BG DCHTP 2015

THC PHM
Ths. Phm Th an Phng

B mn m bo cht lng v an ton thc phm
Khoa Cng ngh Thc phm
Trng i hc Nha Trang
!1
NI DUNG
Ch 1. I CNG C CHT HC THC
PHM
Ch 2. DNG THC CA CC CHT C
TRONG C TH
Ch 3. NH HNG CA C CHT LN CC
C QUAN QUAN TRNG CA C TH
Ch 4. TC DNG C CA C CHT THC
PHM LN C TH
Ti liu hc tp
L Ngc T v cng s, 2006. c t hc v An ton
thc phm, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, tp. H

Ch Minh.
L Huy B, 2006. c hc mi trng c bn, Nh
xut bn i hc Quc gia, tp. H Ch Minh.
Phillip L.Williams v Robert C. James v Stephen M.
Roberts, 2000. Principles of Toxicology. JOHNWILEY
& SONS, INC.
!3
Ti liu tham kho
S. S. Deshpande, 2002. Handbook of Food
Toxicology, Marcel Dekker, INC.

Nguyn Th Thn, 2004. c cht trong thc phm,
NXB Khoa hc v K thut.
!4
Websites tham kho

http://foodsafety.usu.edu
http://www.fao.org
http://www.FDA.gov
http://www.who.int/foodsafety/codex
http://www.agroviet.gov.vn
http://www.tcvn.gov.vn
http://www.vfa.gov.vn
http://www.elsevier.com
http://en.wikipedia.org
!5

CH 1. I CNG C CHT HC THC
PHM
I.1
Khi nim chung v c cht hc
I.2
Vai tr ca c cht hc thc phm
I.3
Phn loi c cht thc phm
I.4
Cc yu t nh hng n c tnh ca c cht

6
I.1. Khi nim chung v c cht hc

nh ngha
J.F. Borzelleca nh ngha: "c cht hc l ngnh hc
nghin cu v lng v cht cc tc ng bt li ca

cc tc nhn ha hc, vt l, sinh hc ln h thng sinh
hc ca sinh vt sng".
c cht hc v c t hc l hai khi nim tng i
ging nhau. c t hc l khoa hc nghin cu v bn
cht v c ch gy c ca cc cht n c th sng
hoc n nhng h thng sinh hc khc. nh ngha
ny cng bao hm c vic xc nh mc c v tn
sut ca cc hiu ng c trong mi lin quan vi mc
nhim c mt c th.
!7

Cht c (toxin, poisoning)
!
Cht c trong thc phm l do cht ha hc hay
hp cht ha hc c trong nguyn liu, sn phm
thc phm mt nng nht nh gy ng c
cho ngi hay ng vt khi ngi hay ng vt
s dng chng.
Cht c c th tn ti nhiu trng thi khc
nhau, c hnh thnh v ln vo thc phm
bng nhiu con ng khc nhau.
!8

c tnh (toxicity)
!
c tnh l kh nng gy c ca cht c.
c tnh ca mt sn phm thc phm thng c
lin quan n nhng yu t sau:
Tn sut a vo: n ung mt ln duy nht hay
lp li nhiu.
Mc tn hi.
Thi gian cn thit lm xut hin mt hiu
ng c.
!9

c lc l lng cht c trong nhng iu kin nht
nh gy nh hng c hi hoc nhng bin i sinh

hc c hi cho c th.
Liu lng gy c (dose):
LD50 (lethal dose) l liu lng th nghim lm cht
50% s ng vt trn tng s c cho n nh
nhau, n v mg/kg ng vt sng trn cn.
LC50 (lethal concentration) l nng gy cht 50%
ng vt th nghim, n v mg/l dung dch ha cht,
thng dng nh gi c tnh ca cht c
dng lng ha tan trong nc sng, sui hay nng
hi hoc bi trong mi trng khng kh nhim.
!10

Mc c tnh:
c tnh cp tnh (acute toxicity) ca mt cht c coi
nh l cc tc dng khng tt n c th ngi, ng vt
mt cch t ngt, trong khong thi gian ngn di 24
gi, sau khi n ung phi thc n cha c t.
c tnh cp (subacute toxicity) l s biu hin r cc
hiu ng c ca mt cht, sau khi ngi, ng vt n
ung mt lng nht nh nhng thng xuyn gp phi,
vi thi gian c xc nh, khong di 90 ngy.
c tnh mn tnh (chronic toxicity) l s biu hin kh
r cc tc dng c ca mt cht sau khi n ung mt
lng lp i lp li hng ngy trong mt thi gian ko di
trn 90 ngy.
!11

Mc c c xc nh:
Nhm I: rt c, LD50 < 100 mg/kg
Nhm II: c cao, LD50 = 100 - 300 mg/kg
Nhm III: c va, LD50 = 300 - 1000 mg/kg
Nhm IV: t c, LD50 > 1000 mg/kg
n v c cht (TU: Toxicity Units) l i lng th
hin lng cht c ca mu th vi sinh vt th

nghim. Mt n v tnh tng ng vi mu pha long
git cht 50% s lng sinh vt th nghim.
!12
TU cng cao, EC50 cng thp th mi trng cng c hi

Kh nng tn ti v chuyn ha c cht thc phm
trong c th sinh vt.

Cht c
nhim
c t t nhin
Ph gia cht h
tr ch bin
c cht thc phm

Gim c tnh
Tng phn cc,
tng tnh thn nc
!13
D bi tit
C th
sinh vt
Tng c tnh
Gim phn cc,
tng tnh a m
Kh bi tit
I.2. Vai tr ca c cht hc thc phm

CH v sn
xut nng
nghip thc
phm
CH v
mi trng
!14
CH vi
con ngi
VAI TR
CH v sn
xut cng
nghip thc
phm

1. c cht hc v sn xut nng nghip TP
Ngi nui trng, ngi ch bin, ngi tiu th

u c lin quan n mi mc ca c cht hc
thc phm.
bo v ma mng, ngi ta s dng nhng hp cht
ha hc ang c v tm ra nhng dn xut mi kim
sot s tng sinh ca cc sinh vt sng k sinh.
Nhng nu thuc dit cn trng l cn thit cho cy th
ng thi cng l cht c ng gm cho chnh ngi
ang ng dng v cho c ngi khng may n phi cc
d cht ny vi liu lng ln hn liu lng cho php.
!15

2. c cht hc v mi trng
Sn xut nng nghip v ch bin thc phm v
ang lm nhim t trng, ngun nc, khng kh
vi d lng thuc tr su, dit c, phn bn,... Cc
cht nhim s tn ti trong thc phm m chng ta
cn kim sot chng mc d lng cho php.
Sn xut cng nghip s lm mi trng nhim cc
kim loi nng, cc cht kh c, cc hydrocacbon a
vng,...
!16

3. c cht hc v sn xut cng nghip thc
phm
Trong cng nghip thc phm, thc phm i hi
phi c m bo an ton t khi cn l nguyn
liu ban u, bn thnh phm n khi tr thnh
sn phm thc phm. Do vy, thc phm cn
c ch trng n phng php bo qun.
Bo qun thc phm l bo qun chng sau khi
thu hoch, trong qu trnh ct gi, trong qu trnh
ch bin cng nh trong qu trnh phn phi, c
th coi l mt s cn thit tuyt i.
!17

Cc phng php bo qun ph bin hin nay l
phng php s dng nhit (nng hay lnh), phng

php k thut vt l, phng php ha hc.
Trong , phng php bo qun bng cht ha hc
c vai tr rt quan trng, nh c tnh hiu qu cao v
chi ph r.
Tuy nhin, vn v sinh an ton thc phm sau x
l ha hc phi c trng tm v c nh gi tht
k kh nng gy ng c thc phm.
!18

4. c cht hc vi con ngi
Ai l ngi chu
trch nhim v
thc phm an
ton, khng c
c cht?
!19
Ngi ch bin hay

ngi s dng thc
phm ?

Nhng nguy c ca cc cht c c ngun gc t
nhin, cc cht nhim trong thc phm l tng i,

v con ngi c th kim sot c nhng nguy c
bit.
Tuy nhin, nguy c khi hp th mt vi phn mi ca
miligam thuc bo v thc vt hoc kim loi nng hoc
c t c trong thc phm khc vi nguy c khi hp th
mt nng lng ln calo di dng ng hay lipid
V vy, con ngi cn phi c thng tin y v
cc nguy c c hi ca c cht khi tn ti trong thc
phm.
!20
Ngi ch bin phi c o Ngi tiu dng phi chu trch

c, tun theo lut php.
nhim v sc khe ca mnh.
I.3. Phn loi c cht thc phm

C s phn loi da theo mc ch nghin cu, i
tng nghin cu:
Phn loi theo nng - liu lng.
Phn loi theo bn cht.
Phn loi theo mi trng (t, nc, khng kh, sinh
quyn).
Phn loi theo mc nguy him.
Phn loi theo ngun gc c cht.
Phn loi theo dng tn ti.
Phn loi thng qua ng xm nhp v gy hi.
Phn loi theo ngnh kinh t - x hi: c cht trong
nng nghip, cng nghip, y t, qun s, thc phm...
!21
I.3. Phn loi c cht thc phm

C s phn loi:
!
Phn loi theo qui trnh cng ngh (dng nguyn
cht, dng ph gia, dng dung mi, dng cht

thi...)
Phn loi theo tc dng sinh hc n thun (tc
dng kch ng, tc dng gy ngt, d ng, ung
th, t bin...)
Phn loi theo sinh hc h thng: gy c ln m
thn kinh, ln c quan to mu; gy c ln gan,
thn, cc c quan khc.
!22
Mt s phng php phn loi

1. Phn loi theo nng v liu lng
Hu ht cc nguyn t ha hc u hin din vi mt
nng thch hp trong mi trng. Chng l cc
nguyn t c ch gp phn to nn v duy tr s sng
trn tri t.
Tuy nhin, mt s trong chng l cc cht c tim
tng. Ty theo mi i tng b tc ng m nng
hay liu lng tng vt qua mt mc gii hn, th
cc c cht tim tng ny s pht huy c tnh ca
n ln vt tip xc.
Mt c cht c nng nh c a vo mi
trng trong mt thi gian di s gy c cho cc i
tng trong h sinh thi do kh nng c tch ly
sinh hc.
!23

Phn loi theo nng v liu lng:
!
Nng nn l nng ca cc nguyn t sn c
trong mi trng t nhin khng gy nh hng xu
n sc khe ca con ngi v sinh vt.
Nng cho php l nng dng khng ch cht
c trong vic bo v sc khe cho ngi v sinh vt.
Trong mi trng t nhin c nhng cht th hin tnh
c ngay khi tn ti dng nguyn thy ca n. Kh
nng gy c ca loi c cht, c t ny tc dng
vi bt k nng (liu lng) ln hay nh, tc l
khng ph thuc vo nng hin din ca n.
!24

2. Phn loi theo bn cht ha hc ca c cht
1. Tnh c ca cht c c bn cht ph thuc
vo nhiu yu t nhng quan trng nht l dng
cu trc ha hc ca n:
Cht c dng hp cht hydrocarbon c tnh
c t l thun vi s nguyn t carbon trong
phn t.
Nhng cht v c c cng nguyn t th cht
no c s nguyn t t hn s c hn.
2. S nguyn t halogen thay th hydro cng nhiu
th cht cng c.
!25

3. c cht trung gian gia hai loi bn cht v
liu lng
C nhng cht c th xp vo loi c cht nng
- liu lng bi ch vi mt nng vt qu
gii hn, n mi th hin tnh c.
Tuy nhin, cng c th xp n vo loi cht c
bn cht v xt mt iu kin nht nh, n c
th gy ri lon sinh l, tn thng cho c th nu
thm nhp vo cc c quan ni tng.
!26

4. Phn loi theo mc nguy him
Mc nguy him ca mt loi c cht trn mt i
tng nghin cu xc nh thng c phn loi
da theo gi tr LD50 (median lethal dose: liu lng
gy cht 50% ng vt th nghim, n v mg/kg ng
vt sng trn cn) hay LC 50 (median lethal
concentration: nng gy cht 50% ng vt th
nghim, n v mg/l dung dch ha cht).
Mc nguy him ty thuc vo nhiu yu t, theo
phn loi ca WHO, cc ha cht c mc nguy
him ty theo dng tn ti v con ng xm nhp
vo c th sinh vt th nghim.
!27

Bng phn loi cht c theo mc nguy
him (Ngun: WHO, 1998)

!
!
Cp c
LD
Qua ming
Th rn Th lng
Qua da
Th rn
Th lng
c mnh
<5
< 20
< 10
< 40
c
5 - 50
20 - 200
10 - 100
40 - 400
c trung bnh 50 - 500 200 - 2000 100 - 1000 400 - 4000
c t
< 2000
> 4000
> 500
!28

5. Phn loi theo ngun gc c cht
c cht trong t nhin xut pht t nhiu ngun
gc khc nhau nh ngun gc sinh hc, ha hc,
cht phng x... v chnh ngun gc ny s nh
hng nhiu n c tnh ca chng.
1. c t sinh hc l cht c c sinh ra
t vi sinh vt, thc vt, ng vt, l cc sn
phm ca qu trnh phn hy ng, thc vt
cht di tc dng ca vi sinh vt, qu trnh
bin i gen, c t t cc loi nm, cn
trng...
!29

Phn loi theo ngun gc c cht:
2. c cht ha hc l cc
cht c c ngun gc t
ha cht, l sn phm ca
cc phn ng ha hc, t
cc ngnh cng nghip,
cht thi cng nghip...
c xp vo loi c cht
ha hc. Mc gy c
ca chng ty thuc nhiu
vo cu trc ha hc, nng
tc ng ca chng v
trng thi ca c th nhn
cht c.
!30
3. Tia phng x l nhng tia

mt thng khng nhn thy
c, pht ra t cc nguyn t
phng x nh uranium, cobalt,
radium... Cht phng x xm
nhp vo c th (qua ng
h hp, tiu ha) ti cc c
quan, gy tc dng chiu x gi
l tc dng ni chiu. Tc dng
ny nguy him hn tc dng
ngoi chiu (l nh hng ca
tia phng x khi chiu t ngoi
vo b mt c th).
!31
6. Phn loi theo trng thi tn ti

Trng thi ha hc ca cc cht c tn ti
dng n cht hay hp cht, dng ion hay phn
t u c kh nng gy c v kh nng gy c
khc nhau. Mi trng tn ti ha cht cng gp
phn lm tng hay gim thiu c tnh. Hoc s
hin din cng mt lc ca nhiu c t, c cht
s lm cng hng tnh c hay lm trit tiu tnh
c ca nhau.
Trng thi vt l ca c cht c th th rn,
lng, kh, hi, bi... Mc gy c ca cht c
tng dn t th rn sang lng v cao nht l th
kh. Kh nng gy c thay i theo trng thi vt
l ca c cht ph thuc vo mc khuch tn
cc c cht vo mi trng.

7. Phn loi thng qua ng thm nhp v gy
hi
Cht c thm nhp vo cc i tng trong h
sinh thi bng nhiu con ng, cch thc khc
nhau. Cc cch thc ny cng quyt nh n
mc tc hi m c cht nh hng ln ng
vt, thc vt v con ngi.
D bng con ng thm nhp no th khi vo
trong c th sinh vt v con ngi, c cht cng
gy ra s mt n nh ca cu trc vt cht trong
c th.
!32
I.4. Cc yu t nh hng n c tnh ca

c cht
Ngoi liu lng v thi gian nhim, cn c cc yu
t khc nh:
!
!
!
!
Cc yu t sinh l
Cc yu t vt l,
Cc yu t mi trng,
V cc yu t khc.
!33

c cht
1. Liu lng v thi gian tip xc vi ha cht
c
Liu lng tip xc cng cao v thi gian tip xc
cng lu th tnh c c tc hi cng ln.
S hin din cng mt lc nhiu loi ha cht trong
c th sng ti cng mt thi im tip xc l yu t
tc ng n tnh c ca cc cht.
2. Cc yu t sinh hc
Tui tc
Tnh trng sc khe
Loi v ging
! 4 Yu t gen di truyn
3

c cht
3. Cc nhn t mi trng nh hng n hot
tnh ca c cht
pH mi trng
dn in
Cc cht cn
Nhit
Din tch mt thong
Cc cht i khng hoc xc tc
Cc yu t v kh tng, thy vn
Kh nng t lm sch ca mi trng
!35
CH 2. DNG THC CA CC CHT C

TRONG C TH
II.1
II.2
II.3
II.4
Qu trnh tch ly v chuyn ha sinh hc ca c

cht qua chui thc phm
S hp thu, phn phi v o thi cc cht c
trong c th
Chuyn ha sinh hc cc c t - s cn bng gia
cht c hi v cht kh c
Tc dng c ln c th
36
II.1. Qu trnh tch ly v chuyn ha sinh

hc ca c cht qua chui thc phm
Trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin, mi c
!37
th sinh vt u c th b nh hng trc tip

hoc gin tip ca c cht, c t qua dy
chuyn thc phm (chui thc phm).
Cc thc vt bc thp, thc vt bc cao, ng vt
bc thp, ng vt bc cao v k c con ngi,
khi tip xc vi c cht, c t u c th b
nhim c.
Khi xm nhp vo c th sinh vt, cht c s tri
qua qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc. Phn ln cc
cht c c o thi ra ngoi, mt phn c th
b lu gi v tch t li trong c th.

Qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc trong c th sinh
vt
D bi tit
c
cht
v
c
t
Kh hot ha (tng phn

cc, tng tnh thn nc)
Hot ha (gim phn
cc, tng tnh thn m)

Kh bi tit
!38
Gim c tnh
Tng c tnh
II.1. Qu trnh tch ly v chuyn ha sinh hc ca

c cht qua chui thc phm
Dy chuyn thc phm l con ng chuyn
nng lng t c th sinh vt ny sang c th

sinh vt khc.
Theo dy chuyn thc phm, cc cht c kh bi
tit s c chuyn t sinh vt ny sang sinh vt
khc v c tch ly hm lng c cht cao
hn dn theo bc dinh dng v thi gian sng.
c Qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh tch ly v phng i
sinh hc ca c cht trong c th sinh vt.
c Do vy, hm lng c cht, c t bc dinh
dng sau lun cao hn bc trc nhiu ln.
!39

Dy chuyn thc phm (food chain) tng qut
Thc vt bc thp
Thc vt bc cao
ng vt ph du
ng vt
Gip xc, nhuyn th

C nh
!40
C ln

V d chui thc phm c trng
Food Chain in
Nature
*P = producer,
*H = herbivore,
*C1 = carnivore
order-1,
*C2 = carnivore
order-2)
!41

T c h
ly sinh hc
(bioaccumulation) l
mt qu trnh tch t
cc nguyn t vi lng,
cc cht nhim vo
trong c th sinh vt
thng qua qu trnh hp
th bi cc sinh vt t
mi trng xung quanh
m chng ang sng.
!42

i vi cc cht gy nhim thng qua chui
thc n, s nh hng biu hin r cc ng

vt c mc tiu th cao hn (bao gm c con
ngi). Kh nng khng ca sinh vt khc vi
con ngi khi c tc ng ca cht c.
i vi bt k mt sinh vt no, s khc nhau ca
c th dn n s khc nhau r rt ca lng
cht tch ly; iu ny ph thuc vo tng lng
lipid vi iu kin tui hoc gii tnh ca sinh vt
.
!43

S phng i sinh hc (biomagnification) trong qu
!44
trnh tch ly v chuyn ha sinh hc ca c cht,

c t qua chui thc phm. Nu sinh vt sng tng
y n phi mt lng nh c cht, c t th ng
vt n tht s n gp 100 ln so vi sinh vt tng y.
Bng cch , con ngi s v tnh n phi mt
lng rt ln cht c.
II.2. S hp thu, phn phi v o thi cc cht

c trong c th
1. C ch cht c
xm nhp vo c
th
!45
II.2. S hp thu, phn phi v o thi cc

cht c trong c th
1. C ch cht c xm nhp vo c th
!
Khuch tn th ng
S thm lc
Vn chuyn ch ng (tch cc)
Ni thm bo
!46

cht c trong c th
Cu trc t bo
Mi t bo c
mng, bo
tng, cc bo
quan v nhn.
!47
c Chc nng ch yu ca t bo
To ra hng ro bo v, to hnh, n nh cu trc
c trong v ngoi.
Tip nhn, x l v truyn tin.
Tip nhn, tiu ha cht, tng hp cht mi, sinh nng
!48
lng.
D tr cht v nng lng.
Sinh sn thay c i mi, pht trin c th, hi
phc c th, duy tr ni ging.
Sinh in sinh hc: in no, in tim, in thn kinh,
in d dy
S trao i thng tin v vt cht qua mng t bo
thng qua hnh thc vn chuyn khuch tn, vn
chuyn tch cc, thm lc v ni thm bo.
c Cu trc mng t bo
Mng t bo l
mng bn thm, c
tnh n hi, dy
7-10 nm, thnh
phn ch yu l
protein v lipid, mt
phn nh l
carbohydrat.
!49
1.
C ch cht c xm nhp vo c th
Cc hnh thc chnh vn chuyn vt cht qua
mng t bo
!50
Vn chuyn th ng xy ra ph thuc vo s
chnh lch nng cht v in th hai bn mng

t bo, khng cn cung cp ATP.
!
!
!
!
!
!
Vn chuyn ch ng (tch cc) cn c cung
cp ATP hot ng.
!51
c Khuch tn th ng
1. Qua lp lipid kp (phospholipid):
Vt cht c kch thc nh
Khng tch in
Khng phn cc
Nhng cht ha tan trong lipid
2. Qua protein mang tnh chn lc: ng, acid
amin, cc ion Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, P3+, Cl1-
!52
c Khuch tn th ng
1. Khuch tn n thun qua lp lipid kp
Cc cht c bn cht l lipid, tan trong lipid O2; N2;
CO2; cc vitamin A, D, E, K, ru; cn... Tc

khuch tn t l thun vi ha tan trong m.
- c im: vn chuyn vt cht thun chiu bc
thang in ha ly nng lng t chuyn ng
nhit, khng cn cung cp ATP .
Ring, i vi nc qua mng rt nhanh do kch
thc phn t nh v ng nng ln, hoc cc
phn t khng tan trong m nhng c kch thc
rt nh (ur). Vy, trng hp ny th c tc
khuch tn t l nghch vi kch thc phn t.
!53
c Khuch tn th ng
2. Khuch tn n thun qua cc knh protein
C tnh thm chn lc cao: ph thuc vo c im hnh
dng, ng knh v in tch mt trong ca knh.
Cng ng- m ca knh protein theo in th:
V d: Cng hot ha ca knh Na+: Khi mt trong mng
mt in tch m th cng hot ha pha ngoi mng m
ra, Na+ i qua knh vo trong t bo.
Cng ca knh K+ cng m khi mt trong mng tr thnh
in tch dng.
Cng ng m do cht kt ni (ligand): Khi c cht kt
ni gn vi protein knh lm thay i hnh dng v lm
ng hoc m cng.
V d: Acetylcholin gn vo protein knh, Na+ lm cng ca
knh m ra, cho php cc ion Na+ i vo tham gia vo c
ch xut hin in th hot ng, dn truyn xung ng
thn kinh.
!54
c Khuch tn th ng
3. Khuch tn c thun ha nh protein mang
L hnh thc vn chuyn ca cc ng n nh
glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, xylose,
arabinose v phn ln cc acid amin.
Tc khuch tn tng dn n mc ti a (Vmax)
th dng li d nng cht khuch tn vn tip
tc tng.
Nguyn nhn: s lng cc v tr trn phn t
protein mang c hn, c thi gian protein mang
gn, thay i hnh dng.
!55
c Khuch tn th ng
Khuch tn c thun ha nh protein mang
!56
c Khuch tn th ng
nh hng bi tnh thm ca
!57
4. Cc yu t nh
mng i vi cht khuch
hng ti tc
tn.
khuch tn th ng nh hng bi s chnh
lch nng hai bn
mng.
nh hng bi s chnh
lch p sut qua mng.
Khi c chnh lch in th
gia hai bn mng th cc
ion, do tch in, s khuch
tn qua mng mc d khng
c s chnh lch nng
ca chng hai bn mng.
Khuch tn th ng c cht qua mng t

bo
!
Phn ln cc cht c i qua mng t bo bng
con ng khuch tn n gin v th ng. T
l i qua c lin quan trc tip vi gradient nng
hai bn mng v tnh a bo ca phn t
c.
Nhiu cht c ion ha c. Cc dng ion ha
thng khng c kh nng i qua mng t bo
do ha tan ca chng trong lipid rt thp,
trong khi dng khng b ion ha li ha tan
c trong cht bo, do t l hp th ph
thuc vo ha tan ca chng trong cht bo.
!58

bo
ion ha ca acid v base hu c yu ph thuc
vo pH ca mi trng. V th, s khuch tn ca

acid th rt d dng trong mi trng acid, trong
khi mt base li khuch tn nh nhng trong mi
trng kim.
S khuch tn th ng thng c xu hng thit
lp nn mt cn bng gia cc nng tn ti
hai pha mng sinh hc.
Thi gian t n mt cn bng gia mt c
th v mi trng quanh n, ngoi a bo, cn
ph thuc vo nng vt cht trong mi trng,
b mt trao i v khi lng ca c th, trong
quan trng l lng m ca c th ny.
!59

bo
D dy
!60

bo
Rut
!61
II.2. S hp thu, phn phi v o thi cc cht c

1. C ch cht c xm nhp vo c th (tip)
c S thm lc qua mng t bo
Cc mng ca cc mao qun v ca cc cun tiu
cu thng c cc l tng i rng (khong 70
nm) nn cc phn t c kch thc b hn
albumin (M=60.000 Da) u c th i qua c.
Nh lc thy tnh v/hoc lc thm thu m dng
nc i qua cc l ny s gp phn vo vic vn
chuyn cc cht c.
Tuy nhin cc l t bo a phn l kh nh
(khong 4 nm) nn ch c cc sn phm ha hc
c khi lng phn t cc i l 100-200 Da, mi
i qua c.
!62

cht c trong c th
c Vn chuyn tch cc l hnh thc vn chuyn

ca ion Na+, K+, Ca2+, Fe2+, H+, Cl-, I-, urat, mt s
ng n v phn ln acid amin.
Ngc chiu bc thang in ha.
Cn phi c cht mang v cn cung cp nng
lng t bn ngoi.
!63
c Vn chuyn tch cc
Uniport: ch vn chuyn mt cht duy nht
Symport: vn chuyn c hai cht cng mt lc
theo cng mt chiu.

Antiport: vn chuyn hai cht cng mt lc nhng
theo hai chiu i ngc nhau (bm Na+ - K+ ATPase)
!64
c Vn chuyn tch cc
S vn chuyn tch cc thng bao gm c ch
to ra mt phc gia phn t v cht mang cao

phn t ti mt pha ca mng. Lc ny, phc c
th khuch tn qua pha bn kia mng v ti y
phn t s c gii phng. Sau , cht mang
li quay tr v v tr ban u v qu trnh li tip
tc.
Tuy nhin, kh nng ca cht mang thng c
gii hn. Khi cht mang b bo ha th t l vn
chuyn khng cn ph thuc vo nng ca
phn t.
!65
c Vn chuyn tch cc
C ch bm Na+, K+ v ATPase ca t bo:
Bm Na+,K+, ATPase c vai tr a 3 ion Na+ vo
trong, 2 ion K+ ra ngoi, ko nc ra theo.
Khi Protein v cc hp cht hu c c kch thc
phn t ln, tch in m, khng th thm ra ngoi
mt cch th ng (trng thi ngh ca c ch th
ng), s hp dn cc ion dng v gy ra mt lc
thm thu ht nc t bn ngoi vo bn trong lm
t bo phng ln v c th v. Do vy, c ch bm
Na+ -K+ - ATPase, s c hot ha khi th tch t
bo tng hn bnh thng.
!66
c Vn chuyn tch cc
Hin tng km hm cnh tranh cng c th xy
ra gia nhng phn t c cc c tnh tng t

nhau.
!67
1. C ch cht c xm nhp vo c th c Vn
chuyn tch cc
Trong vn chuyn tch cc, mt cht mang c th
m bo cho cc phn t qua mng ngc vi

gradient nng , hoc nu phn t dng ion
ha th cht mang cng s m bo cho chng
qua mng ngc vi gradient in ha.
Tt nhin, s vn chuyn tch cc phi tiu tn
mt nng lng ca trao i cht, do qu trnh
s b c ch bi nhng cht c vn c nh
hng ti s trao i cht ca t bo.
!68

cht c trong c th
c Ni thm bo
Cc tiu phn dng rn c th b hp thu bi thc
bo. Cc tiu phn dng lng b hp thu bi
ung bo. C ch ny c gi l nhp bo.
H thng vn chuyn c bit ny rt quan trng
i vi cc ti phi cng nh i vi h thng
li ni m khi bi tit cc cht c c trong
mu.
!69
c Ni thm bo
i vi cc phn t ln (rn hoc lng) khng lt
qua l mng, t bo s dng hnh thc xut hay

nhp bo chuyn ti ra hoc vo t bo.
!70

cht c trong c th
2. Qu trnh xm nhp ca c cht vo c th
sinh vt
c cht xm nhp vo c th sinh vt t rt
nhiu con ng khc nhau v ty thuc vo tng
nhm loi sinh vt.
Thc vt
!71
Con ngi
ng vt

cht c trong c th
2. Qu trnh xm nhp ca c cht vo c th sinh
vt
c i vi thc vt
c cht c th xm nhp bng cch th ng
hay ch ng.
c cht xm nhp vo c th thc vt qua qu
trnh ly cc cht dinh dng, mui khong t b
r, t c quan hp thu, sinh sn, d tr nh l
hoa qu, mt s cht c th thm thu trc
tip qua mng t bo khi tip xc.
!72

cht c trong c th
2. Qu trnh xm nhp ca c cht vo c th sinh vt
c i vi ng vt
c cht xm nhp vo c th ng vt:
Qua ng h hp
Thm qua da
Qua ng tun hon
Qua ng tiu ha
Qua cc c quan d b tn thng, nhy cm vi
c cht.
Hp th
(Absorption)
!73
Phn phi
(Distribution)
Chuyn ha
(Metabolism)
o thi
(Elimination)

cht c trong c th
c i vi con ngi
!74

cht c trong c th
Cht c qua ming
(s n vo bng)
ng ng tiu ha
Bi tit
(phn)
Cht c qua phi

(s ht vo)
Mt
Thm qua
da
Bi tit (tuyn
m hi)
Bi tit (th ra
khng kh)
Cc con ng
khc (trc trng,
m o, ngoi
rut)
Gan
H thng tun hon ca mu/ bch huyt

Lin kt Protein
C quan cm nhn
mng t bo
Trao i cht
Tch t (xng, m
m)
Phn phi ( dng t do,

lin kt, cht chuyn ha)
Thn
Bng quang
!75
Bi tit (nc tiu)

cht c trong c th
1 Qu trnh hp thu
Bn con ng chnh: tiu ha, h hp, thn kinh
v thm qua da.
a. ng tiu ha
a phn cc cht c i vo ng tiu ha cng
vi nc v thc n hoc i vo mt cch c lp
qua ming, d dy, rut non, gan (c gii c
mt phn), qua ng tun hon, n cc ph
tng v gy nhim c.
Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc c cht u i
qua c m ch c nhng phn t c ng
knh c 0,1 mm, i qua cc k h ca t bo cht
rut non, lt vo t bo cht.
!76

c trong c th
Hp thu qua ng tiu ha:
Trong t bo cht, chng hy
hoi t bo cht rut non, sau
i vo mu ph v bch
cu, lm gim sc khng
ca con ngi. Mt s loi
cht c tr li trong m m
hay trong gan, xng
Khi c cht tn cng vo
rut hay d dy, tnh hp ph
ca c cht b thay i.
"77
D dy
gan
Rut
non

c trong c th
Trong d dy
Trong rut
Cht c l cc acid yu,
Cht c l cc acid yu, ch yu
chng thng dng khng
dng ion ha nn b hp thu
ion ha, ha tan c trong
kh khn, nhng mt khi qua
cht bo nn c th khuch
c vo mu th chng tr
tn c.
thnh dng ion ha do s
khng c xu hng quay tr li.
Cht c l cc base yu,
chng b ion ha rt mnh do Cht c l cc base yu, th d
b hp th khng d dng.
dng b hp th hn v y
chng tn ti di dng khng
Qua mu, cc acid yu
ion ha.
thng di dng ion ha
nn d b vn chuyn i, con Nhng cht phn cc km
base yu li thng di
thng l nhng cht tan trong
dng khng ion ha nn c
m, thng qua mng lipid v
khuynh hng khuch tn li
nhng cht tit ra trong qu trnh
d dy.
ion ha, ph thuc vo h s
"78
phn ly v pH dung dch.

c trong c th
Qu trnh hp thu
b. ng h hp
y l con ng xm nhp quan trng nht v
lun xy ra do con ngi phi th ht. Phi ngi
c din tch trao i kh l 90 m2, trong 70 m2 l
ca ph nang. Ph nang l vng hp thu chnh
ca ng h hp bi v n c b mt hp thu rt
ln, c lu lng mu cao v c s gn gi gia
mu v khng kh ph nang.
"79

c trong c th
Qu trnh hp thu
c. Thm qua da
Da c vai tr bo v chng cc yu t ha hc, l
hc v sinh hc. Da c tnh khng thm cao, to
nn mt hng ro ngn cch gia c th v mi
trng. Tuy nhin mt s sn phm ha hc c th
hp thu qua da, i qua lp biu b v chn b, i
vo h tun hon v gy nhim c cho c th.
"80

c trong c th
Qu trnh hp thu
d. Tc ng qua h thn
kinh
Gy chong vng mc
nh.
T lit mc nng.
Gim tr nh, c th tr nn
n n.
Kch pht v c th tr nn
hung bo.
C th tc ng di truyn v
s sai lch, lon tr nh.
"81

c trong c th
2 Phn b
Phn b qua hng
ro mu no, hng
ro ny c nh v
thnh mao mch.
Cc t bo ca ni
m mao mch
thng ni kt cht
ch vi nhau, do
c tc dng ngn cn
s i qua ca cc
cht c.
"82
Cu to mch mu

c trong c th
Phn b
Trong cc t bo ny li thiu cc khng bo nn
cng lm gim kh nng vn chuyn c cht.
Nng protein ca cc cht lng cc khe
trong no thng rt thp. V vy, s lin kt vi
cc protein khng th l mt c ch vn chuyn
ca cht c t mu vo no.
Cc cht c vo trong no ph thuc vo ha
tan ca chng trong cht bo.
"83

c trong c th
Phn b
Hng ro mu nhau l vt cn tr ngi cho s
vn chuyn cc cht c v do c mt tc
dng bo v no cho cc bo thai.
Cc hng ro khc c mt, tinh hon. Cc hng
cu cng c vai tr trong s phn b s xm nhp
cc dn xut v c thy ngn nhng li khng cn
tr cc dn xut alkyl ca thy ngn.
"84

c trong c th
3 C nh v thu gi cht c
Sau khi vo c th cc cht c lu thng trong
mu, bch huyt, n cc t chc v ph tng. Vic
c nh mt sn phm ha hc vo mt t chc no
thng lm cho nng cc b t chc ny
cao hn.
Hai kiu lin kt vi cht c:
Nhng cht c tc dng c mnh, lin kt bng
ng ha tr khng thun nghch.
Nhng cht lin quan n liu lng, lin kt phi
ng ha tr thun nghch. Lin kt ny c vai tr
trong s phn b v lu gi nhiu c quan v
" 5
8
m.

c trong c th
C nh v thu gi cht c trong protein dch
tng
Cc protein dch tng c th c nh cc hp
phn sinh l bnh thng cng nh cc hp phn
ngoi sinh.
Phn ln cc hp phn ngoi sinh c lin kt
vi albumin, do khng c vn chuyn trc
tip vo trong khong khng gian ngoi mch.
Tuy nhin, s lin kt ny thng l thun nghch
nn phn t cht c c kh nng t phn ly khi
protein dn n lm tng lng cht c t do,
chng c th i qua ni m ca mao mch.
"86

c trong c th
C nh v thu gi cht c trong gan v thn
Gan v thn c kh nng c nh cc phn t ha
hc, c chc nng trao i cht v chc nng bi
xut ca chng.
Phn ln cc ion v c (Cadimi, asen, ch,
ng) ng li gan bi cc protein c kh
nng c nh c bit (metalothionein) hoc
chuyn giao kim loi t gan ti thn v thi ra
theo ng tiu ha.
"87

c trong c th
C nh v thu gi cht c trong m m
Cc m m l ni tch gi mnh cc hp cht ha
tan c trong cht bo (m trung tnh, cc acid
bo) nh cc dung mi, cc ha cht tr su chlor
hu c. S kt hp cc cht c nh DDT vi cc
acid bo, c kh nng gi sn phm ny trong cc
t bo giu lipid gan, thn v thn kinh trung
ng.
"88

c trong c th
C nh v thu gi cht c trong m m v
xng
Xng l vng chnh gi cht c nh flo, ch
v stronxi (Sr). Cc cht c c mt trong cht
lng gia cc khe d b c nh do phn ng trao
i nhanh vi cc tinh th hydroxyapatit ca
xng v do c s ging nhau v in tch v
kch thc nn ion F c th thay th d dng OH-,
Ca+ c th b thay th bi ch hoc Sr.
"89

c trong c th
4 Thi cht c
Cc cht c sau khi hp thu v phn b trong c
th, th nhanh hay chm u b bi xut ra, hoc
di dng khng i hoc di dng cc cht
trao i ca chng hoc di dng cc hp cht
lin hp.
Nc tiu l con ng bi xut chnh, nhng i
vi mt s phn t th gan v phi li c vai tr
quan trng.
"90

c trong c th
"91
Thi cht c qua thn

Cc cht c, cc sn phm chuyn ha c thm
lc qua tiu cu thn, khuch tn qua ng thn v
bi tit qua ng thn.
Cc mao qun ca tiu cu thng c l rng (70
nm) nn phn ln cc cht c u c th i qua,
tr nhng cht c c kch thc ln (M>60.000
Da) hoc c lin kt cht ch vi cc protein dch
tng.
Mt cht c cng c th c bi xut vo trong
nc tiu bng khuch tn th ng qua cc ng.
Nc tiu bnh thng c tnh acid nn qu trnh
ny c lin quan ti s bi xut cc base hu c.

c trong c th
Thi cht c qua gan v mt

Gan cng l mt c quan quan trng trong vic
bi xut cc cht c, c bit l cc hp cht c
cc mnh (anion hoc cation), cc dn xut
c lin kt vi protein bo tng v cc hp
cht c khi lng phn t cao hn 300 Da.
"92

c trong c th
Thi cht c qua phi
Khi cc sn phm dng kh hoc cc dng cht
lng bay hi nhit c th u c bi xut
ch yu qua phi. Chng c khuch tn n
gin qua mng t bo hoc theo kh trong khi th
ra ngoi. Tuy nhin, t l v thi gian o thi ca
tng cht khc nhau.
V d: Chloroform thng bi xut rt chm do n
c gi trong m m v do th tch thng kh
phi b hn ch.
"93

cht c trong c th
"94
Thi cht c qua cc ng khc

Bi xut qua ng tiu ha bng khuch tn: Cht
c theo ming, theo thc n, vo d dy trong c
th ri phn b trong mu tun hon ti gan.
, cht c chu tc dng ca mt v cc men,
ri qua rut v b thi theo phn.
Bi xut qua nc bt, tuyn sa v m hi: y
l con ng bi xut ti thiu ca mt s c
cht kim loi v cht hu c. S bi xut c
tin hnh bng khuch tn v thng gii hn
dng c khng ion ha nhng ha tan c
trong cht bo.
II.3. Chuyn ha sinh hc cc c t - s cn bng

gia cht c hi v cht kh c
1. Bn cht phc tp ca s chuyn ha sinh hc
cc c t
!
Mt cht c c th b chuyn ha theo nhiu phn
ng khc nhau, to thnh nhng hp cht trao i
v nhng hp cht lin kt khc nhau.
Mt cht c c bao nhiu nhn t nh hng
(sinh l, mi trng, ha hc) th c by nhiu
kiu chuyn ha sinh hc v by nhiu sn phm
chuyn ha khc nhau.
"95
1. Bn cht phc tp ca s chuyn ha sinh hc

cc c t
S chuyn ha sinh hc
"96
1. Bn cht phc tp ca s chuyn ha sinh hc cc

c t
1. Bn cht phc tp ca s chuyn ha sinh
hc cc c t
!
Mt cht c trong mt c quan sinh hc ny th
n c th c chuyn ha thnh mt cht trao
i bn. Nhng nu c chuyn sang mt c
quan khc th n c chuyn ha thnh mt cht
trao i cui cng.
Cc phn ng trao i cht thng phn ng theo
chui, do vy c nh hng n tc dng c ca
cht.
"97
II.3. Chuyn ha sinh hc cc c t - s cn

bng gia cht c hi v cht kh c
"98
2. S cn bng gia cht c hi v cht kh

c
Chuyn ha sinh hc ca cc c cht l s bin
i ca cc cht ha hc do c s phn chia hay
b sung thm cu trc ca n, cc enzyme
chuyn ha cht c c th lm thay i c tnh
ca ha cht v sn phm cht chuyn ha c
phn phi v tch t trong c th.
Bn cnh s chuyn ha sinh hc mang li nhiu
li ch trong vic bo v c th khi ha cht t
mc cao bn trong nhiu m c, s tch ly lu
di c kh nng chuyn ha sinh hc cht c
hoc gia tng c tnh ca ha cht.

2. S cn bng gia cht c hi v cht kh c
Trong , mt vi sn phm cht chuyn ha l
cht gy t bin gen v/hoc cht gy ung th.
Do , s chuyn ha c cht c th to ra 3
dng cht chuyn ha/trao i:
1. C th l cht chuyn ha khng c.

2. C th l cht c nhng sau c th t kh c.
3. C th l cht c v khng c s kh c lm gim
c tnh trc khi t bo hay m c b tn thng.
"99
Cn bng gia cht c hi v cht kh c

Gan l b phn chnh c chc nng chuyn ha
sinh hc cc ha cht. N l b phn u tin

phi nhim cc ha cht hp th t rut v c
xem nh l ci cng li ra ca cc cht bi tit.
Mt s yu t c th bin i kh nng chuyn
ha cht c khi con ngi v tnh b phi nhim
gm ch n kin hay dinh dng thc phm,
tui, gii tnh, tnh trng hormone v gen di
truyn, kh nng hp thu, tch ly hay o thi v
kh nng c ch enzyme chuyn ha sinh hc
"100
Gii c (detoxication) hoc kh c (detoxification)

Phi c th kh c bng cch th kh (kh gy m
"101
c loi ra khi c th qua phi).

Da c th kh c bng cch thm cht c qua da
(c cht tan trong nc khng thm qua da tt,
nhng cht c tan trong du c th thm qua d
dng).
H thng tiu ha c th kh c bng cch bi tit
c cht thc phm, bng cch nn ma hoc tiu
chy.
Thn c th kh c bng cch lc v bi tit cht c
trong mu vo nc tiu.
Gan c th kh c bng cch thay i bn cht ha
hc ca nhiu c cht.
S hp thu,
"102
chuyn ha v bi
tit
a: v tr hp thu
chnh
e: v tr bi tit
f: v tr lc
m: v tr chuyn ha
chnh
p: sn phm
chuyn ha
s: v tr cht bi tit
x: cht c sau
chuyn ha sinh
hc
Vai tr
chuyn
ha sinh
hc c
bi tit
trong
nc tiu
"103
II.3. Chuyn ha sinh hc cc c t - s cn bng

gia cht c hi v cht kh c
Cn bng phn ng v cht bi tit trong qu trnh
chuyn ha sinh hc
"104
V d: Chuyn ha sinh hc ca Benzen
Pha I
"105
Pha II
Oxidation
Sulfate conjugation
Reduction
Glucuronide conjugation
Hydrolysis
Glutathione conjugation
Acetylation
Amino acid conjugation
"106
Phn ng Pha I
Cht c tri qua qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc
pha I chuyn ha thnh cht trao i. Sau ,

cht ny c th c o thi ra ngoi c th m
khng tip tc chuyn ha hoc n c th l cht
trao i trung gian tip tc cho qu trnh chuyn
ha pha 2.
Cht chuyn ha trung gian pha I c th tng c
tnh hn so vi cht c ban u.
Phn ng pha I gm ba phn ng chnh: phn ng
oxy ha, phn ng kh v phn ng thy phn (gi
chung l phn ng thoi phn).
"107
Phn ng pha II
Cht chuyn ha tri qua phn ng chuyn ha
pha I by gi l cht chuyn ha trung gian mi,

bao gm nhm phn ng ha hc: hydroxyl (-OH),
amino (-NH2) v carboxyl (-COOH).
Nhiu cht trao i trung gian khng c tnh thm
cho php o thi ra ngoi c th. Nhng cht

chuyn ha ny phi tri qua phn ng trong qu
trnh chuyn ha sinh hc ln na pha II.
"108
Pha II
Phn ng pha II l phn ng lin hp, ngha l cht
chuyn ha pha I s phn ng kt hp vi mt

phn t hin din trong c th to ra cht chuyn
ha lin hp, c kh nng ha tan trong nc hn
cht chuyn ha pha I hoc cht c ban u.
Thng thng, cht chuyn ha pha II c tnh thm
cao v c th o thi ra ngoi c th. Cc phn
ng pha II gm:
Glucuronide conjugation Phn ng quan trng nht
Sulfate conjugation Phn ng quan trng
Acetylation
Amino acid conjugation
Glutathione conjugation
"109
Methylation
"110

3. Phn ng thoi phn
Phn ng thoi phn bao gm cc phn ng:
Phn ng oxi ha
Phn ng kh
Phn ng thy phn
"111

"112
3. Phn ng thoi phn

Phn ng oxi ha
Oxygenase l enzyme xc tc trong qu trnh lin
kt oxy ca khng kh, enzyme ny s ct lin kt
gia hai nguyn t oxy v st nhp mt hoc hai
nguyn t oxy vo c cht ca chng.
Enzyme monooxygenase
Enzyme dioxygenase
Nu phn ng khng c s xc tc bi mt
oxydase, hai nguyn t oxy s khng b ct v
khng lin kt vi c cht m to ra nhng hp
cht nh H2O2.

a. Enzyme monooxygenase
S oxy ha c cht ch c th tin hnh c khi
enzyme monooxygenase lin kt mt nguyn t
vo c cht nh mt ngun electron t NADH2
hoc t NADPH2, phn t oxy cn li b loi b
di dng phn t nc
NADPH2
RH2 + O-O
OH
NADP+
+ H 2O
H
"113

b. Enzyme dioxygenase:
Enzyme dioxygenase lin kt c hai nguyn t
oxy vo c cht nhng hai v tr khc nhau.
Dioxygenase thng xc tc s oxy ha cc
hp cht thm (m vng cht thm) v khng
cn s tr gip ca ngun electron ph.
OH
RH2 + O-O
R
H
"114
Mt s phn ng oxy ha
"115
Alcohol dahydrogenation
N-hydroxylation
Aldehyde dehydrogenation
N-oxidation
Alkyl/acyclic hydroxylation
S-oxidation
Aromatic hydroxylation
O-dealkylation
Deamination
S-dealkylation
Desulfuration
Sulphoxidation
ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENATION
"116
DEAMINATION
"117
DESULFURATION
"118
N-DEALKYLATION
N,N-dimethyl-pnitrophenylcarbamate
"119
N-OXIDATION
"120
S-OXIDATION
sulfide
"121
sulfoxide
sulfone
O-DEALKYLATION
p-Nitrosanisole
"122
S-DEALKYLATION
"123

3. Phn ng thoi phn
Phn ng kh
Phn ng kh bi cc enzyme ca vi th thn
Kh cc dn xut nitro:
C6H5-NO2
Nitrobenzen
Kh
C6H5-N=O
C6H5NHOH
Nitrosobenzen
Phenylhydroxylamin
cc dn xut azo:
C6H5-N=N-C6H5
C6H5-NH-NH-C6H5
Azobenzen
"124
Hydrazobenzen
C6H5-NH2
Anilin
C6H5-NH2
Anilin
Phn ng kh bi cc enzyme phi vi th thn (phn

ng ngc ca enzyme alcoldehydrogenase).
Mt s phn ng kh
Azo reduction
Dehalogenation
Disulfide reduction
Nitro reduction
N-oxide reduction
Sulfoxide reduction
"125
AZO REDUCTION
"126
DEHALOGENATION
"127
NITRO REDUCTION
"128

3. Phn ng thoi phn
"129
Phn ng thy phn

Nhng cht c c lin kt ester d dng b thy
phn, mt s enzyme esterase nh v trong phn
tan ca t bo thng xc tc phn ng thy
phn:
Arylesterase thy phn cc ester thm.
Cacboxylesterase thy phn cc ester dy bo.
Cholinesterase thy phn cc ester c gc l
mt ru.
Acetylesterase thy phn cc ester ca axit
acetic.
Procaine d dng b thy phn bi esterase trong

plasma.
"130

4. Phn ng lin hp (conjugation reaction)
!
Phn ng lin hp thng xy ra cc phn ng:
Phn ng lin hp vi acid glucuronic.
Phn ng lin hp vi acid sulfuric, sulfate.
Phn ng lin hp vi axid acetic.
Phn ng lin hp vi glutathion.
"131

4. Phn ng lin hp
Phn ng lin hp vi acid glucuronic hot ha
Di tc dng ca enzyme
uridindiphosphatglucuronyltransferase nh v vi th
gan, nhiu cht c lin hp c vi acid glucuronic
hot ha (acid uridindiphosphatglucuronic - UDPGA)
to ra cc dn xut glucuronid, nh:
Alcol v phenol: to ra dn xut eter glucuronic.
Acid carboxylic: to ra dn xut ester glucuronic.
Cc acid amin: to ra dn xut N-glucuronid.
Vi hp cht c S: to ra dn xut S-glucuronid.
"132
UDPGA + X (cht c)
Thc phm
X-glucuronid+ UDP
Phn ng lin hp vi acid glucuronic hot ha

Phn ng lin hp ca Aniline
Phn ng lin hp vi glucuronic l mt phn ng quan

trng v thng xy ra phn ng pha II. Phn ng ny
thng c kh nng lm gim c tnh ca cht c, mc
d c mt vi trng hp ngoi l ng k, v d nh sn
phm cui cng c th l nhng khi u. Sn phm lin hp
vi glucuronic c tnh thm cao v c th bi tit ra bi
thn hoc mt, ph thuc vo kch thc ca sn phm
chuyn ha cui cng.
"133

4. Phn ng lin hp
Phn ng lin hp vi acid sulfuric
Cc phenol, alcol mch thng phn ng ester ha
vi cc acid sulfuric v thi ra di dng ester sulfuric.
Phn ng ny thng c xc tc bi enzyme
sulfotransferase nh v trong bo tng ca gan, thn
v rut.
enzyme
C6H5OH + H2SO4
SO4 + H2O
C 6H 5
"134
Phn ng lin hp vi acid sulfuric, sulfate
Phn ng lin hp vi acid sulfuric, sulfate l phn
ng quan trng khc pha II, to ra nhiu sn phm

chuyn ha c tnh c.
Thng thng, sn phm lin hp gim c tnh so
vi cht c ban u.
Ging nh sn phm lin hp vi acid glucuronic , n
thng c o thi qua mt, sn phm lin hp vi
sulfate phn cc cao nn n cng d dng o thi
qua nc tiu.
"135

4. Phn ng lin hp
Phn ng lin hp vi acid acetic
Nhng cht c cha amin bc nht nh histamin,
hydrazin, sulfonamid c th lin hp vi acid

acetic.
H
H
SO2NH2 + CH3COOH
Sulfonamid
"136
Acid Acetic
N
CH3-C=O
SO2NH2

4. Phn ng lin hp
Phn ng lin hp vi acid glutathion (glutathione)
Cc hp cht (cc hp cht khng no mch thng, cc
phn t c nhm nitro) lin hp vi glutation (GSH), xc
tc bi enzyme glutation-S-transferase. Sau b ct bi
mt enzyme v c acetyl ha to ra nhng dn xut
N-acetylcystein ca cht c, d dng c bi tit hn.
Cl
SG
Cl
+ GSH
Cl
GSH-S-Transferase
"137
NO2
NO2
Phn ng lin hp vi acid glutation (glutathione)
Trong qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc, cc cht c
thng to ra hp cht electrophil, l cht gy tng

tc vi cc hp phn t bo gy hoi t t bo hoc
gy sinh khi u.
Glutation c chc nng phn ng vi cc cht trao i
electrophil, ngn nga tc dng c ca chng n t
bo.
Phn ng lin kt vi glutation l con ng quan
trng nht, v phn ng ny c coi l mt c ch
bo v.
Tuy nhin, khi sn phm c tng ln hoc enzyme
ca vi th c cm ng v hot ha ln th lng
glutation s gim.
"138

5. Phn ng hot ha
Nhiu hp cht ha hc c th c hot ha thnh
cc cht c kh nng phn ng v c kh nng gy
c cho c th. Phn ng hot ha bao gm cc phn
ng:
Phn ng to epoxyd.
Phn ng N-hydroxyl ha.
Phn ng to cc gc t do v cc ion superoxyd.
Hot ha trong ng tiu ha.
"139

Mt s hp cht c th c hot ha v gy c c bn
Hp cht ban u Cht chuyn ha

(1)
c c tnh (2)
Acetaminophen
Dn xut Nhydroxy
C ch gy
c (3)
c tnh
(4)
Lin kt ng Hoi t
gan
ha tr
2-Acetaminofluoren N-Acetoxy-AAF
(AAF)
Lin kt ng Cc ung
ha tr
th
Aflatoxin B
Lin kt ng Ung th
gan
ha tr
"140
Aflatoxin-2,3epoxyd

Mt s hp cht c th c hot ha v gy c c bn
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Allyl format
Acrolein
Lin kt ng Hoi t gan

ha tr
Amygdalin
Mandelonitril
To ra cianua Gim oxy mu
Benzen
Benzen epoxyd
Lin kt ng Tn thng
ty xng
ha tr
Brombenzen Brombenzen epoxyd Lin kt ng Hoi t gan,

thn
ha tr
"141
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Cacbon
Gc t do
Lin kt ng Hoi t v ung th
tetraclorua
(triclometan)
ha tr
gan
Chloroform
Phosgen
Lin kt ng Hoi t gan v thn

ha tr
Cycasin
Metylazoxymeta Alkyl ha
nol
Cc ung th, hoi

t gan
Hydrocacbon Epoxyd
a vng
Lin kt ng Cc ung th, gy

ha tr
c t bo
Metanol
Phc hp
"142
Formaldehyd
c tnh chung v
vng mc
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Methoxyfluran Florua v c
c ch
enzyme
Nitrat
Methemoglobin
Oxy ha
hemoglobin -mu
Nitrit
Tn thng
thn
Nitrit v cc Notrosamin
amin bc 2,
bc 3
Alkyl ha
Parathion
Paraoxon
Lin kt ng T lit thn kinh

c
ha tr
Uretan
N-Hydroxyuretan Alkyl ha
"143
Cc ung th
gan v phi
Cc ung th,
c t bo

5. Phn ng hot ha
Phn ng to epoxyd
Nhiu hp cht vng c th c chuyn ha thnh
epoxyd bi cc monooxygenase ca vi th.
!
Br
Br
!
Vi th
!
NADPH2+O2
!
H
H
O
!
!
Brombenzen
Brombenzen epoxyd
"144

Phn ng to epoxyd
Sau khi hnh thnh Bromobenzen epoxyd, phn ng
lin kt vi glutation lm gim kh nng gy c. Ch
sau khi lng glutation gan b gim mnh th
bromobenzen epoxyd mi lin kt vi cao phn t v
gy hoi t gan.
Br
Br
GSH transferase
H
H
OH
H
O
3,4-ihyro-3-hydroxy-4,S-glutathionyl-brombenzen
"145
Lin kt bng ng ha tr vi cc cao phn t

5. Phn ng hot ha
Phn ng N- hydroxyl ha
Mt s sn phm N-hydroxyl ha bi cc enzyme ca v
th t cc cht acetaminophen, 2-acetylamino-fluoren (2AAF), uretan v mt s cht mu azoic. Do cc sn phm
N-hydroxyl ha c th lin kt ng ha tr vi cao phn
t, chng u l nhng cht gy ung th hoc gy hoi
t m.
Sn phm N-hydroxyl ha ca cc amin d vng thng
gy chng tiu mu hoc chng to methemoglobin-mu.
Nu cc hp cht N-hydroxyl lin kt vi acid glucuronic,
d dng bi xut. Nu chng lin kt vi acid sulfuric
hoc acid acetic, c tc dng gy t bin v gy ung
" 46 th.
1

"147
5. Phn ng hot ha
Phn ng to cc gc t do v ion superoxyd
Mt s cht c halogen c th chuyn ha thnh cc gc
t do.
Hot ha trong ng tiu ha
Trong mi trng acid ca dch d dy, cc nitrit v mt
s amin c th to ra cc nitrosamin (gy ung th) v
cc nitrat (trong iu kin khc, nitrat b chuyn i thnh
nitrit bi h vi sinh vt ng tiu ha, to ra
methemoglobin mu).
Cht ngt nhn to cyclamat (ng ha hc thng
dng) b chuyn ha thnh cyclohexylamin bi cc vi
khun ng rut gy teo tinh hon.
II.4. Tc dng c ln c th
Tc dng c l kt qu tng tc ha sinh gia phn
t cht c (v/hoc cht trao i ca n) vi cc cu

trc ca c th.
!
Tc dng c tng hay gim ph thuc vo bn cht,
c quan ch v c ch tc dng ca c cht, c t.
"148
Qu trnh tc dng c ca cc c cht
Hp th cht c
Pha ng
Phn ng ha sinh
nh hng ha sinh
Tc dng c
Thay i nhit , tc
nhp p ca tim, nhp th,
p sut mu v h thng
thn kinh trung ng
" 49
1
Trao i cht, chuyn ha

Tch tr
Bi tit
Lin kt cc c quan nhy
cm (receptors)
c ch enzyme; Thm c
qua mng t bo; Thay i
cu trc protein, m m v
chuyn ha carbohydrate;
Hn ch h hp
1. Tnh a dng ca cc tc dng c
Tc dng c cc b v tc dng c h thng
Tc dng c cc b l tc dng ca mt s cht c
c th gy tn thng trc tip ln b mt tip xc ca
c th (da, ng tiu ha, ng h hp), ph hy
cc t bo sng. V d: acid sulfuric, xt, chloroform
Tc dng c h thng l kt qu tc dng c ca
cc cht c sau khi cht c c hp thu v i vo
mt hoc mt s c quan, b phn khc nhau ca c
th. V d: Bromobenzen, Nitrit, Nitrat
"150

Tc dng c tc thi v tc dng c chm
Tc dng c tc thi l tc dng c ngay tc khc
sau ch mt ln tip xc. V d: Cyanua,
Tc dng c chm l kt qu tc dng c th hin
sau 10-20 nm sau ln tip xc ban u. V d: Nhng
hp cht gy ung th nh: Aflatoxin, Cyacin, Nitrit
"151
Tc dng c hnh thi v tc dng c chc nng
Tc dng c hnh thi l tc dng c dn n s
thay i hnh thi ca m, nh s to m mi hoc s
hoi t m. V d: Cacbon tetraclorua, Chloroform,
Tc dng c chc nng (tc dng c ha sinh) l
tc dng thay i thun nghch cc chc nng ca mt
c quan (khng lm thay i hnh thi), nh to s c
ch mt s enzyme khi c s hin din ca cc cht
c. V d: enzyme cholinesterase b kim hm sau
khi tip xc vi cc cht dit cn trng.
"152
Phn ng d ng v phn ng c ng
Phn ng d ng l phn ng p li tin quyt trc
mt phn t c. V d: d ng vi thy sn, vi
albumin,
Phn ng c ng l mt s nhy cm khng bnh
thng c ngun gc di truyn trc mt phn t c.
V d: ngi thiu enzyme cholinesterase huyt
thanh th c phn ng co c ko di v ngng th
nht i vi mt lng sucinylcholin bnh thng.
"153
2. C quan ch
Mt phn t cht c khng phi tc dng n mi c
quan u nh nhau. C quan ch l c quan thng
c mt nhy cm vi phn t c ln hn hoc tp
trung cao cc phn t c v/hoc cc cht chuyn
ha ca n vng tc dng. Vic xc nh c quan
ch ph thuc cc nhn t khc nhau:
Do s nhy cm ca mt c quan
Do s phn b
Do s hp thu chn lc
Do s chuyn ha sinh hc
"154
2. C quan ch
Do s nhy cm ca mt c quan
Cc nron v c tim l nhng vng trao i nhanh
qua mng nn s hot ng ca chng ph thuc
vo sn phm ATP t phn ng oxy ha ty th.
Do vy, cc c quan ny rt nhy cm vi s
thiu oxy khi c mt ca cht c.
VD: Cacbon oxyd.
"155
2. C quan ch
Do s phn b
H thng h hp v da l nhng c quan ch ca cht
c cng nghip hay cht c mi trng v chng c
nhng vng hp th tng ng. VD: bis-clorometyl, va
gy khi u da khi tip xc, va gy khi u h thng h
hp khi ht phi.
Gan v thn c chc nng trao i cht v bi tit, nn rt
nhy cm vi cc tc nhn c.
H thn kinh d b tc dng c vi nhng cht a bo
nh metyl thy ngn, c th vt qua hng ro mu-no.
Tia cc tm tc ng trc tip ln da gy khi u da, do
tnh xm nhp km. Trong khi , tia chiu x hoc tia ion
c th i qua cc m lm h hng ADN v to ra khi u
hoc gy bnh bch cu.
" 56
1
2. C quan ch
Do s hp thu chn lc
Mt s t bo c i lc ln i vi nhng phn t
nht nh.
Mt s cht c i lc mnh, s tch t chn lc.
"157
2. C quan ch
Do s chuyn ha sinh hc
Gan l vng ch y ca cc chuyn ha sinh hc nn
nhy rt nhy cm vi tc ng ca cc cht c. Tuy
nhin, mt s trng hp cht chuyn ha kh bn nn
c ch chuyn sang mt c quan khc v gy c tnh
y. VD: Bromobenzen c hot ha ti gan nhng gy
c tnh thn.
Cc enzyme hot ha sinh hc, khng bt buc phi phn
b ng u trong mi c quan hay trong mi t chc.
S thiu mt h thng gii c trong mt c quan nht
nh cng s lm cho c quan tr thnh c quan ch.
"158
3. Receptor
Khi nim v receptor
Receptor l nhng protein mng (khu tr trn mng)
hoc protein ha tan (khu tr trong bo tng) c kh
nng nhn bit v gn c hiu vi mt thc th l
hay l ligand khi ng mt tn hiu sinh l trong
t bo c lin quan.
Ligand c th l mt phn t nh (hormon, amin dn
truyn thn kinh, alcaloid, mt vi loi ion), mt
protein, mt polysacarid, mt axit nucleic hoc thm
ch mt virus.
Receptor kt gn vi ligand nhng khng lm thay i
cu trc ca ligand m ch nhn thng tin t ligand
to nn mt hiu ng sinh hc mi.
"159
Khi nim v receptor

Bn thn phn t receptor khng c hot tnh sinh hc
m n ch c hot tnh khi c kt gn vi ligand c
hiu ca mnh.
S lng v tr receptor trong mi t bo thng khng
nhiu v thay i theo loi t chc v ging ng vt.
Cng mt loi receptor nhng s lng v tr khc
nhau.
S phn b receptor trn mng t bo thng khng
u nhng khi receptor gn vi ligand th chng
chuyn nhanh v t tp vo mt vng no gy
tc dng sinh hc cho c th.
"160
3. Receptor
C ch tc dng ca cc receptor
Chc nng ca receptor l ni ca h thng sinh
hc c kh nng nhn bit nhng cht ha hc
xc nh v cm ng mt hiu ng sinh hc c
trng sau khi kt gn vi nhng hp cht ny.
Hai c ch tc dng chnh ca receptor:
Adenylate cyclase
Dng Ca2+
"161
3. Receptor
Tnh cht c bn ca receptor
Nhn bit mt cch c hiu c tnh ca mt tc nhn.
Sn xut ra mt hiu ng ha sinh hoc l sinh p
li tc nhn c ny.
Trong c t hc, khi nim v receptor c m rng
thnh receptor phn t. Trong c t hc phn t, khi
nim v receptor ny s rt ch li trong s hiu bit cc
c ch tc dng ca phn t c.
Receptor phn t l nhng phn t sinh hc c cha
nhng vng nucleophil. Phn ln cht c l nhng cht
electrophil hoc tr thnh electrophil sau khi c chuyn
ha sinh hc, do chng c th kt hp bng ng ha
tr vi cc phn t sinh hc ny.
" 62
1
"163
4. Cc c ch tc dng ca cc cht c n cc
phn t sinh hc
Tc dng c do to ra mt lin kt thun nghch
Tc dng c ca mt tc nhn c da trn mt
lin kt thun nghch l lin kt phi ng ha tr cng
ging nh tc dng dc hc ca mt s tc nhn
thuc.
Trong kiu lin kt ny, cc hiu ng ca pha tip
xc (hp th v phn b) thng c lin quan vi
liu lng c, nng c, tc xut hin v mt
i ca cht c.
y, yu t thi gian c xem l mt thng s
quan trng v thi gian cng di lm ko di pha tip
xc.
phn t sinh hc
Tc dng c do to ra mt lin kt bt thun
nghch
Kiu lin kt ny thng lin quan n cc phn t c
kh nng phn ng ha hc. Mc c thng ph
thuc nhiu kiu phn t sinh hc c tip xc vi
cht c.
Theo nguyn tc th cc cht c c hot ha trc
khi tin hnh tc ng c v thng nhm vo ci
ch l vng nucleophil (-NH2, -SH) ca cc phn t
sinh hc.
"164
Tc dng c do to ra mt lin kt bt thun nghch
a. Hiu ng thi gian

i vi mt tc nhn c tc dng bt thun nghch
th trn nguyn tc s khng tn ti mt liu lng
gn c.
Tuy nhin, trong c th tn ti nhng h thng tu
sa ca ADN hoc s tng hp mi cc protein. Cc
h thng ny cho php loi b hoc chnh sa li
cc phn t c cc lin kt ha sinh bt thng. Tuy
nhin cc h thng ny vn b hn ch.
"165
b. Cc vng nucleophil
Cc cao phn t sinh hc (ADN, ARN, protein) rt
giu cc vng nucleophil, l nhng cht tip nhn
chn lc ca cc cht c electrophil.
Cc vng nucleophil ca cc protein ch yu l cc
axitamin giu electron nh: histidin, cystein, lysin,
tyrosin, triptophan, metionin. Cc axitamin ny
thng phn ng vi cc cht gy ung th, nh:
hydrocacbon, amin d vng, cc nitrosoalkylure
"166
c. Cc tc nhn alkyl ha
Cc cht c c hot ha trc khi chuyn chng
thnh dn xut electrophil tc dng c vi cc
vng nucleophil ca cc cao phn t.
V d: Cc hydrocacbon thm thng c chuyn ha
bi monoxygenase P-450 ca vi th gan thnh dn
xut trung gian diolepoxyd rt hot ng, c kh
nng phn ng vi cc nhm SH ca protein.
"167
d. Cc dn xut N-nitro
y cng l cc dn xut ca cc tc nhn alkyl ha,
nhng chng cn c quan tm v x l ring v y
l nguy c tim n khi c mt chng trong thc phm.
Cc nitrosamin thng khng trng thi t do trong
mi trng m c hnh thnh bng con ng ni
sinh t cc nitrit v cc amin hoc t cc vi khun.
Ngc li, cng nh cc vi khun cc nitrosamin c
kh nng b ph hy thnh cc amin v nitrit:
+ H+
HNO2
acid
acid nit
Nitrit
2HNO2
"168
acid nit
N2O3 + H2O
anhydrit nit
Khi c mt amin (bc 2 hoc bc 3) th N2O3 s nit
ha cc amin ny, tc nitro ha cc i thng
pH 3 3,4 m tai acid nitr b ion ha n 50%
(pKa = 3,36):
R
R
amin
"169
R
NH + N2O3
anhydrit nitr
N=NO + HNO2

Nhng, s to thnh nitrosamid khng phi
anhydrit nitr l tc nhn nitr ha m c th l ion
nitr acid (H2NO2+), t l nitro ha khng xy ra
pH ti u m cc amid thng t l vi nng ion
hydro v nng ion nitrit:
Nitrit
+ H+
HNO2
acid
acid nit
HNO2 + H+
acid nit
R-NH-CO-R + H2NO2
"170
amin
anhydrit nit
R-N-CO-R + H2O + H+
nitrosamid N=O
phn t sinh hc
Tc dng c do hnh thnh cc gc t do
Gc t do l mt thc th ha l c th tn ti di
dng mt nguyn t hoc mt phn t mang mt
electron khng cp i. Gc t do thng c to
ra do s phn ct ng ly mt phn t:
R-H
R + H
V d: Mt s nhm c cht c tc dng c do c
ch gc t do nh paraquat, oxy cao p, ozon, cc
peroxyd, cc hydrocacbon a vng, nitrosamin, cc
dn xut nitro.
"171
Tc dng c do hnh thnh cc gc t do
Gc t do c 02 c im:
C th ly electron t phn t khc, lm cho phn t
tr thnh gc t do mi:
A* + B:
A: + *B
Gc t do trng thi trung ha khi ghp electron
khng cp i ca gc ny vi electron khng cp i
ca gc khc. S to ra gc t do l ngun gc ca
s peroxyd ha cc lipid lm h hng thc phm c
cht bo.
"172
phn t sinh hc
Tc dng c do to thnh superoxyd v cc
dn xut ca n
Superoxyd c th l cht oxy ha (nhn electron), va
l cht kh (cho electron).

Superoxyd c sinh ra thng thng qua phn ng
ha sinh c bn:
Oxy phn t tr thnh superoxyd theo phn ng:
O2
e"173
RNO2
Tc dng c do to thnh superoxyd v cc dn xut

ca n
Hp cht paraquat v cc dn xut nitro hu c (nh
nitrophenyl, nitrofuran, nitroimidazol) l nhng cht ht
electron rt mnh. Phn ng thng c tin hnh
thng qua mt dn xut nitro gc lm trung gian, sau
gc ny mi nhng electron c thn ca mnh
cho oxy phn t.
Sn phm superoxyd t tham gia phn ng do c
kim sot bi enzyme superoxyddismtase:
2H+
"174
Superoxyddismutase
H2O2 + O2
phn t sinh hc
Tc dng c do s giam gi l hc cc cht c
Nhiu cht c nh thuc bo v thc vt, kim loi
nng, biphenyl polyhalogenua, cc cht do t bao
b i vo c th qua con ng n ung. Cc tc
nhn ny thng k nc, khng b phn gii bng
sinh hc nn tn lu trong mi trng v c tch t
li trong sinh khi.
Trong trng hp giam gi l hc, hng s tc thi
loi ca ton h thng, c biu th bng h thc
sau:
"175
Tc dng c do s giam gi l hc cc cht c
Th tch phn b biu kin thng c tnh qua
"176
thng s:
! S thanh thi thn S thanh thi gan 0,693
Ke =
=
!
T1/2
Th tch phn b biu kin
!
Th tch phn b biu kin thng c tnh qua
thng s: Liu lng
!
Co
Co l nng ban u ca cht c thi im To.
S thanh thi ca cc hp cht a bo (k nc) l
rt nh v th tch phn b biu kin ca chng li
rt ln nn s thi loi ca cc hp cht ny i hi
mt thi gian rt di.
phn t sinh hc
Tc dng c do to thnh methemoglobin
ng vt c v v ngi, oxy c kh nng kt gn
thun nghch vo protein kim loi hemoglobin. Tuy
nhin, oxy ny ch gn kt hemoglobin ang trng
thi st hai (Fe2+) to thnh phn t cha st trng
thi oxy ha c tn gi l methemoglobin, trng thi
oxy ha ca st ba (Fe3+) khng cho php hemoglobin
kt gn c oxy.
Khi a vo h tun hon mu mt cht c kh nng
oxy ha nguyn t st th s gy ra mt lng
methemoglobin mu.
"177
CH 3. NH HNG CA C CHT THC

PHM LN CC C QUAN QUAN TRNG CA
C TH
III.1
III.2
III.3
III.4
III.5
III.6
III.7
nh hng c cht trong huyt hc

nh hng c cht n h thng min dch
nh hng c cht n gan
nh hng c cht n thn
nh hng c cht n thn kinh
nh hng c cht n da v mt
nh hng c cht n phi
178
nh hng ca c cht ti ch v ton

thn khi tip xc
Tc dng ti ch l c tnh xy ra ngay ti ni tip
xc vi cht c: cc cht n mn gy tn thng

ng tiu ho khi ung.
Tc dng ton thn xy ra sau khi cht c c
hp thu vo tun hon s gy tn thng cho h thn
kinh trung ng.
Phn ln cc cht c h thng s ch gy c cho
mt vi c quan ch v c quan ch cha hn l
ni tch ly nhiu cht c nht. Theo th t, tc dng
c thng xy ra h thng thn kinh trung ng,
mu, h to mu, gan, thn, phi.
"179
Tc dng c
ton thn
S ha cht
tc dng c
trong c th
ng vt v con
ngi
"180
"181
III.1. nh hng c cht trong huyt hc

Cht c tc ng trc tip ca n cc t bo ty
"182
xng lm gim hoc ngng sn sinh t bo mu.

Qu trnh tng hp huyt sc t c th chu tc ng
ca cht c theo mt s c ch sau:
Gim tng hp huyt sc t hoc tng lng tin
thn huyt sc t dn n tnh trng thiu mu, t
dn n ri lon chuyn ha porphyrin.
St trong hemoglobin c th b oxy ha t st ha tr
II thnh st ha tr III, to thnh methemoglobin
khng c kh nng vn chuyn oxy.
Qu trnh oxy ha lm bin cht hemoglobin, to ra
cc th Heinz lm tng c 2 qu trnh thc bo hng
cu v tan mu t nhin.

Cc thnh phn huyt tng, hng cu, bch cu v
"183
tiu cu trong mu u c th b thay i di tc

dng ca cht c:
Huyt tng: Cc thuc m lm gim pH, h thp d
tr kim v tng kali ca huyt tng.
Hng cu: S lng hng cu trong mt cm3 tng ln
trong trng hp ng c gy ph phi do huyt
tng thot ra nhiu nn mu b c li. Trng hp
khc hng cu c th b ph hy hoc b mt kh
nng vn chuyn oxy nn c th b ngt.
Bch cu c th b gim hoc tng v s lng.
Tiu cu: c khi b gim n vi chc nghn n v.

S hnh thnh ca mu
"184

T bo bch huyt (t bo B v T)
"185
Tc dng c ca cc hp cht c gc amin v

nit thm gy hin tng thiu mu do hnh
thnh Methemoglobin
Tc ng n mng lipid hoc protein ca t
bo hng cu gy bin i v hnh thi t bo.
"186
Mt s c cht gy ra cn bnh v ty xng
"187
Benzen
Procainamide
Methyldopa
Sulfasalazine
Isoniazid
Diphenylhydantion
Pentachlorophenol
Cephalothin
Sodium valproate
Chloramphenol
Allopurinol
Sulindac
Sodium valproate
Phenylbutazone
Tolbutamide
Alkylating v antimetabolite
Gold
Carbamazepine
S chuyn ha ca benzen
Nhng cht chuyn ha ca benzen l nguyn nhn
gy ra cn bnh bch cu.
"188
III.2. nh hng c cht n h thng

min dch
H min dch vn l hng ro quan trng bo
v c th trnh khi cc loi virus gy bnh.

Tuy nhin, c 2 nhm bnh lin quan n h min
dch: Nhm 1, do sc khng c th yu nn
virus tn cng vo ngi. Nhm 2, nguy him
hn, l bnh t min, ngha l bnh do chnh
h min dch ca c th sinh ra nhng cht quay
tr li tn cng vo cc m ca c th.
"189

min dch
C ch min dch
t nhin
Tm hiu H min
dch ti Link https://
www.youtube.com/
watch?
v=cSHT6fHzxMA
"190
C ch min dch t nhin
"191
Cc c ch c hc v ho hc
Ba v tr tip xc gia c th v mi trng bn ngoi
l da, ng tiu ha v ng h hp. C ba ca
ng ny u c che ph bi cc biu m ni lin
vi nhau c tc dng nh nhng hng ro sinh l
ngn cn khng cho vi sinh vt xm nhp.
Cc t bo biu m cn to ra cc cht khng sinh c
bn cht l cc peptide c tc dng tiu dit vi khun.
Ngoi ra biu m cn c mt loi t bo lympho trong
biu m (intraepithelial lymphocyte). Cc t bo
lympho trong biu m c coi nh ngi gc cng
ngn khng cho cc tc nhn nhim trng xm nhp
qua cc biu m.
C ch min dch t nhin

Cc c ch t bo ca h min dch
Hai loi t bo lm nhim v thc bo trong mu l
cc bch cu trung tnh v cc t bo mono. y
chnh l cc t bo mu c iu ng n cc v
tr c nhim trng nhn din ri nut v phn
hy cc vi sinh vt .
Cc t bo git t nhin (t bo NK): Cc t bo NK
c kh nng nhn din v tiu dit cc t bo bt
thng ca c th (b bin i do nhim vi sinh vt
hoc do chuyn dng thnh t bo ung th), nh
cc khi u c tnh khng th hnh thnh.
"192
C ch min dch t nhin
"193
Cc c ch th dch ca h min dch

H thng b th l mt tp hp cc protein gn trn
cc mng v protein lu hnh trong h thng tun
hon, c vai tr quan trng trong khng chng vi
sinh vt. B th c kh nng bt gi, ph hy, tiu dit
vi sinh vt v c kh nng hp dn ha hc lm cho
cc t bo bch cu trung tnh v cc t bo mono di
chuyn ti, thc y phn ng vim ti ni din ra
hot ha b th.
Khi c cc vi sinh vt xm nhp, cc i thc bo v
cc t bo khc p ng li bng cch ch tit ra cc
protein c gi l cc cytokine c tc dng tham gia
vo rt nhiu tng tc gia cc t bo vi nhau trong
p ng min dch t nhin.

min dch
Tc dng c lm gim chc nng h min dch:
y l phn ng ca c th i vi cc cht c
cng nghip v c t t nhin.
Cc cht c ny nh hng n c min dch dch
th v min dch t bo gin tip, gim tng hp
khng th, ngn cn b th v mt s qu trnh
khc.
Chc nng trung tnh ca t bo lympho thay i
v gim s hnh thnh t bo lympho
(lymphoblastogenesis).
"194

min dch
T bo min dch lympho
"195
III.3. nh hng c cht n gan

Gan l mt c quan nm ng t ng tiu ha. T
tnh mch ca, gan nhn tt c cc cht do chuyn

ha thc n cung cp v cc cht c. Mt khc, cc
cht cha trong mu qua h thng i tun hon u
tc dng n gan.
!
!
!
!
!
Vai tr ca gan: Lu tr st Cn bng hormone
Sn xut cc yu t min dch.
"196

Cu trc gan, ch ra cc mch mu ca t bo gan
ng mt
ng
mch
ng
mt
nh
Trc tnh
" 97 mch
1
Khe h
hnh sin
Tnh mch trung
tm
Lp gan
L hng ca
gan
III.3. nh hng c
cht n gan
H thng tun hon
mu duy tr s sng
ca gan.
Hu nh trng hp
ng c no cng gy
tn thng gan.
Tm hiu chc nng
gan ti Link https://
www.youtube.com/
watch?v=clEH4M8KHmk
"198

Tn thng gan
"199
T bo gan b tc
ng bi c cht
(Acetaminophen)
gy ra hin tng
hoi t t bo
gan.
"200
Mt s cht ha hc gy hoi t gan
"201
Acetaminophen
Dimethylntrosamine
Aflatoxin
Dinitrobenzene
Alkyl alcohol
Dinitrotoluene
Arsenic, inorganic
Methylchloroform
Botulinum toxin
Naphthalene
Bromobenzene
Paraquat
Chlorobenzens
Phalloidin
Chloroform
Pyridine
Dichlorpropane
Thioacetamide
Dioxane
Urethane
DDT
Xylidine
Cc loi tn thng gan

Thoi ha t bo gan v
"202
t vong.
Oxy ha lipid
Ct lin kt bt thun
nghch ca i phn t
Thiu Calcium
Gim min dch
M trong gan
X cng ng mch
Tn thng mch mu
X gan
U bu
Mt s c cht gy tn
thng gan:
Ampicilin
Arsenicals, organic
Chloropromazine
4,4-Diaminodiphenylamine
Methyltestosterone
Estrogens
Ethanol
Paraquat
Phenytoin
Tolbutamide
Cc loi tn thng gan

Cc giai on tn thng gan
"203
nh gi tn thng gan
Da trn triu chng xy ra v tc dng c cp
tnh hay mn tnh ca gan gm hoi t t bo gan,

tn thng cc mch mu trong gan, dp v mt
hoc s xut hin ca khi u c tnh.
nh gi hnh thi ca gan bng cch soi sinh thit
m t bo gan trn knh hin vi.
Kim tra mu: c m t qua php o cng sut
lm vic theo chc nng ca gan hoc o lng
ni bo gan c trong mu.
"204
Nhn bit triu chng ung th gan

Mt cm gic n ngon ming, bing n.
n ung kh tiu, bun nn, i ma, au bng.
Ngi yu v mt mi, kh chu.
D chy mu hay d c vt bm.
Cm gic nng v au di b sn phi.
Vng da tng dn, mng nhy v mt c mu hi
vng.
Bng bj chng to.
!
Tuy nhin, cc triu chng thng m h, khng
r rng.
"205
Cch phng nga ung th gan

Hn ch ung bia ru.
Hn ch cc thc phm c hm lng cht bo
cao.
Trnh tip xc trc tip hay s dng thc phm c
cha cc ha cht c hi nh thuc bo v thc
vt, cht ty ra kh trng, nm mc
Tim nga vaccin vim gan B.
Khm sc khe nh k nhm pht hin bnh sm.
"206
III.4. nh hng c cht n thn

H thng bi tit thn ngi: (a) h thng bi tit hon
chnh, (b) mt ct ca thn, (c) mt ct thn phng to

v tr c
"207
(c) mt ct thn
phng to
"208

Vai tr ca cu thn: iu chnh ni tit, bi
tit cht cn b sinh ra trong qu trnh chuyn

ha, iu chnh kim toan v iu ha in
gii, tham gia to mu, iu ha chuyn ha
canxi, iu ha huyt p...
"209

S bi tit qua nc tiu l php o da trn ba
tin trnh thc hin thn:

S lc qua cu thn (GF: glomerulus filtering)
S thm ht tr li qua ng thn (TR: tubular
reabsorption)
S bi tit qua ng thn (TS: tubular secretion)
T l cht bi tit c thi qua b phn cu thn
v ng thn ph thuc vo c cht trong plasma,
cn t l hp th tr li qua ng thn nh ph
thuc vo c cht trong nc tiu.
"210
S bi tit cht c vo nc tiu qua thn
Tm hiu Qu trnh lc
mu to nc tiu
n v chc nng ca
thn ti Link https://
www.youtube.com/
watch?
v=LCfwsW_crEU
"211

Gan l ni u tin m mu n t d dy v rut.
Nhng sau mu ri khi gan n tim v c bm

trc tip n thn. Thn c nhim v iu ha s cn
bng gia nc v mui trong c th, ngoi ra thn
cn c vai tr quan trng trong vic kh cht c.
C th ni cng vic chnh ca thn l ly tt c mu
trong c th v lm sch n:
1
Lc mu gi li mu sch trong t bo
2
Hp th li nc lc v cht dinh dng cn thit

3
Cht c c bi tit sau khi c lc, loi qua nc

tiu
"212

Nh vy, mu sau lc cha nc v cc cht ha
tan, v sau lc nc v cc cht ny c hp th

tr li vo mu. Tuy nhin, mt vi cht ha tan
trong mu b bi tit vo trong nc tiu.
Reabsorbed
Sugar, sodium, vitamins,
nutrients, water
"213
Secreted
Hydrogen ion, potassium,
ammonia, drugs, toxins

Mt s triu chng tn thng thn
Si thn
Ung th
"214
Suy thn
nh gi tn thng thn
Xc nh t l cht bi tit ca c cht trong thn
l mt bin php chun on h s bnh n v tnh

trng chc nng ca thn:
Ua: hm lng cht trong 1ml nc tiu
V: th tch nc tiu thi ra trong mt n v thi
gian.
Pa: hm lng cht trong 1ml plasma
Cl: lc ca cht trong mt n v thi gian
"215
nh gi tn thng thn
V d 1: o lc ca inulin mt polymer ca
fructose vi trng lng phn t 5200 daltons.

Php o hm lng inulin trong cu thn l mt
trong nhng tiu chun o cn bng cht trong c
th.
U = 31 mg/ml
V = 1,2 ml/min
P = 0,3 mg/ml
"216
!
!
!
ngi trng thnh bnh thng c lc
inulin khong 125 ml/min
nh gi tn thng thn
Xc nh t l cht thi, nh gi c tn thng
ca thn:
!
!
!
!
T l cht thi, xc nh bi lc ca cht o
c trong mt n v thi gian v lc cht
cho php i vi c th ngi bnh thng.
"217
nh gi tn thng thn
V d 2: p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) - mt acid
hu c
Hm lng PAH trong 1ml plasma (PPAH), hm
lng PAH trong 1ml nc tiu (UPAH) v th tch
nc tiu thi ra trong 1 pht (V). S dng cng
thc tnh Cl, ta c c lc PHA (ml/pht). T
ta c th xc nh c t l PAH c thi ra,
khi ta bit n ng trng thnh c sc khe tt
t khong 650 ml/pht.
"218
nh gi tn thng thn
T l cht thi < 1
!
Th hin cht c khng c lc hon ton, c
th do cht c c bi tit ra v sau c
hp th ngc tr li.
T l cht thi > 1

!
Th hin cht c c lc v o thi hon
ton.
"219
Nhn bit triu chng suy thn

Suy thn mn tnh c xc nh khi c s bt
thng v cu trc hoc chc nng thn, c th

c protein trong nc tiu, tng creatinin mu,
mc lc cu thn gim, m hc thn thay i.
Khi thn b suy thn, cc chc nng hot ng
gim, dn dn dn n mt chc nng khin bnh
nhn t vong do nhim toan, tng kali mu, suy
tim, ph phi, tai bin mch mu no.
Bnh thn mn tnh lin quan nhiu n bnh tng
huyt p, bnh l tim mch, gt, i tho ng
v cc bnh nhim khun, nhim c.
"220
Cch phng nga suy thn mn tnh

Ch s dng thc phm an ton.
!
Cc bin php iu tr suy thn ph bin v
hiu qu hin nay ang c thc hin l lc
mu chu k v ghp thn. Tuy nhin i vi
mi phng php u vp phi nhng kh
khn ring.
"221
III.5. nh
hng c
cht n thn
kinh
"222
III.5. nh hng c cht n thn kinh

C ch tc dng trn h thn kinh: Khi c mt cht
"223
c trong c th, n c kh nng tc ng n h thn

kinh thng qua phong ta s dn truyn xung thn
kinh do cht trung gian ha hc ca qu trnh c ch
cung phn x. Kt qu l c th khng iu khin
c cc phn x v kt thc bng cc cn co git v
t lit.
Cht c c th lm thay i tnh thm ca mng t
bo thn kinh i vi cc ion. Cc dng natri v kali b
cht c lm thay i, dn n thay i ngng tc
ng trn mng t bo.
Cht c c ch cc enzyme thit yu cho chc nng
cn bng, lm thay i c tnh dn truyn qua xung
thn kinh.
Truyn dn xung thn kinh
"224
S truyn dn xung thn kinh
(a) in th ha hc in t ca t
bo xung thn kinh trng thi
ngh.
(b) Trng thi kch thch s thm
dng Na+ ca xung thn kinh.
(c) Bt u kh cc, tng tnh thm,
cho php Na+ vo bn trong t
bo xung thn kinh tt.
(d) Bt u ti phn cc ging nh
xung lc ban u. Cc dng tch
in bn trong t bo cao, tng
tnh thm dng K+ i ra ngoi t
bo v thit lp in th trng thi
ngh.
(e) Tip tc ti phn cc xung thn
"225 kinh n khi hon thnh chu trnh.
S kch thch nron
truyn dn xung thn kinh t

t bo ny sang t bo
gia khp ni t bo thn
kinh.
Nron truyn dn xung thn
kinh c phng thch v
kch thch receptor, lm tng
mc cAMP, nh hng n
hot ng ATPase, Na/K v
gradient in t ha hc
thm qua mng t bo.
S kch thch kt thc khi
acetylcholinesterase b ph
hy (hoc hp thu li
epinephrine vo dy thn
kinh).
"226
Truyn dn xung thn kinh qua synap
Tm hiu Qu trnh truyn dn xung thn kinh ti Link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ciCuzJoxVGc
"227
Cc loi Synap thn kinh

A: Synap thn
kinh - thn kinh

B: Synap thn
kinh - C
C: Synap thn
kinh - Tuyn
Tm hiu Qu trnh truyn dn xung thn kinh qua cc nron

ti Link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sf3H8EuaVSU
Tm hiu Cung phn x vn ng ti Link https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1wJP30Sl4g
"228
III.5. nh hng c cht n thn kinh

C ch gy tn thng h thn kinh trung ng
hoc h thn kinh ngoi vi nh hng n chc

nng nron v dn truyn trc thn kinh. Nhng
tn thng thn kinh ny thng l mn tnh v
c th l vnh vin.
Hoi t nron l do tc ng trc tip hoc gin
tip ca cht c n cc nron.
Tc ng trc tip: cc hp cht thy ngn hu c
lm suy yu s tng hp protein thn kinh thit yu.

Tc ng gin tip: thiu oxy m do cacbon
monooxide hay cyanide gy tn thng thn kinh
th pht.
"229
III.6. nh hng c cht n da v mt
Da
Da l t chc kh phc tp, m da l mt khi
tng hp gm 3 lp: Biu b, trung b v h b kt
hp cht ch vi nhau thnh cc lp t chc bao
ph mang tnh cht chun dn (v cc pha), c
tnh nht, tnh to hnh, c cc lp biu m, cc
m lin kt, cc tuyn, lng v gc lng, th c,
tn cng cc dy thn kinh, li mch mu v
bch mch.
Cc t bo biu b lun lun thay th mi hon
ton trong 4-6 tun. Nh th da l mt trong cc
loi m lun sinh trng nhanh ca c th.
"230
Da
Lp biu b ca da
(Epidermis): Dy t 0,07
1,8 mm, l lp ngoi
cng, c chc nng bo
v c th.
Lp trung b (Dermis):
Dy t 0,7 7 mm, l
mt lp x rt chc.
Lp h b (Hypodermis):
Dy t 0,25 n hng
cm, l m lin kt m.
"231
Mt s bnh v da do c cht
Cht lp biu b, do tip xc trc tip vi ha cht
"232
c hi khong 25-30%, thm ch cao hn n 75%,

gy bng mt mng ln trn c th. Lp biu b mt
i, lp trung b c th b tn thng, nhng n c
kh nng chng s xm nhp ca ha cht v gy
nhim vi sinh vt.
Bnh vim da, ni cc nt mn ty khp mt, au
nhng khng c. y l do c s tch ly cc cht
du to nhn tit ra qua da, gy tch t to cht sng
v bt kn l chn lng v tuyn nhn. Mt s ha
cht halogen nh polyhalogenate naphthlene,
biphenyl, dibenzofuran, polychlorophenol v
dichloroaniline, l nguyn nhn gy ra mn.
III.6. nh hng c cht n da v mt
"233
Mt
Mt l c quan th gic, gm 2 con mt c kch thc
nh. Mi con mt l mt khi cu dai c ng knh
chng 2,5 cm.
Chc nng ca mt l xc nh cc i tng
nhn, tp hp v hi t tia sng t i tng, sau
truyn hnh nh r nt n cc t bo nhy cm nh
sng nm y mt, ni hnh nh c thu nhn v
bc u c x l.
Hnh nh sau c chuyn ti bi xung in dc
theo dy thn kinh th gic (l dy thn kinh i t y
mt ln no). Cc dy thn kinh th gic lin kt vi
nhau trong no b cho php chng ta nhn thy c
nhng hnh nh kt hp t c hai mt.
Mt
Phn no b ghi nhn cc tn hiu th gic ny c gi
l v no th gic, nm pha sau cng ca no b.

T v th gic, tn hiu c truyn n nhiu phn
khc ca no. Cc xung in ban u phi tri qua mt
qu trnh x l phc tp to ra nhng hnh nh m
chng ta nhn thy.
"234
Mt s bnh mt ha cht
Hu nh bnh v mt do ha cht l bt cn lm
"235
vng te ha cht hoc ha cht bay hi vo

mt. Dung mi hu c gy ra nguyn nhn ph
hy cht bo v protein trong mt, gy ra mt s
bnh mt nh tn thng gic mc, thy tinh th,
vng mc.
Ngoi ra, c kh nng gy ra hin tng nhn p
cao bt thng. Nu p lc trong nhn cu qu
cao, n c th gy tn thng dy thn kinh th
gic ngay ti im m dy thn kinh th gic i ra
khi mt.
Tt c cc trng hp trn u c kh nng gy
ra m la.
III.7. nh hng c cht n phi

Cc cht c xm nhp vo c
th qua ng h hp c th gy
ra:
Ti ch nh ho, km theo chy
nc mi, nc bt. V d: cc
hi c, hi ngt.
Tc dng ton thn nh kh CO
gy tm ti.
Cht c c ch h hp gy ngt
"236
th tin ti ngng th nh thuc

phin, cyanic, thuc ng. Mt s
cht c th gy ph phi nh:
hydrosulphit, photpho hu c.
III.7. nh hng c cht n phi
"237
CH 4. TC DNG C CA CC C CHT,
C T THC PHM LN C TH
IV.1
IV.2
IV.3
IV.4
Tc dng c ca cc cht c c sn trn nguyn

liu v hnh thnh trong qu trnh BQ-CB
Tc dng c ca mt s ph gia v cht h tr
k thut
Tc dng c ca d lng thuc bo v thc vt
v thuc th y
Tc dng c ca kim loi nng
238
IV.1. Tc dng c ca cc cht c c sn trn

nguyn liu v hnh thnh trong qu trnh BQ-CB
Mt s c cht c sn trong nguyn liu ng

vt
1. Tc dng c ca Tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin (Puffer Fish Poisoning) l mt loi c t
thn kinh mnh nht tm thy trong da, gan, c tht,
c bit rt nhiu trng mt s loi thy sn, nh:
C nc (Tetraodontidae, thuc h Pufferfish),
Bch tuc m xanh (Hapalochlaena maculosa),
Cua (Eriphia spp.),
c (Pimple Nassa),
ch (Atelopus spp.),
To (Jania spp.)...
" 39
2
Mt s c cht c sn trong NL ng vt
"240
Bnh thng c t ny tn ti dng tin c t

tetrodomin khng c, khi c b p cht hoc b
n th tetrodomin s chuyn ha thnh
tetrodotoxin gy c.
Mt s c cht c sn trong NL ng vt
C ch tc dng c: Tetrodotoxin gy c ch cc
knh Natri ca t bo, ngn chn dng Na+ trong

c ch bm Kali-Natri. Khi , knh Natri ca t
bo thn kinh b c ch, lm ri lon hot ng
ca t bo v s truyn dn xung thn kinh.
Triu chng nhim c: T, nga mi v pha
trong ming, yu, lit c honh v c ngc, h
huyt p, triu chng xy ra sau 10 pht v dn
n t vong sau 30 pht.
"241
Cc h nc (Tetraodontidae, thuc h Pufferfish)

Carinotertraodon travancoricu
"242
s, Dwarf puffer
Tetraodon miurus,
Congo puffer
Tetraodon duboisi , Stanleypool puffer
Takifugu ocellatus,
Peacock puffer
Tetraodon erythrotaenia, Redbanded puffer
Tetraodon schoutedeni,
Congo-spotted Puffer
Tetraodon turgidus,
Brown puffer

Arothron reticularis,
"243
Reticulated pufferfish
Tetraodon biocellatus,
Figure eight
Tetraodon suvattii ,
Pignose puffer
Takifugu niphobies,
Grass Puffer
Tetraodon lineatus,
Fahaka puffer
Takifugu oblongus,
Lattice Blaasop
Carinotetraodon lorteti,
Crested puffer

Sphoeroides testudineus,
"244
Turtle puffer
Carinotetraodon salivator,
Striped Redeye puffer
Tetraodon miurus,
Congo puffer
Carinotetraodon irrubesco
, Red-tailed Redeye puffer
Tetraodon cochinchinensi
s , Target puffer
Tetraodon mbu,
Giant puffer

Tetraodon palembangensi
"245
s, Real Palembang puffer

Tetraodon nigroviridis,
Green puffer
Tetraodon leiurus,
Eyespot puffer
Auriglobus silus,
Eiongated Golden puffer
Colomesus psittacus ,
Parrot puffer
Tetraodon fluviatilis,
Ceylon puffer
Bch tuc m xanh
(Hapalochlaena
maculosa)
c (Pimple Nassa)
"246
Cua (Eriphia spp.)

Eriphia gonagra
Eriphia verrucosa
Eriphia ferox
Eriphia granulosa
"247
ch (Atelopus spp.)
"248
To (Jania spp.)
"249
CH THO LUN 1: Tc dng c ca

Tetrodotoxin ln h thn kinh trung ng
!
Bn cht Ngun gc Kh nng tc dng
c?
Tin trnh xm nhp phn phi trao i
o thi trong c th?
C ch tc dng c?
Gii thch phn tch c ch tc dng c
Phng tr c?
"250
Tho lun trnh by ti lp

C ch vn chuyn ion ca mng t bo?
V m hnh th hin c ch bm ion Natri?
Th hin r cc tc dng c ca Tetrodotoxin
ln t bo v ty th trn m hnh?
Gii thch s tt nghn xung thn kinh, gy ra
kh nng t lit h thn kinh trung ng?
???
"251
c t sinh hc bin
2. Tc dng c ca CFP (Ciguatera Fish Poisoning )
Ciguatoxin c sn
sinh bi mt loi
Gambierdiscus toxicus
v c tm thy trong
gan, c, da v xng
ca nhiu u trng c
n to (Chinain v
cng s, 1999; Lehane
v Lewis, 2000).
"252
ttt
"253
c t sinh hc bin
2. Tc dng c ca CFP
CFP tc ng ln knh vn chuyn ion ca mng
t bo. Khi ciguatoxin tc ng ln knh Natri, Na
+ c chuyn vo ni bo nhiu hn, gy ra:
- T bo v ty th trng phng ln, xut hin
cc mn nc trn b mt t bo.
- Gy ra chng tc nghn cc xung thn kinh.
Nn nhn t vong do t lit h hp.
- i vi tim mch, tc ng ca ciguatoxin c
lin quan n s co tht ca c tim.
Ciguatoxin c kh nng tc dng c ln t bo
biu m rut, gy ra tiu chy.
"254
c t sinh hc bin
Tc dng c ca CFP
Triu chng nhim c:
Sau khi tiu th c b nhim ciguatoxin, triu
chng u tin c th din ra sau 30 pht. Mt
s ca nh c th din ra sau 24 - 48 gi.
Sau 30 pht nhim c, h thng tiu ha v
thn kinh mt i trng thi t nhin, gy bun
nn, au bng v tiu chy.
Cc triu chng v thn kinh bao gm nga
mi, tay, chn, nhit ln ln, mt kh nng
vn ng, au c, au khp, au u v co
git.
i vi tim mch th gy kh th, nhp tim
chm, huyt p thp.
"255
c t sinh hc bin
"256
3. Tc dng c ca PSP (Paralytic Shellfish

Poisoning )
PSP tch t nhiu trong cc loi nhuyn th
khi chng n phi nhng loi to c cha c
t ny v chng c sn sinh ra ch yu t
loi to Dinoflagellates thuc ging
Alexandrium, cc loi to ny phn b ch
yu vng bin nhit i v n i.
Nhm c t PSP gm 30 cht c cu trc
gn ging nhau. c t PSP u tin c
xc nh v mt ha hc l saxitoxin (STX) v
c xem l c t mnh nht trong nhm.
c t sinh hc bin
Tc dng c ca PSP
Qu trnh chuyn ha c t
Cnh tranh
b
m
id
ng
"257
nh
Trong chng loi
c t sinh hc bin
Tc dng c ca PSP
Chui thc phm nhim Saxitoxin (PSP)
"258
c t sinh hc bin
Tc dng c ca PSP
"259
C ch tc dng c: Khi PSP tc ng vo

knh Na+, lm ngn cn ion Na+ i qua
mng t bo thn kinh, v vy nh hng
n vic truyn thng tin ca h thn kinh.
S ngn cn ny s lan rng dn v ngn
cn s truyn xung gia h thng thn kinh
ngoi bin v cc c, dn n gy lit c.
Ngoi ra, PSP cn c ch enzyme
Cholinesterase, l enzyme rt quan trng i
vi h thn kinh.
ff
"260
c t sinh hc bin
Tc dng c ca PSP
"261
Triu chng nhim c:

Gy nga, tai, t mi phn ln trong
vng 30 pht, trng hp nh th b nha
mt.
Trng hp hi nng th ni khng r rng,
kh th.
Trng hp nng th c t lan rng ton
thn v lit c, th kh hn, thng cht
trong vng t 2 24 gi t lc nhim phi
(Mons v cng s, 1998).
c t sinh hc bin
4. Tc dng c ca DSP ((Diarrhetic
Shellfish Poisoning)
DPS l mt polyether bn nhit, bao gm 3
nhm chnh.
Nhm th nht l c t acid, nhm ny bao
gm acid Okadaic (OA) v dn xut ca n c
tn dinophysistoxin (DTX).
- OA v DTX c tch ly trong m m ca
nhuyn th, cc hp cht trn c kh nng c
ch phosphatase gy ra bnh tiu chy con
ngi (Van Apeldoorn cng s, 1998;
Hallegraeff v cng s, 1995).
"262
c t sinh hc bin
Tc dng c ca DSP
Nhm th hai l c t trung tnh, bao gm
"263
cc polyether-lactones ca nhm pectenotoxin

(PTX).
Nhm th ba c gi l yessotoxin (YTX), v
dn xut 45-hydroxyyessotoxin (45-OH-YTX)
(Draisci, 1996; Van Egmond, 1993).
Hai nhm c t ny ca phc hp DSP c
kh nng gy c rt cao, c kh nng gy
cht chut th nghim. Nhng, PTX c kh
nng gy tiu chy thp v YTX khng gy
tiu chy.
c t sinh hc bin
Tc dng c ca DSP
Triu chng nhim c: Cc triu chng c
kh nng xy ra i vi con ngi khi nhim

c DPS l tiu chy, bun nn, au bng,
lnh nhng khng gy cht.
Thi gian bt u au thng t 30 pht n
12 gi sau khi nhim c v gim au trong
vng 48 gi, phc hi hon ton sau 3 ngy.
(Asomata v cng s, 1978; Viviani, 1992;
Aune v Yndstad, 1993).
"264
c t sinh hc bin
5. Tc dng c ca NSP ((Neurologic
Shellfish Poisoning )
c t NPS cn c gi l brevetoxin, khng
"265
mi, khng v, chu nhit v acid tt, ha tan c

trong lipid.
Mt s chng Gymnodinium breve sn sinh ra
neurotoxin c gi l brevetoxin (Viviani, 1992).
Ngoi ra, mt s neurotoxin khc cn c sn
sinh bi cc loi to khc nh: Chattonella
antiqua , Fibrocapsa japonica , Heterosigma
akashiwo, Chattonella marina (Marine biotoxin,
FAO, 2004).
c t sinh hc bin
Tc dng c ca NSP
"266
C ch tc dng c: Brevetoxin
l mt cht kh cc, tc ng ln
knh ion trong mng t bo, lm
thay i tnh cht ca mng b kch
thch theo hng tng cng
dng ion Na+ i vo trong t bo.
Brevetoxin c th lin kt c hiu
vi mt v tr s 5 trn cng ca
knh Na+, gy ra s phng thch
cc thng tin thn kinh. Bn cnh
brevetoxin cng ph hy
acetylcholine gy co c (Fleming
and Baden, 1999).
c t sinh hc bin
Tc dng c ca NSP
"267
c t sinh hc bin
Tc dng c ca NSP
Triu chng nhim c:
Triu chng nhim NSP xut hin sm t
"268
30 pht n vi gi thm ch vi ngy.

Cc triu chng bao gm bun nn, tiu
chy, n lnh, v m hi, ln ln nhit ,
gim huyt p, ri lon nhp tim, t lit,
nga mi, mt v t chi, chut rt, lit
c, hn m nhng khng gy cht
(Cembella v cng s, 1995; Fleming v
cng s, 1995; Tibbets, 1998).
c t sinh hc bin
6. Tc dng c ca ASP ((Amnesic Shellfish
Poisoning)
Domoic acid (DA) c xc nh ln u tin vo
"269
nhng nm 1950 t loi to Chondria armata

(Ravn, 1995).
Tc ng ca DA, bng cch kch hot cc recepter
acid amin c bit m knh Na+, trn dng ion
Ca2+ vo trong cc mng t bo thn kinh trung
ng, lm cho mng t bo b kh cc (Viviani,
1992).
Cc hippocampus c th b hng nng, c th gy
bnh mn tnh mt chc nng nh do cc h thng
thn kinh b thoi ha do hm lng Ca2+ tng qu
mc.
c t sinh hc bin
Tc dng c ca ASP
Triu chng nhim c:
Cc triu chng u tin din ra sau 15 pht
"270
n 38 gi (trung bnh l 5,5 gi) sau khi tiu

th nhuyn th c cha c. Cc triu chng
chnh l bun nn, nn ma, au bng, au
u, tiu chy, mt tr nh, trng thi v mc
mt tr nh c lin quan n tui ca bnh
nhn.
Lng DA c tiu th dao ng 15 20 mg
DA/ngi th khng c nh hng n sc
khe (Todd, 1993).

Mt s c cht c sn trong NL thc vt

1. Tc dng c ca alcaloid
Solanine - alcaloid c nhiu trong mt s qu, c.
Tc dng c ca alcaloid vo h thn kinh lm suy
gim h thn kinh trung ng, tc dng lit cc c h

hp, gy t mng nhy ng tiu ha v mt cm
gic, liu cao gy kch ng v kch thch hay t vong.
Triu chng thng xut hin trong vng 8 12 gi
sau khi n v c th trong vng 30 pht khi n phi
hm lng cao. Solanine gy bun nn, tiu chy, au
rt d dy, kh rt c hng, au u v chng mt,
mt cm gic, t lit v gim thn nhit.
"271


2. Tc dng c ca glucosid
Cyanua (CN) thuc loi glucosid c nhiu trong
sn, mng, ht hnh nhn, ht sen, ht anh o,
ht to, mt s loi u
"272

Khi cyanua gp enzyme tiu ha, acid hay nc
s thy phn v gii phng acid cyanhydric

(HCN), mt cht c c th gy cht ngi.
Tc dng c ca HCN, CN-: khi xm nhp vo c
th thng qua thc phm vo mu, ion CN- c ch
hot ng ca cc men cha kim loi Fe, Cu to
phc cht gia kim loi ca men vi gc CN-.
"273

Men quan trng nht b c ch l enzyme cytocrom
oxydase, men ny l chui cui cng ca c ch

chuyn cc in t cho oxy phn t lm cho cc t
bo, t chc khng s dng c oxygen ca
mu, gy thiu oxygen m v tnh mch a
mu v tim. Ngoi ra, n cn tc ng ln cc trung
tm h hp, tim mch, iu ha nhit no b...
Triu chng nhim c: nhc u, chng mt, mt
ng, kh th, nhp tim chm, suy gan, tng hng
cu
"274
Cn bng v kh c
Nu nng ion CN- (gc CN-) khng gy cht th
n t t c tch khi s kt hp vi cytocrom

oxydase v c th phn ng nhanh vi thiosulfate to
thnh thiocyanate (SCN) bi enzyme rhodenase (mt
enzyme chuyn ha lu hunh). Thiocyanate l cht t
c v c kh nng c bi tit qua nc tiu:
Na2S2O3 + CN SCN + Na2SO3
Ngoi ra, nu trong mu c mt lng MetHb th
"275
n trung ha CN- trong mu, phc cht CN-cytocrom

oxydase b phn ly, men cytocromoxydase khng b c
ch na, c ti sinh v hot ng tr li. Vi lng
MetHb trong mu t 10-20% khng gy nguy c
nghim trng, v vy c th b sung Nitrit nhanh
chng trung ha CN- trong mu.

3. Tc dng c ca Nitrat
Nitrat gn nh c mt nhiu loi thc phm (rau,
c, tht b) v cha trong nc, phn bn
Nitrit l sn phm chuyn ha t Nitrat c trong thc
phm di s xc tc ca enzyme nitrat reductase bi
h vi sinh vt ng tiu ha, hoc do b sung vo
thc phm bo qun. Nitrit l cht rt hot ng v
c.
Nitrat reductase
!
Nitrit kt hp vi acid amin to thnh cc hp cht
nitrosamin gy ung th.
"276

C ch tc ng ca Nitrit
Di tc ng c ca nitrit, s phn ng oxy ha
kh trong hng cu s chuyn ha Hemoglobin (Hb),

tch t mt lng methemoglobin (MetHb).
Hb
Enzyme oxy ha kh
MetHb + ev c tnh ca Nitrit

ph thuc vo t l
MetHb trong mu:
Nng MetHb tng
ln n 70% s gy
cht ngi.
"277

"278

Mt s c cht sinh ra trong qu trnh ch bin

v bo qun
1. Tc dng c ca histamine
c t histamin sinh ra do qu trnh decacboxyl ca
histidin (c nhiu mt s loi c c c tht ), di
tc ng ca enzyme histidine decacboxylasa.
C ch tc dng c ca histamin c tnh kch thch
tit dch v ca d dy, lm n vi huyt qun, gy ni
ban, d ng.
Triu chng nhim c: Thng thy nga ton thn,
ni m ay, nng ran trong ming, hoa mt, chng
mt, bun nn, h huyt p.
"279

Mt s c cht sinh ra trong qu trnh ch

bin v bo qun
2. Tc dng c ca mycotoxin
Aflatoxin l mt mycotoxin in hnh, c kh nng tch
ly v phng i sinh hc trong chui thc phm.
"280
Tc dng c ca mycotoxin
S chuyn ha ca Aflatoxin
"281
Aflatoxin tc ng ln c th ngi thng qua
"282
nhiu c ch khc nhau. C quan chu tc ng

ch yu l gan.
Sau khi nhim vo c th, aflatoxin c chuyn
ha bi nhm enzyme Cytochrome P-450 trong
gan.
!
!
!
Ngoi ra, aflatoxin cn gy c ch s tng hp
ADN, ARN thng tin v protein, bin i hnh thi
nhn t bo.
Chuyn ha sinh
hc v tc dng
c AFB1 ln gan
"283
Cc phn ng lin hp, c kh nng c o thi
"284
AFB1-8,9-epoxide s c hidrat ha to thnh
AFB1-dihydrodiol, cht ny s lin kt vi protein

gy hoi t gan, gy c cp tnh.
"285
AF-8,9-epoxide lin kt vi Guanin ti v tr nit
"286
th 7 ca ADN/ARN to thnh AFB1-N7-Guanine

gy t bin, ung th, gy c mn tnh.
!
!
!
!
!
!
Dn xut AFB1-Formamidopyrimidine to thnh c
kh nng kch thch qu trnh pht bnh siu vi
gan B nng hn.
T bo gan c hi (A), bin i sau 24h nhim
Aflatoxin B1 (B)
(A)
"287
(B)
Bnh x gan chut do nhim Aflatoxin B1
(A) gan bnh thng, (B) gan bnh
"288
Mt s c cht sinh ra trong qu trnh BQ - CB

2. Tc dng c ca mycotoxin
Triu chng nhim c:
Cp tnh: Hoi t t bo gan, ri lon c

ch ng mu, gim kh nng tng hp
protein huyt thanh. LD50: 0,5 10 mg/kg.
!
"289
Mn tnh: Ri lon tiu ha, gim h min

dch, gim hot ng ca Vitamin K, gy
ung th gan.
CH THO LUN 2:
Tc dng c ca Aflatoxin ln t bo gan.
!
1.Bn cht Ngun gc Kh nng tc dng
c?
2.Tin trnh xm nhp phn phi trao i
o thi trong c th?
3.C ch tc dng c? Phn tch c ch tc
dng c? Cc phn ng trao i gan ti
pha 1 v 2 xy ra nh th no?
4.Phng tr c?
"290

S xm nhp v phn phi, phn ng ha
hc trong c th v kh nng o thi?

C ch tc dng c ca Aflatoxin ln gan?
Phn tch c ch tc dng c?
???
"291
IV.2.Tc dng c ca mt s ph gia v cht h

tr k thut
Mt s ph gia s dng trong CNCBTP
1. Tc dng c ca Sodium borat (hn the)
y l mt ha cht c tnh kh trng v tr su
ry nh. c tm thy trong tht, c, gi ch,
trong, bnh c, bnh ph, bn, cc loi mt, cc
loi chua ngm gim.
Hn the c th xm nhp c th qua ng thc
qun, kh qun, da hoc mt
"292
Tc dng c ca hn the
Khi vo c th hn the ch o thi khong chng
"293
80% cn li s tch t trong ngi vnh vin, v vy

nu s dng hn the t trong mt thi gian di
cng nguy him nh dng nhiu hn the trong mt
ln.
Hn the s tch ly trong c th, ty liu lng c
th gy nn nhng triu chng cp tnh v mn
tnh.
Hn then c kh nng tch ly trong c th nh
m m, m thn kinh, gy nh hng c ti h
tiu ha, cc qu trnh hp thu, chuyn ha... ca
cc c quan trong c th.
Tc dng c ca hn the
H tiu ha: gy nn ma, au bng tiu chy;
"294
gy tn hi cho gan.
Da: gy ban dn n trc vy.
H thn kinh: gy kch thch dn n trm cm,
hoc kch thch mng no, ng kinh, thay i
nhit c th.
ng niu: gy h hi c bit cho thn v ton
thn, gy ri lon chc nng, yu t, bt lc, ri
lon kinh nguyt, rng tc.
Tim: c kh nng gy ra hin tng sc tim, tru
tim.
Tc dng c ca hn the
Ngoi ra, hn the cn lm thoi ha cc c quan
sinh dc, gy v sinh. Tr em n phi thc phm

c lng hn the 1-2 g/kg th trng c th dn
n t vong sau 10-12 gi.
Tc dng c ln mng tay
"295

tr k thut
"296
2. Tc dng c ca Nitrat Nitrit ca Kali v

Natri (mui dim)
Sodium nitrate (NaNO3), Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)
l cc loi mui thng s dng trong bo qun
c, tht gi mu ti ca tht v c tnh xc
khun rt mnh, c bit l Clostridium botulinum.
!
!
Nitrit l cht c, c kh nng kt hp vi acid
amin c trong thc phm to thnh nitrosamin
l tc nhn gy ung th.
Nitrate Nitrit - Nitrosamine

S hnh thnh Ntrosamine
trong qu trnh bo qun

thc phm v c th sau n
"297

Nitrosamine c to thnh trong mi trng
nc 3 thnh ph Trung Quc
"298

tr k thut
"299

3. Tc dng c ca Nitrosamine
c tnh ca nitrosamine ln u tin c xc
nhn vo nm 1937 bi Freund (Deshpande,
2002).
Sau , nm 1956, tc nhn gy ung th ca n
chng minh bi hai nh khoa hc Anh, John
Barnes v Peter Magee, bo co rng
dimethylnitrosamine sn sinh khi u gan chut.
Kt qu nghin cu a ra, khong 90% cc
hp cht nitrosamine c coi l c cht gy ung
th.

Nitrosamine gy ung th bng quang chut
"300
CH THO LUN 3:
Tc dng c ca Nitrat - Nitrit - Nitrosamin ln
c th.
!
1.Bn cht Ngun gc Kh nng tc dng
c?
o thi trong c th?
3.C ch tc dng c?
4.Gii thch phn tch c ch tc dng c?
5.Phng tr c?
"301


C ch tc dng c ca Nitrit - Nitrosamine
ln d dy, bng quang, cc c quan khc?
Phn tch c ch tc dng c?
???
"302
IV.3. Tc dng c ca d lng thuc bo

v thc vt v thuc th y
Thuc bo v thc vt
Ni chung, cc thuc bo v thc vt u c hi n
sc khe.
Cc ha cht c c tnh cao thng d chuyn
ha v o thi khi c th, tc hi chnh ca chng
l do tip xc ngn hn v cp tnh, gy t vong.
Cc ha cht c c tnh thp hn thng c
khuynh hng r rt l tch ly trong c th, tc hi
chnh ca chng l do tip xc thng xuyn, lu
di vi nhng liu lng nh. Tc hi lu di ca
chng c nghin cu nhiu trong cc lnh vc
ung th, thn kinh, sinh sn
" 03
3
Thuc bo v thc vt
Mt s thuc bo v thc vt nm trong danh mc
"304
cm s dng trong nng nghip Vit Nam:

1.Thuc tr su: Aldrin, BHC, Lindan, hp cht
Cadmium, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, Eldrin, Metachlor,
Izobenzen, Izodrin, hp cht Ch, Parathion ethyl,
polychlorocamphene, Strobane.
2.Thuc tr bnh: hp cht Asenic, Captan, captafol,
hexachlorobenzene, hp cht thy ngn, hp cht
Selenium.
3.Thuc tr c: 2,4,5 T
bn vng ca thuc Clo hu c trong mi trng
sng theo th t:
Aldrin>Dieldrin>Heptacloepoxid>HCH>DDT>Clodan>L
indan>Endrin>Heptaclo>Toxaphen>Methoxyclo.
Vng tun hon ca thuc tr su trong mi

trng sng
"305
Thuc bo v thc vt
Cc biu hin ca s hp th cht c
Cc biu hin
Liu gy
nhim c
c tnh
mi chm
S hp th
pht hin
c
Cc
pht
hin khi
m t thi
Liu gy
cht
Cc triu chng v
du hiu nhim c
Cc bin i enzyme trong
huyt tng hoc t bo
Cht c v/hoc cc cht chuyn ha

pht hin c trong mu hoc trong nc
"306
S hp th cht c
Thuc bo v thc vt
Dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane (DDT: C14H9Cl15)

DDT thuc nhm hydrocarbon halogen ha, y l
"307
cht dit cn trng clo hu c.

K h i D D T b k h c h l o r t o t h n h D D D
(dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethan).
Khi DDD b kh chlor v hydro to thnh DDE
(dichlorodiphenyl dychloethylen), bn hn v tn
lu trong mi trng lu hn DDT v DDD. Chng
thng c tch ly trong cc m m ng vt.
Trong c th, DDT c chuyn ha thnh DDE v
DDA (dichlorodiphenyl acetic), DDA tan trong nc
nn c thi nhiu qua nc tiu.
Thuc bo v thc vt
Dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane (DDT)
DDT c th phn
hy trong mi
trng khong 50%
sau 15 nm s
dng, iu ny c
ngha khi bn s
dng 100kg DDT th
n s gim c:
"308
Nm
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
Lng gim (kg)

100
50
25
12,5
6,25
3,13
1,56
105
120
0,78
0,39
Thuc bo v thc vt
H s tch ly sinh hc ca DDT nhiu loi
ng vt khc nhau c xc nh khong

800 ln v phng i sinh hc khong 31 ln.
Do vy, khi xc nh trong chui thc phm th
s phng i ca DDT trong chui thc phm
c th t 200.000 ln.
Ni bt nht l loi chim n tht, n c th n
cc loi chim khc m nhng con chim ny
thng n nhng xc ng vt cht v n cc
loi c.
"309
Thuc bo v thc vt
Chui thc phm nhim DDT
"310
Thuc bo v thc vt
Tc dng c ca DDT: Gy tn thng n
h thn kinh, lm yu c v co git.

Nu v tnh tch ly DDT lu di thng qua
chui thc n, con ngi s c cc triu
chng nhim c nh run ry, bin i cc t
chc gan v bin i nh thn.
Liu gy cht cho ngi: ~ 30g/70kg.
"311
CH THO LUN 4:
Qu trnh tch ly sinh hc phng i sinh
hc ca DDT c ch tc dng c ln c
th.
!
1.Bn cht Kh nng tch ly v phng i
"312
Kh nng tc dng c?
o thi trong c th?
3.C ch tc dng c?
5.Phng tr c?

Gii thch qu trnh tch ly, chuyn ha v
phng i sinh hc ca DDT trong c th sinh

vt theo chui thc phm?
C ch tc dng c ca DDT gy bnh cp
tnh v mn tnh?
???
"313
Thuc bo v thc vt
Parathion (C10H14NO5-PS: O,O dietyl 4

nitrophenyl photphorothioat)
Parathion l cht dit cn trng ln hu c c c
tnh cao nht.

Trong mi trng hay trong c th parathion c
chuyn ha thnh paraoxon, c hn gp 1000
ln.
Paraoxon l cht chuyn ha gy c ch men
Cholinesterase.
"314
Thuc bo v thc vt
C ch nhim c chung ca ln hu c
Trong c th c hai loi men Cholinesterase:
1.A c e t y l c h o l i n e s t e r a s e ( A c h E ) , g i l m e n
Cholinesterase tht, c trong hng cu, m thn kinh,

khp ni thn kinh c v trong cc tuyn.
2.Cholinesterase (ChE) gi, c trong huyt tng, rut
non, gan v cc m khc.
c ch men Cholinesterase lm cho acetylcholin
khng c phn gii nn b tch ly v gy nhim
c.
Acetylcholin l hormone thn kinh c hnh thnh v
c gii phng t cc dy thn kinh tit ra cholin, l
cht trung gian cn thit cho s dn truyn xung thn
kinh.
"315
Thuc bo v thc vt
Parathion
Triu chng nhim c cp tnh ca parathion: au
u, bun nn, nn, chut rt, suy nhc, hoa mt, tc

ngc, kh th, bn chn, tot m hi, chy nc mt
nc mi nc bt, co c, hn m v t vong.
Triu chng nhim c mn tnh: c kh nng gy ung
th, c hi cho kh nng sinh sn ng vt th
nghim, tn thng h thn kinh trung ng, tng mc
c ch men ChE nhanh hn l men c phc hi
v c th xy ra ng c cp tnh.
Nhim c qua thc phm th phi gy nn ngay, ra
d dy. Dng than hot tnh kh cht c. Nu nn
nhn hn m, t ng ni kh qun trc khi t ng d
dy
"316
Thuc bo v thc vt
Carbamate
"317
Carbamate c nhiu nhm.

Nhm carbamate dit cn trng l ester ca acid
metyl v dimetylcarbamic c tnh khng
chlolinesterase, nh carbaryl, carbofuran,
propoxur, cartap, fenobucarb, isoprocarb,
pirimicarb.
Nhm carbamate tr c l cc hp cht
phenylcarbamate c tnh khng chlolinesterase
nhng yu hn metylcarbamate, nh barban,
clopropham.
Nhm carbamate dit nm l dithiocarbamate hu
nh khng khng chlolinesterase.
Thuc bo v thc vt
Carbamate
Cc ester metyl v dimetylcarbamate c c tnh
tng t nh cc cht dit cn trng ln hu c,

gy ra hin tng carbamyl ha c ch men
AchE, gy ra s ng aceylcholin, t
acetylcholin gy nhim c c th.
So vi ln hu c, nhim c carbamate din ra
trong thi gian ngn, cc triu chng nhim c
nh hn v men AchE c th phc hi trong thi
gian ngn.
Carbamate c thi ch yu qua nc tiu v
khng tch ly trong mi trng.
"318
Thuc bo v thc vt
Cht dit c
y l nhm cht c tc dng dit c, hy hoi sinh
"319
trng cy trng, cy rng.

Cht c trng (white agent): hn hp ca cc mui
tri-isopropanolamin ca 2,4-D v 4-amino-3,5,6trichloropicolinic acid theo t l 3,8:1.
Cht c xanh (blue agent): hn hp ca mui natri
cacodilate v dimethyl arsenic acid theo t l 2,6:1.
Cht c da cam (orange agent): hn hp cc ester
butyl ca hai cht dit c 2,4-D v 2,4,5-T theo t l
1,1:1.
Tr 2,4,5-T, hu ht cc cht dit c c th phn
hy sau 2-15 tun sau khi phun.
Thuc bo v thc vt
2,4,5-T (2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-para-dioxin)
Dioxin l tn gi chung ca mt nhm hng trm
"320
cc hp cht ha hc tn ti bn vng trong mi

trng cng nh trong c th con ngi v cc
sinh vt khc. Trong s cc hp cht dioxin,
TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) l
nhm c nht.
Dioxin khng ha tan trong nc nhng ha tan
trong cht bo chng gn vi cht hu c v cht
cn trong mi trng v hp th vo m m ng
vt hoc ngi. Ngoi ra, do khng b vi khun
lm thi ra nn chng tn lu v tch t sinh hc
trong dy chuyn thc phm.
Thuc bo v thc vt
C ch tc dng c ca Dioxin
C ch phn t ca dioxin tc ng ln cc t bo
v c th ngi, ng vt vn ang cn nhiu

tranh ci v chi tit.
Thng thng, dioxin gy c t bo thng qua
mt recepter chuyn bit cho cc hydratcarbon
thm c tn l AhR (Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor).
Phc hp dioxin - recepter s k hp vi protein
vn chuyn ArnT (AhR nuclear Translocator)
xm nhp vo trong nhn t bo.
Ti m gan, dioxin s gy ng m mt s gene
gii c gan quan trng ca t bo, nh Cyp1A
(Cytochrome P4501A), Cyp1B,...
"321
Thuc bo v thc vt
Dioxin tc ng ln t bo chuyn bit
"322
Thuc bo v thc vt
ng thi, mt s th nghim trn chut cho thy
"323
dioxin lm tng nng cc gc ion t do trong t

bo. iu ny, c th l lm ph hy cc cu trc t
bo, cc protein quan trng v quan trng hn c,
n c th gy t bin trn phn t DNA.
Nm 1997, T chc quc t v nghin cu ung th
(IARC) thuc WHO cng b 2,3,7,8-TCDD l
cht gy ung th.
Ngoi ung th, dioxin cn c th lin quan n mt
s bnh nguy him khc nh bnh rm da, bnh i
tho ng, bnh ung th trc trng, thiu nng
sinh dng cho c nam v n, sinh con qui thai
hoc thiu nng tr tu...
Hu qu kh lng ca dioxin
Thng 9/1994,
the United
States
Environmental
Protection
Agency (EPA)
"324
"325
"326
Concentrations of Total Dioxins in Bottom Sediment
Layers Corresponding to Year of Deposition Beaver

Lake, Olympic Peninsul, Washington
"327
If you're eating the typical North American diet, this is
where you are getting your dioxin from:
"328
Dioxin Generation Mechanism in an Incineration Plant
"329
Thai nhi nhim c dioxin ngay t trong bng m
"330

"331
Thuc th y
Khng sinh git nhng vi khun c hi, cng nh

nhng vi khun c li cho c th.

Thuc th y
Clogramphenicol l khng sinh c ph s dng
kh rng v tc dng mnh. Chloramphenicol c
phn lp t Streptomyces venezuelae vo nm
1947.
CAP c trong danh sch ca C quan nghin
cu ung th Quc t (IARC), c xp vo danh
mc cht gy ung th. c bng chng gy
ung th ng vt th nghim v bng chng hn
ch ngi, 1990.
Cc qun l dc thc phm Hoa K (FDA)
cm s dng CAP trong sn xut thc phm, 1997.
"332
Tc dng c ca CAP
CAP gy ra bnh bch cu, l nguyn nhn thiu
mu ng vt v ngi (IARC, 1990).

Gy tn hi ti si ADN n v Ribosom ng
vt v con ngi, iu ny cho thy n nguy him
bt c liu s dng no.
Phn ng
gia CAP v
Ribosome
"333
Tc dng c ca CAP
Qu trnh khng khng sinh ca vi khun
"334

v
thc
vt
v
thuc
th
y
Thuc th y
Green malachite (MG) c dng phng v tr
cc bnh do nm (saprolegnia) v k sinh trng

nhm nguyn sinh vt (protzoa).
!
!
!
Green malachite l cht gy ung th, gy t bin
gen v c nh hng xu n kh nng sinh sn.
Cc cht ny tch ly trong m tht v t bo m,
lm h min dch gim, ln khng sinh ngi
khi iu tr.
"335
Tc dng c ca MG
A: MG (mu
vng) bt u lin
kt vi lysozyme.
B: MG lin kt vi
cc amino acid
trong lysozyme
bng lin kt Van
der Waals.
C: Thay i cu
trc v hnh thi
ca lysozyme.
"336
Tc dng c ca MG
nh hng ca MG hoc Leucomalachite green (LMG)
ln gan chut khi cho chng n trong 28 ngy
A: Mu i
chng (Rat)
B: 100ppm MG
(Rat)
C: 600ppm MG
(Rat)
" 37
3
D: 600ppm MG
(Mouse)
E: 580ppm
LMG (Rat)
"338
IV.4. Tc dng c ca kim loi nng

S pht tn kim loi nng ra mi trng
"339
Thy ngn (Hg)

Thy ngn l nguyn t kim loi s 80 trong bng tun
hon ha hc, c nh bc, dng lng nhit
thng. Thy ngn c s dng trong cc nhit k,
p k v cc thit b khoa hc khc.
Thy ngn nguyn t lng l t c, nhng hi, cc
hp cht v mui ca n l rt c v l nguyn nhn
gy ra cc tn thng no v gan khi con ngi tip
xc, ht th hay n phi. Cc hp cht v c t c
hn so vi hp cht hu c ca thy ngn.
Thy ngn l cht c tch ly sinh hc rt d dng
hp th qua da, cc c quan h hp v tiu ha.
"340
Mt s chuyn ha ca Hg v hp cht thy ngn

Trong mu: Hp cht thy ngn v c ch yu kt
"341
hp vi protein huyt thanh, hp cht thy ngn

hu c gn kt vo hng cu.
Trong thn: Hg tch ly phn u xa ca ng
lng gn v quai Henle. N khng tch ly trong
cc cun tiu cu.
Trong no: Hg khu tr nhiu trong cc t bo thn
kinh ca cht xm.
c Hg c th bi tit qua kt trng v thn. Mt t l
nh c o thi qua da, nc bt, tc, mng,
m hi v sa.
Tc dng c ca cc hp cht thy ngn hu c

Thy ngn tn cng h thn kinh trung ng, h
"342
ni tit v nh hng ti ming, cc c quai hm

v rng. S phi nhim ko di gy ra cc tn
thng no v gy t vong. N c th gy ra cc
ri ro hay khuyt tt i vi cc thai nhi.
Mt trong nhng hp cht c nht ca n l
dimetyl thy ngn, l c n n mc ch vi l
ri vo da c th gy t vong.
Thng qua qu trnh tch ly sinh hc metyl thy
ngn nm trong chui thc n, t n mc tch
ly cao trong mt s loi nh c ng, c kim,
nhuyn th hai mnh v...

Chu trnh ca thy ngn: Cc nh nghin cu cho
rng qu trnh metyl ha ca thy ngn v c xy ra

trong lng cc i dng trn ton th gii v s
thay i ny l do cc dng vi khun sng trong i
dng.
"343

Qu trnh tch ly sinh hc ca Metyl thy ngn Hg(CH3)2
"344
"345
Chui thc phm
nhim thu ngn
"346
Tc dng c ca metyl thy ngn
"347
Mt trong nhng cht thi c c tnh cao l hp

cht metyl thy ngn (methyl mercury) i vo
chui thc n t cc phiu sinh vt vo c nh
n nhng lai c ln, gy tc dng c nghim
trng nht trong cc dng ha hc ca thy ngn.
Ch yu tc dng c ca metyl thy ngn n
h thn kinh ngi ln (Bakir v cng s,
1973).
Triu chng bnh thn kinh: nga xung quanh
ming v cc u chi; mt kh nng nghe ni, co
cng v run ry; cui cng l hn m v cht.
i vi thai nhi, hin tng phn chia v di
chuyn t bo cn thit cho s pht trin ca no
bo thai, khi c mt metyl thy ngn (Clarkson,
1987).
Ng c thy ngn
Chng bnh Minamata
l mt dng ng c
thy ngn do ngi dn
vnh Minamata - Nht
Bn thng xuyn s
dng c trong ba n
hng ngy. y l thm
ha do s nhim mi
trng t cc nh my
ha cht thi trc tip ra
mi trng.
"348
CH THO LUN 5:
Qu trnh tch ly sinh hc phng i sinh
hc ca Methyl thy ngn c ch tc dng

c ln c th.
!
1.Bn cht Kh nng tch ly v phng i
"349
Kh nng tc dng c?
o thi trong c th?
3.C ch tc dng c?
5.Phng tr c?

Gii thch qu trnh tch ly, chuyn ha v
phng i sinh hc ca Metyl-Hg trong c th

sinh vt theo chui thc phm?
C ch tc dng c ca Metyl-Hg gy bnh
cp tnh v mn tnh?
???
"350
Ch (Pb)
Ch nh hng mnh ln h thng tng hp HEM,
hp phn chnh ca hemoglobin (Hb) gy km hm
5 loi enzyme tham gia xc tc cc giai on
khc nhau, nhy cm vi tc dng c ca ch
theo th t.
1.ALD: -Aminolevulinic dehydratase
2.HS: Hem synthetase
3.ALS: acid -Aminolevulinic synthetase
4.UROD: Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
5.COPROO: Coproporphyrinogen oxydase
"351
Ch (Pb)
H thng tng hp Hem
Ti th
Succinyl-CoA + glycin
!
ALD
!
-Aminolevulinat
!
!
Coproporphyrinogen III
!
COPROO
Protoporphyrin IX
Hem
Bo tng
-Aminolevulinat
ALS
!
Protoporphyrinogen
E!
Uroporphyrinogen III
!
UROD
Coproporphyrinogen III
Fe
"352
Globin
Hemoglobin
Ch (Pb)
H s xm nhp ca ch qua thnh rut c
nh gi trn t l phn trm ion ha, ph

thuc vo tui tc, gii tnh, iu kin sinh l,
dng vt l v thnh phn ca thc phm.
Triu chng: mt iu ha, vn ng kh
khn, gim thc, ng ngc, hn m, co git
v c th li di chng ng kinh, n n
v m la.
"353

Cadmi (Cd)
Sau khi xm nhp vo c th, cadmi tch t
gan v kch thch qu trnh tng hp
metalothionein, y l mt phc cht gn kt
cadmi v protein, c phn t lng thp
nhng giu nhm tiol (-SH).
Cadmi c vn chuyn sang thn nh
protein ny v tch t y.
Nng ti hn ca cadmi trong thn ng
vt v ngi sau khi cht l 200 ppm (Wang
v cng s, 1993).
"354
"355
Cadmi (Cd)
c tnh cp l hu qu ca nhng tc dng
cc b sau khi n phi cadmi, gy au bng,
bun nn.
Cadmi cn c kh nng gy ung th v c
lin quan n nguy c tng huyt p. Cc th
nghim i vi chut cho thy r nguy c
ny.
Cc cuc iu tra i vi ngi th cho thy,
nhiu trng hp mc bnh ung th tin lit
tuyn v phi i vi nhng ngi lm vic
trong mi trng c cadmi, nhng vn
ny cn tranh ci.
Cadmi (Cd)
Qu trnh tch lu Cd chut th nghim
"356

Arsen (As)
Vng tun hon ca Arsen trong mi trng sng
"357
Arsen (As)
Mt im ng ch l Arsen dng v c c kh
nng gy ung th (WHO, 1983). Mt hp cht v c
ca arsen l arsin (H3As) l mt tc nhn tiu mu rt
mnh, km theo nhng triu chng cp tnh nh bun
nn, th gp, au nhc u.
Khi arsen dng hu c c c tnh cao hn, nhng
chng d dng c o thi hoc t tch ly trong c
th.
c tnh ca cc hp cht As i vi sinh vt di
nc tng dn theo dy Arsen Arsenate Arsenic
hp cht As hu c.
"358
"359
Arsen (As)
Arsen (As)
Triu chng nhim Arsen
"360
Arsen (As)
Hin nay, cc tc dng c ca arsen cha

c nghin cu su. Tuy nhin, As c kh
nng tc dng c n cc c quan c th
nh da, gan, h thn kinh trung ng, thn,
bng quang, tim v phi.
Mt s triu chng lm sng khi ng c
cp bi arsen bao gm c chng ri lon
tiu ha, au bng d di, bun nn, tiu
chy ko di gy mt nc nghim trng.
C th cht t ngt do trng thi sc sau
12-48 h, hoc li di chng ri lon da v
thn kinh.
"361
Selenium
Selenium l mt trong nhng kim loi cn thit
cho c th. Mc ni cn bng (mc d tr) khng
gy c hi cho con ngi l khong 100 g/l
nc tiu. Di mc ny th Selenium c th p
ng cho s pht trin v tng trng ti u,
nhng nu qu mc cn bng s gy c cho c
th.
Triu chng nhim c: gy rng tc, vim h hp
trn v rng rng. ng vt, gy ri lon chc
nng sinh sn, chm tng trng v hoi t gan.
"362

Kh nng tch t v phng i sinh hc ca Selenium
"363
Selenium
Hm lng thu ngn v
Selenium trong c bin
"364
Mt s ha cht khc nm trong nhm 21 cht hu c kh

phn hy (POP) quy nh trong Cng c Stockholm
PCBs - polychlorinated biphenyls
"365
PCBs l g?
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) l mt nhm cc
ha cht nhn to, c s dng trong cc sn phm

nh thit b in, cht ph b mt, mc, keo dn, cc
cht lm chm bc chy v sn. Khi ta t hoc chn
cc ph phm c cha PCBs th PCBs s pht thi
vo mi trng v tn lu bn vng, kh phn hy.
"366
Tc dng c ca PCBs
Mt khi c th hp th th PCBs i vo cc mng t
bo, mch mu v h bch huyt. Mc tp trung

PCBs cao nht thng tm thy trong gan, m t bo,
no, da v mu.
i vi cc b m, ngi ta pht hin thy PCBs i
vo mu cung rn, nhau thai v sa m.
c ngi v ng vt, PCBs cng c th bin i
thnh cc cht tch t trong cc m v huyt tng
trong c th. Chng c th b bin i thnh cc cht
khc bi tit c qua nc tiu v phn.
Mt s PCBs hot ng ging cc cht dioxin v c
th lm tng nguy c ung th. Nhng PCBs khc c
th nh hng n s pht trin ca h thn kinh
mc phi nhim cao.
"367
D lng c cht trong chui cung ng

thc phm
Levels of PCBs, Dipenzofuran, Dioxin in U.S. Food
Supply (1995):
"368

BG DCHTP 2015

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

BG DCHTP 2015

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

THC PHM

Ths. Phm Th an Phng

thc phm, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, tp. H

Ti liu tham kho

S. S. Deshpande, 2002. Handbook of Food

Toxicology, Marcel Dekker, INC.

Websites tham kho

Khi nim chung v c cht hc

Vai tr ca c cht hc thc phm

Phn loi c cht thc phm

Cc yu t nh hng n c tnh ca c cht

I.1. Khi nim chung v c cht hc

nghin cu v lng v cht cc tc ng bt li ca

I.1. Khi nim chung v c cht hc

I.1. Khi nim chung v c cht hc

I.1. Khi nim chung v c cht hc

nh gy nh hng c hi hoc nhng bin i sinh

I.1. Khi nim chung v c cht hc

I.1. Khi nim chung v c cht hc

hin lng cht c ca mu th vi sinh vt th

TU cng cao, EC50 cng thp th mi trng cng c hi

I.1. Khi nim chung v c cht hc

trong c th sinh vt.

c cht thc phm

I.2. Vai tr ca c cht hc thc phm

I.2. Vai tr ca c cht hc thc phm

Ngi nui trng, ngi ch bin, ngi tiu th

I.2. Vai tr ca c cht hc thc phm

I.2. Vai tr ca c cht hc thc phm

I.2. Vai tr ca c cht hc thc phm

phng php s dng nhit (nng hay lnh), phng

I.2. Vai tr ca c cht hc thc phm

Ngi ch bin hay

I.2. Vai tr ca c cht hc thc phm

nhin, cc cht nhim trong thc phm l tng i,

Ngi ch bin phi c o Ngi tiu dng phi chu trch

I.3. Phn loi c cht thc phm

I.3. Phn loi c cht thc phm

cht, dng ph gia, dng dung mi, dng cht

Mt s phng php phn loi

Mt s phng php phn loi

Mt s phng php phn loi

Mt s phng php phn loi

Mt s phng php phn loi

Mt s phng php phn loi

him (Ngun: WHO, 1998)

Mt s phng php phn loi

Mt s phng php phn loi

3. Tia phng x l nhng tia

Mt s phng php phn loi

6. Phn loi theo trng thi tn ti

Mt s phng php phn loi

I.4. Cc yu t nh hng n c tnh ca

I.4. Cc yu t nh hng n c tnh ca

I.4. Cc yu t nh hng n c tnh ca

CH 2. DNG THC CA CC CHT C

Qu trnh tch ly v chuyn ha sinh hc ca c

II.1. Qu trnh tch ly v chuyn ha sinh

th sinh vt u c th b nh hng trc tip

II.1. Qu trnh tch ly v chuyn ha sinh

Kh hot ha (tng phn

Hot ha (gim phn

cc, tng tnh thn m)