FDEME3L

Chapter 1 Integrating educational technology into curriculum

Curriculum-specific learning/ discipline specific learning when you are learning how to apply
teaching principles, knowledge and ideas to authentic and practical classroom lessons and projects that
can benefit your students
Computer literacy when you have knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses
Information literacy knowing how to find, analyse, use and communicate information; ability to gather
information from multiple sources, select relevant material, and organise it into a form that will allow the
user to make decisions or take specific actions
Integration literacy ability to use computers and other technologies combined with a variety of teaching
and learning strategies to enhance student learning
In todays world, computers are everywhere at schools, home, and embedded in all kinds of
appliances such as TVs, DVDs or in cars. Today most occupations involve the use of computers on a daily
basis and people need to be computer literate and information literate. Students must learn to make
informed decisions based on information obtained in all areas of their lives. They should learn to use
modern technology to access and analyse information. Todays teachers must also use computers as a tool
to facilitate learning. They must be able to assess technology resources and plan classroom activities using
available technologies. They should be able to use computers and other technologies combined with a
variety of teaching and learning strategies to enhance students learning.
Data collection of unorganised facts
Information - data that is organised has meaning and is useful (reports, pictures, invoice etc.)
Input data entered into a computer
Output processed results of the input
Information processing cycle the cycle of input, process, output and storage
Hardware electronic and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer
Software the series of instructions that tell the HW how to perform tasks
Age of convergence- 21st century; technologies are merging because significantly faster processors and
high-speed networks make it possible
Digital media technologies that allow users to create new forms of interaction, expression;
communication and entertainment in digital format
Categories of computers
Personal computer is a computer that performs all of its input, processing, output and storage activities by
itself. A PC contains a processor, memory, input, output and storage devices; and have windows installed in
case of this module
Mobile computers and devices

Mobile computers also called notebooks or laptops

Tablet PC special type of notebook computer that allows you to write on screen using digital pen

Mobile devices - usually can wirelessly connect to the internet and dont have disk drives data is
stored in memory disks or memory cards; e.g. handheld computers, PDAs, smart phones

Handheld computer - fits in one hand; input by small keyboard or stylus

PDA personal digital assistant provides personal or organiser functions such as calendar,
appointment books, address book, calculator, notepad, word processor, spreadsheet, access to internet
and email etc

Smart phones internet enabled telephone that also provided PDA capabilities; also music, camera etc.

It is difficult to differentiate between smart phones and PDAs, because they have similar functions.
Manufacturers often refer to them as handhelds.
Server manages the resources on a network and provides a centralised storage area for sw programs and
data
Supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer; used for tasks such as analysing weather patterns
Embedded computer a special purpose computer that functions as one component in a larger product
Why use computer technology in education?
Educators recognise that they must teach students to use current technologies so that students become
comfortable with them; also parents often insist on incorporating technology into the classroom; technology
has the potential to enhance students achievements and assist them in meeting learning objectives; using
technology can be motivational and can hold students attention; computers can also provide many
opportunities for teaching and learning, including skill building practice, real-world problem solving,
interactive learning, discovery learning and linking learners to a multitude of instructional resources.
International society for technology in education (ISTE) is a non-profit group that promotes the use of
technology to support and improve teaching and learning.
21st century skills
Core subjects include English, reading, language arts, science, mathematics, foreign languages, civics,
government, economics, art, history, geography, health awareness.
Skills necessary for students to be able to succeed in the work environment are creativity, innovation,
critical thinking, problem solving communication and collaboration
Students need to be able to use new technology. These skills are known as ITC literacy (Information,
communications and technology literacy)
Students also need life and career skills: flexibility and adaptability, initiative and self-direction, social and
cross-cultural skills, productivity and accountability, leadership and responsibility
Digital students/digital kids- today youth are much more media-centric then previous generations. They
are often called the digital generation they use different technologies to communicate and to access
information from multiple resources. They use computers, PDAs etc. with ease. Today students are
different from previous generations in the way they think and access, absorb, interpret and apply
information, and in the way they interact and communicate. Todays students are learning differently and
therefore different modes of teaching are required to motivate students and empower them to invest in their
own learning. There are numerous sw programs that teachers can use to stimulate students imagination.
Teachers job is to teach students how to work on team projects and correspond, cooperate and collaborate
with students not only in their classroom, but also with students worldwide through the internet. As students
learn in this digital world, they have the opportunity to find and conduct various types of research the
information is just a click away on the internet, which provides enormous amount of information, graphics
and data. Students should learn skills for accessing and searching information, but they must also be

taught the skills to evaluate and analyse information and to verify if the information is valid and reliable and
then synthesise it.
Information fluency when a person has mastered the ability to analyse and evaluate information. They
can work confidently using computer, information and media literacy skills and effectively apply these skills.
Media literacy being able to create, develop and successfully communicate information in all forms. It is
the ability to use critical thinking skills and to question all media music videos, web environments etc.
Students not only need to investigate data using critical thinking skills, they must also be able to
synthesise, evaluate and create new information and knowledge once they have determined its quality.
Activities must be active with authentic learning experiences. Teachers must look for the most innovative
ways to teach their students and integrate technology tools.
Statistical literacy is an essential component of information literacy. Students must be statistically literate:
be able to think critically about basic descriptive statistics. They should be able to analyse, interpret and
evaluate statistics.
Data literacy students need to be able to view, manipulate, analyse and interpret data.
Teachers need to create activities for students to promote the use of higher order thinking skills that
can increase students critical thinking and problem-solving skills e.g. learning to gather data, solve
problems through inquiry, explore solutions with visualisation and data plots.
Digital citizenship being a good digital citizen includes knowledge and commitment for understanding
things like etiquette, communication techniques and standards, issues surrounding media and computers,
business, commerce, entrepreneurship, privacy rights and responsibilities, ergonomic issues and issues
about security and protection for losing data and personal information from computer crashes, asset
management and hackers. A great way to teach students to be digital citizens is to have a debate activity
e.g. about copyright.
Students should understand how computers work and understand the different HW, programs and
applications.
ARCS motivational model students should be motivated to learn; 4 areas that could account for
differences in student effort:

Attention capture students attention to eliminate boredom and arouse curiosity; digital media has the
ability to capture learners attention

Relevance when students feel that learning is relevant or important to their lives, they will become
motivated to learn. By using digital media to develop lesson concepts, teachers bring familiar
technology into the classroom

Challenge-confidence students who believe they can achieve often do. Lesson created with digital
media allow students to develop confidence by enabling them to succeed (e.g. by reaching new level
etc.)

Satisfaction- success students gain success in achieving their objective, which promotes selfsatisfaction from the learning experience. Digital media provides opportunities for students to use newly
acquired knowledge or skills in simulated settings successfully. Lessons developed using digital media
can be designed to provide feedback that will sustain the desired behaviour. Students can share their
successes with others

An example of how one school uses computers - all computers are part of LAN, high speed internet
access, computer labs, wifi connection to the LAN, learners can work on online projects, make broadcasts
etc. Teachers can communicate online with parents and use digital media in their lessons.
Assistive adoptive technology refers to any equipment, modification or accommodation that can
improve persons capability to learn, communicate, solve a problem or complete a task through the use of a
computer (for people with disabilities) Apple and Microsoft provide accessibility features and assistance at
their websites as well as built-in features in their operating systems.
Unit 2 Communications, Networks, the Internet and the World Wide Web
Communications, also called telecommunications, is a process in which two or more computers or
devices transfer data, instructions and information.
Communications network is a collection of computers and other equipment organised to share data,
information, HW and SW. A basic communication system consists of 2 computers, communications device
(modem) and a communications channel over which data is sent. Communications software a program
that manages the transmission of data is also needed. Communications channels are made of transmission
media, such as twisted-paired cable, which is used in standard telephone lines. Digital signals are
individual electronic pulses that computers use to represent data. Telephones can only carry analogue
signal. For telephone lines to carry data, a communications device called modem converts digital signal
from the computer to analogue signal for transmission over phone lines. At the receiving computer, a
modem converts analogue signal back to digital signal. Cable modems and DSL modems provide fast
internet connection. Network interface cards are used in computers connected to LAN or WAN networks.
Local Area Network (LAN) is a communications network that covers a limited geographical area, e.g.
building. A LAN consists of a number of computers connected to a server. Server manages the resources
on a network and provides a centralised storage area for software and data.
Wireless LAN (WLAN) is a LAN that uses radio waves instead of wires.
Wide Area Network (WAN) covers a large geographical region e.g. city, district and uses regular telephone
lines, digital cables, microwaves, wireless systems and satellites. A WAN can consist of numerous LANs
organised into one large network.
Home network is practical if you have several computers in your home or office. All the computers can be
connected to the internet at the same time and the computers can share files and peripherals. Home
network can be either wired or wireless.
Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) short-range wireless network often based on Bluetooth
technology that uses short-range radio waves to transmit data between two Bluetooth devices (within 1Om)
Wireless Metropolitan Area is a wireless network designed to cover an urban area (free access in public
spaces or access for a fee)
Wireless wide area network (WWAN) wireless network that covers a wide geographic area and uses a
variety of technologies including radio, satellite and mobile telephone technologies. WIMAX is a new
technology.
Networking the school - A School network server connects all the computers located within a school. A
server manages the resources on a network and provides a centralised storage area for SW programs and

data. Typically, any teacher and student can access SW and data on the server, although network
administrator can limit access to specific records and applications. Many schools use wireless networks so
students and teachers can connect to the network anywhere in the school.
Benefits of computer networks in education

Administrators, teachers and students can share HW, SW and data resources available throughout the
school district.

Administrators, teachers and students can access unlimited educational resources available on the
internet and communicate with other people all over the world.

The internet is the worlds largest network, a collection of networks that link together millions of
businesses, institutions and individuals. Reasons for connection: access to information, entertainment,
shopping, communication with people around the world, accessing other computers and sharing files,
downloading and listening to music and watching movies, access educational material.
History of internet
The internet has its roots in a networking project of the U.S. Department of Defence. They built a network
called ARPANET in 1969, effectively linking together scientific and academic researchers in the USA. By
1984 ARPANET had more than 1000 host computers (servers). More and more organisations decided to
connect their entire networks to ARPANET and this complex network became known as the Internet. Today
a variety of organisations operate the backbone networks that provide access to the internet. These
backbone networks, telephone, cable and satellite companies and educational institutions and the
governments all contribute extensive resources to the internet.
Internet 2 is extremely high-speed network that develops and tests advanced internet technologies for
research, teaching and learning. Members are universities, corporations, governmental agencies and
laboratories
How the internet works when a computer or other device sends data over the internet, the computer
software devides the data into small pieces called packets. Each packet contains the date, recipient,
sender and sequence information needed to reassemble the data at the destination. Packets travel along
the fastest path available to the recipients computer via hardware devices called routers.
Packet switching is the technique of breaking a message into packets and sending them along best route
available and reassembling the data.
Communication protocol specifies the rules that define how devices connect to each other and transmit
data over a network (TCP-IP)
Internet service provider (ISP) is a business that provides internet access.
Online service provider (OSP) provides access to the internet plus online services such as news,
weather, educational info, games etc (AOL, MSN)
Wireless internet service provider is a company that provided wireless internet access to computers with
wireless modems or to internet-enabled devices. An Antenna sends signals through the airwaves to
wireless ISP.
Cable modem is used to connect to high-speed internet over cable television; CATV enters the house
through a single line and then splits between TV and cable modem.

Digital subscriber line (DSL) is a high-speed internet connection that transmits data on existing standard
telephone lines.
Satellite modems are another high-speed way how to connect to internet
Power line connection (PLC) allows broadband internet connection using an electric outlet.
Public internet access point a public place where people can access the internet free or for a fee
Internet backbone the main communications lines that have the heaviest amount of traffic on the internet
Internet addresses each computer location on the internet has a specific numeric address. The text
version of a computer address is called a domain name (www.leli.com)
The World Wide Web is just one of the services available on the internet (since 1990s). The web consists
of a worldwide collection of electronic documents that have built-in hyperlinks to other related documents.
Webpage is an electronic document viewed on the web. It can contain text, graphics, sounds, videos and
hyperlinks; a webpage is a hypertext or hypermedia document residing on an internet computer
Website is a collection of related web pages. Most websites have a starting point called a homepage. Each
webpage has a unique address called a Uniform resource locator (URL), which consists of a protocol,
domain name and path. You can access web pages by using sw program called web browser.
Static web page - all visitors see the same content
Dynamic webpage webpage is customised so visitors see content unique to their settings. Dynamic
webpage can also be called Web 2 or participatory web.
Web server is a computer that delivers requested web pages. Web servers can store multiple websites.
3 types of hyperlinks exist:

Target links link to another location in the same document

Relative hyperlink link to another document on the same internet computer

Absolute hyperlink link to another document on another internet computer

Hypertext and hypermedia allow students to learn in a nonlinear way = discovery learning - learners can
investigate related topics.
Webmaster is the person responsible for developing web pages and maintaining a website. Webmasters
create and format web pages using Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML), which is a set of special codes
called tags that define the placement and format of text, graphics, video and sound on a webpage. HTML is
difficult to master, so many people use web publishing tools such as Dreamweaver.
Web browser is a program that interprets HTML and displays web pages.
XML is a mark-up language that allows creating custom tags known as schema. The tags are stored in
libraries and can be used in Cascading style sheets (CSS), a simple mechanism for adding style (font,
colours) to web documents
XMTML is flexible and enables web pages to be displayed on PDAs and smart phones.
Search tools enable users to locate information found at website all over the world. Two basic types are:

Search engine bases the search on keywords you enter; using different search engines for the same
keywords yields different results.

Subject directory is provided by many search engines and allows users to navigate to areas of
interest

Plug-in is a program that extends the capability of the browser. They can be often downloaded for free from
various websites
Graphics a digital representation of non-text information such as a drawing, chart or photograph
Animation appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in a rapid sequence
Thumbnail is a small version of a larger graphical image that you can click on.
Marque text that is animated to scroll across the screen
Animated GIF a group of images combined into a single GIF file.
Audio music, speech or other sound; typical audio formats are MP3, WAV, WMA, Real Audio and Quick
Time. Audio files are compressed to reduce size, but quality is preserved. Most common players are
Windows Media Player, Real Player and iTunes.
Streaming is a process of transferring data in a continuous and even flow.
Streaming audio enables you to listen to sound files as they are being downloaded into your computer.
Many radio and TV stations use streaming audio to broadcast their shows and videos.
Podcast is recorded audio, usually in MP3 file, stored on a website. It can be downloaded. Users can
subscribe to a feed and receive new audio files automatically by using RSS, which is a protocol that allows
users to automatically receive the feed. Podcasting can be very useful to teachers who want to
automatically send class content, announcements etc. to their students.
Video consists of full-motion images that are played back at various speeds.
Streaming video allows you to view video as it is downloading to your computer; Windows Media Player,
Real Player and Apple Quick Time are common players.
Virtual reality (VR) is the simulation of real or imagined environment that appears in 3D space. Popular
uses: games, creating advertisements, show products, virtual tours.
E-mail is the transmission of messages and files via computer network; email program can be used to
create, send, receive, forward, store, print and delete messages and attachments can be added. When you
receive a message, your ISP software stores the message in your personal mailbox on its mail server.
Mail server is a server that contains users mailboxes and associated email messages.
Email address is a combination of username and a domain name
File transfer Protocol (FTP) is an internet standard that allows you to exchange files with other computers
on the internet.
FTP server is a computer that allows users to upload and download files using FTP. FTP server contains
one or more FTP sites, a collection of files. Some FTP sites require passwords others allow anonymous
FTP (usually websites offering freeware and shareware). If you want to upload a file to FTP site, you need
to use FTP program.
Newsgroup is an online area in which users conduct written discussions about particular subject. The
entire collection of internet newsgroups is called UseNet.
News server is a computer that stores and distributes newsgroup messages. Most universities,
corporations and other large organisations have a news server.
To participate in a newsgroup, you must use a program called a newsreader, which is included in most
browsers. The newsreader enables you to access (user name and password is often required) a

newsgroup to read messages called articles and add new articles, called postings. The original article and
all subsequent related replies are called a thread.
Message boards (also discussion boards) are popular because they do not require a newsreader and are
easier to use the newsgroups. Many websites provide message boards for their users.
Mailing list is a group of e-mail addresses given a single name. When a user sends a message to a
mailing list, every person on the list receives a copy of the message. You have to subscribe and
unsubscribe to the mailing list. LISTSERV is a popular SW program used to manage many educational
mailing lists.
Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time internet communications service that notifies you when one or more
people are online and then you can exchange messages or files or join a private chat room with them.
Some IM services also support voice and video conversation. Some will also alert you to information such
as calendar appointment, weather and sport scores.
Short message service is a service that permits the sending and receiving of short messages that is
available on mobile phones and other mobile devices
Chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer
Chat room refers to the communication medium that permits users to chat with each other. Anyone in a
chat room can participate in the conversation, which usually deals with a specific topic. To start a chat
session, you must connect to a chat server through a chat client, a program that is usually embedded in
your browser. Some chat rooms support voice or video chats.
Internet telephony- voice over IP enables users to speak to other users over the internet using their
computers or mobile devices
Netiquette is the code of acceptable behaviour users should follow while on the internet
Firewall hw and sw used to restrict access to data on a network.
Filtering software allows parents and teachers to block access to certain material on the internet
Acceptable use policy (AUP) an outline of user standards that remind teachers, students and parents
that they are guests on the internet and thus need to use it appropriately. Most schools require everyone to
sign AUPs.
EPals- project designed to enable digital students to develop an understanding of different cultures through
student exchanges using many of the internet based tools described in this chapter.
The impact of the internet and World Wide Web on education by providing a variety of learning tools,
the internet and the web are transforming the way teachers instruct and the way students learn basic skills
and core subjects.
Media convergence it is predicted that in the future all mass media will eventually merge into one
medium.
Unit 3 Application software prodictivity tools for educators
There are two types of software: system software and application software
System software consists of programs that control the operations of the computer and devices. System
software serves as the interface between the user and the computers hardware. One type of system

software, the operating system, contains instructions that coordinate all the activities of the hardware
devices in a computer. Operating systems: MS Windows, Mac OS, Unix, Linux
User interface controls how you input data and how information is presented on the screen Many
operating systems have Graphical User Interface (GUI) which combines text and graphics to make
software easier to use.
Application software consists of programs designed to perform specific tasks for users.
Desktop onscreen work area that uses common graphical elements such as icons, buttons, windows,
menus and dialog boxes to make it easy for users to interact with the computer
Commands are instructions that cause a computer program to perform a specific action
File is a named collection of data e.g. document, a program or a set of data used by a program.
Document is a piece of work created with an application and saved on a storage medium with a unique
filename.
Formatting changing the appearance of a document
Editing the process of making changes to the documents existing content
Voice recognition- speech recognition is the computers capability of distinguishing spoken word. You
speak into the microphone and watch your words displayed on the screen as you talk. You can also edit
and format a document by speaking or spelling instructions. Many SW applications support voice
recognition.
Note taking Software is application software that enables users to enter typed text, handwritten
comments, graphs, drawings and sketches anywhere on a page and then save then save the page as part
of an electronic notebook; MS One Note
Productivity software is designed to make people more effective and efficient while performing daily
activities. It includes applications such as word processing, spreadsheet, database, presentation graphics,
and personal information management and software suites.
Word processing software is used to create, edit and format documents that consist primarily of text;
examples Word perfect, MS Word
Spreadsheet software allows you to organise numeric data in rows and columns. Formulas can be added
to the spreadsheet and the formulas can perform calculations on numeric data in the spreadsheet and
display the resulting value in all the cells containing the formula. A function is a predefined formula that
performs common calculation. Spreadsheet sw can also turn numeric data into a chart that graphically
illustrates the relationships of the numeric data; MS Excel
Database software a database is a collection of data organised in a manner that allows access, retrieval
and use of that data. Database SW allows you to create a computerised database; MS Access, File Maker
Pro.
Presentation graphics software can be used to create presentations, which you can use to communicate
ideas, messages and other information to a group of people. The presentation can be viewed as slides that
are displayed on a monitor or projected onto a screen. Slides can also be made into traditional overhead
transparencies or be printed; MS PowerPoint, Keynote

Personal Information Manager (PIM) is a software application installed on PDA that includes an
appointment calendar, address book, notepad and other features to help you organise personal
information.
Beaming is a method of transferring data through an infrared port.
PDA operating systems are Palm OS, Pocket PC and Linux; wide selection of software for PDA is
available on the internet (first download to your PC) and in shops.
Software suite is a collection of individual application software packages sold as a single package MS
Office, MS Works, iWorks; advantages : cheap and easy to use
Graphics and multimedia software - Desktop publishing software (DTP) allows you to design, produce
and deliver sophisticated documents that contain text, graphics and colours. These software supports page
layout, which is the process of arranging text and graphics in a document DTP allows you to convert a
document into a format for the use on the web often in PDF format (MS Publisher)
Paint/ image editing software professionals use these software to create and modify graphics. Paint
software allows you to draw pictures, shapes and other graphics. Image editing software provides
capabilities of paint sw plus enables you to modify existing graphics
Photo editing software allows you to edit digital photographs
Multimedia authoring software is used to create electronic presentations, simulations and software
demonstrations that include text, graphics, video, audio and screen captures (Camtasia Studio, Adobe
Captivate)
Video and audio editing software allow you to add or remove clips; add special effects like sounds,
banners, credits etc. (iMovie, Movie Maker, Final Cut)
Webpage authoring software helps you to create web pages, manage and maintain websites. Teachers
can create a curriculum page that contains hyperlinks to teacher-selected websites that assist in teaching
content-specific curriculum objectives. (MS publisher, Web Blender, Adobe Dreamweaver)
Software for school use
School management software is a centralised program that allows district and school personnel to
manage the school district operations such as budgeting, inventory, technology and expenses. Most school
management sw packages allow school districts to keep a database of all assets, salaries, benefits, food
services inventory; some also include databases for attendance and other student information and have
other functions similar to student management software.
Student management software is a centralised program that allows administrators, teachers and other
staff to manage and track information about students, including attendance and academic records.
Gradebook software allows teachers to track and organise student tests, homework, lab work and other
scores; search by name, student number or current average; weight various scores;(Engrades, Micro
Grade, Grade Quick, template wizard in excel can also be used)
Educational software supports learning objectives and goals; available for all subjects
Resource software provides valuable and thorough information for everybody e.g. encyclopaedias,
dictionaries, guides
Special needs software is designed specifically for students with physical impairments or learning
disabilities to assist them in completing school assignments and everyday tasks. Special needs software

includes speech synthesis software, text enlargement programs, talking calculators etc. when students use
these programs in combination with assistive devices such as touch screens and adaptive keyboards, their
ability to succeed increases
Software for home and personal use
Personal finance software is a simplified accounting program that helps you to pay bills, balance your
check book, track your incomes and expenses and investments, evaluates financial plans and maintains
home inventory. (Quicken, MS Money)
Online banking offers access to account balances, provides bill payment services and allows you to
download transactions and statements from the web directly to your computer.
Tax preparation software guides individuals, families and small businesses through the process of filing
taxes.
Legal software assists in the preparation of legal documents and provides standard documents associated
with buying, selling and renting property, preparing a will.
Entertainment software includes games, videos and other programs designed to support a hobby or just
provide amusement and enjoyment (games, family tree software, compose music etc.)
Learning aids and support tools
Help is the electronic equivalent of a user manual and it is usually integrated into application software
package
Trade books can be bought to help you learn about specific software
Tutorials are step-by-step instructions using real examples that show you how to use an application.
some are printed manuals, others are software or internet based.
Software versions and upgrades software programs are usually designed by a version number. A new
version of a software product is called an upgrade, most software programs allow you to save a document
in a format compatible with earlier version.
Unit 4 Hardware for educators
System unit is a boxlike case made of metal or plastic that houses the electronic components a computer
uses to process data.
Data representation data in computers is represented by series of 1s and 0s. Each on or off digital value
is called a bit and represents the smallest unit of data the computer can handle when 8 bits are grouped
together as a unit, they are called a byte. The combination of 0s and 1s used to represent characters are
defined by patterns called coding schemes. The most widely used coding scheme is ASCII.
The components of the system unit
The motherboard or circuit board
Chip is a small piece of semiconducting material and is made up of many layers of circuits and microscopic
components
The CPU is a chip that interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer; also called
processor or microprocessor
Duel-core processor is a single chip with two separate processors
Multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more separate processors

The control unit is one component of the CPU. It directs and coordinates most of the operations in the
computer.
Machine cycle=fetching (obtain data from memory) decoding (translating the instruction into commands
the computer understands) executing (carrying out commands) storing (writing the results to memory)
The system clock the control unit relies on a small chip called the system clock to synchronise or control
the timing of all operations
Clock speed is the speed at which a processor executes instructions measured in GHZ
The arithmetic-logic Unit (ALU) is a component of the CPU that performs the execution part of machine
cycle
Memory a computer uses memory to store data and information. Memory stores the operating system
and other system software, the application software and the data being processed by application sw. The
computer stores each byte in a precise location, called an address
Byte Kb MB GB TB
The system unit contains 2 types of memory: Volatile memory lost when the power is turned off and nonvolatile memory.
Random access memory (RAM) is volatile memory. The most common form of RAM is SDRAM installed
by using a DIMM that contains multiple RAM chips. DIMMs hold 356 and 512 MB or 1 to 2 GB.DIMM chips
are installed in sockets on the motherboard and can be replaced easily.
Read-only memory (ROM) chips store information or instructions that dont change; non-volatile memory
Flash memory non-volatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten on. Most computers
use flash memory to hold start up instructions; flash memory chips are used to store data on mobile
computers and devices
Expansion slot is a socket on a motherboard that can hold adapter-expansion card that enhances
functions of a system component and or provides connection to peripherals.
Peripheral is a device that connects to the system unit and is controlled by the processor in computer.
Most devices are plug and play, which means that computer can configure devices automatically as they
are installed.
Removable memory devices
Flash memory card is a removable flash memory device you insert and remove form a slot in a
computer or mobile device pda, digital camera, printer etc; storage capacity 32MB to 8GB
USB flash drive plugs in a USB port on a computer or a portable device; storage capacity 32 MB to 64 GB
PC card is a thin, credit-card-sized removable flash memory device that is used primarily to enable
notebooks to access the internet wirelessly
Express card module adds memory, communications, multimedia and security capabilities to computers
Ports and connectors
Port is a point of attachment to the system unit. Most computers contain ports on the back and at the front
of the system unit. Ports use different types of connectors that can be male or female.
USB port can connect up to 127 different peripheral devices
Fire wire port can connect devices that require fast data transmission speeds such as digital video
cameras, digital VCRs, printers and DVD drives

Other ports include microphone port, audio in port, speaker port, network port, printer port, mouse and
keyboard ports, monitor port etc.
Input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data, programs, commands and user
responses into a computer. Input devices include keyboards, pointing devices, scanners, digital cameras
etc.
Keyboard is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and instruction into a computer;
wireless cordless keyboards are now available.
Pointing devices are input devices that allow you to control a pointer on the screen. They include:
Mouse mechanical and optical; wireless
Touchpad and pointing stick touchpad is a small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to
pressure and motion. Most also have one or two buttons near the pad that work like mouse buttons; found
on notebooks; pointing stick is a pressure sensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser that is
positioned between keys on the notebooks keyboard.
Trackball is a stationary pointing device with a ball mechanism on its top
Joystick and wheel joystick is a vertical lever mounted on a base. You move the lever to control the
actions of a vehicle or a player in a game. The joystick usually has button called a trigger. A wheel is a
steering wheel type of input device. You turn the wheel to simulate driving. Mostly pedals for acceleration
and breaking are included.
Touch screen a monitor that has a touch-sensitive panel on the screen. You interact with the computer
by touching the screen with your fingers; often used as an input device for a kiosk, which is freestanding
computer that provides information to the user
Optical scanner scanner is an input device that captures an entire page of text or images electronically.
Handheld devices that scan only part of the page are also available
Pen input two devices used for pen input are stylus and digital pen
Stylus is a small metal or plastic device that looks like a tiny ink pen but uses pressure instead of ink
Digital pen is slightly larger than the stylus; some are pressure sensitive, some have built-in digital camera;
tablet PCs use digital pens, PDAs use a stylus.; handwriting recognition sw is used to transmit handwritten
text into print text. Digital pen contains processor, memory and an ink cartage and can store text in its
memory.
Digital camera allows you to take pictures and store it digitally; later you can download the pictures to your
computer or print them
Audio and video input downloaded audio files, own sound or music from microphone, speech
recognition, video from the web, your own video, TV shows, movies etc.
Input from PDAs, Smart Phones and media players voice, text etc.
Output is a data that has been processed into information outputs - text, graphics, audio, video
Output devices components capable of conveying information to a user
Display devices are devices that display text, graphics, audio and video information. Information shown on
a display device is often called softcopy; sizes of monitors 15, 17, 19, 21 inches
CRT monitors the core of the monitor is a large glass tube called cathode ray tube. The screen is coated
with tiny dots of phosphor material that glow when electrically changed. The CRT moves an electron beam

across, causing the dots to glow, which produces an image on the screen. Each dot, called a pixel, is a
single point in an electronic image.
Flat panel display is a lightweight display with a shallow depth and flat screen that uses LCD or plasma
technology.
LCD monitor, also called flat panel monitor is a monitor that uses a liquid crystal display to produce
images; sharp, flicker free images; saves space on a desk; also used in notebooks, PDAs etc. The quality
of an LCD depends primarily on its resolution response time, brightness, dot pitch and contrast ratio.
Plasma monitor is a display device that uses gas plasma technology, which sandwiches a layer of gas
between two glass plates. When voltage is applied, the gas releases UV light that causes the pixels on the
screen to glow and form an image; expensive
Resolution the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device. Higher resolution means
better quality picture
Television can be connected to a computer or a game console so you can watch movies or play games
Printers are output devices that produce text and graphical information on a physical medium such as
paper or transparency film hard copy. We can print in portrait or landscape orientation.
Nonimpact printer forms marks on paper without striking it e.g. ink-jet or laser printer
Ink-jet printer is a type of nonimpact printer that forms marks by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto
paper; can print on a wide range of media: paper, labels, transparencies etc. ; ink cartridges
Photo printer is a printer that produces photos of lab quality.
Laser printer is a high quality nonimpact printer that uses tonner packed in a cartridge. When electricity is
charged, the tonner sticks to a special drum inside the printer and then is transferred to the paper through a
combination of pressure and hear; often can also print on transparencies and envelopes; better quality
image then ink-jet
Data projector projects the image that displays on a computer screen onto a large screen so that audience
can see the image clearly. DLP projector uses tiny mirrors to reflect light, producing images that can be
clearly seen even in a well-lit room
LCD projector attaches directly to a computer and uses its own light source to display the information
shown on the computer screen.
Facsimile (fax) machine is a device that transmits and receives documents over telephone lines. The fax
machine scans the original document, converts the image into digitised data and transmits the digitised
image. At the other end, the data are converted into an image and printed. You can add fax capability to
your computer via fax modem.
Multifunctional device (MFD) is a single piece of equipment that provides the functionality of a printer, fax
machine, copier and scanner.
Audio output device is a component of a computer that produces music, speech or other sounds;
Speakers can be separate devices placed on the either side of the monitor or they can be built into the
monitor or the system unit. Speakers are connected to the ports on the soundcard and they usually have
tone and volume controls
Headphones cover outside of the ear so other people cant hear what you listen
Earphones-ear buds rest inside the ear canal

Storage
Storage medium, also called secondary storage, is the physical material on which data, instructions and
information are kept (hard disk, cd, flashcards etc.)
Storage device is the mechanism used to record and retrieve storage media
Magnetic disks use magnetic patterns to store data, instructions and information on the disks surface in
form of 0s and 1s. Before writing on the disk, the disk must be formatted (organised into tracks and sectors.
The 3 types are floppy disks, zip disks and hard disks.
Hard disks consist of several circular disks called platters on which data, instructions and information are
stored electronically. The platter is coated with material that allows data to be magnetically recorded on its
surface; hard disks are read-write storage media (data can be rewritten)
Miniature hard disks are found in devices like media players, digital cameras, smart phones and PDAs
storage 4GB to 160GB or more
Portable hard disks: there are 2 types:
External hard disk separate HD that connects to USB or fire wire port by a cable
Removable hard disks use cartridges that you insert and remove from an external hard disk drive
Optical disks flat, round, portable discs made of metal, plastic and a layer that is written and read by a
laser.
Cds and DVDs are type of optical storage media that consist of a flat, round, portable plastic disc with a
protective metal coating. Some CD and DVD drives are read only, some are read-write, which allows users
to save to the disc. The information is stored in microscopic pits. A high-powered laser creates the pits, lowpower laser reads the information by reflecting light through the bottom of the disc. The reflected light is
converted into bits
Picture cd is a type of compact disc that stores digital version of a single role of film using a .jpg format
CD-R is a compact disc onto which you can record your own information and you can also add information
to the disc later. 650MB
CD-ROM cannot be erased or modified
CD-RW is an erasable disc you can write on multiple times
DVD is a high quality optical disc capable of storing 4.7 17GB;
Blue-Ray disc (BD) used in game consoles, capacity 10GB
Miniature mobile storage media many computers and other devices have slots and ports to read from
and write to miniature mobile storage media; peripheral card readers-writers and also available; plug into
USB ports
Flash memory card is a type of solid-state media used in digital cameras, PDAs, smart phones etc.
USB flash drives also called pen or thumb drives is a flash memory storage device that plugs into a USB
port (128MB 64GB)
Smart card - similar size to credit card; stores data on a thin processor embedded in the card; use: storing
medical records, identification info, storing prepaid amount of money etc.
Unit 5 Digital media and educational software application

Digital media are technologies that allow users to create new forms of interaction, expression,
communication and entertainment in a digital format. With digital media, students can interact with and
become part of learning adventures (view Mona Lisa, visit New York etc. Without physically setting foot
outside of the classroom).
Digital media software refers to any computer-based presentation or application software that uses
multimedia elements.
Interactive digital media allow users to move through information at their own pace. It accepts input from
the user and performs and action in response. Digital media encourages students to think creatively and
independently. Digital media include text and hypertext, graphics, animation, audio and video.
Musical instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) is the electronic music industry standard that defines how
digital music devices represent sound electronically. SW programs that conform to MIDI standards allow
you to compose and edit music and other sounds.
Video compression is used to make video smaller. Prior to viewing, the compressed video must be
decompressed so that it is restored to its original condition. MPEG is a standardised codec (compress and
decompress) for video compression
Digital media application involves the use of digital media technology in education, business and
entertainment. Teachers use digital media applications to deliver classroom presentations that enhance
student learning. Students, in turn, use digital media applications to learn by reading, seeing, hearing and
interacting with subject content. Another important application of digital media is to create simulations,
computer-based models of real-life situations that often replace costly and hazardous demonstrations and
training.
Computer-based training (CBT) is a tool that allows individuals to learn by using and completing
exercises using instructional software on computers, also called individual-lead training (ILT); popular in
business, industry and education to teach new skills or enhance existing skills of employees; CBT software
available on CD, DVD or the WEB is called courseware.
Electronic book (e-books) are small, book-sized computers that allow users to read, save, highlight,
bookmark and add text to online text. To read book on your computer, you need to install e-book reader
software program such as MS Reader or Adobe Acrobat eBook reader.
IPod Books are digital books that are accessed on an iPod. Some books must be purchased (unlimited or
time-based permits), some are free (e.g. project Gutenberg).
Electronic reference text, graphics, sound, animation, video is used to explain a topic e.g. MS Encarta or
Wikipedia
How-to guides digital media applications that include step-by-step instructions and interactive
demonstrations to teach you new practical skills e.g. how to buy a car or plan a vacation etc.
Digital media newspaper, magazines and journals are digital versions of newspapers, magazines and
journals distributed on CD, DVD or online; audio and video clips are often included.
Peer review-referencing is used in journals and it is a process of submitting an authors work or ideas to
the scrutiny of others who are experts in the field; used primarily by journal editors to select and screen
manuscripts for publication.

Entertainment and edutainment computer games that are combination of simulation, animations,
graphics, audio and video
Virtual reality (VR) is the use of a computer to create and artificial environment that appears and feels like
a real environment and allows you to explore space and manipulate the setting
Converged media the interaction of virtual reality with life performance; especially useful in e.g. police
and military training where real training might be dangerous. Some forms of VR software require you to
wear specialised headgear, bodysuits and gloves to enhance the experience of the artificial environment;
simple form of VR is a 3D game e.g. second life or Sims; companies use VR for virtual tours and
showrooms
Information kiosks are computerised information centres that allow you to select various options to
browse through or find specific information; often touch screens are used, provide info in public places on
e.g. available services, product location, maps etc.
Web-based training (WBT) is an approach to computer-based training that uses technologies of the
internet and the web. It typically consists of self-directed, self-paced instruction on a topic; easy to update,
offers anyplace anytime training
Distance learning is the delivery of education from one location to another; the learning takes place at a
remote location; most colleges and universities offer distance-learning courses that are usually web-based
or web-enhanced. A web-based course, also called online course, is taught mostly or completely on the
web. A blended course has a combination of face-to-face class meetings and online course sessions. A
web-enhanced course is a traditional course that uses web to enhance the content of the course. High
schools can also provide web-based courses - they prevent overcrowding and provide instruction for
homebound students; less populated districts and rural areas can share teachers
Professional development training is often web-based now. Teachers that need additional training can
now do online course training that is often self-paced. Teachers sign up for the course, complete it and
receive credits for it.
Instructor-led training involves continuous interaction with an instructor and the courses are more
structured, often include schedules and assignment due dates. It has a lower dropout rate then self-paced
training, but it is more expensive.
K-12 educational software applications
Educational sw application refers to computer software products used to support teaching and learning of
subject-related content; they allow students to examine their skills in a risk-free environment and provide
instant feedback, testing and review.
Computer assisted instruction (CAI) is sw designed to help teach facts, information and skills associated
with subject-related materials.
Drill-and-practice skill reinforcement software first supplies factual information and then through
repetitive exersises allows students to continue to work on specific materials to remember the information.
Provides instant feedback and usually has built-in features that allow the computer to move the student to
the next level when he masters the level.
Remediation is reviewing content many times and using alternative ways until the student grasps the
concepts being taught.

Tutorial is a teaching program designed to help individuals learn to use a product or concept. Many SW
products contain tutorials to teach the user how to use the SW; branching is sometimes used=non-linear
approach that offers alternative path through the lesson based on students responses
Educational simulation-video game is a computerised model of real life that represents a physical or
simulated process. User can cause things to happen, change conditions and make decisions e.g. SimCity
Integrated learning system (ILS) is a computerised SW program usually developed by an established
educational SW corporation as a complete educational SW solution in one package. These SW solutions
provide individual student diagnostic data, continuous monitoring of student performance with automatic
adjustments in instruction when needed, a variety of format for teaching content, and multilevel of content
comprehensive management solution for maintaining the sw and for tracking student use and progress is
also often available; expensive; suitable especially for low achieving schools; examples: Plato learning,
compass-learning
Open learning system advanced learning system is an integrated learning system that includes sw titles
form leading publishers. The teacher determines and prescribes the appropriate assessment, chooses the
ideal activities, matches SW to objectives and standards and integrates the SW into the curriculum
(example Classwork)
Curriculum-specific educational software
Creativity applications students often start with blank canvas and have complete control over the
design and graphics
Critical thinking applications stimulate critical thinking skills; students are presented with a problem
and a variety of ways to solve it
Early learning applications provide young learners with head start in reading, language arts, science
and other curriculum areas; wide variety of activities
ESL-foreign language applications provide students with assistance in learning languages
Language arts application support learning through reading and writing; available for all grade levels
Math applications helps learners with math; available for all grade levels
Science applications helps with science concepts; available for all grade levels
Social studies software applications encourages high order thinking skills, provide reinforcement of
facts
Creating and presenting digital media presentations involves producing various digital media
elements, defining the elements relationships to each other, and then sequencing them in an appropriate
order. Digital media authoring software lets you create the application or presentation by controlling the
placement of text and graphics and the duration of sounds, video and animations. Digital media authoring
software allows you to create interactivity by defining places in the program that respond to user input e.g.
MS PowerPoint, Photo Story, Apple iLife. They are very easy to use so even younger learners can do
projects on various topics. These projects then can be shown to the whole class by use of projector,
electronic whiteboards or on computer screens
Interactive whiteboards electronic whiteboards e.g. Smart Board you can project computer image on
Smart Board, you can press on its large, touch-sensitive surface to access and control any computer

application. You can write notes, draw diagrams, highlight information, save and print notes that you can
then hand out.
School Pad can be used with interactive whiteboard or independently to create an electronic whiteboard
on any wall surface. Mimo interactive converts existing whiteboard into an electronic sharing tool.
Why are digital media and educational software applications important for education?
When properly evaluated and integrated into teaching at the point of instruction, digital media applications
are highly effective teaching tools, because when students are able to see and hear, they learn more. When
they are able to interact with learning environment, they can retain as much as 80% of information.
One of the main reasons for teachers to utilise digital media SW in the classroom is that it appeals to a
variety of learning styles. Digital media SW is also engaging and motivational for todays digital students.
Students become active participants in the learning process instead of passive recipient of information.
Many students enjoy the creation of digital media presentation; using digital media SW increases learners
self-esteem and confidence. Teachers can use digital media SW both as a productivity tool and as an
integration tool. You can use a multimedia SW applications such as PowerPoint to present lectures and
introduce new concepts. Teachers can also create presentation for their students. When teachers
effectively use digital media sw as a productivity tool, they are modelling for their students how to use this
powerful software. This can be the first step in learning to integrate digital media SW effectively into the
curriculum. Teachers can have students demonstrate their learning by creating their own digital media
presentation and presenting them to the class. Using and integrating digital media can help the teacher to
manage digital kids in the classroom, because technology motivates students to learn when it is properly
organised, managed and matched to instructional objectives and strategies.
Strategies to help you manage digital students

Break projects into well-defined tasks, not huge projects

Discuss with the students the amount of time their projects will involve. Give grades for productive lab
time.

Storyboarding have the group create a visual plan before going to the computers.

Assign searching and investigations as hw since it can erode valuable lab time

Train classmates to assist others on the computers

Assign individual and group projects so that all types of knowledge is evaluated and all students
participate.

Maximise one-to-one computing (use iPods, e-books, PDAs, cell phones etc.)

Help students use colour flags or cups on computers (green I am ok; yellow I need help; red
need help urgently)

Have students ask two students a question before they can ask you

Post a list of all your procedures and guidelines for technology use on a visible place.

Unit 8 Security issues, ethics and emerging technologies in Education

Computer security risk can be any event or action that has the potential of causing a loss of computer
equipment, SW, data, information or processing capability. These risks are viruses, unauthorised access
and use and information theft. An illegal act involving a computer is referred to as computer crime.
Virus is a potentially damaging computer program designed to affect your knowledge or permission by
altering way it works; more specifically, a virus is a segment of program code that implants itself in a
computer file and spreads systematically from one file to another. Many viruses are designed to destroy
data stored on the infected computer. The symptoms caused by a virus is called virus payload.
There are 100s of new viruses and variants every month. Viruses attract computers especially when
connected to the internet. They can spread through email attachments - first ensure the email is from
trusted source, then scan with antivirus SW.
There are 3 main types of viruses:

Boot sector virus replaces the boot program used to start the computer with modified, infected version
of the boot program. When the computer runs the infected boot program, it loads the virus into the
computers memory from where it spreads to any storage media inserted into the computer.

A file virus inserts virus code into program files and then spreads to any program that accesses the
infected file.

A macro virus uses the macro language of an application, such as word processing to hide virus
codes. When you open a document with an infected macro, the virus loads into memory often part of
templates!

There are two common variations of computer viruses:

Worms are programs that copy themselves repeatedly in a computers memory or on a network, using
up resources and possibly shutting down the computer or network

Trojan horse a virus malicious sw program that hides within or is designed to look like a legitimate
program.

Logical bomb is a program that activates when it detects certain condition

Time bomb is a type of logical bomb that activates on a particular date
Virus detection and removal
You should take precautions to protect your computer from viruses by:

Purchase and install reliable antivirus software

Scan all removable media

Scan all files downloaded from the internet

Scan all attached files before opening them

Turn off email preview

Scan all software before using

Avoid illegal copies of copyrighted software

Never start your computer with removable media in the driver unless the media is uninfected

Install a personal firewall program

Backup you files often

Set your antivirus program to scan automatically

Antivirus program is designed to detect, disinfect and protect computers and networks from viruses. It
looks for programs that attempt to modify the boot program, the operating system or other programs that
normally are read from but not written to. Most antivirus sw can also remove or repair infected programs
and files. If the virus has infected the boot program, the antivirus program may require you to restart the
computer with a rescue disc. After that you can run repair and removal programs. If the program cannot
repair the damaged files, you might have to replace them with uninfected backup copies of the files.
(Norton antivirus, McAfee)
Virus hoaxes warnings that describe viruses that arent actually known to exist
Unauthorised access is the use of a computer network without permission
Cracker-hacker an individual who tries to access a computer or network illegally; some want to cause
damage to the computers files, some want to steal information and use it for illegal purposes, some just
want to leave evidence of their presence
Unauthorised use use of computer or data for unapproved or possibly illegal activities (ranges from
employee using a company computer to send an email to someone gaining access to bank system and
completing an unauthorised transfer of funds. Unauthorised access can be prevented by access controls,
which are security measures that define who can access a computer, when they can access it and what
actions they can take while using the computer. To prevent unauthorised use and access to sensitive
information, schools install different levels and types of access controls. Schools set up their networks so
that users have access only to those programs, data and information for which they are approved (user Ids
and passwords are assigned). Passwords should be at least 8 characters long-letters and numbers and
should be changed frequently.
Possessed object is any item that you must carry to gain access to a computer or computer facility e.g.
badges, cards, keys; often used in combination with a PIN.
Biometric devices authenticate a persons identity by translating a personal characteristic, such as
fingerprint, into a digital code stored in the computer to verify the personal characteristic. If it doesnt match,
the access is denied.
Firewall is a security system consisting of HW and SW that prevents unauthorised access to data and
information on a network. Many schools route all communications through a proxy server that screens all
incoming and outgoing messages. Windows XP and Vista and MC OS x have a personal firewall. A router
serves as a hardware firewall.
Personal firewall is a SW program that detects and protects your PC and its data from unauthorised
intrusions. These products constantly monitor all transmissions to and from your computer and inform you
of any attempted intrusions.
Hardware theft and vandalism is common in schools and schools can implement a variety of security
precaution: lock the equipment to a desk, alarm systems, do backups frequently in case a notebook is
stolen. Schools can insure computers and purchase service that tracks down a stolen notebook. Computer
vandalism takes many forms: cutting cable, deleting files etc.
Software theft takes many forms - from students physically stealing a CD to intentional piracy of software
Software piracy is the unauthorised and illegal duplication of copyrighted software

When you purchase software, you only purchase the right to use it, as outlined in the software licence, an
agreement that provides specific conditions for use of the software, which the user must accept before
using the software. The most common type of licence agreement is a single-user licence agreement-end
user licence agreement (EULA), which usually states that the SW can only be used on one computer and
one laptop, you can only make one copy for backup purposes and that users may not give copies to
friends.
Product activation is an antipiracy technology designed to verify that SW products have been licensed
legitimately. Product activation works by verifying that SW programs product key, which you must use to
install the product, hasnt been used on more computers then allowed by the software licence
Shareware SW that is distributed free for a trial period
Freeware sw provided to the user at no cost
Site licences gives the buyer right to install the SW on multiple computers at a single site cheaper
Network licence allows network users to share a single copy of the software, which resides on the network
server. The price is based on a fee for an unlimited number of users, or per user.
Community site licence gives an entire region or state the right to install an unlimited number of
educational copies of a particular SW program on individual computers or a network cheaper
Information theft can occur for a variety of reasons to steal or buy information about competitors; steal
credit card information to make purchases. Theft can be prevented by implementing the user ID controls
and by encryption.
System failure is a malfunction of a computer that occurs because of electrical power problems, HW
component failure or SW error.
Under voltage can occur when the electrical power supply drops
Brownout prolonged under voltage
Blackout complete power failure
Overvoltage-power surge occurs when the incoming electrical power increases significantly. A
momentary overvoltage is called a spike and is caused by uncontrollable disturbances such as lightning or
controllable disturbances such as turning on a piece of equipment that uses the same electrical
circuit..Overvoltage can cause permanent equipment damage. To prevent the damage, a surge protector
can be used. It is a device that uses special electrical components to provide a stable current flow and to
prevent damage to computer equipment. Many surge protectors include also plug-ins for telephone lines
and other cables or special device that protects these lines can be purchased; however, surge protectors
arent completely effective - large overvoltage can still damage the equipment.
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that contains surge protection circuits and batteries that
provide power during loss of power.
Backup is a duplication of files, programs or disks that can be used if the original is lost, damaged or
destroyed. When a file is corrupted, the backup copy is used to restore the file on a computer or network
file server. It is best to store backup on an offsite location. Most schools have a backup procedure that
outlines a regular plan of copying and backing up important data and program files. Teachers should also
teach students to do backups.

Computer ethics are the moral guidelines that govern the use of computers, networks and information
systems. There are 5 areas of computer ethics:

Unauthorised use of computers

HW, SW and Information theft

Information privacy

Copyright

The existence of objectionable material on the internet

Information privacy is the right of individuals and organisations to deny or restrict the collection and use of
information about them
Marketing organisations create an electronic profile of an individual by combining data acquired form public
and other sources. The organisation sells these electronic profiles to organisations that distribute
information on products and services.
Phishing is a scam in which the perpetrator sends an official-looking email that attempts to obtain personal
and financial information from the recipient.
Spam is an unsolicitated email message or newsgroup posting sent to many recipients or newsgroups at
once; spam sent through an instant message system is called spim; spam sent via internet telephony is
called split; to reduce spam, some email programs have built-in settings that delete spam automatically ;
internet service providers allow you to sign-up for email filtering that blocks emails from designated
sources; anti-spam program attempts to remove spam before it reaches inbox
Privacy laws schools have a legal and moral responsibility to protect sensitive information
Employee monitoring uses computers to observe, record and review an individuals use of a computer,
including communications such as email, keyboard activity and internet sites visited
Copyright means the original author of the work retains ownership of the work and has the exclusive right
to reproduce and distribute the creative work. All educators need to understand how copyright laws impact
the manner in which they and their students use information created by others. 3 areas of copyright directly
impact todays classroom:

Illegal copying or using copyrighted SW programs

Fair use laws and their application

Use of copyrighted material on teacher and student web pages

Anything considered public domain is free from copyright restrictions

Web page guidelines

Always protect the identity of students

Never list students last names, phone numbers, emails etc.

You can use first names, but not in conjunction with personal info such as photos

Avoid close-up pictures

Provide only well selected links to other websites

Internet ethics and objectionable materials

Objectionable material including racist literature, obscene pictures and videos, gambling and age-restricted
items such as alcohol are widely available on the internet. You must always try to ensure that learners dont
encounter such materials and you should ensure they know what to do if they do.
Filtering software prevents browsers form displaying material from target sites or sites that contain certain
keywords or phases
Cyber bullying is the posting or sending of detrimental or cruel text of images using the internet or other
digital devices. Both teachers and students can become the victims of cyber bullying; teachers should tell
students that bullying is wrong.
Parental controls parents can take number of steps to prevent children from accessing pornographic
and other objectible material on the internet

Use the parental controls available with the operating system change windows settings after you
created separate user accounts for each of your children.

Install filtering sw programs that allow parents to filter harmful websites, restrict internet access, monitor
childrens online activities and prevent children from accidentally providing personal information

Keep the family computer in the family room or where you can observe your children while they are
working on the computer; check browser history frequently

Educational controls
Schools should use 4 approaches to control student access to objectable material:

Filtering sw prevents browser from accepting material from target sites or material that contains certain
keywords or phrases. Drawback it can block access to legitimate material or research on controversial
issues

Acceptable user policies standards schools set for the ethical use of computers, school networks and
the internet.

Curriculum pages - teacher creates a webpage that contains hyperlinks to well-selected resources. A
curriculum page significantly reduces the chance that students will view an inappropriate site.

Teacher observation or supervision permits teachers to monitor their students while they are on the
internet.

Health issues
Musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) also called repetitive strain injury (RSI) is an injury or disorder of the
muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments and joints. Computer related RSIs include tendonitis and a carpal
tunnel syndrome.
Tendronitis is inflammation of a tendon due to repeated motion or stress on the tendon. Symptoms:
extreme pain of the forearm and the wrist, tingling in the fingers.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is inflammation of the nerve that connects the forearm to the palm of the
wrist. Symptoms: burning pain and numbness and tingling in the thumb and first 2 fingers.
Repeated or forceful bending of the wrist, prolonged typing and using mouse can cause CTS or tendonis of
the wrist. Prevention: frequent breaks in which you should exercise your hands and arms; wrist rest
between keyboard and the edge of the desk; mouse pad at least 15 cm form the edge of the desk.
Computer vision syndrome (CVS) symptoms: sore, tired, dry, itching eyes, blurred or double vision,
headache, sore neck difficulty shifting focus between a display divide and documents and focusing on the

screen image, sensitivity to light. Prevention: short eye breaks every 15 minutes; every 60 minutes stretch
your body, sit properly and teach students the same.
Ergonomics is an applied science devoted to incorporating comfort, efficiency and safety into design of
items in the workplace e.g. brightness can be adjusted on monitors, chair can be adjusted to height,
keyboard is designed to prevent RSI etc.