Running head: EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

The Efficacy of Advertised Antibacterial Components in Common Brands of Hand Soap

Samuel A. Bell and Katrina N. Marks
West Career and Technical Academy

Author Note
Katrina N. Marks, Veterinary and Medical Sciences, West Career and Technical
Academy.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Katrina Marks, Veterinary
and Medical Sciences, West Career and Technical Academy, Las Vegas, NV, 89135. Contact:
katrinam565@westcta.ccsd.net

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

We recommend this thesis prepared under our supervision by

Samuel A. Bell and Katrina N. Marks
entitled
The Efficacy of Advertised Antibacterial Components in Common Brands of Hand Soap
be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of
Senior Research Project
Biomedical Sciences

Mr. Gonzales, Program Teacher

Mr. Rash, Program Teacher

May 2015

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

Acknowledgements
First and foremost, we would like to thank Mr. Jason Gonzales for giving us the
knowledge and background to be able to design and carry out this project. For the past three
years, Mr. Gonzales has taught us everything from inoculation and sterile-technique to the basics
of antibacterial resistance, and much of his course content was the inspiration for this
investigation. Wed also like to thank him for his help in obtaining the original Escherichia coli
colonies and keeping them incubated until we were ready to test.
We would also like to thank Mr. Stephen Rash for facilitating our research and providing
additional help along the way. Mr. Rash joined our program this school year, and he has played a
crucial role in our projects development. Wed like to thank him for his help in obtaining the
necessary materials and helping us carry out procedures, such as learning to make agar, killing
off bacterial cultures, and storing the plates.

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

TABLE OF CONENTS
TITLE PAGE...1
PROGRAM COVER PAGE....2
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...............................................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS..............................................................................5
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS.................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION........................................................................................................13
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK...............................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16
VITA..............................................................................................................................................17
Samuel Bell's Resume................................................................................................................17
Katrina N. Marks's Resume.......................................................................................................18

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: Trial 1 of Testing Soaps Efficacies in Killing Bacteria.............................................18
FIGURE 2: Trial 2 of Testing Soaps Efficacies in Killing Bacteria.............................................18

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Escherichia coli E.coli

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

Abstract
Hand-washing has been an important factor in minimizing health risks for hundreds of years,
dating back to the mid-1800s when it was found to reduce infant mortality. Since then, it has
become a commonplace procedure in all medical facilities. The most common active ingredients
in antibacterial hand soaps are triclosan and triclocarban, but studies vary in proving them more
effective than regular soaps. We tested antibacterial soaps efficacy compared to regular soaps by
growing cultures of E.coli and treating them with each with a different soap solution. For our
first trial, we left the solutions on for five minutes and drained them out. For our second trial, we
left the solutions on for several days before draining them. Both trials showed that while both
antibacterial and regular soaps kept original E.coli colonies from growing, only the antibacterial
soap prevented new growths. From our results, we can conclude that antibacterial soaps are more
effective in killing and preventing bacterial growth, but communities should be aware of the risks
posed by the overuse of antibacterials as it may contribute to bacterial resistance.

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

The Efficacy of Advertised Antibacterial Components in Common Brands of Hand Soap
Chapter 1: Introduction
This research project is designed to test the efficacy of the advertised antibacterial
components found in common brands of hand soap. The latest advertising trend in marketing has
been branding products as antibacterial, but many of them do not fit this description. In order
to be considered antibacterial, soaps must be able to destroy the bacteria on its intended substrate
as well as hinder further reproduction of the bacteria. This study will be conducted to determine
how much of the bacteria found on hands the soap is able to kill and how well it keeps more
bacteria from growing.
Should this project reveal inconsistencies between the soaps antibacterial components
and its effectiveness, these results can be used to better inform consumers about their purchases.
The results can also be used to help inform people about the most effective way to wash their
hands. Research on this topic can be furthered by investigating hand washing methods that can
impact and increase efficacy such as duration, scrubbing techniques, and frequency.
Over time, hand washings importance has increased due to increased awareness of health
issues and safety concerns. However, commercialized antibacterial products have used
misleading data to convince buyers to obtain their product. The focus on handwashing began
when Semmelweis, a scientist, discovered in the mid 1800s about its importance. He came across
this realization when he forced all doctors to wash hands before delivering babies, resulting in
that mortality due to streptococcal puerperal sepsis reduced by 19% (Teare, 1999). A century and
a half later, hand washing has become a major role in safety and health issues.

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

For instance, due to handwashing being a safety and health concern, a variety of tests and
research has been conducted on this topic. Hospitals have been observing issues regarding cross
contamination caused by a lack of handwashing by healthcare professionals. An observational
study was performed testing various hospital employees revolving around this issue resulting in
out of the potential opportunities of handwashing, only 48% of them were taken. Physicians and
nursing assistants were found as the worst culprits of this particular case (Pittet et al., 1999).
Regarding the use of soaps and the chemicals/ingredients included in soap, it was
discovered that triclosan and triclocarban are the main antibacterial components in soaps. A study
was performed on the efficacy of triclosan against regular soaps. The efficacy was tested on a
community level were tested on a community level along with testing the potential harm it could
cause. From this study, it shows that the triclosan usage on the community level proved to be no
more effective than plain soap in hand bacteria reductions and prevention of illness symptoms
(Aiello et al., 2007). An alternate study was conducted to test the antibacterial component when
compared to five normal toilet soaps. For this study, four different strands of bacteria were grown
and tested. With these strands, the efficacy after 30 seconds on each was tested. Resulting from
this study, soaps with the triclocarban agent were strongly correlated while soaps containing
chloroxylenol were not as strongly correlated (Kaliyadan et al., n.d.).
Concerning the use of antibacterial soap on human skin, studies have been tested to
determine the different effects of antibacterial soap on users who use the product and those who
do not. For a study in particular, they tested the use of antibacterial soaps on six regions of 132
patients comparing to 92 controls who avoided the use of antibacterials. From this study, it
concluded that antibacterials showed a 62% reduction and reduced Staphylococcus aureus
everywhere but the axilla (Voss, n.d.). Studies have shown that it is better to use antibacterial

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

products due to the decrease in certain bacteria that could potentially be harmful to the human
body.
There are still gaps in knowledge about the effects of handwashing in general and the
efficacy of soaps advertised antibacterial components, though. While triclosan proved to be
more effective than regular soap in killing bacteria in a community study, scientists have yet
prove the connection between soap brands advertised efficacy and the reality of these claims
(Aiello et al., 2007) . Scientists are also still unsure about triclocarbans potential of inhibiting
human enzymes on the skin in killing off the bacteria as well as hand soaps antiviral capacities
because most studies have focused on antibacterial efficacy. It is also hard to conjecture the
efficacy of the soaps on a live human because the lab tests conducted thus far have not been
studied in vivio, or on a live subject. Previous studies have been conducted on bacteria collected
and cultured in dishes (Kaliyadan et al., n.d.). Last but not least, scientists are still closing the
gap in knowledge about the widespread prevalence of antibacterial components in soaps and the
rise of antibacterial-resistant strands of bacteria. Studies thus far have shown that the presence of
antibacterial agents in the soaps have led to increased amounts of resistant strands, but no
estimation as to what rate they increased (Voss, n.d.).
For over a hundred and fifty years, handwashing has played a crucial role in maintaining
both patient and public health. However, with shifts in claims made by advertising, changes in
the frequency and efficacy of this necessity have been made. These trends warrant the further
investigation of the claims of antibacterial agents and their effectiveness in killing and preventing
the growth of bacteria and their actual ability to do so.
Chapter 2: Materials and Methods
Part I- Culturing Bacteria

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

Before working with any bio-hazardous materials in the lab such as bacteria, be sure to wear
proper safety equipment such as gloves, goggles, and aprons/lab coats. Prepare agar plates to
swab bacteria on to, and then obtain pre-cultured Escherichia coli and use the four-quadrant
streak plate method to inoculate our bacteria. Incubate sample bacteria. Be sure to keep the
incubator at the desirable temperature (4 degrees Celsius) in order to allow for the best growth
results. Isolate and identify bacteria by performing a streak plate for each bacterial plate using
the following procedures:
1.Prepare a new nutrient dish by labeling it with the four quadrants going in a clockwise
direction.
2. Open the plate containing the bacteria and hold dish at an angle over the bottom of the dish.
3. Lightly touch the bacteria with an inoculating loop to collect a small sample.
4. Open the new dish and hold the lid at an angle over the bottom of the plate.
5. Start in the first quadrant and liberally spread the bacteria around the quadrant, passing into
quadrant two several times.
6. Spread the bacteria over quadrant two, passing into quadrant three making sure to pass
through fewer times than in Step 5.
7. Spread the bacteria over quadrant three, passing into qu
8. Spread the bacteria over quadrant four, being sure to not pass into any other quadrant.
Note the results in and any observations in your laboratory journal.
Part II Test 1 (Soap Distribution)
Start by applying 15 mL of one soap to one dish of bacteria, tilting the dish slowly to spread it
over the agar. Repeat for all soaps.Once the soaps are applied to each dish wait a total of five
minutes and then remove the soaps from the plates. To remove the soaps dump the remaining

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

soap liquid into the sink. At the beginning of the class period, observe how much of the bacteria
had been killed off. Take pictures of each dishs condition and draw pictures and/or diagrams of
each dish in the lab notebook. Do not apply any new soaps or products to the plates. Reseal with
parafilm if necessary and leave to incubate until the next class period. Observe the inhibition of
bacterial growth and Take pictures of each dishs condition and draw pictures and/or diagrams of
each dish in the lab notebook.
Part III Test 2 (Soap Distribution)
Apply 15 mL of one soap to one dish of bacteria, tilting the dish slowly to spread it over the agar.
Repeat for all soaps. Leave the soaps on the dishes until the 2 week time period is complete. At
the beginning of the class period, observe how much of the bacteria had been killed off. Take
pictures of each dishs condition and draw pictures and/or diagrams of each dish in the lab
notebook. Do not apply any new soaps or products to the plates. Reseal with parafilm if
necessary and leave to incubate until the next class period. Observe the inhibition of bacterial
growth, and take pictures of each dishs condition and draw pictures and/or diagrams of each
dish in the lab notebook. Repeat observation process for a total of 2 weeks.
Part IV Analysis of Results
When all results are found, compare and analyze the plates. Bacteria will be declared dead if the
growth before applying the soaps do not continue to grow. Growth of new colonies will also be
taken into consideration in the final conclusion regarding the efficacy of both the antibacterial
and regular soaps.
Materials
1. Gloves
2. Goggles

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

3. Aprons or lab coats
4. Sterile swabs
5. Incubators
6. Inoculating loop
7. Petri dishes prepped with nutrient agar
8. Permanent marker
9. Bunsen burner
10. 5 brands of antibacterial soaps
11. 5 brands of regular hand soaps
12. Parafilm
13. Pipettes
14. Lab notebook
15. Colored pencils
Chapter 3: Results
As mentioned in the methods above, for this project two separate experiments were
completed to insure the data received was accurate and reliable. As class periods went on, before
we began to conduct our experiment and receive results we were required to test our methods
before completing our actual experiment to insure no mishaps occur to skew our data. Once the
soaps were distributed onto the plates, each class period we observed and took pictures of the
plates. Most class periods until the final observation day we found a different result. Around the
one week period of the first experiment for the plates with regular soap it was evident that the
original bacteria wasnt growing, but each class period it was observed that little spots were

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

forming and by the end of the observational period on some of the plates there were a numerous
amount of these spots. It is unsure as to if they are bacteria, although it is predicted that these
spots are other bacteria forming.
Agar Plates 1/28/15- Experiment 1
Plate 1 (Antibacterial Soap). Just like the plates with the antibacterial soaps, it is
evident that the previously cultured bacteria is killed and no further grown is being
displayed.
Plate 2 (Antibacterial Soap). This plate was similar to all the others with the
antibacterial soap in the fact that the antibacterial soap killed the previously cultured
bacteria, although there were some minimal differences. For this plate, after the two week
period we just glanced at the plate and there was a miniscule amount of bacterial growth.
Plate 3 (Antibacterial Soap). As mentioned in previous descriptions of plates, the
antibacterial soap killed the existing bacteria and no further growth was displayed at the
two week mark. After this date we observed them real quick and it seemed as if one
colony of bacteria has grown.
Plate 4 (Antibacterial Soap). This plate had the exact same result as the others with the
antibacterial soap placed on them. Although, on this plate the previously cultured bacteria
that was killed looks like it is wet or moist in some ways.
Plate 5 (Antibacterial Soap). Comparing the first day to the final observation day, no
change occurred other than the bacteria that was previously cultured was killed by the
antibacterial soap. No form of other bacterial growth occurred.

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

Plate 6 (Regular Soap). Out of the plates with regular soap, this is the third most plate
with the most growth of bacterial spots. These spots being shown also prove that there is
some form of growth occurring on the plates. From observing the slide, these spots on the
plate have grown over the bacteria that was previously cultured onto the plates, which
can make the viewed conclude that the previous bacteria has been killed. The color of the
bacteria remained the same throughout the plate observation cycle.
Plate 7 (Regular Soap). This is the plate with the second most bacterial growth after the
soap was placed onto the plate. It seems as if the original bacteria on the plate was killed
off due to the absence of growth, although little specks all throughout the plate have
formed, which is an indication of some sort of bacterial growth
Plate 8 (Regular Soap). On this plate, after a couple classes there was a large amount of
growth of bacterial colonies. These bacterial colonies grew quickly and mostly only in
the fourth quadrant of the plate. The color of these bacterial colonies was a light yellow,
which is somewhat similar to the original bacteria that we previously grew.
Plate 9 (Regular Soap). After the soap was placed onto the plate we waiting a couple
classes and then suddenly the growth of separate bacterial colonies began to form. These
colonies show that the soap didnt fully prevent other bacteria from growing. The original
cultured bacteria on the plate seemed to have died off due to no growth of that bacteria
being present.
Plate 10 (Regular Soap). This plate in particular was the one that had the most growth
after the original bacteria was killed. Small specks of bacteria growth is shown and it
seems as if the previous bacteria on the plate was killed, although there was no

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

prevention of future growth of bacteria. Like the other regular soap plates, growth has
occurred.
Agar Plates 2/17/15- Experiment 2
Plate 1 (Antibacterial Soap). The plate was difficult to view due to the soap remaining
in the plate, although the final result is that the previously cultured bacteria is killed and
no further growth is evident.
Plate 2 (Antibacterial Soap). This plate was also difficult to come to a final result
because the soap was remained in the plate during the two week period. Although, the
result was the same as the other plates with the antibacterial soap.
Plate 3 (Antibacterial Soap). Compared to the other plates, this plate had the strangest
result because it seemed as if all the bacteria that was previously cultured became
transparent or washed off. No further growth of bacteria was evident on this plates and
the conclusion is made that the previously cultured bacteria is dead.
Plate 4 (Antibacterial Soap). The plates continue to be liquid and difficult to come to a
conclusion, but this plate had little indication of bacterial growth. The previously cultured
bacteria hasnt grown since the soap was added, although a minimal amount of bacterial
growth was present.
Plate 5 (Antibacterial Soap). No growth of other bacterial colonies was present on this
plate and the result was concluded that the previously cultured bacteria has been killed.
Plate 6 (Regular Soap). This plate was very liquid, which made the finalization of
results difficult to do, but the final result was that the regular soap killed the previously
cultured bacteria, although small speck of bacteria began to form.

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

Plate 7 (Regular Soap). On this plate, an abundant amount of the little bacterial specks
were present, which makes the observer come to the conclusion that the regular soap
doesnt prevent further bacterial growth from occurring.
Plate 8 (Regular Soap). Compared to the other plates for this experiment, this plate in
particular had the most soap residue in it. The bacteria seemed as if it was non-existent,
although there were minimal specks of bacterial colonies on the plate.
Plate 9 (Regular Soap). This plate in particular looked as if it had the most bacterial
growth. There were numerous amounts of big yellow bacterial colonies located on the
plate and the result that the regular soap doesnt prevent bacterial growth is present.
Plate 10 (Regular Soap). Along with plate tens results, this plate had basically the same
results. There were an excess amount of yellow bacterial colonies on the plate. This
colonies were spread all over the plate and not specific to one area.
For the experiment conducted on 1/28/15 with the regular soaps, the final observation conducted
was that the original bacteria cultured was killed, although the soap didnt prevent other bacteria
from growing. In regards to the plates with the antibacterial soap a different result was found.
For these plates in particular, the original bacteria cultured onto the plates was killed and
prevented any further growth of bacteria from occurring. From this experiment the result was
made that the regular soaps killed the original bacteria on the plates, but didnt prevent other
growth from occurring. On the other hand, the plates with antibacterial soap killed the bacteria
and prevent other bacteria from growing. Thus, the second experiment was conducted to ensure
these results found were accurate and reliable. As mentioned in the methodology, this experiment
differs because the soap will remain on the plates for the length of two weeks. For this
experiment, which was conducted on 2/17/15 the plates with the regular soap on them killed the

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

original bacteria cultured, although other bacterial growth still occurred. In regards to the plates
with the antibacterial soap, the cultured bacteria was killed and it prevented growth of other
bacteria from occurring. Overall, the second experiment helped reinforce the result that the
antibacterial both kills and prevents bacteria from growing, but the regular soap only kills the
previously cultured bacteria, but doesnt prevent other growth from taking place.
Chapter 4: Discussion
Our project was conducted to determine if antibacterial soaps were more effective at
killing and preventing new bacterial growth when compared to regular hand soaps. As our
project progressed, though, we found that we changed and revised our methods from our original
design. We originally wanted to look into the methods that each brand used to advertise their
soaps antibacterial content, but we decided that it was more a better use of time and resources to
study the effects of the soaps themselves. In the future, analyzing each soaps advertising and
comparing their results to what each brand claims may be a beneficial complement to this study.
In addition, we decided to add the second trial after seeing our results from our original attempt
and how the soaps reacted differently to the bacteria. Our original project design only outlined a
single trial of adding a soap and water solution, leaving the solution on the plate for
approximately five minutes, and then rinsing it off. However, after seeing the new growth or lack
thereof on the plates, we decided that it would be interesting to study to see how the results
different when exposure to the soaps was more prolonged.
As precise as we tried to be, there is still room for potential error in our work. When
making our soap solutions, we added enough soap to cover the bottom of a small beaker and
added water until the solution reached 10 mL. However, because different soaps had different

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

viscosities, this left a wide range of possible amounts of soaps and active ingredients that could
be in each solution. In future trials of this experiment, it would be a better comparison of the
soaps to add the same amount of active ingredient in the soap and proportionate amount of water,
regardless of the volume of solution it produced. Since the active ingredient is the component of
the soap responsible for cleaning and killing bacteria, it would be a better measure of the soaps
efficacies to directly compare them. Another source of error exists in the potential of using
improperly prepared agar. Since we learned how to prepare and store agar ourselves this year in
preparation for this project, we are a long way from experts at it. Often times, we found that we
had accidentally burned the agar as it boiled, poured it into plates to soon causing condenstation,
stored it improperly, or a number of other errors. While seemingly insignificant, these errors
could be very serious in considering our project as a whole because if there was a problem in the
agars formation or setting, it would affect the growth of the bacteria on it, thus affecting the
results of the entire project from then on.
If we were to conduct this experiment again, we have a number of improvements we
would make to our design and delivery. First of all, we would expand a number of topics of
research to gain a better understanding of the differences between the two types of soap. While
E.coli was a good test subject for our project, there is a wide variety of bacteria that exists in our
everyday environment that would be beneficial to test, especially when it comes to handwashing. In addition to additional bacteria strains, we would use samples from a greater number
of brands of soaps to get a better representation of antibacterial and regular soaps as a whole, not
just the five of each type we tested. We would also conduct several trials of each of the two tests
of leaving the solution on for five minutes and leaving the solution on overnight. By repeating

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

our trials, we are able to gather statistical evidence to make our results significant, proving that
they are of solid factual background and not chance results.
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Future Work
The primary goal of this project was to determine the efficacy of advertised antibacterial
components in common brands of hand soaps and by completing two separate experiment
relating to the same topic our final conclusion was made. From conducting two different
experiments to ensure our data is accurate, we have come to the conclusion that the antibacterial
soap fully kills the bacteria on the agar plates with E. Coli bacteria, although the regular bacterial
soap kills the original bacteria on the plates, but doesnt prevent the bacteria from growing.
Although the soaps were of different brands, the final result was the same. All of the antibacterial
soaps and the regular soaps had the same result. This is what we predicted originally, but how we
found our result was a different way than we had expected. At first, the test wasnt to be
conducted with two different experiments, but as the first experiment went on, the conclusion
was made that another experiment was required to ensure the data collected was accurate.
Overall, from this experiment conducted it can be concluded that the antibacterial soaps kill and
prevent bacteria from growing and the regular soaps kill all original bacteria, but dont prevent
other bacteria from growing. Our results led to further questions about investigating the effects of
soaps with varying amounts and/or strength of antibacterial components.
Regarding future work that could be associated with this experiment, due to our results leading to
further questioning, the research of the effects of soaps with varying amounts and/or strength of
bacterial components could be conducted. The effects of prolonged antibacterial use and
antibiotic resistance is also an important issue to consider and can pose serious danger threat to
public health. Further research can be conducted regarding the specific bacteria being affected by

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

the certain soap, whether regular or antibacterial, to research if the soaps are actually harming the
bacteria on your body rather than helping. Many further experiments can be conducted revolving
around the fact that the antibacterial soaps kill bacteria and prevent bacterial growth and the
regular soaps, on the other hand, kill the original bacteria, but dont prevent further growth from
occurring.
References
Aiello, A., Larson, E., & Levy, S. (2007). Consumer Antibacterial Soaps: Effective or Just
Risky? Retrieved October 5, 2014, from
http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/Supplement_2/S137.short
Howard, J., Jowett, C., Faoagali, J., & Mckenzie, B. (2014). New Method for Assessing Hand
Disinfection Shows That Pre-operative Alcohol/chlorhexidine Rub Is as Effective as a
Traditional Surgical Scrub. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25123633
Kaliyadan, F., Aboulmagd, E., & Amin, T. (n.d.). Antimicrobial activity of commercial
antibacterial handwashes and soaps. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4144231/?report=classic
Teare, L. (1999). Hand washing. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1115132/
Pittet, D., Mourouga, P., & Perneger, T. (1999). Compliance with Handwashing in a Teaching
Hospital. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=712481
Voss, J. (n.d.). Effects of an Antibacterial Soap on the Ecology of Aerobic Bacterial Flora of
Human Skin. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from http://aem.asm.org/content/30/4/551.short

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

Figure 1a. Trial 1 of Testing Soaps Efficacies in Killing Bacteria. This figure gives the results of
each soap on the cultured bacteria after five minutes.

Figure 1b. Trial 2 of Testing Soaps Efficacies in Killing Bacteria. This figure gives the results of
each soap on the cultured bacteria after two weeks.

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

VITA
Biomedical Sciences Program
West Career and Technical Academy
Samuel Bell
Education:
Advanced Honors Diploma anticipate June 2015
Senior, GPA 3.6
Activities:
Student Council (2011-2015)
Volunteer and Community Service:
School help (2011-2015)
Animal Foundation (2014-2015)
Work Experience:
Portable Rock Climbing Assistant (2012-2013)
Nannying two children from Junior Faith Lutheran Academy (2014-2015)
Special Skills:
Skilled with Microsoft software
Skilled with Google Applications
Skilled with Macintosh products
Work well in group environments
Goals:
Obtaining a Bachelor's Degree in Business Management
Hosting community project
Owning a franchise

EFFICACY OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS IN HAND SOAP

VITA
Katrina N. Marks
Education
Senior at West Career and Technical Academy
Biomedical Sciences Program
4.0 GPA unweighted, 4.8 weighted
Attending the Univsersity of Nevada, Reno BS-MD program in Fall 2015
Experience
Ice cream sandwich maker at Sweet Addiction, Cookies and Ice Cream (2012 -2013)
Team Member at Battle Blast Laser Tag (2013 2014)
Lifeguard at Life Time Athletic Club (2014 Present)
Achievements
Senatorial Service Award (2015)
Biomedical Sciences Program Student of the Year (2014)
Honor Roll (2012 - Present)
Volunteer Work
Summer Junior Volunteer for Southern Hills Hospital (2014)
First and second grade Sunday school teacher (2012 Present)
Interests / Skills
Student Council, Ambassador (2011- 2013, 2014 - Present) Junior Class President (2013
2014)
National Honor Society (2012 Present)
Giving Grizzlies Mentorship Club (2014 Present)
High School to Healthcare (2013 2014)
Palo Verde Varsity Swim Team (2012 2015)
Desert Storm Club Swim Team (2007 2015)
Goals
Obtain Bachelors of Science in Biology
Obtain MD
Achieve career in pediatrics, emergency medicine, or general surgery