tTdpah kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT fy;tp tyaq;fspy;

,ytr fy;tp toq;fypy;

Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;il

Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;il

etk;gu; 2014

tWik Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ

tTdpah kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT fy;tp tyaq;fspy;

,ytr fy;tp toq;fypy;

Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;il

gh]pj; IdjPd;> Nkfyh kfpo;uh[h kw;Wk; Fyrghehjd; nuhNk~d;

,t;thtzk; INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;, mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; $l;LwTf;fhd

Rtp]; Kftu; epiyak; Mfpatw;wpd; epjpAjtpAld; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;thtzj;jpd; cs;slf;fq;fs; tWik Muha;rr
; p epiyaj;jpd; KO nghWg;gpw;FKupajhFk;
vd;gJld; ve;jnthU #o;epiyapYk; INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpdNjh mgptpUj;jp
kw;Wk; $l;LwTf;fhd Rtp]; Kftu; epiyaj;jpdNjh epiyia gpujpgypg;gjpy;iy.

fhu;j;jpif 2014

iii

RUf;ff;FwpaPLfs;
ACTED

njhopEl;g $l;LwT kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Kftu; epiyak;

CEPA

tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak;

CSO

rptpy;

CRC

CLAPP

GN

Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;il

rptpy; r%f mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; cs;Su; mjpfhupfs; nraw;ghL
kw;Wk; gq;fhz;ik epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;
fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju;

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nghJ mYty;fs; epiyak;

RDS

fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;

SSO

r%f Nritfs; mYtyu;

SDC

mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; $l;LwTf;fhd Rtp]; Kftu; epiyak;

WRDS

khju; fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;

r%f mikg;G

iv

xg;Gif
tWik Muha;r;rp epiyakhdJ (CEPA) tWik njhlu;ghd mgptpUj;jp tplaq;fspy; xU
rpwe;j Gupe;Jzu;tpid $l;Lfpd;w xU Rje;jpukhd> ,yq;ifiar; Nru;e;j Ma;T
epiyakhFk;. tWik vd;gJ Kwpabf;fg;gl Ntz;ba xU mePjp vd tWik Muha;r;rp
epiyak;
ek;Gfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; tWikia vjpu;nfhs;tjw;F Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr
uPjpapy; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspy; khw;wq;fs; nfhz;L tug;glNtz;Lk;> mNjNghy;
tWikapy; thOk; kf;fSld; ,ize;J nraw;glNtz;Lk; vd ek;Gfpd;wJ. tWik
Muha;r;rp epiyak; Rje;jpukhd gFg;gha;tpid toq;Ffpd;w> mgptpUj;jpapy; <Lgl;Ls;s
egu;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fspd; Mw;wy;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjpYk; nfhs;iffspy; nry;thf;F
nrYj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis ehLtjpYk; jdJ $Ljy; ehl;lj;jpid nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
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nrYj;Jfpd;wtu;fshAs;Nshk;. tWik Muha;r;rp epiyakhdJ Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dhd
mgptpUj;jp> gytPdkhdjd;ik> Gyk;ngau;T/ntspehl;Lg; gazk;> cl;fl;likg;Gk; #oYk;
vd Ie;J gue;jikaf;fUf;fspd;; mbg;gilapy; xU rkhe;jukhd> Rje;jpu Ma;T
epfo;r;rpepuiy nfhz;L nry;fpd;w mNjNeuk; ,r;re;ij xUKfg;gLj;jiy thbf;ifahsu;
Ntz;LNfhs;fspD}lhfTk; NgzptUfpd;wJ. ,Wjpahf tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak; Njrpa>
gpuhe;jpa> Jiwrhu;> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L kl;lq;fspy; tWik njhlu;ghd
mgptpUj;jp nfhs;iffspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjpy; gq;fspg;G nra;tjw;F ehLfpd;wJ.
,t;tha;T tWik Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpdJ Ma;thsu;fshd gh]pj; IdjPd;>
kfpo;uh[h kw;Wk; Fyrghehjd; nuhNk~d; vd;Nghhupdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

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kw;Wk; gq;fhz;ik epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; (CLAPP) ,dJ xU
tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak; njhopEl;g $l;LwT kw;Wk;
(ACTED) gq;fhsuhf ,izfpd;wJ.

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toq;fpa epjp MjuTf;fhf ed;wp
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mgptpUj;jp Kftu; epiyaj;Jld;

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,jw;fhd njhopEl;g MjuT ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jp Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpd; Muk;g
Kaw;rpapdhy; epjpAjtp toq;fg;gl;lJ. Muk;g fl;lq;fspy; vkf;F top fhl;ba kPdh ehau;
kw;Wk; gpughfu; nfhy;yhGbapw;Fk; vkJ ed;wpfis njuptpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
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kw;Wk; njw;F fy;tp tya mjpfhupfshYk; toq;fg;gl;;l MjuthdJ ,t;tha;tpw;F ngupJk;
Jizepd;wJ.
,t;tha;tpd; mwpf;ifapid kPsha;T nra;Jjtpa Mrpa mikg;gpdJ (The Asia Foundation)
fyhepjp NfhgFkhu; Nf. jk;gp kw;Wk; tWik Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpdJ gpupae;jp ngu;dhd;Nlh>
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njuptpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
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tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak;

vi

jfty;fis
toq;fpa
ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf;

nghUslf;fk;
epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk;......1
1.

fy;tp Nrit toq;fypy; Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;il .......................................................................... 3

1.1 mwpKfk; ....................................................................................................................................................................3
1.2 fy;tpr; Nrit toq;fspy; Kd;Ndhb Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;il...............................................4

2. khztHfs; kw;Wk; ngw;NwhHfspdJ Jyq;fspyhd gFg;gha;T. ........................................................... 5

2.1 ghlrhiyfspd; fpilf;fw;wfT> ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; topfs; kw;Wk; ghtid ..........................5
2.2 fy;tp trjpfspd; juk; kw;Wk; ek;gfj; jd;ik .......................................................................................6
2.2.1 cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;..............................................................................................................................6
2.2.2 MrpupaH Fohk;................................................................................................................................................8
2.2.3khztH eyd;Gup Nritfs; ..................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 fy;tpr; Nritia ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpYs;s gpur;rpidfs; my;yJ mnrsfupaq;fs;........... 11
2.4 kiwKf nryTfs; / Nkyjpf nryTfs; ............................................................................................. 14
2.5 jpUg;jp kw;Wk; mjpUg;jp kl;lq;fs; ........................................................................................................... 15
2.6 Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd

MNyhridfs; ........................................................................................................ 18

3. Kf;fpa KbTfs; ....................................................................................................................................................... 19

vii

gpd;dpizg;Gf;fs;
gpd;dpizg;G

1:

Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;il vd;why; vd;d? ..................................................... 21

gpd;dpizg;G

2:

Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;il tpdhf;nfhj;J ....................................................... 23

gpd;dpizg;G

3:

Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;ilapdJ Muk;gepiy fz;lwpTfSf;fhd

nraw;ghl;Ljpl;lk; - fy;tpr; Nrit toq;fypy; kjpg;gPl;lha;TKy;iyj;jPT
fy;tp tyak; ............................................................................................................. 58

gpd;dpizg;G 4:

Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;ilapdJ Muk;gepiy fz;lwpTfSf;fhd

nraw;ghl;Ljpl;lk; - fy;tpr; Nrit toq;fypy; kjpg;gPl;lha;TtTdpah
njw;F fy;tp tyak; .................................................................................................................. 61

ml;ltizfs;
ml;ltiz 1:
ml;ltiz 2:
ml;ltiz 3:
ml;ltiz
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ml;ltiz
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4:
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8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
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ghlrhiy nry;yhikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; (6-18Ulq;fs .................................................... 5

mz;ikapy; fy;tp trjpfs; cs;sikapd; ed;ikfs .................................................. .6
fl;ll/tFg;giw trjpfs; gw;whf;Fiw rk;ge;jkhf
khztu;fs; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy ..................................................................................................... 7
E}yf kw;Wk; Ma;T$l trjpfs .............................................................................................. 7
ePu; kw;Wk; kyry$l trjpfs .................................................................................................... 7
tpisahl;L trjpfs ...................................................................................................................... .8
kUj;Jt trjpfs; ........................................................................................................8
Mfhuk ................................................................................................................................................. .10
murpdhy; toq;fg;gl;lit ........................................................................................ 10
gpur;rpidfSk; mnrsfupaq;fSk; .......................................................................... 11
ghugl;rk; fhl;Ljy ......................................................................................................................... .11
jz;lizfs ..................................................................................................................................... 12
tha;g;Gf;fs; ................................................................................................................ 13
fl;lzk;/ ghlrhiy nfhLg;gdT ............................................................................ 15
tUlhe;j nghJf; $l;lq;fs;..................................................................................... 15
fy;tpr; Nritfis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhf khztu;fs; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu;fshy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs ..................................................................................................... 18

tpsf;fg;glq;fs;;
tpsf;fg;glk;
tpsf;fg;glk;
tpsf;fg;glk;
tpsf;fg;glk;;
tpsf;fg;glk;

1:
2:
3:
4:
5:

Mrpupau; Fohk ...................................................................................................................................... 9

ghlrhiy gzpf;FO kw;Wk; khztu;fs;/ngw;Nwhupilahd cwT ..........................9
gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;jy; ............................................................................................ 13
gpur;rpid mwpf;ifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ ...................................................................... 14
trjpfSld; jpUg;jp kl;lq;fs; - khztu;fs; khztu;fs;
KOj;jpUg;jp ia njupag;gLj;Jfpd;wdu; ................................................................. 15
tpsf;fg;glk;; 6: fw;gpj;jYld; jpUg;jp kl;lq;fs; - khztu;fs; khztu;fs;
KOj;jpUg;jp ia njupag;gLj;Jfpd;wdu; ................................................................ 16
tpsf;fg;glk;; 7: Mrpupau;fSldhd ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; - khztu;fSk; ngw;NwhUk;;
KOj;jpUg;jp ia njupag;gLj;Jfpd;wdu................................................................................ 17
tpsf;fg;glk 8: nkhj;j jpUg;jp ............................................................................................................. 17

viii

ix

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vd;gJ ghlrhiyapdJ ghuhl;Lf;Fupa tplakhFk;. Mrpupau;fs;> ngw;Nwhu;fs; kw;Wk;
khztu;fspilNa
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Kiwahd
nrad;Kiwfs;
cs;sJld;
cau;
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(95%)
ngw;Nwhu;-Mrpupau;
re;jpg;Gf;fs;
Fiwe;jJ
jtizf;nfhU juNkDk; ,lk;ngWtjhf njuptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk;
KiwaPLfs;
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cWjp nra;tjhfTk; nfhs;syhk;.
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fhl;lg;gLtij Rl;bf; fhl;LtJld; ,it ngupJk; khztu;fsJ fy;tp kl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu epiy fhuzkhf cs;sjhfTk; Mrpupau;fNs gpujhdkhd ghugl;rk; fhl;Lk;
%ykhfTk; njuptpf;fpd;wdu; (53% ghugl;rk;> khztu;fs; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;). ,t;NtWghL
fhl;LtjhdJ ,k;khztu;fs; NkYk; jk; rfkhztu;fshYk; NtWghL fhl;lg;gLtjw;F top
tFf;fpd;wjhf miktJ Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLtjhy; Mrpupau;fs; mt;thW nraw;ghLfSf;F
vjpuhf mwpTWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ghlrhiyapy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; jz;lizfs; njhlu;ghf ehw;gj;jp VO (47%) tPj
khztu;fs;> tpNrlkhf Mz; rpWtu;fs; Kiwg;gl;Ls;sdu;. fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;jpdJ
clypay; jz;lizfis gad;gLj;Jtij; jLf;Fk; Rw;wwp;f;ifiaAk; kPwp ghlrhiyfypy;
xOf;fj;jijg;
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gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
gpujhd
topahf
,it
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Kw;whf epWj;Jtjw;F Kd;itg;gjw;F cldbahd jpl;lkpl;l eltbf;iffs; mtrpakhFk;.
trjp/tUlhe;j fl;lzj;jpw;F Nkyjpfkhf Vida gy NjitfSf;F epjp
jpul;lg;gLtJ nghJthf njuptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gyre;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,f;fl;lzq;fSf;F
gw;Wr;rPl;Lf;fs; toq;fg;glhikahdJld; khztiu tPl;Lf;Fj; jpUg;gp mDg;Gjy; my;yJ
2

tFg;giwapypUe;J ntspNa mDg;Gjy;> clypay; jz;lizfs; kw;Wk; guPl;irf;Fj;

Njhw;wtplhJ
jtpu;j;jy;
cs;slq;;fyhd
nraw;ghLfs;
khzu;fs;
kPJ
jpzpf;fg;gl;LtUfpd;wd.
,e;eilKiwfs; ,tryf; fytp toq;Fk; J}a vz;zj;jpw;F
fsq;fk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wikahy; ,tw;iw xopg;gjw;F eltbf;iffs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
murhq;fk; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspy; mjpfk; KjyPLfisr; nra;fpd;wNghJ fy;tp
mjpfhupfs; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w njhFjpg; gpur;rpidfis ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L jkf;Fupa
fy;tp
tyaq;fspy;
khztu;fspd;
fy;tp
milTfis
Kd;Ndw;w
eltbf;if
vLg;gijftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

1. fy;tp Nrit toq;fypy; Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;il

1.1 mwpKfk;
fy;tp> tWikia tpl;Lk; ntspNaWtjw;fhd xU rpwe;j top vdTk; xUtuJ tUkhdk;
mtuJ fy;tp milTld; kpfTk; cld;ghlhd rhu;Gwtpid fhl;Lfpd;wjndTk; FLk;g
tWkhd kw;Wk; nryT fzpg;gPl;lha;T(HIES) 2013 fhlLfpd;wJ 1 . caH fy;tp kl;lkhdJ
czT njhlHghf ghJfhg;gw;w jd;ikiaf; Fiwf;fpd;wJld; nrhj;Jf;fis mjpfupj;J
FLk;gq;fspd; gytPdkhd jd;ikapidf; Fiwf;fpd;wJ 2 . rfyUf;Fkhd ,ytrf; fy;tp
kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sjpD}lhf ,yq;ifahdJ caH kdpj mgptpUj;jp
kl;lq;fis mile;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ 3 . Mdhy; khfhzuPjpahf Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT
khw;wq;fs; fhzg;gLtJld; ,yq;ifapy; %d;W jrhg;jq;fshf ePz;l MAj Nkhjypd;
tpisthf
tlkhfhzj;jpd;
kdpj
mgptpUj;jpAk;
[PtNdhgha
tpisTfSk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.,yq;if murhq;fkhdJ tlf;fpd; fy;tp cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis
mjpfupg;gjpy; mjpf KjyPLfis nra;J tUfpd;wJ. 2010 kw;Wk; 2012k; Mz;Lfspilapy;
Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpy; njhopw;gLk; ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;if 35 ,dhy;
mjpfupj;Js;sJ. njhlUk; ghlrhiy rhHe;j kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghLfspy;
Fbkf;fspd; Nehf;Ffis nfhz;L tUtjw;F ,JnthU cfe;j fhyg;gFjpahFk;.
Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; tTdpah khtl;lq;fspy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l fy;tp tyaq;fspy;
toq;fg;gLk; fy;tpr; NritapdJ juj;jpid fz;lha;tjw;fhf ,k;khtl;lq;fspy; fy;tpr;
NritfspypUe;J gad; ngWfpd;wtHfsJ Nehf;Ffis ntspf; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhf
tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak; Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;iliag; (CRC) 4 gad;gLj;jpaJ.
,t;twpf;iffy;tpr;
NritfsJ
juj;jpid
Kd;Ndw;Wtw;fhf
cupa
KftH
epWtdq;fSf;F ,dq;fhzy; FwpfisAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.

njhif kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk; (2013). FLk;g tUkhd kw;Wk; nryT fzpg;gPl;lha;T 2012/3> Kjy;epiy mwpf;if> epjp
kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; mikr;R> gf;fk; 28
2
khahJd;Nd G.> ky;nyl; R kw;Wk; N`fd;-]d;fu; J> (2014). [PtNdhghaq;fs;> Nrit toq;fy; kw;Wk; murhs;if
fzpg;gPl;lha;T: ,yq;if> nraw;ghl;L fl;Liu 20 ,ypUe;J mbg;gilr; rhd;W. ghJfhg;ghd [PtNdhgha Muha;r;rp xd;wpak;
3
If;fpa ehLfs; mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; (2014). kdpj kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp mwpf;if 2014> kdpj Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
epiyepWj;Jjy;: gytPdkhd jd;ikfs; kw;Wk; kPs;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jy;> ept; Nahu;f;> gf;fk; 161
4
CRC gw;wpa tpupthd vOj;jhf;fk; gpd;dpizg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;ls;sJ

,f;fzpg;gPl;lha;T rptpy; r%f mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; cs;SH mjpfhu rig nraw;ghL

kw;Wk; gq;fhz;ik epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpdJ xU gFjpahfTk; khtl;l nrayfq;fs; kw;Wk;
khtl;l/ tyaf; fy;tp mjpfhupfsJ xj;Jiog;Gld; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;
(EU) kw;Wk; Rtp]; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; xj;Jiog;gpw;Fkhd epWtdk;(SDC) epjpAjtp toq;Fk;
,r; nraw;jpl;lj;jpy; njhopDl;g $l;LwT kw;Wk; mgptUj;jp KftH epiyaj;Jld;
(ACTED) tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak; gq;Nfw;W nraw;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j CRCkjpg;gPl;lha;it
Kd;ndLj;J
elhj;Jtjw;FtWik Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpw;F ,e;jpahtpd; ngq;fs+H
efupdJ nghJ mYty;fs; epiyak; (PAC) xj;Jiog;G toq;fpaJld; ,jw;fhd epjprhu;
cjtpfs; rHtNjr mgptpUj;jp Ma;T epiyaj;jpdJ Muk;g Kaw;rpahy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
kjpg;gPl;lha;tpd; vz;zf;fUthf;fk; Jtf;fk; tpdhf; nfhj;jpid kPsha;T nra;jy;>Gs;sp
tpgutpay;fis
toq;Fjy;
kw;Wk;
Muk;gf;
fz;lwpTfspd;
ek;gfj;jd;ikapid
re;jpg;Gf;fspy; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpYk; tTdpah kw;Wk; Ky;iyj; jPT khtl;lq;fsJ
fy;tp tyag; gzpg;ghsHfs; kw;Wk; fy;tp mjpfhupfs; jkJ capHg;ghd gq;fspg;gpid
toq;Ffpd;wdH.

1.2 fy;tpr; Nrit toq;fspy;

Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L

ml;il

rKjha ,af;fg;ghl;lhsu;fs;> CLAPP nraw;jpl;lj;jpdJ njupT nra;ag;gl;l fpuhk Nrtfu;

gpuptfspypUe;jhd rptpy;
r%f mikg;Gf;fspd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; jkJ mwpT> mDgtk;
kw;Wk; gpuNjrj;jpd; Njitf;Nfw;g fy;tpj;Jiwia njupTnra;jdu;. tWik Muha;r;rp
epiyak; PAC cldpize;J tTdpah kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fspd; fpuhk NrtfH
gpupTffspypUe;J njupT nra;ag;gl;l rptpy;
r%f mikg;Gf;fspd; mq;fj;jtu;fspl;F
Ie;J ehs; tjptpl gapw;rpnahd;iw elhj;jpaJ. ,g;gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpdJ
gq;FngWeHfs; rKjhaq;fSldhd ,yf;Ff; FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak; kw;Wk; PAC nrad; Kiw topfhl;lYld; fy;tpr;
Nritfspyhd xU tpdhf;nfhj;jpidj; (gpd;dpizg;G 2) jahupj;jJ. ,t;tpdhf;nfhj;J
Nritfis mZFk; jd;ik, juk; kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ik, mnrsfupaq;fs; kw;Wk;
mtw;Wf;fhd jPu;Tfs;;> kiwKf/Nkyjpf nryTfs;> jpUg;jp kw;Wk; mjpUg;jp kl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; tTdpah kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fspy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w fy;tp NritfsJ
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd
fUj;Jiufs;
vd
CRC
,dJ
rfy
$WfspYk;
ftdk;
nrYj;jpAs;sJ. tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak; CRC tpdhf;nfhj;jpd; vOj;J efy; gpujpia
Nrit toq;FeHfshd tyaf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsq;fSld; gfpHe;J nfhz;lJld;
mtHfsJ gpd;D}l;ly; kw;Wk; cs;sPLfSk; tpdhf;nfhj;jpy;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;jpidg;
gad;gLj;jp juT Nrfupg;gJ njhlHghf juT
Nrfupg;ghsHfs; /rptpy; r%f mikg;Gf;fspd; mq;fj;jtu;fspl;F gapw;rp toq;fg;gl;lJld;
KOkjpg;gPl;lha;tpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kd;dH tTdpah kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPtpy; njupT
nra;ag;gl;l fpuhk Nrtfu; gpuptfspy; Kd;Ndhb kjpg;gPl;lha;nthd;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
tTdpahtpy;
400
FLk;gq;fs;
Ky;iyj;jPtpy;
402
FLk;gq;fnsd
nkhj;jk;
vz;Z}w;wpuz;L
FLk;gq;fs;
kjpg;gPl;lha;tpw;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
tTdpah
gpuNjr
nrayfj;jpw;Fl;gl;l 18 fpuhk NrtfH gpupTfspy; tTdpah njw;F fy;tp tyaj;jpypUe;J
gjpdhd;F (14) tTdpah tlf;Ff; fy;tp tyaj;jpypUe;J ehd;F (4) kw;Wk; Ky;iyj; jPT
fy;tp tyaj;jpdJ fiuJiwg;gw;W gpuNjr nrayfj;jpypUe;J 20 fpuhk NrtfH
gpupTfSk; kjpg;gPl;lha;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Xt;nthU fpuhk NrtfH gpupTfspYKs;s
4

khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g fpuhk NrtfH gpupTfspd; kjpg;gPl;lha;Tf;Fj;

Njitahd FLk;gq;fsJ vz;zpf;if jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;lJld; FLk;gq;fs; vOkhw;whf
njupT nra;ag;gl;ld. Xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; ,uz;L Kiw tp[ak; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Kjyhtjpy; FLk;gj;jpy; taJ te;jtnuhUtUld; NeHfhzy; nra;ag;gl;ljld; gpd;dH
mNj FLk;gj;jpYs;s ghlrhiy nry;Yk; gps;isAlDk; NeHfhzy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g Fwpj;j fy;tp tyaq;fspdJ
KbTfs; /fz;lwpTfis Fwpj;j fy;tp tyaj;jpw;Fupajhf Cfpf;f KbAnkdpDk;
khtl;lj;jpw;Fhpajhf nfhs;sKbahJ ,Ue;jhYk; Mtzj;jpidr; RUf;fpf; nfhs;Sk;
Nehf;fpy; mwpf;if khtl;lq;fisf; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf jutpd;
$l;Lg; gFg;gha;tpw;fhf> juTfs; Fbapay; khwpfSf;Nfw;gTk; (cjhuzk;:ghy; )gFg;gha;T
nra;ag;gl;lnjdpDk; mit Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,lq;fspNyNa jug;gl;Ls;sd.

2. khztHfs; kw;Wk; ngw;NwhHfspdJ Jyq;fspyhd gFg;gha;T.

2.1 ghlrhiyfspd; fpilf;fw;wfT> ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; topfs; kw;Wk; ghtid
fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; topahf mz;ikapy; cs;s ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
gad;ghl;bid kjpg;gpl;lJ. kjpg;gPl;lha;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l 802 FLk;gq;fSs; taJ 6-18
,ilapy; ghlrhiy nry;Yk; rpWtHfs; caH rjtPjj;jpy; (98.7%) 1611 NgH ,Ue;jdH. 618 tajpw;fpilg;gl;l ghlrhiy nry;yhjtHfSs; ngUk;ghyhdtHfs; (77%) Mz;
rpWtHfshtH. ,t;thW ghlrhiy nry;yhikf;fhd gpujhd fhuzq;fSs; xd;W
mq;ftPdkhFk; (ml;ltiz-1) vd;gJld; ngUk;ghYk; ,tHfs; ahtUNk ghlrhiyf;F
xU NghJk; nrd;wtHfsy;y vd;gNj mjpf ftdj;jpw;FupajhFk.; ghlrhiyf;Fr;
nrd;wtHfs; ,il tpyFtjhdJ 8Mk; Mz;by; Muk;gpj;J VidNahH f.ngh.j (rh.j)
guPl;iria mLj;J ghlrhiyia tpl;Lk; tpyFfpd;wdH.
ml;ltiz 1: ghlrhiy nry;yhikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; (6-18 tUlq;fs;)
ghlrhiy nry;yhikf;fhd
fhuzq;fs;
mq;ftPdk;

tTdpah

Ky;iyj;jPT

nkhj;jk;

nry;tjw;F tpUg;gkpd;ik

Fiwe;j fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wk;

epjp gpur;rpid

Ntiy nra;jy;

ghlrhiy J}uj;jpy;

NtW

10

11

21

nkhj;jk;

khjpupahd FLk;gq;fSs; ruhrupahf xU FLk;gj;jpy; 2:1 rpWtHfs; ghrhiy

nry;gtHfshtH.
vOgj;jpnahU
(71%)
rjtPjkhd
ngw;NwhH
jkJ
mz;ika
gpuNjrq;fspy; ghlrhiy xd;W cs;sjhff; Fwpg;gpl;ldH. Ky;iyj;jPT fy;tp tyaj;jpy;
jkJ gpuNjrq;fis mz;bajhf ghlrhiyfisf; nfhz;ltHfspy; vOgj;J ehd;F
rjtPjkhd (74%) ngw;NwhH jkJ gps;isfs; cs;s+H ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;tjhf
5

Fwpg;gpl;ldnudpDk; tTdpahf; fy;tp tyaj;jpy; Ik;gJ (50%)rjtPjkhNdhNu ,t;thW

Fwpg;gpl;ldH.
ngw;NwhH jkJ gps;isfis Vida ntspg; gpuNjr ghlrhiyfSf;F mDg;Gtjw;fhd
,d;Dk; gy fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. jkJ gps;isfs; ntspg; gpuNjr ghlrhiyfspy; rpwe;j
fy;tpiag; ngWfpwhu;fs; vd;w ngw;Nwhupd; czHT gpujhd fhuzpahFk; (ml;ltiz 2).
Vida fhuzpfshtd

tFg;giwfspd;ik tpNrlkhd caHju tFg;Gfspd;ik gjpyspg;ghsHfspy; 27

rjtPjkhdtHfs; juk; 11 ,w;F Nky; jkJ cs;s+H ghlrhiyfspy;
tFg;Gfspy;iy vdr; Rl;bf; fhl;bdH.
ngw;NwhHfshd jhk; fw;w ghlrhiyfspy; jkJ gps;isfSk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w tpUg;gk;.
ghy;uPjpahf ntt; Ntwhd ghlrhiyfspy; gbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gk;.
cs;s+H ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s trjpfs; gw;whf; Fiw c + k; MrpupaH

,J ,t;thwpUf;f ,U ,lq;fspYk; ghlrhiyfs; cs;sikNah my;yJ Nritiag;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tNjh gpur;rpiday;yntdpDk; khtl;ljpDs; fy;tp Nrit toq;fspy;
rkkpy;yhikf;fhd Rl;bnahd;Ws;sJ. jdpegH tpUg;Gf;fSf;F fy;tp mjpfhupfs;
gjpyspf;f KbahnjdpDk; khtl;lj;jpDs;shd ghlrhiyfspilNa fy;tp cs;sPLfspd;
juk; njhlHghd fhuzq;fshdit fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;L tpsf;fg;gl Ntz;badthFk;.
mq;ftPdkhd rpWth;fs; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; njhlHghd ,uz;lhtJ
gpur;rpidapy; ngUk;ghYk; vy;NyhUNk jhk; ghlrhiy nrd;wNj ,y;iy vd;Nw
Fwpg;gpl;ldH.

ml;ltiz 2: mz;ikapy; fy;tp trjpfs; cs;sikapd; ed;ikfs;

kpfTk; gaDs;sJ

74%

gpsis ntsp
,lq;fspy; fy;tp
fw;fpd;wJ
94%

XusT gaDs;sJ

26%

6%

kpfTk; gaDs;sJ

77%

82%

XusT gaDs;sJ

23%

18%

fy;tp gaDs;sjh?
ngw;Nwhu;
khztu;fs;

gps;is cs;Supy; fy;tp

fw;fpd;wJ

2.2 fy;tp trjpfspd; juk; kw;Wk; ek;gfj; jd;ik

2.2.1 cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;
,U khtl;lq;fspYk; mwpf;ifg; gLj;jg;gl;l cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspd; juk; rpwe;jjhFk;.
tTdpahtpd;; fhl;bfs; caH ngWkhdj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. Ky;iyj;jPtpy; cl;fl;likg;G
trjpfspy; Fiwe;j jpUg;jp ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;likf;fhd
fhuzk; $Ljyhd khzt
rjtPjj;jpdH Nghjpa fl;ll/tFg;giw trjpfs; ,y;yhik vd Rl;bf;fhl;baikahf
,Uf;fyhk; (ml;ltiz 3) NkYk; mtHfs; tFg;giwfs; ,y;yhj NghJ jhk; kuq;fspd;
fPo; my;yJ NtW tFg;Gf;fSld; ,izj;Njh my;yJ fl;llq;fs; / tFg;giwfs;
fhzg;glhikahy; Ntwhf;fg;gl;Lg; gpupf;fg;glhj miwfspy; ntt;NtW tFg;Gf;fshfNth
elhj;jg;gLtjhf Fwpg;gpl;ldh;.
6

NkYk; trjpfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ tTdpah khztHfspYk; Ky;iyj;jPT

khztHfs;
thrpfrhiy>
tpQ;Qhd
kw;Wk;
fzdp
Ma;T
$l
trjpfisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpf jilfs; cs;sjhf Fwpg;gpl;ldH (ml;ltiz 4) tpQ;Qhd Ma;T
$lq;fs; Fiwthf gad;gLj;Jfpd;wikf;F ghupasT gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfshtd
Ma;T $l cgfuzq;fspd;ik kw;Wk; Ma;T $l cjtpahsHfspd;ikahFk;. trjpfs;
fpilf;fg; ngwhj NghJ khztHfs; mz;ika ghlrhiy Ma;T $lq;fSf;F mioj;Jr;
nry;yg;gLfpd;wdH. ,Ue;jhYk; Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; tTdpah khtl;lj;jpy; gjpYw;w
khztHfspy; KiwNa gjpndl;L (18) kw;Wk; ,uz;L (2) rjtPjkhd khztHfs; jkf;F
Ma;T$l trjpapd;ikahy; jhk; tpQ;Qhdg; gupNrhjidfisr; nra;tjpy;iy vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;ldH. Nghjpa fzdpfs; fhzg;glhik> MrpupaH gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; Nghjpa
kpd;rhu ,izg;Gf;fspd;ikahy; fzdpf; $lq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlHghd
gpur;rpidfs; vOfpd;wd (9% Ky;iyj;jPT).
ePh; kw;Wk; kyry$l trjpfspYk; tTdpahg; ghlrhiy khztHfs; caH
jpUg;jpiaj; njuptpf;fpd;w NghJ Ky;iyj; jPT khztHfs; Fiwthd msT
jpUg;jpiaNa ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wdH. ,U gpuNjr khztHfSk; jkJ ghlrhiyfspy;
fpilf;ff; $bajhd ePH rk;ge;jkhf ntspg;gLj;Jk; rpuj;ij fUj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;bajhFk; (ml;ltiz 5).
tpisahl;Lf;fs; tbtpyhd nghOJ Nghf;F khztHfs; tho;tpy; xU Kf;fpa
$whFk;. jkf;F tpisahLtjw;fhd ikjhdq;fs; FiwthfNt cs;sjhf tTdpahtpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLtJld; (ml;ltiz 6) khztHfs; jhk; mz;ba ghlrhiy ikjhdq;fspy;
my;yJ jkJ gpuNjrj;jpYs;s nghJ tpisahl;L ikjhdj;jpid tpisahl;L
epfo;TfSf;fhf gad;gLj;Jtjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. VO (7) rjtPjj;jpw;F fpl;bajhf
khztHfs;
tpisahl;L
trjpfspd;ikahy;
vt;tpj
tpisahl;L
epfo;TfSk;
,lk;ngWtjpy;iy vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.
,U khtl;l khztHfSk; jkJ ghlrhiyfspy; kUj;Jt trjpfs; ,Ug;gjhf
Fwpg;gpl;ldnudpDk; ngUkghyhd rjtPjj;jpdH (75%) ,J KjYjtpg; ngl;bf;F
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfNt Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. tTdpahtpypUe;J xU rpW rjtPjj;jpdH jkf;F
kUe;J trjpfspd; gFjpahf Xa;tplq;fs; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfSKs;sjhf
Fwpg;gpl;ldH.
kUj;Jt
Nrhjidfs;
Ky;iyj;jPtpYk;
tTdpahtpy;
mjpfk;
epWtg;gl;Ls;sJld; ,it FUjp> fz;> gy;> clw; jpzpT Rl;nlz;> fhJ> Rthrj;
njhFjp> njhz;il> neQ;R kw;Wk; jLg;G+rp Vw;wy; vd;gd njhlHghd NrhjidfshFk;.
,Ue;jhYk; kUj;Jt Nrhjidfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s khztu;fs; ,r;Nrhjidfisj;
njhlHe;J jkf;F gjpT mwpf;if toq;fg;gl;lik FiwT vd;Nw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH
(ml;ltiz 7).
ml;ltiz 3: fl;ll/ tFg;giw trjpfs; rk;ge;jkhf khztu;fspd; jpUg;jp
fl;llj;jpd;
juk;

tFg;giw
trjpfs;

jsghlk;

tTdpah

97%

97%

97%

tFg;giwapy;
,ltrjp
kw;Wk;
ntspr;rk;
97%

Ky;iyj;jPT

78%

81 %

82%

89%

fy;tp tiyak;

ghJfhg;ghd
vy;iy
98%
91%

ml;ltiz 4: E}yf kw;Wk; Ma;T$l trjpfs;

E}yfk;
fy;tp
tiyak;

tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$lk;

ghlrhi
yapy;
E}yfk;
,Uf;fpd;
wJ

E}yfj;
jpy;
Nghjpa
sT
Gj;jfq;
fs;
,Uf;fp
d;wJ

tpQ;Qh
d
Ma;T
$lk;
cs;s
ik

100%

95%

93%

93%

tTdpah
Ky;iyj;jP
T

fzzp Ma;T$lk;

khztu;fs;
Ma;T$lq;fSf;
F
nry;yf;$bajhf
Ts;sd

Ma;T$l
trjpfs;
khztu;f
Sf;F
Nghjpadt
hf
,Uf;fpd;w
J

fzzp
Ma;T
$lk;
cs;s
ik

khztu;fs;
milaf;$b
ajhf
cs;sd

Ma;T$l
trjpfs;
khztu;fSf;F
Nghjpadth,Uf;
fpd;wJ

98%

99%

93%

99%

95%

91%

80%

92%

83%

85%

84%

76%

ml;ltiz 5: ePu; kw;Wk; kyry$l trjpfs;

Fb ePu;

kyry$lk;
Mz;> ngz;
ntt;Ntwhd
kyry$lq;fs;

kyry$
lj;jpw;fh
d ePu;

epue;jukhd
kyry$lk;

90%

Nghjpas
T
kyry$
lq;fs;
97%

98%

95%

99%

64%

91%

99%

88%

92%

fy;tp
tiyak;

Fb
ePu;
trjp

fpzw;Wf;fhd
ghJfhg;G

Fb
ePupd;
juk;

tTdpah
Ky;iyj;jP
T

97%

95%

84%

75%

ml;ltiz 6: tpisahl;L trjpfs;

fy;tp
tiyak;

tpisahl;L
ikjhdk; cs;sJ

tTdpah

75%

tpisahl;L
cgfuzq;fs;
cs;sd
97%

Ky;iyj;jPT

95%

93%

ml;ltiz 7: kUj;Jt trjpfs;

ghlrhiyapy;
VjhtJ kUj;Jt
trjpfs; cs;sd

gps;is ngw;Ws;s
kUj;Jtr;
Nrhjidfs; VJk;

tTdpah

98%

88%

mtu;fs;
kUj;Jt
mwpf;if ml;il
toq;Ffpd;wdu;
38%

Ky;iyj;jPT

91%

37%

34%

fy;tp
tiyak;

2.2.2 MrpupaH Fohk;

ghlrhiyapdhy; toq;fg;gLk; fy;tpapd; jukhdJ khztH jkJ tpUg;gk; kw;Wk;
kdg;ghq;fpd; mbg;gilapy; ghlq;fisj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fspy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
vy;yhg; ghlq;fisAk; fw;gjw;F Nghjpa MrpupaHfs; cs;sduh? kw;Wk; mtHfs; jhk;
fw;gpf;Fk; ghlj;jpy; tpNrl ghz;bj;jpak; ngw;wtHfsh vDk; Nfs;tpfSf;F Ky;iyj;jPT
khztHfs; Fiwe;jsNt cld;ghlhd gjpiy toq;fpdH (tpsf;fg;glk; 1). ,U
khtl;lq;fspYk; jfty; njhopDl;gk;> Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhdk; mfpa ghlq;fspw;Nf
Nghjpa MrpupaHfs; ,y;iynad khztHfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. MrpupaHfs; ,y;yhj
NghJ ghlrhiyfspy; mt;tplaq;fs; fw;gpg;gjpy;iynad;gJld; xU khztd; jdJ
Mw;wy; kw;Wk; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fupa ghlj;ij njupT nra;tjw;fhd tha;g;G ,jdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
8

nghJthd khztHfs;
MrpupaHfSldhd jkJ cwT gw;wp kfpo;r;rpahf
cs;sdH.
MrpupaHfs; Fiwe;jJ jtizf;nfhU juNkDk; jkJ ngw;NwhUld;
re;jpg;Gf;fis
Nkw;nfhs;tjhf
njhd;D}w;wp
Ie;J
(95%)
tPjkhd
khztHfs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. ngw;NwhUk; ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp re;jpg;Gf;fSf;fhf ghlrhiyf;F
tUfpd;wdH (tpsf;fg;glk; 2). caH fy;tp milT kl;lq;fspYs;s Mz; ngw;NwhHfs;
(gy;fiyf;fof juk;) mjpf gpur;rpidfis vOg;gpa mNj Neuk; ,jpYk; Fiwthd
milT kl;lq;fspYs;s (rhjhuz juj;jpYk; Fiwthd) ngz; ngw;NwhH gpur;rpidfis
vOg;GNthuhf ,Ue;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ghlrhiy vJTk; nrd;wpuhj ,U ghyhd
ngw;NwhUNk vt;tpj gpur;rpidfisAk; Kd;itf;ftpy;iy. ,t;thwhf fy;tp milT
kl;lkhdJ ngw;NwhH khztHfSldhd ,ilj;njhlHghlypD}lhf fy;tpr; Nritfis
Kd;Ndw;wp>tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjpy; ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. ngw;NwhH jkJ
gps;isfspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; Fwpj;J MrpupaHfSld; ,ilj; njhlHghLfpd;wdnudpDk;
fl;lhakhf Kfhikj;Jtj;Jld; ,Nj MtYld; re;jpg;gjpy;iy vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
tpsf;fg;glk; 1: Mrpupau; Fohk;
120%

100%

80%

60%

tTdpah
Ky;iyj;jPT

40%

20%

0%

vy;yh
MrpupaHfs;
khztHfs;
tplaq;fSf;Fk; tplaq;fspy; tpNrl
tplaq;fisj;
Nghjpa MrpupaHfs;
NjHr;rp
njupT nra;ayhk;
cs;sdH

ghlj;jpl;lk; cupa
Neuj;jp
Kbf;fg;gly;

jukhd MrpupaH
mZFKiw

tpsf;fg;glk;

2: ghlrhiy gzpf;FO kw;Wk; khztu;fs;/ngw;Nwhupilahd cwT

100%

80%

60%
tTdpah
40%

Ky;iyj;jPT

20%

0%

rpwe;j MrpupaH-khztH
njhlHG

ngw;whH re;jpg;G
eilngw;wJ

rpwe;j MrpupaH njhlHG

cwTfs;-khztHfs; mwpf;if

Kfhikj;Jtj;Jld;
rpwe;j cwT

cwTfs;-ngw;whH mwpf;if

2.2.3 khztH eyd;Gupr; Nritfs;;

,yq;if murhq;fk; fy;tpia xU ngausTr; nrytpy; toq;Ftjw;F Nkyjpfkhf
kjpa Ntis czTfs; > ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; rPUilfs; Nghd;w Vida gy
cjtpfisAk; FLk;gq;fsJ fy;tpr; nrytpid Fiwg;gjw;fhf toq;Ffpd;wJ. tpNrlkhf
twpa
rKjha
kf;fs;
fy;tpia
miltjid
mjpfupj;J
tWikia
tpl;Lk;
ntspNaWtjw;fhd Kf;fpa xU topahfTs;s fy;tpia midtUk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vDk; Nehf;fj;jpNyNa murhq;fk; ,tw;iw Kd;ndLj;Js;sJ5.
tTdpah khtl;lj;jpy; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l khztHfspy; fzprkhd tPjj;jpdH (47%) jkJ
ghlrhiyfspy; kjpa czTj; jpl;lk; ,y;iy vd Rl;bf;fhl;bdH. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf
kjpaczT jahupg;Gr; nrad;Kiw kw;Wk; ghlrhiyapy; toq;fg;gLk; kjpa czT
Rfhjhukw;w tpjj;jpYs;sjhf czug;gl;likahy; ngw;Nwhuplk; jpUg;jpapd;ikahy; rpy
khztHfs; kjpa Nghrdj;jpy; ; gq;Nfw;fhJs;sdH (ml;ltiz 8).

ml;ltiz 8: Mfhuk;
kjpa Mfhuj;ij ngWNthUs;>
fy;tp
tiyak;
tTdpah
Ky;iyj;jP
T

kjpa
czit
ngWfpd;wd
u;
38%
76%

czT rhiy

Neuj;jpw;F
ngWfpd;wd
u;

MNuhf;fpakh
d czT

99%

81%

Kiwahd
tpjj;jpy;
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s
J
90%

98%

92%

91%

94%

cztpd; juk;
- rpwe;jJ vd
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
J
92%

90%

89%

cztfnkhd;
W cs;sJ

ntspehl;L mgptpUj;jp epWtdk; (2006). twpa kf;fSf;fhd fy;tp tha;g;Gf;fs;> ,yq;if. nfhs;if RUf;fk; 11.
,yz;ld; gf;fk; 1-4: nfhs;if fw;iffSf;fhd epWtdk; (). fy;tp tha;g;Gf;fs;. nfhOk;G> gf;fk; 1-4
10

,U khtl;l khztHfSNk jkf;F ghlg;Gj;fq;fSk; rPUilj; JzpAk; fpilj;jjhf

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH (ml;ltiz 9). Ky;iyj; jPT khztHfs; ghlg; Gj;jfq;fis cupa
Neuj;jpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; XusT Fiwe;j rjtPjj;ijf; fhl;baJld; jhk; Vida
khztHfsplkpUe;J Gj;jfq;fisg; ngWtjhf my;yJ xspg; gpujpfs; nra;J my;yJ
tFg;giwf; Fwpg;Gf;fspypUe;J gbg;gjhf Fwpg;gpl;ldH. tTdpah khtl;l khztu;fs;
jkf;F fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fspd; juk; XusT xg;gPl;lstpy; Fiwe;jjhf fUJfpd;wdH.
ml;ltiz 9: murpdhy; toq;fg;gl;lit
fy;tp tiyak;
tTdpah
Ky;iyj;jPT

ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs;
gps;is cupa Neuj;jpy;
ghlg; Gj;jfq;fis
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ
94.3%
90.5%

rPUil
gps;is rPUilia
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ

rPUil Jzpapd;
juk; NghjpaJ

99.80%
99.30%

80%
95%

2.3 fy;tpr; Nritia ngw;Wf;nfhs;sypy; cs;s gpur;rpidfs; my;yJ

mnrsfupaq;fs;
RkhH 23% Md khztHfs; fy;tpr; Nritfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; jhk;
gpur;rpidfisAk; mnrsfupaq;fisAk; vjpH nfhz;ljhf njuptpf;fpd;wdH. ,tw;Wf;fhd
gpujhd fhuzq;fshf MrpupaHfs; ,y;yhik kw;Wk; mtHfspd; fw;gpj;jy; vd;gd
njhlHghd
gpur;rpidfs;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd(ml;ltiz
10).
,uz;lhtjhf
ePH
kyry$lk;kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhf tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs; Nghd;w trjpfs;> fl;llq;fs;
kw;Wk; Nritfs; njhlHghd gpur;rpidfshFk;. ngz; gps;isfs; mjpfk; MrpupaHfs;
kw;Wk; mtHfsJ fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwfs; njhlHghd gpur;rpidfis Kd;itf;Fk;
NghJ Mz; gps;isfs; ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s trjpfs; gw;whf;Fiwia gw;wp tprdk;
njuptpf;fpd;wdH. NeHfhzgg;l;l khztHfsJ ngw;NwhHfSk; ,t;thwhd gpur;rpidfs;
kw;Wk; mnrsfupa kl;lq;fisNa (rjtPjj;jpy;) ntspg;gLj;jpdH.
ml;ltiz 10: gpur;rpidfSk; mnrsfupaq;fSk;
fy;tp Nritfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpyhd
mnrsfupaq;fSf;fhd fhuzq;;fs;
tFg;giwapy; Mrpupau; ,y;yhik

tTdpah
Mz;
ngz;
gps;isfs; gps;isfs;
4%
6%

Ky;iyj;jPT
Mz;
ngz;
gps;isfs; gps;isfs;
7%
9%

Mrpupaupd; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw

4%

3%

5%

9%

NghjpasT Mrpupau;fspd;ik

4%

4%

3%

5%

trjpfs;

4%

1%

14%

7%

kjpg;gPl;lha;T
nra;ag;gl;l
khztHfs;
10%tHfs;
ghugl;rk;
fhl;lg;gLtjhf
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.
Ky;iyj;jPT
ngw;NwhH
ghugl;rk;
fhl;lg;gLtJ
njhlHghf
Kiwg;gLtjpYk; $ba tPjj;jpy; khztHfs; Fwpg;gpLtjhdJ khztu;fs; jk;
ngw;Nwhuplk; FiwthfNt njuptpf;fpd;wdH vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ghugl;rk;
fhl;lg;gLtjhdJ
khztHfspd;
fy;tp
kl;lk;
kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu
#o;epiy
mbg;gilapNyNa ngupJk; cs;sJld; MrpupaHfNs gpujhdkhf ghugl;rk; fhl;Ltjhf
njuptpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH (ml;ltiz 11). ghugl;rk; fhl;lg;gl;ltu;fs; ,t;NtWghlhdJ gy
%yq;fspypUe;Jk; ,lk;ngwyhk; vd;gJld; rpy Neuq;fspy; khztu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;
kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd %d;W rhuhuhYk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wjhf Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;.

11

ml;ltiz 11: ghugl;rk; fhl;Ljy;

ghugl;rk;
mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;
khztu;fs;
Mrpupau;fs;
ahu; ghugl;rk; fhl;Lfpd;wdu; - ghugl;rk; fhl;Ljy;
mwpf;ifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s khztu;fspd; rjtPjkhf (gyjug;gl;l
fhuzq;fspdhy; ghugl;rk; fhl;lg;gl;bUf;fyhk;)
Mrpupau;fs;
khztu;fs;

tTdpah

Ky;iyj;jPT

7.3%
8.0%

14%
10%

48.5%

58.8%

48.5%

33.8%

Kfhikj;jtk;
ghugl;rj;jpw;fhd mbg;gil - ghugl;rk; fhl;Ljy;
mwpf;ifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s khztu;fsj rjtPjkhf (gyjug;gl;l
fhuzq;fspdhy; ghugl;rk; fhl;lg;gl;bUf;fyhk;;)
fy;tp kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g

3%

7.4%

53.8%

49.4%

nghUshjhu epiyikf;Nfw;g

28.2%

25.3%

r%f gpd;dzpf;Nfw;g

10.3%

8.4%

ngw;Nwhu; ghlrhiy Kfhikj;Jtj;Jld; nfhz;Ls;s cwT

Mrpupau;fSf;F vjpuhf ngw;Nwhu; jiyapLtjhy;/ KiwaPL
nra;tjhy; fhl;lg;gLk; ghugl;rk;

0.0%

9.6%

2.6%

4.8%

ngz; gps;isfspYk; Mz; gps;isfNs xg;gPl;lstpy; $Ljyhf jz;bf;fg;gLtjhf

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH vdpDk; xU rpy ngw;NwhNu ghlrhiyapy; jz;lid toq;fg;gLjy;
njhlHghf Fwpg;gpLtjhdJ khztHfs; xU rpyNu ngw;Nwhuplk; njuptpf;fpd;wdH
vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ (ml;ltiz 12). gpujhd fhuz fh;j;jhthf MrpupaH
Fwpg;gplg;gLtJld; gpupTj; jiytH> mjpgHfSld; khztj; jiytHfSk; $l
khztHfis jz;bf;fpd;wdH. 2005 Nk 11 Mk; jpfjp fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy;
ntspaplg;gl;l Rw;wwpf;ifapy; ED/01/12/01/04/24 ghlrhiyfspy; clypay; jz;lidfs;
toq;fg;gl KbahJ 6 vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wnjdpDk; ghlrhiyfspy; ,d;Dk;
xOf;fj;ij
NgZtjw;fhd
gpujhd
topahf
clypay;
jz;lidfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld; khztHfs; tha; nkhopuPjpahf J~;gpuNafq;fs; kw;Wk; Kiwaw;w
nrhw; gpuNahfq;fis gw;wp Kiwg;gLfpd;wdH. Fwpg;ghf tlf;F fy;tp kPsha;T
mwpf;ifapd; gj;J kpf Kf;fpa gupe;JiufSs; Kjyhtjhf clypay; jz;lidfs;
jilnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ7.
tha;g;Gf;fs; njhlHghf $Wk; NghJ khztHfs; jkf;F jiyikj;Jt tha;g;Gf;fs;
kw;Wk; epfo;Tfspy; gq;Nfw;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; fpilg;gjhfNt njuptpf;fpd;wdH
(ml;ltiz 13). tTdpah khtl;l khztHfsJ ngw;Nwhu; jiyikj;Jt epiyfs;
njhlHghf
jkJ
gps;isfSf;F
rk
tha;g;Gf;fs;
toq;fg;gLtjpy;
,NjasT
cld;ghl;bid njuptpf;ftpy;iy. MrpupaHfs; gf;fk; njupT nra;jypy; ghugl;rk;
,Uf;fyhk; vd;gNj gpujhd Kiwg;ghlhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.

(2014). rpWtu;fspy; clypay; jz;lizfs;: ,yq;if epiyik. rpWtu; Rfhjhu ,yq;if rQ;rpif> 2014:43(2): 71-72

tl khfhz fy;tp mikr;R> fyhr;rhu mYty;fs;> tpisahl;L kw;Wk; ,isQu; mYty;fs; (2014). tl fy;tp njhFjp
kPsha;T> aho;g;ghzk; gf;fk; xxi
12

ml;ltiz 12: jz;lizfs;

jz;liz

tTdpah

Ky;iyj;jPT

47%
35%

57%
39%

30%

34%

mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;
khztu;fs; Mz;
khztu;fs; ngz;
Mrpupau;fs;
ahu; jz;bf;fpd;wdu; - jz;bj;jy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
khztu;fsJ rjtPjkhf (gyjug;gl;l jz;lidfshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;)
tFg;ghrpupau;

84%

91%

gFjpj; jiytu;

7%

13%

mjpgu;
jz;lizapd; tif - jz;bj;jy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
khztu;fsJ rjtPjkhf (gyjug;gl;l jz;lidfshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;);)
gpuk;gpdhy; mbj;jy;

8%

10%

74%

53%

Koq;fhyply;

4%

19%

tFg;giwf;F ntspapy; epWj;Jjy;

19%

29%

NtW

5%

4%

J~;gpuNahfk;
kjpg;gPl;lha;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l Fbj;njhifapd; vy;yh khztu;fsJk;
rjtPjkhf J~;gpuNahfk; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s khztu;fs;

5%

11%

tTdpah

Ky;iyj;jPT

91%

93%

94%

94%

83%

92%

91%

93%

ml;ltiz

13: tha;g;Gf;fs;

khztu;fshy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;
jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; rkkhd tha;g;Gf;fis khztu;fs;
ngWfpd;wdu;
epfo;r;rpfspy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F rkkhd tha;g;Gf;fis khztu;fs;
ngWfpd;wdu;
ngw;Nwhu;fshy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;
jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; rkkhd tha;g;Gf;fis khztu;fs;
ngWfpd;wdu;
epfo;r;rpfspy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F rkkhd tha;g;Gf;fis khztu;fs;
ngWfpd;wdu;

kjpg;gPl;lha;T
nra;ag;gl;l
khztHfSs;
miuthrpahNdhH
ghlrhiyapy;
jhk;
Kiwg;ghLfs; / gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. ,tw;Ws; njuptpf;fg;gl;l /
fye;JiuahlYf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l ngUk;ghyhd gpur;rpidfs; jpUg;jpfukhf
jPHf;fg;gl;ljhf ,Ue;jJld; cupa mjpfhupfSld; nghJthf MrpupaHfSld; khztHfs;
cz;ikapy; gpur;rpidg;gl;lit rpwpa xU rjtPjkhfNt cs;sJ (tpsf;fg;glk; 3 kw;Wk;
tpsf;fg;glk;
4)
ngw;NwhH
gpur;rpidfis
Kd;ndLj;Jr;
nry;y
Ntz;lhnkd
mwpTWj;JtJk; jhkhfNt khztHfs; gpur;rpidapy;iy vd czHtJk; ,k;khztHfs;
jkJ Kiwg;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;L nry;yhikf;fhd fhuzq;fshFk;. NkYk; mtHfs;
,r;nraw;ghLfis mwpe;jpuhik kw;Wk; jkJ Kiwg;ghLfs; fhuzkhf kPz;Lk;
ghjpf;fg;glyhk; vdf; fUjpaikiaAk; njuptpj;jdH.

13

tpsf;fg;glk;

3: gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;jy;

250

200

150
tTdpah
100

Ky;iyj;jPT

50

ghlrhiyapy; gpur;rpid
ghlrhiyapy;
njhlu;ghf Kiwg;ghL fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ
nra;ag;gl;lJ

gjpy;fs; fpilj;jd

gjpy;fs;
jpUg;jpfukhdit

tpsf;fg;glk;; 4: gpur;rpid mwpf;ifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ

2.4 kiwKf nryTfs; / Nkyjpf nryTfs;

fy;tp
mikr;rpdJ
Rw;wwpf;if
2013/11
khztHfsplkpUe;J
mbg;gilf;
fl;lzj;ijj; jtpu NtW vt;tpj Nkyjpf njhifAk; mwtplg;gl KbahJ vd
Ntz;Lfpd;wJ. kjpg;gPl;lha;Tf;Fl;gl;l khztHfs; kw;Wk; ngw;NwhHfs; ghlrhiyfspy;
trjpf;; / Mz;L fl;lzj;ij tplTk; gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhf gzk; Nrfupg;gjhf
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH (ml;ltiz 14). ,tw;Ws; ghlrhiy epfo;Tfis (guprspg;G tpoh>
tpisahl;Lg;
Nghl;bfs;>
ghJfhg;G
mYtyu;fis
mkHj;Jjy;,
ghlrhiyf;F
epwg;G+r;rpLtjw;Fkw;Wk;
kpd;
trjp
toq;fy;
Nghd;wd)xOq;fikg;gjw;fhf
gzk;
Nrfupg;gJk; cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ.

14

ghlrhiyfspy;
,t;thwhd
nfhLg;gdTfs;
njhlHghd
nghWg;ghz;ikAk;
ntspg;gilahd jd;ikANk ,uz;lhtJ tplakhFk;. ,uz;L khtl;lq;fspYk; tUlhe;jk;
nghJf; $l;lq;fspy; fzf;Ffs; njhlHghd mwpf;iffs; Kd;itf;fg;gLtJ xU rpwe;j
nrad;Kiwahf ,Uf;fpd;wJld; (ml;ltiz 15)gw;Wr;rPl;Lf;fs; toq;fg;gLtJ Fiwthf
mjhtJ Ky;iyj;jPT fy;tp tyaj;jpy; kpfTk; Fiwthf njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy;
,t;thW gw;Wr;rPl;Lf;fs; toq;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,J KiwNa tTdpah kw;Wk;
Ky;iyj;jPtpy; 10 rjtPj> 12rjtPj ngw;NwhUld; mr;rk; kw;Wk; mjpUg;jpiaj;
Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJld; mtu;fs; nfhLg;gdTfs; nra;jy; jk;kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLtjhf
Kiwg;gLfpd;wdu;. tPl;Lf;F jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gly;> my;yJ tFg;giwf;F ntspNa
epWj;Jjy;> clypay; jz;lizfs; kw;Wk; guPl;irf;F Njhw;w mDkjpf;fg;glhjpUj;jy;
Nghd;wdTk; jk;kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLk; eilKiwfshf khztu;fs; Kiwg;gLfpd;wdu;.
fl;lzq;fs; nrYj;j Kbahj khztu;fs; mjid ep&gpg;gjw;fhd Mtzq;fis
Kd;itf;f KbAnkdpd; ghlrhiy mk;khztDf;F tpjptpyf;F mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
fy;tpr; Rw;wwpf;if 2013/11 Fwpg;ghf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 14: fl;lzk;/ ghlrhiy nfhLg;gdT

fl;lzk;/ nfhLg;gdT

nfhLg;gdT nra;NthUs;
gw;Wr;rl
P ;Lf;fs;
nfhLf;fg;gLk; tPjj;ij
Fwpf;fpd;wJ
tTdpah
Ky;iyj;jPT

tPjj;jpy; gy;NtW
nfhLg;gdTfis
Fwpf;fpd;wJ
tTdpah

Ky;iyj;jPT

trjpf; fl;lzk;

98%

72%

52.0%

14.0%

ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp

81%

32%

30.0%

4.0%

tUlhe;j fl;lzk;
epfo;Tfis xOq;fikg;gjw;fhd
fl;lzk;
ed;nfhil

66%

59%

25.0%

6.0%

65%

78%

1.3%

1.7%

6%

9%

1.0%

0.7%

NtW

13%

20%

1.3%

0.5%

ml;ltiz 15: tUlhe;j nghJf; $l;lq;fs;

tUlhe;j nghJf; $l;lj;jpy; fzf;Ffis Kd;itf;Fk;
eilKiwfs;
tUlhe;j nghJf; $l;lq;fspd; NghJ tUlhe;j fzf;Ffis
nfhLf;fpd;wdu;w
$l;lj;jpd; NghJ fzf;Ffis gw;wpa jfty;fis
Nfl;ff;$bajhf cs;sJ
NghJkhdsT jfty;fs; jug;gLfpd;wJ

tTdpah

Ky;iyj;jPT

95%

98%

98%

98%

98%

97%

2.5 jpUg;jp kl;lq;fs;

cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspd; juj;jpidf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sk; NghJ Ky;iyj;jPT
khztHfs; Fiwe;jsT jpUg;jpia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH vdpDk; tTdpah khztHfs;
jkf;F fpilj;Js;s cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis gw;wp jpUg;jpailtjhf $Wfpd;wdH.
Ky;iyj;jPT ghlrhiyfspy; Nehf;fg;gl;l juk; Fiwe;j ePH toq;fy; (ml;ltiz 5)
trjpfs; gw;wp njuptpf;fg;gl;l Fiwe;jsT jpUg;jpapy; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ (tpsf;fg;glk; 5).

15

tpsf;fg;glk;

5: trjpfSld; jpUg;jp kl;lq;fs; - khztu;fs; khztu;fs;

KOj;jpUg;jp ia njupag;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;

100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0

tTdpah

40.0

Ky;iyj;jPT

30.0
20.0
10.0
.0

ghlrhiyf;
fl;llj;jpd; juk;

ePu; trjpfs;

Rfhjhu trjpfs; rpw;Wz;br;rhiy

nghJthf MrpupaH FohkpYs;s MrpupaHfspd; vz;zpf;if> mtHfsJ tuT

mtHfsJ fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwfs; > ghltplaq;fs; fpilf;fw;wfT
vdgdtw;wpy; khztHfs; caH jpUg;jpia ntspg;gLj;jpdH. ,Ue;jhYk; > Ky;iyj;jPT
khztHfs; tpNrlkhf khztpfs; MrpupaHfspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; toq;fg;gLk; fy;tp
njhlHghf xg;gPl;lstpy; Fiwe;j jpUg;jpiaNa ntspg;gLj;JtJld; Ky;iyj;jPtpy;
tpNrlkhf khztpfs; fy;tp milT tpLglhJ cWjp nra;tjjhdJ mjpf tpsf;fj;jpw;F
nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; (glk; 6).
tpsf;fg;glk;; 6: fw;gpj;jYld; jpUg;jp kl;lq;fs; - khztu;fs; khztu;fs;
KOj;jpUg;jp ia njupag;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00

tTdpah

40.00

Ky;iyj;jPT

30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00

Mrpupau;fspd; Mrpupau;fspd; Mrpupau;fshy;

tuT
vz;zpf;if toq;fg;gLk;
fy;tp

fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwik

ghltplaq;fs;
fpilffw;wfT

fy;tp trjpfs; kw;Wk; fy;tp miltpid Kd;Ndw;Wtjpy; ngw;NwhH kw;Wk;

khztHfs;>jk;
MrpupaHfSlDk;
ghlrhiy
Kfhikj;Jtj;JlDk;
,ilj;njhlHghlYf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;JtJ xU Kf;fpa nrad;Kiwahfpd;wJ.
16

tTdpahtpy;
ngw;NwhH
kw;Wk;
khztHfs;
jk;
MrpupaHfSlDk;
ghlrhiy
Kfhikj;Jtj;JlDk; mjpf ,ilj; njhlHghliy fhl;LtJld; ,J gpur;rpidfisj;
jPHj;Jf;
nfhs;sTk;
top
nra;Js;sJ
(glk;
7).
Ky;iyj;jPT
ngw;NwhHfs;
Kfhikj;Jtj;Jld; mjpfsT njhlh;Gfis njupag;gLj;jpdhYk; khztHfs; jkJ ,ilj;
njhlHghly;
kw;Wk;
gpur;rpidfis
jPHj;Jf;
nfhs;sy;
rk;ge;jkhf
Fiwe;jsT
kfpo;r;rpiaNa ntspg;gLj;jpdH.
tpsf;fg;glk;; 7: Mrpupau;fSldhd ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; - khztu;fSk; ngw;NwhUk;;
KOj;jpUg;jp ia njupag;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;
100.0
95.0
90.0
85.0

khztu;

jfty;fis toq;Ftjpy;
mYtyu;fspd; xj;Jiog;G

gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf mZfp

fye;JiuahLtjw;F ghlrhiy
epu;thfj;jpdupd; Neu xJf;fPL

gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf mZfp

fye;JiuahLtjw;F Mrpupau;fspd;
Neu xJf;fPL

gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjpy;
nray;jpwd;

gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf re;jpj;jy;

fye;Jiuahlypw;F Mrpupau;fspd;
Neu xJf;fPL

75.0

Mrpupau;fSldhd cwTepiy

80.0
tTdpah
Ky;iyj;jPT

ngw;Nwhu;

tTdpah KOtJkhf caH jpUg;jpAld; ,Uf;ifapy; (glk; 8) Ky;iyj; jPT

ghlrhiyfs;
khztHfs;
kw;Wk;
ngw;NwhHfspilNa
caH
jpUg;jp
kl;lq;fis
miltjw;fhf Neuk; kw;Wk; Kaw;rpfis gad;gLj;jp Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ky;iyj;jPtpy;
khztHfspYk; khztpfs; Fiwe;j kl;l jpUg;jpia njupag;gLj;JtjhdJ ,d;Dk; Ma;T
nra;ag;gl Ntz;banjhd;whFk;.

17

tpsf;fg;glk; 8: nkhj;j jpUg;jp

85%
80%
75%
tTdpah

70%

Ky;iyj;jPT

65%
60%

Mz;fs;

ngz;fs;

Mz;fs;

khztu;

2.6 Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd

ngz;fs;
ngw;Nwhu;

fUj;Jf;fs;

jkJ khtl;lq;fspy; fy;tpr; Nritfis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhf ngw;NwhUk; khztHfSk;

gy fUj;Jf;fis toq;fpdH. mtw;Ws; gy ,U khtl;lq;fSf;Fk; nghJthf ,Ue;jJld;
mit gpd;tUkhW trjpfs; / Nritfs; > fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; epjp vd %d;W gpupTfSs;
gl;bay;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd (ml;ltiz16).
ml;ltiz 16: fy;tpr; Nritfis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhf khztu;fs; kw;Wk;
ngw;Nwhu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs;
tTdpah
Ky;iyj;jPT
trjpfs;/ Nritfs;
ghlrhiyapy; NghJkhdsT Rj;jkhd ePu; ,Ug;gij cWjpg;gLj;jy;
cztf trjpfs; - NghjpasT ,lk;> Rj;jk; kw;Wk; jukhd cztpid toq;Fjy;
NghjpasT ePUld; Nghjpa fopg;gpl trjpfs;
rPUilj;Jzp NghjpasT ,y;iy
tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs;

NghjpasT ,lq;fSld; fl;llq;fspd; juk;

cau;j;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;

fw;gpj;jy;
ghlq;fSf;F (tpNrl epGzj;Jtj;Jldhd gapw;wg;gl;l) Mrpupau;fis kw;Wk; cjtpg; gzpf;FOit
epakpj;jy;
Mrpupau;fspd; nrad;Kiwfis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhf Mw;wy; tpUj;jp kw;Wk; gapw;rp Njit
Mrpupau;fs; Neuj;jpw;F rKfkspj;jYk;
fw;gpj;jypd; NghJ ifalf;f njhiyNgrp
ghtidia jtpu;j;jYk;
epjp
,ytr fy;tp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;
Nkyjpf nryTfs; jtpu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

18

3. Kf;fpa KbTfs;
Ky;iyj;jPtpy; Ky;iyj;jPT fy;tp tyaj;jpYk; tTdpa khtl;lj;jpy; tTdpah
tlf;F kw;Wk; njw;F fy;tp tyaq;fspYk; cs;s ghlrhiyfsJ fy;tp trjpfis NkYk;
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fis toq;ff;$ba gy tplaq;fs; ,k;kjpg;gPl;lha;tpypUe;J
njupa te;Js;sd. fy;tp mjpfhupfs; fy;tp cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd
gy gbfis cz;ikahfNt vLf;fpd;w mNj Neuk; ,U khtl;lq;fspYk; fy;tp rhH
tpisTfs; kw;Wk; mDgtq;fis Kd;Ndw;Wtjpy; khztH eyd;Gup > MrpupaH FohkpdJ
juk; kw;Wk; khztHfsJ Njitfspyhd cupikfs; vd;gtw;Wf;Fk; ,Njasthd my;yJ
$Ljyhd ftdk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,U khtl;lq;fspYk; ghlrhiyfspd; fpilf;fw;wfTk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba
topfSk; rpwe;jjhf ,Ug;gpDk; tpNrlkhf tTdpahtpy; ghlrhiyfspd; ghtid fye;jjhf
cs;sJ. jhk; fy;tp fw;w ghlrhiyfspNy jkJ gps;isfSk; fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
ngw;NwhHfspd; jdp tpUg;ghdJ ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; ghlrhiyfspd; gad;ghl;Lf;F gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;fpd;w mNj Neuk; MrpupaHfspd; fy;tpg; gw;whf;Fiw > tFg;giwfspd; gw;whf;Fiw
kw;Wk; toq;fg;gLk; tplak; kw;Wk; trjpfs; fhuzkhf jkJ tPLfSf;F mz;ikapYs;s
ghlrhiyfspy; toq;fg;gLk; fy;tpapd; juk; Fiwe;jjhf Nehf;fg;gLtJk; ,k;khtl;lj;jpd;
fy;tpr;Nitfs; toq;fypd; rkkpy;yhj jd;ikapid vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhf cs;sJ. rfy
mq;ftPdkhd gps;isfSk; jhk; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yNtapy;iy vdf; Fwpg;gpLtjhdJ
NkYk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba Fwpg;ghFk; vd;gJk; ,k;kl;Lg;gLj;jYf;fhd
fhuzq;fis NkYk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
nghJthf fy;tp cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; caHe;jstpy; jpUg;jpfukhf tTdpah
kl;lj;jpYs;sJld; (97 rjtPjk;) Ky;iyj; jPtpy; (78 rjtPjk;) XusT Fiwe;j jpUg;jpAld;
cs;sJ. ,J vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl Ntz;ba xd;whFk;. Vnddpy; ePz;l Aj;j fhyq;fspd; NghJ
tl khfhzj;jpd; EioT thapy; Nghy; ,Ue;jJ tTdpah khtl;lNk. mfjpfs; kw;Wk;
kf;fs; cs; ntspr; nry;YkplkhfTk; mNj Nghy; tl khfhzj;jpy; ,aq;fpa gy;NtW
cjtp mikg;Gf;fSf;fhd EioT thapyhfTk; tTdpah khtl;lkpUe;jJ. Mdhy;
Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lkhdJ 2009 Nk khjk; MAj NkhjypypUe;J ,Wjpahf kPl;rp ngw;w
khtl;lkhFk;. cl;fl;likg;G njhlHghf tTdpah khztHfsJ gpujhd gpur;rpid
tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fshf ,Ug;gJld; mtHfSs; VO rjtPjkhNdhH Nghjpa tpisahl;L
trjpfspd;ikahy; jkf;F tpisahl;L epfo;Tfs; ,lk;ngWtjpy;iy vd njuptpf;fpd;wdu;.
Ky;iyj;jPT khztHfsJgpujhd rpuj;ijahf Nghjpa tFgg;giw trjpfspd;ik fhuzkhf
kuq;fspd; fPo; tFg;giwfs; elhj;jg;gLtJld; tFg;giwfs; NrHj;J my;yJ gpupf;fg;glhj
tFg;giwfspy; NtW NtW tFg;Gf;fs; elhj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Ma;T$l cjtpahsHfs; kw;Wk;
kpd;dpizg;Gf;fs; NghjpasT ,y;yhikahy; tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; fzdp Ma;T$l trjpfis
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbahik kw;Wk; jukhd ePh; ,d;ik mtHfsJ ghlrhiyapy; Nkhrkhd
epiyikfshFk;.
khztHfs; jkJ MrpupaHfSldhd ,ilj; njhlHGfs; Fwpj;J re;Njhrkhf
cs;sdH. khztHfsJ Kd;Ndw;wk; Fwpj;J fye;JiuahLtjw;fhf Fiwe;jJ xU
jtizf;nfhU juNkDk; ngw;NwhH MrpupaH re;jpg;Gf;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. tTdpah
khztHfs; jkf;F nghJthf vy;yh tplaq;fSf;Fk; MrpupaHfs; cs;sjhfTk; (90%) Md
tplaq;fspy; tpNrl NjHr;rp ngw;w MrpupaHfshf cs;sjhfTk; (80%) $Wfpd;wdnwdpDk;
Ky;iyj;jPT khztHfs; vy;yhg; ghlq;fSf;Fk; MrpupaHfs; FiwthfNt cs;sjhfTk;
(65%) ghlq;fspy; tpNrl NjHr;rp ngw;wtHfSk; FiwT (70%) vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. ,U
khtl;lq;fspYKs;s khztHfs; jfty; njhopDl;gk; > Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhdg;
ghlq;fSf;F Nghjpa MrpupaHfs; ,y;yhikia Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wdH. tpidjpwdhd
19

fw;gpj;jYf;fhf MrpupaHfspd; Mw;wy; tpUj;jpahf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd khztHfs; kw;Wk;

MrpupaHfs; vd ,U rhuhUNk njuptpf;fpd;wdH.
FLk;gq;fSf;F fy;tp kPjhd nrytpidf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf ,yq;if murhq;fk; gy
eyd;Gup cjtpfis toq;Ffpd;wJ. ghlg;gj;jfq;fs;> rPUilj;Jzp kw;Wk; kjpa Neu czT
toq;fy;fs; ,tw;Ws; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. ,tw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf khztHfsJ kUj;Jt
NrhjidfSf;Fk; cjtp toq;Ffpd;wJ. rpy rpy tprdq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; nghJthf
MrpupaHfSk; khztHfSk; eyd;Gup Nritfis ghuhl;Lfpd;wdH. tTdpatpypUe;J
fzprkhdsT rjtPjkhd khztHfs; (47%) jkJ ghlrhiyfspy; kjpa
Neu
czTj;jpl;lk; nraw;gLtjpy;iy vdj; njuptpg;gJld; ,jw;fhd fhuzk; khfhzf; fy;tp
mjpfhupapdhy; cWjp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. Ky;iyj;jPtpy; xU rpwpa rjtPjkhd (37%)
khztHfNs>
,J
tTdpahtpy;
(88%)
jhk;
kUj;Jtg;
gupNrhjidf;Fl;gl;ljhf
njuptpj;Js;sJld; Ky;iyj;jPT fy;tp mjpfhupfs; ,k;kUj;Jt Nrhjidfis Kiwahd
jpl;lj;Js; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;.
NkNy
$wg;gl;ltw;Wf;F
Nkyjpfkhf
njhFjpthupahd
gy
gpur;rpidfis
khztHfSk; MrpupaHfSk; fy;tp mjpfhupfSk; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;Lte;Js;sdH. ,tw;Ws;
gpd;tUtd cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
-

MrpupaHfs; khztHfsJ fy;tp kl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gpujhdkhf ghugl;rk;

fhl;Lfpd;wJld; khztHfsJ nghUshjhu #o;epiy kw;Wk; FLk;g r%fg;
gpd;dzpfs; fhuzkhfTk; ghugl;rk; fhl;Ltjhf khztHfs; njuptpf;fpd;wdH.
fy;tp mikr;rhdJ clypay; jz;lidfs; toq;fg;gLtjid epWj;Jtjw;fhf
eltbf;iffs; vLj;jpUg;gpDk; ,d;Dk; khztpfs; cs;slq;fyhf clypay;
jz;lidfs; njhlHe;Jk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Vwj;jho
gjpyspj;j
khztHfSf;Nf
gpur;rpidfs;
,Ue;j
mNj
Neuk;
njupag;gLj;jg;gl;l gpur;rpidfSs; fhy;thrp khj;jpuk; cupa ghlrhiy mjpfhupfspd;
ftdj;jpw;F vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjhdJ khztHfs; jkf;Fupa jPHTfspy; re;Njfk;
nfhs;shjthW gpur;rpidfisf; ifahs;tjw;fhd xU jpl;lkpd;ikiaNa vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
tUlhe;j / trjpfs; fl;lzq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf NkYk; gy Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk;
fy;tp
mikr;rpdJ
mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F
vjpuhd
khztHfs;
fl;lzk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wdH. ,tw;Ws; epfo;Tfs; xOq;fikg;gjw;F > ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp
kw;Wk; epjpg;ghJfhg;G vd;gd Nghd;wd cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. ,Ue;jhYk; khztHfs;
kPJ,jidr; nrYj;JtJ jpzpf;fg;gLfpd;wnjdpDk;
nfhLg;gdT nra;ahkypUg;gpd;
tPLfSf;F
jpUg;gp
mDg;gg;gly;
my;yJ
guPl;ir
vOJtjw;F
mDkjpf;fg;glhjpUj;jy; cs;slq;fyhf jz;lidfSf;F cs;shf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
,J khztHfsJ fy;tp milTfis ghjpg;gJld; ,ytr fy;tpia cupa Kiwapy;
toq;FtJkpy;iy.

4. tyaf;fy;tp mjpfhupfspd; gjpw;Fwpg;G

CRC fz;lwpTfs; Ky;iyj;jPT, tTdpah tlf;F kw;Wk; tTdpah njw;F fy;tp tya
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F 2014 Gul;lhjp khjk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f; fz;lwpTfspw;F
Ky;iyj;jPT
kw;Wk;
tTdpah
njw;F
tyaf;
fy;tp
gzpkidapdJ
Kfhikj;Jtj;jplkpUe;J fpilj;j gjpy;fs; KiwNa gpd;dpizg;G 3> 4 ,y;
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
20

fy;tpr;Nritia mZFtjid cupa gq;Fjhuu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly; %yk;

Nkk;gLj;jy; fy;tpr; Nritf;fhd trjpfspd; juk; kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ikia tYg;gLj;jy;
(Mrpupau; ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gjy;> Ma;T $l trjpfs;,murhq;fj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk;
kjpa czT Nghd;w khztu; eyd;Gup eltbf;iffis Nkk;gLj;jy;), clypay;
jz;lidfs;,ghugl;rk; Nghd;wtw;iw ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;>epjpf; fl;Lg;ghLfs; / tpjpKiwfs;
ghlrhiyfspy; gpd;gw;wg;gLtjid cWjpg;gLj;jy; Mfpa tplaq;fis ngwg;gl;l
gjpw;Fwpg;Gfspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
Ky;iyj;jPT
tyaf;
fy;tpg;
gzpkid
fy;tpr;Nritia mZFtjid Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jpAs;s mNj Ntis njw;F tyaf;
fy;tpg;
gzpkid
clypay;
jz;lidfis
,y;yhnjhopj;jiy
Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

gpd;dpizg;G 1: Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;il vd;why; vd;d?

8

Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;ilahdJ tWikg;gLj;jg;gl;l NritfsJ milT kw;Wk;

ed;ikfspy; xU tpupthd fPopUe;J Nkyhd kjpg;gPl;bid toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J nghJ
kf;fs;
Nritfisg;
ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjpy;
kf;fs;
Kfk;
nfhLf;Fk;
jilfis
,zq;fhz;gJld;> juk; kw;Wk; ,tw;wpd; Nghjpa jd;ikf;fhd msTNfhypl;L mNj Nghy;
Nrit toq;Fk; gzpf;FOtpdJ tpidj;jpwzpidAk; ,dq;fhz;fpd;wJ. ,tw;wpypUe;J
ngwg;gLk; cs;shHe;j fz;lha;Tfs; JiwrhH nfhs;iffs;> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l cj;jpfs; kw;Wk;
Nrit
toq;Fk;
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy;
jilfis
Kd;itj;J
Nrit
toq;fiy
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd gupe;Jiufis cUthf;Ftjpy; cjTfpd;wJ.
Fbkf;fs;
kjpg;gPl;L
ml;ilfs;
gy;NtW
nghJr;
NritfsJ
(ghtidahsu;fs;;)
gad;ghl;lhsHfspd; gy $l;lhd mDgtq;fspid Nritfisj; jug;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
mbg;gilahf nfhs;fpd;wJ. gy;NtW epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy; Kfk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;w jdpegH
gpur;rpidfis nghJthd JiwrhH gpur;rpidfshf khw;wTk; Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L
ml;ilfs; cjTfpd;wd Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;l kpf Nkhrkhd epiyapYs;s gpur;rpidfis
ftdj;jpw;nfLj;J
kPs;
rPuhf;fq;fs;
kw;Wk;
jpUj;jw;
nraw;ghLfis
Kd;Dupikg;gLj;JtjpYk;
,J
cjTfpd;wJ.
ey;y
nrad;Kiwfis
,dq;fz;L
fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; mZFKiwfis xd;Wld; xd;W ,izj;J Ma;T nra;J
gad;gLj;jTk; cjTfpd;wJ.
Fbkf;fs;
kjpg;gPl;L
ml;ilfs;
nghJr;
Nritg;
gad;ghl;lhsHfshy;
Efug;gLk;
,r;NritapdJ juj;jpy; xU msTNfhypid toq;Ffpd;wJ. vdNt jdpg;gl;l gpuirfs;
Kfk;nfhLf;ff;$ba Fwpg;ghd gpur;rpidfisAk; kPwp Nrit tbtikg;G kw;Wk; toq;fypd;
Vida $WfsJ Nehf;Ffspy; ,tw;iw cupa ,lj;jpy; itj;J mNj Nghy; Vida
NritfSld; xg;gpLtjd; %yk; cupa mjpfhupfs; Njitahd nraw;ghLfis Jtf;fp
Kd;ndLf;f J}z;Lfpd;wJ.
Fbkf;fs;
jhk; jpUg;jp milAk; my;yJ jpUg;jpAWk; kl;lq;fis vspa nrhw;fspNyh
my;yJ njsptw;w gjq;fspNyh Kd;itf;fpd;w mtHfsJ gpd;D}l;liy mwpf;if ml;il
toq;Ffpd;wd. cjhuzkhf FbePH toq;fypy; juk; gw;wp xU gpuir juf;$ba
mbg;gilahd Mdhy; njspthd gpd;D}l;ly; KOJk; mjpUg;jp vd;gjhFk;. Vida
gupkhzq;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jug;gLj;jy;fis njhlHGgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf
Nkhrkhd ePH tpepNahfk; vd;gJ juj;jpYk; Nkhrkhdjhf epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.
8

nghJ mYty;fs; mikg;gpdJ Mtzq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ

21

,t;tpU jfty;fisAk; Nehf;Fk; NghJ ePh; tpepNahfj;jpd; juNk mjpUg;jpf;F fhuzk; vd

KbntLf;fyhk;. Mdhy; Nghjpa ePH tpepNahf toq;fNy Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jg;gl;l jpUj;jr;
nraw;ghlhf mika Ntz;Lk; vdyhk;. Fbkf;fspdJ jpUg;jpf;fhd mstPLfNs mwpf;if
ml;il fw;ifapdJ mbg;gilahfpd;wJ.
Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;ilfs; jpUg;jp mstPLfSld; khj;jpuk; epd;WtplhJ Nrit
KftHfs; kw;Wk; gpuirfspilNaahd ,ilj; njhlHghlypd; Fwpj;j tplaq;fisAk;
tprhuizf;Fl;gLj;jp ,t;tplak; njhlHghf vOk; gpur;rpidfisAk; ,dq; fhz
ehLfpd;wJ. kpf vspa tbtpy; $Wtjhapd; Fbkf;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; NritfsJ juk;
(ePH tpepNahfj;jpd; ek;gfj;jd;ik my;yJ mur ghlrhiyfspy; fw;wy; rhjdq;fspd;
fpilf;fw;wfT Nghd;w) Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;stjpyhd gpur;rpidfisj; jPHj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F cupa KftHfis ehLk; NghJ Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; f~;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
(Mrpupah;fsf;fhd tpNrl nfhLg;gdT my;yJ FbePH Rj;jg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tbfhypy;
KjyPL) Nghd;w nghJr; Nritfis gad;gLj;Jtjpy; kiwe;Js;s nryTfs; njhlHghf
mjpUg;jpia Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzq;fs; cs;sd vd ,J fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fpd;wJ. vdNt
Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;Lml;il fw;iffs; nghJr; Nritfspd; gpur;rpidf;Fwpa gFjpfspy;
gy;NtW Mw;Wif $Wfis ehbAs;sJvd;gijf; fhzf; $bajhfTs;sJ.
mwpf;if ml;il fw;iffs; ntWkNd gpuirfsplkpUe;J jw;NghJs;s #o;epiyfspy;
gpd;D}l;ly;fis Nrfupf;Fk; topnahd;wy;y. jw;Nghija gpur;rpidfis rkhspg;gjpy; kf;fs;
jdpahfNth my;yJ Nru;e;Njh njupTfis gupNrhjpf;Fk; xU topahfTk; cs;sJ.
cjhuzkhf kf;fs; nghJ ePH toq;fypw;F mjpf gzk; nrYj;j tpUg;gj;JlDs;sduh
my;yJ Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F jhKk; gFjpg; nghWg;Ngw;fpd;wduh? vdNt mwpf;if
ml;ilfs; nghJr; Nritfis Kd;Ndw;Wtjpy; gpuirfsJ khw;W topfis MuhAk;
topfshfTk; cs;sd.
mwpf;if ml;il ngw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;s ek;gfj;jd;ik xU Kf;fpa tplakhFk;.
mwpf;if ml;ilapdJ KfTiufs; xU Fwpj;j tpjj;jpy; rpe;jpf;fpd;w rpy egHfsJ
fUj;Jf;Nsh my;yJ tprdg;gl;l xU rpyuJ Kiwg;ghLfNsh my;y. nrad;Kiwapy;
jpUg;jpaile;j mNj Nghy; ntWg;Gw;Ws;s gyiuAk; cs;slf;fpajhf gpuirfsJ vy;yhj;
JiwfspYk;
cs;s
cg
gFjpfisAk;
nfhz;ljhf
xU
Kiwahd
khjpup
njupe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wJld;
vy;yh
fUj;Jf;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpa
xUghlj;jpid
Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ r%f tpQ;Qhd Ma;tpdJ Kd;Ndw;wfukhd
njhopEl;gq;fs;>
khjpup
njupT
nra;jy;>
tpdhf;
nfhj;Jf;fis
tbtikj;jy;>
NeHfhzy;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;> mtw;wpid juNtw;wy; kw;Wk; ngWNgWfis tpsf;Fjy; vd
nrad;Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;Jtjhy;
,t;thW
rfyuJ
fUj;Jf;fisAk;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtJ rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ. tpisthf mwpf;if ml;ilfs; kf;fsJ
gpd;D}l;lypyhd
xU
rpwe;j
gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
kl;Lky;yhJ
ey;yhl;lrpf;fhdnjhU
rhjdKkhFk; .
Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;ilfsJ milTfs;
nghJr;
NritfsJ
Mw;Wifia
kjpg;gpLtjw;F
gpuirfsJ
gpd;D}l;ly;
kjpg;gPl;lha;Tfs; vz;zf;fUthdJ XusT GjpaJ vd;gJld; gue;jstpy; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;L tUtJkhFk;. mwpf;if ml;ilfSf;fhd gjpy;fs; ehd;F kl;lq;fspy;
jhf;fj;jpid Rl;bf; fhlLfpd;wd.
kPs; rPuhf;fq;fis J}z;Ljy;: mwpf;if ml;il fw;iffs; nghJr; Nrit toq;Feu;fSf;F
gykhd Fwpfis toq;Ffpd;wjhf gz;GuPjpahf kw;Wk; msT uPjpahf gy gpur;rpidfis
njspthf
ntspr;rj;jpw;F
nfhz;Lte;jts;sKs;sd.
jug;gLj;jy;
msTj;jpl;lj;jpd;
gad;ghlhdJ xU Kftu; epiyaj;jpd; NitAlDk; mjd; gy;NtW gupkhzq;fSlDk;
22

jkJ jpUg;jp my;yJ mjpUg;jpia msT uPjpahf ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F gjpyspg;ghsu;F

cjtpaJ. xU mwpf;if ml;il mDkjpf;fpd;w Kftu; epWtdq;fspilahd xg;gPlhdJ
mjpf ftdj;ij Ntz;bepw;fpd;w mstPLfs; kw;Wk; jug;gLj;jy;fSf;F cjTfpd;wJ.
gq;fhsu; Jyq;fy;fis capu;g;ghf;Fjy;: gy Kftu; epWtdq;fs; Nkyjpf fw;iffisAk;
cs;thupahd kPs;rPuhf;fq;fisAk; J}z;Ltjw;fhd ,dq;fhzy; fUtpfshf mwpf;if
ml;il fz;lha;Tfis gad;gLj;jpd. ,f;fz;lwpTfs; rpNu~;ljiyikj;Jtk; njhopEl;g
jfty;fspd;wp vspa> Neubahd tpjj;jpy; gue;j gpuNjrq;fspy; jkJ epu;thf tpidj;jpwid
fz;fhzpg;gjpy; cjtpaJ. epu;thfpfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkplyhsu;fSf;F mjpf ftdk;>
Nkw;ghu;it kw;Wk; KjyPL Njitahd Nrit toq;fy; tplaq;fspy; cs;shue;j mwpTfis
toq;Ffpd;wJ.
mur-nghJ kf;fs; ,iz cwTfis ,af;Fjy;: mur mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; nghJ kf;fs;
r%f gpujpepjpfis; cs;slf;fpajhf nrayku;TfSk; re;jpg;GfSk; ,lk;ngWtjhdJ
mwpf;if mlilapd; fz;lwptfis gug;GtjDld; ,ize;j gFjpfshFk;. ftdj;jpw;Fupa
gpur;rpidfspw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gjpy; ,f;fbdkhd gFjpapy; mwpf;if ml;ilfs;
rpwe;j xU fUtpahf mike;jJld; ntWk; rkgtq;fspypUe;Jk; ntspNawp cz;ikfs;
kw;Wk; vz;fis Nehf;fpr; nry;yj; J}z;baJ. NkYk; nghJr; Nritfs; Kftu;
epiyaq;fSf;F Kd;Dupikg; gLj;jNtz;ba gFjpfspy; Fwpj;j Kd;ndw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;jTk; Ntz;bf;nfhz;ld. nghJkf;fs; Nrit toq;feu;fs; Kfk;nfhLf;fpd;w
jilfis czu;e;Jnfhs;tjw;F ,f;FOf;fSf;F xU tha;g;G toq;fpaJld; gpur;rpidfis
jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf rKjha Kd;ndLg;Gf;fSf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fisAk; Muha;fpd;wJ.
RUq;ff; $Wtjhapd;Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;ilapypUe;J fpilf;fg;ngw;w cs;shu;e;j
mwpTfs; tWik ikag;gLj;jpa Nritfs; ,yf;ff;Fupa FOf;fis ve;jsT milfpd;wd
vd;gjpy;. Nrit toq;fypy; cs;s ,ilntspfspd; msT kw;Wk; tsq;fs; kw;Wk;
Nritfs; jpir gpwo;tjpy; gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;w fhuzpfis ntspf;nfhz;L tu KbAk;.
Nritfspd; fpilf;fw;wfT> ,yFthf ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> juk;> ek;gfj;jd;ik kw;Wk;
nryTfs; Nghd;w twpa kf;fs; ,r;Nritfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jypy;
jilNaw;gLj;Jfpd;w
tplaq;fis
,dq;fhz
cjTk;.
NkYk;
gpuirfsplkpUe;J
fUj;Jf;fis capu;g;ghfg; ngw;W Nrit toq;fiy Kd;Ndw;w KbAkhd topfisAk;
,dq;fhz;gjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. ,Wjpahf gpuirfsJ fUj;jpy; Vida gFg;gha;T
fw;iffspypy; fz;Ls;s rpy nfhs;if KbTfspid Nrhjpf;f Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L
ml;ilapd; fz;lwpTfs; cjTfpd;wd.

23

Gclg<gt<!lkqh<hQm<M!nm<jm!uqeig<ogik<K!

tzf;fk;>
tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak; ehl;bd; tlf;fpd; Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; tTdpah khtl;lq;fspd; ,ytr fy;tp
Nrit toq;fy; njhlu;ghf xU Ma;tpid Fbkf;fs; kjpg;gPl;L ml;ilKiwikia gad;gLj;jp
nts;Nshl;l jpl;lnkhd;iw Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ.
,t;tha;tpw;fhd jfty;fis Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf tWik Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpdhy; ehd;
epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;Nsd;. ehk; gpujhdkhf fy;tpr;Nrit njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ mDgtq;fs; gw;wp njupe;J
nfhs;tjpy; kw;Wk; fy;tpr;Nrit> ePq;fs; Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; rthy;fs; kw;Wk; mjpu;r;rpfis gw;wp vd;d
epidf;fpwPu;fs; mtw;iw vt;thW ifahs;fpd;wPu;fs; vd;gij njupe;J nfhs;s Mu;tkhAs;Nshk;. ehk;
vOkhwhf Nju;njLf;fg;gLk; FLk;gj;jplk; nry;tJ vd jPuk
; hdpj;Njhk;. cq;fs; FLk;gKk; mjpy;
xd;whFk;. cq;fSf;F vk;Kld; fijf;f tpUg;gkh? ,e;Neu;fhzy; xU kzpj;jpahyk; tiu vLf;Fk;.
,t;tha;tpD}lhf tUk; KbTfspypUe;J fy;tpr; Nritfs; toq;fypyhd jPu;khdq;fspy; nry;thf;F
nrYj;j KbAk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
ePPq;fs; vq;fSld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sk; jfty;fs; ahTk; kpfTk; ,ufrpakhf Ngzg;gLk; vd;gJld; ahu;
vd;d nrhd;dhu;fs; vd ahuplKk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl khl;lhJ. ,e;Neu;fhzypy; cq;fs; gq;fspg;G cq;fs;
tpUg;gj;JlNdNa
,lk;ngWk;.
ve;j
Neuj;jpYk;
fye;Jiuahliy
epWj;j
Ntz;Lnkdpy;
epWj;jpf;nfhs;syhk;.
fye;Jiuahlypy; ve;j NeuKk; vd;id epWj;jp ePq;fs; Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fyhk;. ,jpy; rupahd tpil
my;yJ jtwhd tpil vd vJTkpy;iy. ehk; cq;fs; mDgtq;fis njupe;J nfhs;tjpYk; ehk;
vOg;Gk; gpur;rpidfis gw;wp vd;d epidf;fpwPuf
; s; vd njupe;J nfhs;tjpYNk Mu;tkhAs;Nshk;.

fzf;nfLg;ghsupd; ngau;

gjpyspg;gtUf;F gjpy;
njupatpy;iyahapd; - 999

njhlu;G ,yf;fk;

Nfs;tp rk;ge;jkpy;iyahapd; 888

fs Nkw;ghu;itahsu;
ngau;

gjpyspf;f kWj;jhy; - 777

Jpfjp
Dd/mm/yy

Muk;gpj;j Neuk;
Kbtile;j Neuk;
Data cleaned by
Data checked by
Data entered by
Data entry date

24

A. Neu;fhzypw;F Kd;duhd mbg;gilj; juTfs;

A.1

A.2

tPl;L milahs vz;

Kftup

khtl;lk;>
gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpupT
fpuhkNrtfu; gpupT
fpuhkk; efuk; Fwpr;rp
tPjp

,l mikT
A.3

jaTnra;J mtjhdpg;gpy; ,lj;jpid

milahsg;Glj;jKbAkhdnjhU Fwpg;gpid ,lTk;
efu;g;Gwk; fpuhkg;Gwk;

A.4

A.5

A.6

efu; 1
fpuhkk; 2
Neu;Kffhzypd; epiy
G+u;jj
; p =1
G+u;jj
; papd;ik =2
gq;Fgw;w tpUg;gkpd;ik=3 (Ogt<uq!A.6-x<G!osz<g!)
gq;Fgw;w tpUg;gkpd;ikf;fhd fhuzk;
Neukpd;ik =1
tpUg;gkpd;ik=2
Vidait=3 (Fwpg;gpLf)

A.7

gjpyspg;ghsu; ngau;

A8

gjpyspg;ghsupd; njhiyNgrp vz; (ifalf;fj;

njhiyNgrp> njhlu;Gnfhs;tjw;F)

25

B.

B.1

B.2

B.3

B.4
B.5

B.6

B.7

B8

B9

B.10

B.11

mbg;gil tPl;L jfty;fs;

,f;fpuhkj;jpy; my;yJ r%fj;jpy; ePq;fs; gpwe;jjpypUe;J tho;fpd;wPu;fsh?

,y;iy=0 (Ogt<uq!B.2-x<G!osz<g )
Mk; =1
(Ogt<uq!B.4-x<G!osz<g )
,q;Nf gpwe;jJ Kjy; ePq;fs; thotpy;iy vdpy; ,q;F Kjy; jlitahfth
tho;fpd;wPu;fs; my;yJ NtW VjhtJ xU ,lj;jpypUe;J jpUk;gpAs;suP ;fsh?
Kjy; jlit=1
NtW VjhtJ ,lj;jpypUe;J jpUk;gpapUj;jy; =2
,q;F ePq;fs; gpwe;jJ Kjy; thotpy;iy vdpy; Vd; ,q;F Fbngau;e;J
te;jPu;fs; (xU tpil khj;jpuk; toq;f KbAk;)
tpUg;gkw;w kPs;FbNaw;wk; =1
nghUshjhu tha;gG
; ff;spw;fhf nrhe;j kPsku;T=2
jpUkzk; fhuzkhf kPsku;T=3
ghJfhg;G fhuzq;fspw;fhf nrhe;j kPsku;T=4
Vida fhuzq;fspw;fhf nrhe;j kPsku;T=5(Fwpg;gpLf)
ePq;fs; vg;NghNjDk; ,lk;ngau;e;Js;suP ;fsh?
,y;iy=0 (Ogt<uq!B.10-x<G!osz<g )
Mk; =1 (Ogt<uq!B.5-x<G!osz<g )
vj;jid jlit ,lk;ngau;e;Js;suP ;fs;?
vg;NghJ ,lk;ngau;e;jPu;fs;? (gy tpilfs; toq;fg;glyhk;)
1990 ,w;F Kd; =1
1990 kw;Wk; 2000 ,ilapy; =2
2001 kw;Wk; 2005 ,w;fpilapy; =3
2006 kw;Wk; 2009 ,w;fpilapy; =4
2009 ,d; gpd;du; =5
rupahf epidtpypy;iy njupahJ =999
,lg;ngau;tpw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d? (gy tpilfs; toq;fg;glyhk;)
Aj;jk; =1
Rdhkp =2
nts;sk; Vida ,aw;if mopTfs; =3
Vidait =4 (Fwpg;gpLf)
,lk;ngau;e;j gpd;du; kPs; FbNawptpl;Bu;fsh my;yJ ,d;Dk; ,lk;ngau;e;J
tho;fpd;wuP f
; sh?
,lk;ngau;e;j gpd; kPs;FbNAw;wk; mile;jpUj;jy; =1
,d;Dk; ,lk;ngau;e;Nj tho;jy; =2
filrp ,lg;ngau;tpd; gpd;du; kPsf;FbNawpaJ vg;NghJ? (xU tpil khj;jpuk;
toq;fg;glyhk;)
2000,w;F Kd; =1
2000kw;Wk; 2003 ,ilapy; =2
2003kw;Wk; 2006,w;fpilapy; =3
2006kw;Wk; 2009 ,w;fpilapy; =4
2009kw;Wk; 2012 ,w;fpilapy; =5
2012 ,d; gpd;du; =6
rupahf epidtpypy;iy njupahJ =999
cq;fs; rkak; vd;d? (xU tpil khj;jpuk; toq;fg;glyhk;)
ngsj;jk; =1
,e;J =2
fj;Njhypf;fk; =3
fpwp];jtk; =4
,];yhk; =5
fyg;G =6
Vidait =7 (Fwpg;gpLf)
cq;fs; FLk;gk; ve;j ,dj;ij rhu;ej
; J? (xU tpil khj;jpuk;
rpq;fsk; =1
,yq;if jkpou; =2
,yq;ifNrhdfu=3
,e;jpa %y jkpou=4
fyg;G =5
Vidait=6 (Fwpg;gpLf)
26

toq;fg;glyhk;)

10

PID
No

C.1

kfd; kfspd;
tho;f;ifj; Jiz=4
Ngug;gps;is=5
jha; je;ij=6
rNfhjud; rNfhjup=7
rNfhjud;
rNfhjupapd;
gps;isfs; =8
tho;f;if Jizapd;
jha; je;ij=9
tho;f;ifJizapd;
rNfhjud;
rNfhjup=10
Vida cwtpdu;=11
cwtpduy;yhjtu;=12

C.2
gjpyspg;ghsUldhd
cwTKiw ahJ?
gjpyspg;ghsu; = 1
tho;f;ifj;Jiz=2
kfd; kfs;=3

C.3
ghy;
vd;d?
M =1
ng =2

xU
xUlj;jpY
k;
Fiwe;jJ
vdpy; 00
vd
Fwpg;gpLf.

C.4
taJ
tUlq;f
spy;?

juk; 12

27

jpwd;fs;
gapw;rp(Vocational)=16

(GCE A/L)= 12
GCE A/L rpj;jp =13
gy;fiyf;fofk;= 14
njhopw; gapw;rp = 15
(CIMA,AAT)

(GCE O/L)= 11

gpupe;J tho;jy; =4
tpthf tpyf;F =5
tpjit jGjhuu; =6

=3

xd;whf tho;jy;

=2

ghlrhiy
nry;ytpy;iy =0
1 10Mk; juk;
tiu(cupa juj;ij
vz;zpy; Fwpg;gpLf)
juk; 11

C.6
vj;jid tUlq;fs;
ghlrhiy fy;tpiag;
ngw;Ws;sPu;fs;?

jpUkzk;
Mfptpl;lJ
(gjpag;gl;lJ) =1
jpUkzkhftpy;iy

C.5
jpUkz epiy
vd;d?

ghlrhiy nry;tjw;F
taJ Fiwe;jtuhf
cs;Nsd; - 1
mq;ftPdk; - 2
tPl;L Ntiy - 3
Ntiy nra;jy; - 4
gzg; gpur;rpid - 5
ghlrhiy nry;y
tpUg;gkpy;iy - 6
fy;tpapy;
Kd;Ndw;wkpd;ik- 7
ghlrhiy mjpf J}uj;jpy;
- 8
NtW -9 (Fwpg;gpLf)

C.7
18 tajpYk; Fiwe;jtu;
Mdhy; ,d;Dk; ghlrhiy
nry;tjpy;iy vdpy;
fhuzk;
ntspehl;by; - 1
,Njkhtl;lj;jpy; - 2
NtW khtl;lj;jpy; 3
tPl;by; ,trpf;fpwhu; - 4

C.8
tPl;Lf;F ntspNa
trpf;Fk; FLk;g
mq;fj;jtu; ?

gjpyspg;ghsupd; ngau; : _______________________________________________________________________

C.9
fle;j MW khjq;fspy;
FLk;g mq;fj;jtupd;
gpujhd nghUshjhu
nraw;ghL
njhopy; nra;gtu; rk;gsk;
ngWgtu; - 1
njhopy; nra;tjpy;iy
(Ntiy
Njbf;nfhz;bUg;gtu;)- 2
tPl;L Ntiy- 3
Xa;T ngw;wtu; /Ntiy
nra;a ,ayhj Kjpa
taJ - 4
mq;ftPdk; Neha; - 5
rk;gsk; jug;glhj
nraw;ghL - 6
NtW ( Fwpg;gpLf)- 7
gbf;fpd;whu;- 8
Xa;T+jpak; ngWgtu; - 9

FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fs; midtupdJk; jfty;fis cs;slf;fTk;> FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fs; vd;Nghu; fle;j tUlj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ %d;W khjkhtJ xd;whf
rikj;J cz;gtu;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;.

dpegu; mbg;gilj; jfty;fs;

D. nrhj;Jf;fs;
tPlL
; cupik
,t;trpg;gplj;jpd; cupik epiyik ahJ?
D.1

nrhe;jkhdJ> Mtzq;fs; cz;L=1

nrhe;jkhdJ Mdhy; Mtzq;fspy;iy=2
$yp/thlif=3
$yp/thlif VJkpd;wp tho;fpNwhk; =4
Mtzkw;w epyk;= 5
Vidait = 6 (Fwpg;gpLf)
ePqf
; s; jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; tPL cq;fs; KjyPl;by; fl;lg;gl;ljh my;yJ NtW
epWtdq;fshy; toq;fg;gl;l cjtpahy; fl;lg;gl;ljh?

D.2

D.3

D.4

D.5

(xU tpil khj;jpuk; toq;fg;glyhk;)

Mk;>nrhe;j KjyPl;by; fl;lg;gl;lJ=1
epWtdq;fshy; toq;fg;gl;l cjtpahy; fl;lg;gl;lJ=2
miug;gq;F epWtdq;fshy; toq;fg;gl;l cjtpahYk; kpFjp nrhe;j KjyPlb
; Yk; =3
Vidait =4 (Fwpg;gpLf)
cq;fs; $iu vjdhy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?(gy tpilfs; toq;fg;glyhk;)
XL=1
v];ng];l]; =2
nfhd;fw
; Pl; =3
cNyhf jfuk; =4
fpLF Xiy=5
tpidy; jhs; =6
lhu;Nghypd;=7
NtW = 8 (Fwpg;gpLf)
cq;fs; tPl;L Rtu;fs; vjdhy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd?(gy tpilfs; toq;fg;glyhk;)
nrq;fy; =1
rPnke;J mr;Rf;fy; =2
fy; =3
fnghf; fy; =4
mOj;jg;gl;l mr;R fw;fs; =5
gyif.=6
cNyhf jhs; =7
fsp=8
fpLF Xiy =9
lhu;Nghypd;=10
NtW=11 (Fwpg;gpLf)
cq;fs; jiu vjdhy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?(gy tpilfs; toq;fg;glyhk;)
jiu XL=1
rPnke;J=2
g+kp=3
fsp=4
NtW = 5(Fwpg;gpLf)
kyry$lk; cs;sjh?

D.6

,y;iy=0
tPl;bDs; gpuj;jpNafkhd kyry$lk; =1
fhzpapy; gpuj;jpNafkhdJ=2
maytu;fspdJ kyry$lj;jpid ghtpj;jy;=3
rikaYf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpujhd rf;jp %yk; vJ?

D.7

kpd;rhuk; =1
,aw;if thA=2
kz;nzz;nza; =3
epyf;fup=4
tpwF=5
rhzp =6
tptrha gapu; fopTfs; my;yJ itf;Nfhy; =7
Vidait = 8(Fwpg;gpLf)

28

ehk; ,g;NghJ cq;fsplk; tPlL

; g;nghUl;fs;> fhy;eilfs;> cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J
gw;wp rpy Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;Nghfpd;Nwhk;.
vj;jid?
1= cz;L
cq;fsJ nrhe;j tPl;Lg; nghUl;fsh?
(vOJf)
0 =,y;iyA
B

S/N
D28.1
D28.2
D28.3
D28.4
D28.5
S/N
D29.1
D29.2

tPl;L ghtid nghUl;fs; (ePbj;j ghtidnfhz;l)

Fspu;rhjdg;ngl;b
njhiyf;fhl;rp
ifalf;f njhiyNgrp
kpd;tprpwp my;yJ tsp Fspuhf;fp(vahu; fd;b\d;)
fzzp
fhy;eilfs;
rpwpa tpyq;Ffs; - Nfhop tsu;g;G
eLj;ju msthd tpyq;Ffs; - ML

D29.3

ngupa msthd tpyq;Ffs; - khL

S/N
D34.1
D34.2

Nghf;Ftuj;J
kdpj tYTldhdJ cjhuzk; Jtpr;rf;futz;bfs;> iftz;bfs
ngw;Nwhypa tYTldhdJ cjhuzk; Nkhl;lhu; tz;b> fhu;

29

GMl<hk<kjzuvqmlie!Ofv<gi{z<
2/
okim
uqei!
v<!-z!

Osjujb!n[Gl<!ke<jl!

2/2!

dr<gtqe<!hqt<jtgtqz<!
wk<kje!Ohv<!himsijz!
osz<gqxev<@

2!
3!
4!
5!
5-<x<G!nkqgl<!

hkqZg<gie!
GxqbQM!
2!
3!
4!
5!
6!

2/3!

dr<gtK!gqvilk<kqz<!
WkiuK!himsijz!
njlf<Kt<tki@!

-z<jz!
Nl<

1!
2

Ogt<uq!2/7!
-x<G!osz<g!

2/4!

himsijzbqe<!/
himsijzgtqe<!ohbv<!
we<e

2/5!

dr<gtqe<!hqt<jtgt<!
dr<gt<!gqvilk<kqz<!dt<t!
himsijzg<G!
osz<gqxiv<gti@!!

1!
2!
3

!
Ogt<uq!2/8!
-x<G!osz<g!

2/6!

Uqj!

-z<jz
Nl<!
OuX!)yu<ouiV!
hqt<jtBl<!yu<ouiV!
himsijzbqz<!
hcg<gqxev<*
himsijzbqe<!kvl<!6!
ujvbqZOl!dt<tK!!
dr<gt<!gqvilk<kqz<!dt<t! !
weK!hqt<jtg<G!
himsijzg<G!
nElkq!
osz<zijlg<G!giv{l<!
upr<gh<hmuqz<jz!
we<e@!
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2/7!
!

2/8!

lix<Xg<!
Ogt<uq!

2!
!
!
3!
!
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4!

dr<gtK!hqt<jt/
hqt<jtgt<!gz<uq!gx<Gl<!
himsijzbqe<
ohbv<!we<e@!
dr<gtK!hqt<jt/
hqt<jtgt<!gz<uq!gx<Gl<!
himsijzbqz<!
wk<kjebil<!kvl<!ujv!
dt<tK@!

2/9!

uQm<czqVf<K!himsijz!
wu<utU!K~vk<kqz<!
dt<tK@!

2/:!

dr<gt<!hqt<jt/
hqt<jtgt<!himsijzg<G!
wu<uiX!osz<gqxev<@

!
2/21!

Wxk<kit!wk<kje!
li{uv<gt<!nf<k!
himsijzbqz<!gz<uq!
gx<gqxev<@!

kvl<2!!6!
kvl<2!!22!)GCE O/L*!
kvl<2!!24)GCE A/L*!
kvl<7!!24)GCE A/L*!

2
!
3!
!
4!
!
5!

GMl<hk<kqz<!
%Mkzie!
hqt<jtgt<!
hcg<Gl<!
himsijz

2
3!
4!
5!
!
!
2
fmf<K!
3!
lqkqu{<cbqz<!)jsg<gqt<*!
4!
OhVf<K!)h^<*!
5!
Ls<sg<gv!u{<c!
6!
OuX!)Gxqh<hqMg*!

2!gqOzilQx<xVg<G!
GjxU!
2.4!gqOzilQx<xv<!!
4.6!gqOzilQx<xv<!
6gqOzilQx<xVg<Gnkqgl<!

211.411!
411.611!
611.861!
861.2111!
2111!-x<G!nkqgl<!
30

2!
3!
4!
5!
6!

hkqztqh<huV
g<G!hkqz<!
okvqbuqz<jz
bibqe; - 999

wk<kje!Nsqvqbv<gt<!
himsijzbqz<!
h{qbix<Xgqxev<@

31!-x<G!GjxU!
31.41!
41.56!
56.66!
66!-x<G!nkqgl<

2!
3!
4!
5!
6!

hkqztqh<huV
g<G!hkqz<!
okvqbuqz<jz
bibqe<!.!:::!

gz<uqs<Osju!-zuslig!
upr<gh<hMgqxki@!

-z<jz!
Nl<!

1!
2

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Ogt<uq!2/25!
-x<G!osz<g!

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upr<gh<hmuqz<jz@
dr<gt<!hqt<jt!
himsijzbqz<!ohx<Xg<!
ogit<Tl<!gz<uq!wu<utU!
hbe<!lqg<gkig!dt<tK
himsijzbqz<!upr<gh<hMl<
gz<uq!H,v{lie!ntU!
dt<tK!we<X!fQrg
< t<!
fl<HgqxQv<gti@

keqbiv<!himsijz!
OuX!)Gxqh<hqMg*

2!
3!

lqgUl<!hbEt<tK!!
YvtUg<G!hbEt<tK!
OuX!)Gxqh<hqMg*

2!
3!
4!

-z<jz!
Nl<!

1!
2

2/28!

gx<xz<!osbx<him<jm!
Olx<ogit<t!uQmc
< z<!
dt<t/!ohx<Oxiv<gtiz<!
ogiMg<gh<hMl<!uskqgt<!
(hz!uqjmgt<!
upr<gh<hmzil<)!

Ohikqb!-muskq!/gx<xz<!
njx!
lqe<sivl<!!
keqbiv<!uGh<HgTg<G!
nEh<Hkz<!
keqbiv<!uGh<HgTg<G!
osz<z!Ohig<Guvk<K!
yPr<G!
ohx<Oxiv<!upqgim<mz<!
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2!
3!
4!
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5!
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6!
7!
8!

2/29!

dr<gt<!hqt<jt!
himsijzg<G!fit<!
kuxilz<!osz<gqxki@!

-z<jz!
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1!
2!

2/2:!

himsijzg<G!yPr<gig!
osz<zijlg<G!giv{l<!
we<e@!

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nghJkf;fs;
Rfhjhu
gupNrhjfu;fs;
khfhzfy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsu;/

nrayhsu;/khf
hzfy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsu;

tyaf; fy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsu;

tyaf; fy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsu;

mjpgu;

ahu;

6-12
khjq;fs;

3-6
khjq;fs

vg;NghJ

mrsfupakhd
rk;gtq;fs;

nraw;gLifapy;
vjpu;j;jy;
2

59

- gps;isrhu;ghd J~;gpuNahfq;fs;>
jtwhd gpuNahfq;fs;>Kiwg;ghLfs;
kw;Wk; GdUj;jhgdk; gw;wp
gps;isfs; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhiu
tpopg;Gzu;Ntw;gLj;JtJk; ijupakhf
Kd;ndLj;jYk;

- rpWtu;fis J~;gpuNahfg
;gLj;Jgtu;fSf;F jz;lizfs;
kw;Wk; mguhjj;ijf; fhl;Lk;
njspthd gha;rr
; w; glq;fs;

- fy;tpmikr;R> fy;tpj;
jpizf;fsk;> tyaf;
fy;tpg; gzpkid>
khtl;lnrayfk;> gpuNjr
nrayfk;> nghyp];

fy;tp mikr;R> fy;tpj;

jpizf;fsk;> tyaf;
fy;tpg;zpkid> khtl;l
nrayfk;> gpuNjr
nrayfk;> nghyp];

- tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpkid>

ghlrhiy fsJ
mjpgu;fSk; xOf;f tpOkpa
nraw;FOf;fSk;> SSo, CGO

tlf;F fy;tp mikr;R

kw;Wk; tlf;F fy;tpj;
jpizf;fsk;

- khztu; vz;zpf;fif;F Vw;g

gzpf;FO ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gjy;
ngsjPf my;yJ khdrPf uPjpahd
jz;lidfis epWj;Jtjw;F
fLikahd >Neubahd cldb
Kaw;rpfis vLj;jy;

tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpkid>

khtl;l nrayfk; (GA
,dJ mYtyfk;)> fy;tpj;
jpizf;fsk;> fy;tp
mikr;R> mur rhuh
mikg;G> epjp Kftu;
epWtdq;fs;

ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s ngsjPfts

gpur;rpidfis jPu;j;jy; (cjhuzk;:
tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$lk;> fzzp
Ma;T$lk;> tpisahl;L
ikjhdq;fs;> fopg;gplq;fs;>
tFg;giwf; fl;llq;fs;)

- fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; tsq;fspd; kw;Wk;

rhjdq;fspd ;tpepNahfKk;
epiyNgwhdjd;ikAk;

fy;tpmikr;R
(khfhz/kj;jpa)
fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk;>
tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpkid

fy;tp
mikr;rpd;
nrayhsu;>
khfhzf;
fy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsu;>
tyaf; fy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsu;

fy;tp
mikr;rpd;
nrayhsu;>
khfhz
fy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsu;>
tyaf; fy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsu;

tyaf; fy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsu;>
mjpgu;fs;

fy;tp mikr;R
nrayhsu;>
khfhz
fy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsu; >
tyaf; fy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsu;

tyaf; fy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsu;

tyaf; fy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsu;

2-3
khjq;fs;

kiwKf
nryT

,ytrf;
fy;tpf;F
Nkyjpfkhf xU
NghJkpy;iy
4

60

-kiwKf nryTfspy;
ghlrhiyfSf;F fl;lhakhd
mwpTWj;jy;

-ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy;
Njitaw;witf;F gzk; Nrfupg;gij
tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;jy;
fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk;>
tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpkid>
khfhz fzf;Fg;
gupNrhjid

2.
gpujhdfzf;F
g;gupNrhjfu;
(General)

1. tyaf;
fy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsu;/f
zf;fhsu;
2-3
khjq;fs;

tWik Muha; r ; r p epiyakhdJ (CEPA) tWik njhlu; g hd

mgptpUj;jp tplaq;fspy; xU rpwe;j Gupe;Jzu;tpid $l;Lfpd;w xU
Rje;jpukhd> ,yq;ifiar; Nru;e;j Ma;T epiyakhFk;. tWik vd;gJ
Kwpabf;fg;gl Ntz;ba xU mePjp vd tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak;
ek;Gfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; tWikia vjpu;nfhs;tjw;F Njrpa kw;Wk;
ru;tNjr uPjpapy; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspy; khw;wq;fs;
nfhz;L tug;glNtz;Lk;> mNjNghy; tWikapy; thOk; kf;fSld;
,Hize;Jnraw;glNtz;Lk; vd ek;Gfpd;wJ. tWik Muha;r;rp
epiyak; Rje;jpukhd gFg;gha;tpid toq;Ffpd;w> mgptpUj;jpapy;
<Lgl;Ls;s egu;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fspd; Mw;wy;fis tpUj;jp
nra;tjpYk; nfhs;iffspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjw;fhd
tha;g;Gf;fis ehLtjpYk; jdJ $Ljy; ehl;lj;jpid
nrYj; J fpd; w J. ehk; re; i japd; NjitfSf; F gjpyspf; f pd; w
mNjNeuk; njspthd Ma;T rhd;Wfspd;; / KbTfspd; mbg;gilapy;
Nrit toq;Ftjid Nehf;fpAk; nry;thf;F
nrYj;Jfpd;wtu;fshAs;Nshk;. tWik Muha;r;rp epiyakhdJ
Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dhd mgptpUj;jp> gytPdkhdjd;ik> Gyk;ngau;T /
ntspehl;Lg; gazk;> cl;fl;likg;Gk; #oYk; vd Ie;J
gue;jikaf;fUf;fspd;; mbg;gilapy; xU rkhe;jukhd> Rje;jpu Ma;T
epfo;r;rpepuiy nfhz;L nry;fpd;w mNjNeuk; H,r;re;ij
xUKfg; g Lj; j iy thbf; i fahsu; Ntz; L Nfhs; f spD}lhfTNk
gzptUfpd;wJ. H,Wjpahf tWik Muha;r;rp epiyak; Njrpa> gpuhe;jpa>
Jiwrhu;> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L kl;lq;fspy; tWik
njhlu;ghd mgptpUj;jp nfhs;iffspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjpy;
gq;fspg;G nra;tjw;FehLfpd;wJ.
H,t;tha;T tWik Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpdJ Ma;thsu;fshd gh]pj;
IdjPd;> Nkfyh kfpo;uh[h kw;Wk; Fyhrghehjd; nuhNk\d;
vd;Nghhupdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

ISBN 978-955-1040-87-1

9 789551 040871

Funded By

CLAPP Implementers