), - ,
(to bear up; to give in; etc.).
2.2.
. . ,
. , ,
(a bitter pill to swallow; a wolf in sheep's clothing; a cock-and-bull story; to stir up a hornets'
nest; much cry and little wool; to call a spade a spade; etc.). -
, (as hell; birds
of a feather; this cat won't jump; the fat's in the fire; etc.).
2.3.
,
. ,
. . . ;
, . . , (mare's nest nonsence; spill the beans reveal a
secret). ,
. . . , ,
. . (husband's tea very weak tea; dressed up to the nines dressed to
perfection).
3.
(, . . , . .
),
. ,
. , . . ,
, to pay compliments (respect, attention, court).
, to pay, ,
, (, greeting,
love), . . -, ,
.
29
3.1.
, ,
, .
, , ,
.
, , . .
.
.
, , , book of reference,
- rough copy . .
, ,
.
3.3. - give in
,
. , . . ,
, ; , ,
- . . .
, , .
. . , .
, ,
. ,
, adverb. , , ,
, ,
, .
,
. ,
: to look back/down/up/around ( ); to sit/to sit down
( ); to end/to end up ( ) . .
(to give up resign, surrender; to go on continue; etc.), .
. , to let out (a secret) to
go on. ,
: come in enter (He came in and shut the door) ; come in be concerned
(Where do I come in in this business?) ; look out try to see what is outside (Look out into the
street) ; look out be on the watch (Will you go to the station and look out for Mr. Hill?); look
out afford an outlook (Our hotel room looks out on the sea front) . .
30
, ,
, ,
. , ,
. (,
.) ,
, .
31
6
1.
1.1.
,
(. morphe ). , . .
, ,
. ,
, ( )
( ). - ,
, .
, , , super-,
(1) situated directly over smth; 2) above; 3) more than, beyond the norm; 4) exceeding by).
.
(columnar; impose) 1 super-columnar; supermarine; superimpose;
2 supercelestial; superlunary; 3
supernatural; supernormal; supersensible; 4
supertertius. , ;
impose (1) lay or place, usu by force; 2) take advantage of; 3) practise deception) superimpose
(put one thing on top of smth else) natural (concerned with, produced by nature) supernatural (spiritual; not
controlled or explained by physical laws), . . ,
. ,
man, cut, red. ,
. ( , ,
, , blackboard schoolboy) ,
; .
, , ,
( ) (
). , .
, . . ( )
. - -est,
-s, , -ing . .
,
. , ,
, .
,
. , -ess
tigress, actress, hostess, lioness ., ,
*cattess *guestess .
, ,
, , ,
.
-man -boy postman, spaceman, horseman, fisherman,
etc.; cowboy, newsboy, playboy, etc. man,
boy, , ,
(., , old man, young boy , ).
after aftereffect (delayed result), aftermath (fig.
consequence), afterthought (reflection about a past event), afternoon (time between morning and evening), etc.
,
. , after ,
, , . . .
,
(free morphemes) (bound morphemes).
32
,
( black bird blackbird; list enlist; after, effect aftereffect, etc.).
. , teacher
teach , ,
. -
. , , ,
astronom- astronomer astronomical, .
vegetarian, vegetable, vegetation; theory, theoretician, theoretical.
() , . . ,
, . ,
- cranberry, , blackberry,
blueberry, raspberry, strawberry, .
1.2.
, .
, ,
(conceive,
conclave, include, invest, etc.)
(immediate constituents analysis). ,
. , discouragement disappear,
disclose, discover, etc., dis-; government, settlement, installment, etc.
-ment; courage ,
, , (courageous, encourage, etc.).
, .
, astronomer theoretician, ,
(astronomical, theoretician, etc.; writer, reader; phonetician, optician, etc.).
, , ,
cranberry. , , , , ,
.
2.
2.1. :
,
.
,
. , -er (reader; writer) -ist (escapist;
snowboardist), -ous -1. ,
,
.
. ,
.
, , . , notifi- notification
note; snowboard- snowboardist
snow board. (quick-
quickly; write- writer, etc.) possibly.
,
. , courageous courage- ,
.
, , .
, , (quick- quickly, read reader, etc.). ,
. , governmental
33
2.2.
, . . ,
. , ,
. , V+ -r
(writer, teacher, speaker, etc.)
(V verb) . N + -ous ,
- (courageous, monstrous, dangerous, etc.).
, .
. , + >
, . N + -ous V + -r,
, , .
(, . .), ,
. .
. ,
. V + -r ,
, (hacker, codger);
, . N+-OUS
,
-ous.
, ,
, , , . ,
writer , , .
, .
, . ,
, , (scribbler, novelist, poet,
etc.), .
34
1.
1.1.
, . ,
, , .
.
(violin -ist); , ,
(lovely loveliness bystand bystander).
(brinkman brinkmanship), ,
(lopsided lopsidedness). . ,
disappointment ( ) appoint.
disappoint ( ,
). -ment
. , , (
). (wordfamily).
, .
, grade. ,
, (grade step, stage, or degree).
to grade, gradation, gradient, gradual, etc.,
. , , ,
. ;
, . , grade
graduate mark with degree for measuring,
graduate give a degree or diploma person who has taken a university degree
.
1.2.
, ,
, .
,
.
.
( 5 ) ,
. , ,
6 : ( + ),
( + ), ( V > N N > V), (
-), ( ,
) ( ).
(, feed food; (murmur),
(cuckoo; splash) , , , tip-top; hocus-pocus)
. - ,
(. ).
, , ( ),
( ) ( , , ). ,
.
35
2.
,
. , , ,
,
; , ,
. ( )
, ( ) .
2.1.
,
. ,
, . , ,
(courageous, friendly, dictation, etc.),
(anti-missile, postwar, disengage, etc.). ,
- -.
(befriend, hatter),
. ,
,
. , , -dom,
, rank, condition, domain
(kingdom, earldom, freedom, officialdom, etc.).
(-fy, -er, -izer),
(-or, -ous), ,
. , anti-missile , outdazzle
, beautiful , re-read, ,
.
, , 1
+ .
(derived word).
2.2.
+ ,
(compound word). (cowboy, blackboard,
spaceship,etc.), (pen-holder, match-maker, baby-sitter).
, (eye-brow, sunrise, schoolgirl),
(handicraft, tradesman, mother-of-pearl).
. ,
whitewash blackboard ,
. ,
,
. , barefoot ,
. , , ,
. ,
.
. ,
, , (blacklist to blacklist; daydream to
daydream; stagemanager to stagemanage; babysitter to babysit; honeymoon to honeymoon honeymooner;
etc.).
36
2.3.
make up, . .
, .
, , ,
, . , ,
, .
, teach-in ,
, get-together . ,
, ,
,
.
- (derivational compounds)
forget-me-not, .
,
() . (,
) , , I-am-no-that-kind-of-girl (look) this modem
behind-the-ears-nonsense.
- by heart at large,
, . , ,
,
.
3.
3.1.
, (back formation),
. ,
, , , .
. ,
write writer; work worker; pain painter
burgle burglar. , , :
burglar , , burgle,
(, ,
: commit burglary).
, flight-test flight-testing baby-sit baby-sitting.
lase,
laser (light amplification of stimulated emission of radiation). ,
, ,
, "-".
3.2.
. ,
,
to finger finger; to elbow elbow, etc.
, .
, , . ,
, , , ,
, .
,
. , ,
.
37
, , , .
. () ,
, . ,
poor people poor ,
; the poor poor people.
. Adj + N (a lunatic asylum
a lunatic) Adv + N (a weekly paper a weekly),
. , telephone I'll
telephone soon, other I'll ask the others, etc.
, ,
. ,
. , ,
, (a go-no-go (person), a go-getting
(man), etc.).
,
. ,
: to host (a party) to be a host (at a party); to elbow (one's way
through the crowd) to use one's elbow for the purpose; etc. N > V
/ : fish to fish; skin to skin; etc.
V > N,
(a laugh, a smoke, etc.) ,
(a photograph; some peel; etc.).
(a help, a switch), (a stop, a walk) . .
, (empty, dark, etc.)- ,
, :
a) (to fall a fall; mother to mother; etc.);
b) (a hand handy, handful, handicraft, etc.
to hand).
, , , .
3.3.
,
, , .
. (clipped or stump words)
(initial words, or acronyms).
: doc< doctor; frig< refrigerator; phone< telephone, etc. exam,
doc, gym ( examination, doctor, gymnasium ). plane, phone ( airplane, telephone)
, frig flu ( refrigerator, influenza) . ,
.
(mike<microphone, ambish<ambition, etc.).
, , , , .
, zoological zoological garden
zoo; movie (<moving pictures).
, ,
( < British Broadcasting Corporation; AIDS < acquired immune deficiency syndrome; USA < United States
of America; etc.). , ,
. ,
.
,
(kg, km, mph, Dr, Mr, etc.). ,
( ).
, -. i. e. (
id est, that is); e. g. ( exempli gratia, for example); etc. ( et cetera,
38
and so on) . .
, (. libra, . pound), d (. denarius, . penny) . .5
, . .
(A-bomb < atomic bomb; V-day < Victory day, etc.).
, X-mas,
, Christ .
3.4.
, , ,
.
, ( ).
, ,
. , -,
() () .
(Euroshima < Europe + Hiroshima).
(motel < motorist + hotel).
, , -,
( blending; , , blends
portmanteau words). smog,
smoke fog .
, (motel <
motorist+hotel; Euroshima < Europe + Hiroshima; etc.). ,
(docudrama < documentary + drama; vidkid < video+ kid; etc.).
, .
, ( )
.
, . .
. , infobit: info- < information + bit (intentional pun on the
computer acronym bit, meaning a binary digit). - an individual item of information, such as
a recipe or a description of a place, that meets the requirements for inclusion in a data bank.
.
, . , illiterature
(illiterate + literature) literature for the illiterate, poorly
written fiction. , ,
. , -teria caveteria < cave + cafeteria
washeteria . , ,
, -holic, addict
bookaholic, workaholic, computerholic, etc.
, . positron (positive +
electron), advertistics (advertising + statistics), feminalls (feminine overalls) . . XIX .,
,
,
.
, ($), S
.
39
8
1.
1.1.
30% ,
. , , ,
, .
. ,
. ,
.
. , ,
, ,
, , , , . .
.
father (fadar),
(Vater), (fader), (. pater, . pater, , pedaer).
, ,
. , pitr
. ,
, .
daughter, (.-. dohtor,
. dauhtar, . dottir, . datter, . dotter, . Tochter), (. dukte,
. , . thygater, , dokhtaer). , ,
duhitr.
, ,
, , . , , moon (.-.
, . , . Mond, . mani, . , . menulis, . , . mus); night (.-a. niht, .
nahts, . Nacht, . nacht, . nat, . nos, . naktis, . , . , . nakt);
,
. , cat (.-. cat, ., . kat, . Katze, . catus, .
), bull (.-. bull-uc, . bul, . Bulle, . bulius), goose (.-. gos, ., . gas, . gans, . Gans, .
anser, . ); , fish (.-. fisc, . fisks, . Fisch,
. piscis, . ichthys), wolf (.-. wulf, . wolfs, . wolf, . Wolf, ., . ulv, . vulpes, . vilkas,
. , . vrkas). ,
, , know (.-. cnawan, . noscere < gnoscere, . gignoskein, .-. gnath , .
, . jna); lie (.-. licgan, . ligge, . liegen, . , . lectus < *legtus , . lexos);
work (.-. wyrcan, . verk, . werk, . ergon); tear (.-. teran, . dirti , . derein ,
. , . daraya ) .
, light (.-. leoht, . liuhab, . Light, . light, . lux, . leuxos,
. rucan), . : one (.-. an, . ains,
. ein, . en, . unus, . oine); six (.-. six, ., . seks, . sechs, . sains, . , . sex,
. hex, . sas); hundred (.-. hundred, hund, . hundert, . centum, . hekaton,
. catam, . ).
, .
, , ,
, .
,
(, , , ).
ankle (.-. ancleow, ., . ankle, . enkel, .
Enkel); calf (.-a. cealf, . kalbo, ., . kalf, . Kalb); hunger (.-. hunger, . hungr, . Hunger, .
honger, . huhrus) .; free (.-. freo, . freis, . frei), sick (.-. seoc, . siuks, .
40
sjukr, . sjuk, . siech) . .; to drink (.-. drincan, . drigkan, . drekka, . dricka, . drikke,
. trinken), to make (.-. macian, .-. macon, . maken, . machen) .
, all (.-. eal, . alls, ., . al, . all,
. all), along (.-. andlang, . entlang), forward (.-. foreweard, . vorwarts, . voorwaarts) . .
.
, .
,
. .
garlic (.-. gar leac) (geirr ),
(Ger ) (laukr ), (log), (look),
(Lauch). .
about .
on-be-utan, onbutan.
; on (ana), (); be
bei by, utan (ud)
aus, ut, ut. understand
, .
.
, ;
.
1.2.
, 70% ,
.
; ,
,
, .
,
, .
, - ,
, / , ;
.
.
, - ,
. .
1.2.1.
, ,
. . , ,
paper (papier),
papuros, papyrus. cinnabar (, - ) (cinnabaris),
(kinnabari), , .
.
,
, .
,
. ,
.
.
, , ,
.
, (. ), butter (. butyrum), copper (. cuprum)
. . .
41
.
. . (.
), .
.
(bowsprit, buoy, cruise, dock, reef, yacht)
(rock , spool , stripe ). XVI-XVII .
(easel, etch, landscape);
, -
(bushman, kraal, veldt).
(, , )
.
XVI . (adagio, allegro, basso, opera, trio, sonata), ,
(cameo, fresco, studio, intaglio; canto, stanza).
(volcano, lava, casino, gondola, cicerone).
, (fascism, bank, traffic).
,
. pasta,
paparazzi, mafia.
XVI-XVII ., , ,
,
, , ,
. armada, banana, barbecue, canyon,
cargo, chocolate, cigar, cocoa, hurricane, potato, ranch.
, ,
, , , , ,
. cobra, Madeira, tank, veranda, mandarin, banana.
, ,
, , 80 . XX . , ,
(altyn, boyar, borzoi, samovar, vodka, nihilist, tundra, taiga).
- : Komsomol, artel,
Soviets. , : sputnik, cosmonaut.
, XX .,
- (perestroika, glasnost).
1.2.2.
-, - .
, .
/ . ,
.
,
(domino, protege, tete-a-tete).
. ,
(reason, culture, exhibition).
, . ,
caseus (), , ,
. alouer, ,
allow, . canister (
canistrum ), coffin ( coffin ), travel
( travailler ).
,
.
43
, ,
. , anion, cation ( . ana
, cata ion ); telephone, phonograph, teletype.
.
.
, .
- , .
, , . . . ciao
( ), rajah ( , , ), wigwam ( , ) .
.
, , .
, (etymon, homonym, lexical;
pensive, oration, gregarious, matron). H. H. .
,
(genius genii, geniuses), (garage- [grid3/gra:3]),
(ballet, queue). , .
, ,
. ,
- ,
, .
. take, wall,
table . , , H. H.
.
2.
. ,
800 ,
. , ,
. . ( , ,
chainsmoking, kettel-rauchen),
(
). , . . ,
, , .
, - , .
, .
, ,
(); ,
, .
, , , .
1) ( ) bio-computer,
telecommuter, audiotyper; 2) ( ) sudser (soap opera),
bigC (cancer); 3) ( ) acid (narcotics), bread
(money), box (TV-set).
. , . .
. ,
(acryl, perlon). . .
- (yuk, yech), (zizz short ),
. ,
.
.
44