How Are

Elements
Organized?

Reem Al-Mansoori
10GA

Patterns in the
periodic table
Elements differ from one another but they might share similar properties, physical
or chemical.
John Newlands noticed a periodic pattern after arranging the known elements
according to their increase of atomic mass. He placed those elements in a table and
as he studied his arrangement, he noticed that elements in the same row had
similar chemical and physical properties seemed to repeat every eight elements.
This was what made John call this pattern the law of octaves.
Dimitri Mendeleev invented the first periodic table, and it contained gaps that
elements with particular properties which he predicted should fill.

 about 40 years after Mendeleevs

discovery, Henry Moseley found a
different arrangement of the elements
which was arranging them by their
increase of atomic number. This
arrangement made the discrepancies
in Mendeleevs table disappear and for
the periodic law to be stated and
discovered.
The law states that the repeating
physical and chemical properties of
elements change periodically with
their atomic number.
In a more simplifies way: it states that
when the elements are arranged
according to their increase of atomic
number, elements with similar
properties appear at regular intervals.

The arouse of the

periodic law

Organization
of the
periodic table
Elements in each column of the table have the same number of electrons in their
outer energy level or shell. Those electrons are called valence electrons and they
determine the atoms chemical properties and reactivity. Elements with the same
number of valence electrons tend to react in similar ways.
the shape of the periodic table is determined by how the electrons fill he orbitals.
Only the s and p electrons are shown individually because unlike the d and f
electrons, they fill orbitals sequentially which makes them predictable.

Metals are located in the left side and

in the middle while nonmetals are
located in the right side.

Periods and groups

The modern periodic table of elements includes 118 elements discovered so far. It
has 7 periods and 18 groups.
A group is a vertical column of elements in the periodic
table. Those elements share similar chemical properties. Example: elements in
group one are all very reactive because they all have one valence electron.
A period is a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table, these elements have
the same number of occupied energy levels. Example: all elements in period 2 have
atoms whose electrons occupy two principle energy levels((2s and 2p orbitals)).

All elements from atomic numbers 1 (

hydrogen) to 118 (ununoctium) have
been discovered or reportedly
synthesized, with elements 113, 115,
117, and 118 having yet to be confirmed.
The first 98 elements exist naturally
although some are found only in trace
amounts and were synthesized in
laboratories before being found in nature.
Elements with atomic numbers from 99
to 118 have only been synthesized, or
claimed to be so, in laboratories.
Production of elements having higher
atomic numbers is being pursued, with
the question of how the periodic table
may need to be modified to
accommodate any such additions being a
matter of ongoing debate. Numerous
synthetic radionuclides of naturally
occurring elements have also been
produced in laboratories.