Sources of Fresh Water

By: Sauleha, Museera, and Sahar

Introduction
We all know when it rains, mini rivers of water form
over sidewalks, driveways, and roads. Some of the
water evaporates or soaks into the ground, but most
of it flows over the surface of the grounds and runs
off into streams, river, other water bodies, and even
sewer systems! This is called a runoff.

Factors Affecting Runoffs

Runoffs are important for lakes, streams, and
rivers that also keep the oceans filled with
water.
The amount of runoff can be more in one
place than in another.

Factors Affecting Runoffs

(cont.)
The amount of runoff is affected by the
following:
-the nature of the ground material
If the ground is covered in rock, the water will
not be absorbed, and a runoff is made. But if
the ground is covered in soil, it will absorb the
water, and the amount of runoff will decrease.
-the amount of rain
If it rains heavily, the ground becomes soaked
and unable to absorb any more water, which
may increase the possibility of a runoff.

Factors Affecting Runoffs

(cont.)
-the length of time it rains
If it rains for long periods of time,
the ground may become saturated
with water, which may increase
the possibility of a runoff.
-the slope of the land
the steeper the land is, the faster
the water will flow, since it is
going downhill. When water moves
fast, it cannot be absorbed by the
ground. This increases in a runoff.

Factors Affecting Runoffs

(cont.)
-the amount of vegetation
Many plant absorb water, so a place with
less plants has a more chance of a runoff
happening.
-the amount of development in the area
Concrete or pavement on the ground is
usually channelled into storm sewers. This
increases the result of a runoff. Areas with
less development have bare ground to
absorb water, will have less runoff.

Factors Affecting Runoffs

(cont.)
Natural events or human activities can make
the amount of runoff increase or decrease,
which may cause problems.
Too much runoff can cause rivers to
overflow, and flood the surrounding land.
Heavy flooding can wash valuable topsoil
away from fields, making it useless for
farming.
Fast-moving rivers can churn up a lot of fine
sand and silt, which are harmful to aquatic
animals.

Glaciers and Freshwater

2/3 of todays fresh water is trapped
in glaciers! Thats 75% of todays
water fresh water! There is only 3%
of fresh water on earth. Imagine
75% of that trapped in glaciers!
That means we only have about 1%
available for us!

Glaciers and Freshwater:

Getting to know Glaciers!
Glaciers are made of fresh water but float in
saltwater.
When glaciers are formed, more snow must
fall than it melts.
Glaciers are large sheets of ice or rocks ,
which are called icebergs, that fall down hill!
They can only stop if they hit a body of water
or if it reaches somewhere it is warm enough
to make it melt.

Glaciers and Freshwater:

Getting to know Glaciers!
There are 2 types of glaciers Alpine or
Continental glaciers.
Alpine or valley glaciers are on mountains
and high ranges.
A Continental glacier is a glacier or ice sheet
that covers land.

Glaciers and Freshwater

The Water Cycle
Glaciers have a huge effect on the water
cycle, the ice age covered almost all the
north part of the word, including all of British
Columbia!
The water that is normally moving was
frozen solid!
The ice age started about 70 000 years ago
and ended just 10 000 years ago!

Freshwater and Glaciers

video
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HSFKwho7MQ

Freshwater and glaciers

If all the glaciers and all ice melt, then all the
fresh water wouldnt be frozen any more but
sea level would rise by 70-75m.

Ground Water
Ground water is water that
makes its way through spaces
(pores) between rocks.
Rocks that have a lot of spaces
have a good porosity and can
hold lots of water.
Ground water can flow from
areas of higher elevations to
lower elevations.
An aquifer is a layer of rock that
is porous and allows water to
flow through it.
Reservoirs are huge lakes
(human-made or natural) that
store water until people need it.

Ground Water
A well is a narrow hole that is drilled or dug really deep into the
ground to a depth called a water table.
The water table is at a level called Zone of Saturation and under this
level, all the pore spaces between small rocks are filled with water.
The depth of the water table can be different in different areas. In
dryer places, the water table can usually be much deeper than the
water table of places like jungles and forests. In summer, the water
table will be deeper than in the winter. During the wet months, the
ground gets soaked with rain and snow.

Drainage Basins
A drainage basin is like a sink, when you pour water down the sides of it,
it will fall into a drain, just like the water of a drainage basin will fall into
a stream.
Many small streams lead to a large river, and all of these together are
called a river system.
A large river can have many small rivers made of even smaller rivers
and streams and these are called tributaries.
Each tributary in a river system will add to the total amount of water
carried by the main river.

Save it!
We should always try to stop wasting water
because it is a limited resource that we have.
People in many countries strive and die for
water.

Thank You!
Thank you for watching!
Done By:
-Museera Rahimyar
-Sahar Rahimyar
-Sauleha Yaqub
Gr.8

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