PurvaPatel

Dr.LyndaHaas
Writing39C
19May2015
APDraft:ImpactofCaptivityonCetaceans
Introduction:
<<thinkofthisasasectionoftheessayoverallitwontbetheinitialintroduction,
itstheintrooftheproblemsothinkofaheaderyoucanputherethatwillbemoredescriptive
withintheoverallAP
Shouldsomeofthemostsocialandintelligentanimalsontheplanetbekeptincaptivity
byhumanbeings?
<<youmightevenrefertosomeofthescientistsnamesfromthelitreviewto
makeastrongtiebacktoithere>>
This
isaquestionoftenaskedby
questionisbroughtupoften
by
bothscientist
s
andanimalwelfareadvocateswhenpertainingtoanimalswithintelligenceand
complexsocialorganizationsuchasgreatapesanddolphins.
Cetaceanshavelong
<<howlong?
abitofhistoricalperspectiveherewouldbeniceprobablyquiteeasytofind>>
beenheldin
captivityforvariouspurposes,mostnotablyentertainment,education,research,and
conservation.
<<Ithinkyoushouldfocusontheproblemyouregoingtodealwith,
entertainment,orresearch,or??
Animalssuchasbottlenosedolphinsandorcaswerefirst
capturedandexhibitedinthe1960sduetotheirpowerandbeauty(Gorman).
<<movethisup,
thisisthehistoricalperspectiveIwasaskignforthere>>
Currentlytherearehundredsof
cetaceansincaptivityworldwideandthousandsthathavediedincaptivity.
<<exactnumbers
wouldbebetter>>
In
the
UnitedStatesalone
,
over2,300bottlenosedolphinswerecapturedfor
displaypurposesbetween1972and1994andatleast120whalesanddolphinshavedied.Today

morethan2,100dolphinsandwhalesarebeingheldincaptivityin63countriesaroundtheword
(WDCS)
<<whatisthis?itmightbeyouvealreadyintroducedwhatitis,butifnot,introitin
yoursentence.ALso,whatshouldbeherearethefirsttwowordsofthetitleofthepage(Two
Words).Thenyoushouldstatethenameoftheorganizationinyoursentence
.Inrecent
decades,theanimalliberation
andanimalsrights
movementhashelpedchangethewaypeople
thinkaboutanimalsandaboutthewaythatanimalsshouldbetreated.Theseeffortshaveledtoa
closerexaminationofthetreatmentofanimalsincaptivityandtoquestionsabouttheethicsof
holdingwildanimalscaptive.Suchexaminationshaveledinturntorecentpublicandscientific
interestinthepossibilityofreleasingcaptiveanimalsbackintothewild.
Captivity:
Neuroscientist
LoriMarino
explains
,aneuroscientist,identifies
thatYoucantreplicate
thenaturalsetting
ofwildanimalsincaptivity.

fortheseanimals.

Forexample,c
C
etacean
tanksarechemicallytreatedandatinyfraction
ofthehundredsquarekilometerrangesthese
animalsareusedto.Thesmall
,
and
sterile
environmentresultsintheseanimalsswimming
incirclesandjumpingoutoftheirpools(527).
Biologist
,
ProfessorG.PillericommentsthatIt
isnothingshortoftorturetotaketheseanimals
whoareaccustomedtoinfinitebeautyofthe
openseas,
coveringvastdistancesatspeeds
sometimesreaching60kmanhour
andthenimprisonthemintinyconcreteormetalpools

CetaceanInspiration

).Captivefacilitie
smayusegiant
<<notreallyallthatbigbemore
exactandprecisehere>>
showpoolsintheirstadiumsbu
ttheyalsousesmallerbackpools
wheretheanimalsspendthemajorityoftheirtimethatsometimesholdup10killerwhales.
Aspreviouslymentioned,
chemicalsareroutinelyaddedtothewaterwherecetaceansare
heldcaptivethishasledto

many
being
captivecetaceanhavebeen
affectedbychemical
overdosesintheirpools.
Forexample,i
I
n2001,USDepartmentofAgricultureInspectorand
veterinarianSylviaTaylorfoundpotentiallyalarmingpHlevels,ameasureofwateracidityat
theClearwaterAquarium
(citation)
.Thedolphinswereshowingsymptomsofpoorwaterquality
orchemicaloverdosesuchasskinsloughing(sheddingofdeadtissue)andsquinting.
Chemical
overdosecan
Thesepoolsthatcetaceansareforcedinto
alsoresultinprematuredeath
s
from
gastroenteritis,fungalinfectionsandotherailments
(citation)
.Inthe1995
researchstudy
paper
SurvivalofFiveSpeciesofCaptiveMarineMammals,
DouglasDeMaster,
the
Directorofthe
NationalMarineMammalLaboratory
,
addressedthelowannualsurvivalrateofcetaceansin
captivity
,noting
.DeMasternoted
thattheannualmortalityratewasmorethantwoandahalf
timeshigherincaptivitythaninthewild.Similarly,theHumaneSocietys2009reportfound
thatbetween5.6%7.4%ofdolphinsdieeachyearincaptivityversus3.9%thatdieinthewild.
Thenumbersfororcawhalesareevenmoredramatic:6.2%to7%mortalityratesversus2.3%in
thewild.

Manycetaceansareknowntoliveinmatriarchalsocialgroups.
<<isthisaplaceyoucan
makeadirecttieintoyourlitreview?Ifso,doit>>>
ResearcherShaneWatsoncomments
howbeingpartofagroupleadstotheformationofattachment.However,incaptivity
,
cetaceans
arepluckedfromtheirfamiliesandforcedtoliveinanartificialgroupingsthatdonotbearany

resemblancetotheirnaturalorder.Incaptivitytheindividualcannotescapeaggressive
encountersandha
s
ve
nochoiceregardinghisorhercompanions
incaptivity
.Inthewildthe
animalcanfleeawayfromtheaggressorandcanactivelyavoidanimalswhomheorsheis
incompatiblewith.Incaptivityartificialgroupsaremadeupofunrelatedanimalswhodonot
necessarilygetalong.
<<thiswouldbeagoodplacetooffersomestatisticsaboutinjuriesof
orcasincaptivitywhofightwiththeotherorcastheyvebeenplacedwith(Iknowthishas
happenedalotandhaveseenotherstudentsrefertoit)
Goodwork,Purvaareyouwritingaboutdolphinsandwhales?allcetaceans?Ifeltalittle
unclearaboutthatasIwasreading.

HIIIIPURVAAyaka