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gvawgK wkvi AbZg weeP welq|
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cwigvwRZ GB wkvg RvZxq Av`k, j, Dk I mgKvjxb Pvwn`vi cwZdjb NUvbv nqQ, mB mv_
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cwZwU Aavqi iyZ wkLbdj hy Ki wkv_xi AwRZe vbi BwZ c`vb Kiv nqQ Ges wewP KvR,
mRbkxj ck I Abvb ck mshvRb Ki g~jvqbK mRbkxj Kiv nqQ|
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GKwesk kZKi AxKvi I cZqK mvgb iL cwigvwRZ wkvgi AvjvK cvVcyKwU iwPZ nqQ|
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MvwYwZK mgmv mgvavb `Zv ARbi iyZc~Y Ask| Avevi Avgv`i cvkvK bvbv iKg evnvwi
bKkv, wewfb vcbvi Mvq KviyKvhgq bKkv BZvw`Z RvwgwZK cvUvb `LZ cvB| G Aavq msLv
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1.1 cvUvb
wbPi wPi UvBjm&&jv j Kwi| Gjv GKwU cvUvb mvRvbv nqQ| GLvb cwZwU AvovAvwo
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1
1
1
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1
2

3
4

1
3

1
4

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wZxq wP KZjv msLv wfzRvKvi mvRvbv nqQ| msLvjv GKwU wekl wbqg gb wbevPb
Kiv nqQ| wbqgwU njv: cwZ jvBbi iyZ I kl 1 _vKe Ges Ab msLvjv Dcii mvwii
`yBwU cvkvcvwk msLvi hvMdji mgvb| hvMdj mvRvbvi GB wbqg Ab GKwU cvUvb mw KiQ|
Avevi, 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, ............. msLvjvZ GKwU cvUvb we`gvb| msLvjv fvjvfve j
Ki `Lj GKwU wbqg LuyR cvIqv hve| wbqgwU njv, 1 _K iy Ki cwZevi 3 hvM KiZ ne|
Ab GKwU D`vniY : 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ........ cwZevi wY nQ|

1.2 ^vfvweK msLvi cvUvb

gwjK msLv wbYq
Avgiv Rvwb h, 1-Gi Pq eo h me msLvi 1 I msLvwU Qvov Ab Kvbv YbxqK bB, mjv
gwjK msLv| BivUvwwbm (Eratosthenes) QuvKwbi mvnvh mnRB gwjK msLv wbYq Kiv hvq |
1 _K 100 ch ^vfvweK msLvjv GKwU PvU wjwL| Gevi mePq QvU gwjK msLv 2 wPwZ
Kwi Ges Gi wYZKjv A_vr cZK wZxq msLv KU `B| Gici gv^q 3, 5 Ges 7 BZvw`
gwjK msLvi wYZKjv KU w`B| ZvwjKvq h msLvjv wUK iBj mjv gwjK msLv|
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

51

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

61

62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

71

72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91

92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

ZvwjKvi wbw` msLv wbYq

D`vniY 1| ZvwjKvi cieZx `yBwU msLv wbYq Ki : 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, ...
mgvavb : ZvwjKvi msLvjv
3, 10, 17, 24, 31, ...
cv_K
7 7
7
7
j Kwi, cwZevi cv_K 7 Ki evoQ| AZGe, cieZx `yBwU msLv ne h_vg 31 + 7 = 38 I
38+7 = 45|

MwYZ

D`vniY 2| ZvwjKvi cieZx msLvwU wbYq Ki : 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ...

mgvavb : ZvwjKvi msLvjv
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ...
cv_K
3 5 7
9
j Kwi, cwZevi cv_K 2 Ki evoQ| AZGe, cieZx msLv ne 25 + 11 = 36|
D`vniY 3| ZvwjKvi cieZx msLvwU wbYq Ki : 1, 5, 6, 11, 28, ...
mgvavb : ZvwjKvi msLvjv 1, 5, 6, 11, 17, 28, ...
hvMdj
6
11 17 28
45 ......
ZvwjKvi msLvjv GKwU cvUvb jLv nqQ| cici `yBwU msLvi hvMdj cieZx msLvwUi mgvb|
msLvjvi cv_K j Ki `LZ cvB h, c_g cv_K ev` evwK cv_Kjv g~j ZvwjKvi mv_
wgj hvq| Gi A_ GB h, Kvbv `yBwU wgK msLvi cv_K c~eeZx msLvi mgvb| AZGe, cieZx
msLv ne 17 + 28 = 45|
KvR :
1|: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ......... msLvjvK wdevbvw msLv ejv nq|
msLvjvZ Kvbv cvUvb `LZ cvI Kx ?
j Ki : 2 cvIqv hvq Gi c~eeZx 2wU msLv hvM Ki (1+1)
3

2wU

(1+2)

21
2wU
cieZx `kwU wdevbvw msLv ei Ki|

(8+13)

^vfvweK wgK msLvi hvMdj wbYq

^vfvweK wgK msLvi hvMdj ei Kivi GKwU PgrKvi m~ iqQ| Avgiv mnRB m~wU ei
KiZ cvwi|
gb Kwi, 1 _K 10 ch wgK ^vfvweK msLvjvi hvMdj K|
K = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10
j Kwi, c_g I kl c`i hvMdj 1 + 10 = 11, wZxq I kl c`i AvMi c`i hvMdjI 2 +
9 = 11 BZvw`| GKB hvMdji cvUvb AbymiY Ki 5 Rvov msLv cvIqv Mj | myZivs hvMdj
11 5 = 55| G _K ^vfvweK wgK msLvi hvMdj ei Kivi GKwU Kkj cvIqv Mj|

MwYZ

KkjwU njv :
c` hvMdji mv_ msLvjv wecixZ g wjL hvM Ki cvB
K

= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10

= 10 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1

2K = (1+10) + (2+9) + ... .. + (9+2) + (10+1)

2K = (1+10) 5 = 55
(c_g msLv + kl msLv ) c` msLv
K

=
2

c_g `kwU weRvo msLvi hvMdj wbYq

c_g `kwU weRvo msLvi hvMdj KZ ? KvjKzjUii mvnvh mnRB hvMdj cvB, 100|
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 100
Gfve c_g cvkwU weRvo msLvi hvMdj ei KiZ mnR ne bv| eis G aibi hvMdj
wbYqi Rb KvhKi MvwYwZK m~ Zwi Kwi| 1 _K 19 ch weRvo msLvjv j Kij `Lv
hvq, 1 + 19 = 20, 3 + 17 = 20, 5 + 15 = 20 BZvw` | GiKg 5 Rvov msLv cvIqv hvq
hv`i hvMdj 20| myZivs, msLv jvi hvMdj 5 20 = 100|
1 + 3 = 4,

GKwU c~YeM msLv

1 + 3 + 5 = 9,

GKwU c~YeM msLv

Avgiv j Kwi,

1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16,

GKwU c~YeM msLv, BZvw`|

cwZevi hvMdj GKwU c~YeM msLv cvwQ| welqwU RvwgwZK cvUvb wnme mnRB evLv Kiv hvq|
y`vKwZi eMi mvnvh GB hvMdji cvUvb j Kwi|

16

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`Lv hvQ h, 3wU weRvo msLv hvMi ejvq cZKi cvk 3wU QvU eM emvbv nqQ| myZivs,
10wU wgK weRvo msLv hvM Kij wPi cwZ cvk 10wU QvU eM _vKe| A_vr, 10 X 10 ev
100wU eMi cqvRb ne| mvaviYfve ejv hvq h, K msLK wgK ^vfvweK weRvo msLvi
hvMdj (K)2 |
KvR
1| hvMdj ei Ki: 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + 19 + 22 + 25 + 28 + 31

1.3 msLvK `yBwU eMi mgw ic cKvk

wKQz msLv iqQ hjvK `yBwU eMi mgwic cKvk Kiv hvq| hgb,
2 = 1 2 + 12
5 = 12 + 22
8 = 22 + 22
10 = 12 + 32
13 = 22 + 32 BZvw`|
G msLvjvi eMi hvMdj mnRB ei Kiv hvq| 1 _K 100-Gi ga 34 wU msLvK `yBwU
eMi hvMdj wnme cKvk Kiv hvq|
Avevi wKQz ^vfvweK msLvK `yB ev AwaK Dcvq `yBwU eMi mgwic cKvk Kiv hvq| hgb,
50 = 12 + 72 = 52 + 52
65 = 12 + 82 = 42 + 72
KvR
1| 130, 170, 185 K `yBfve `yBwU eMi mgwic cKvk Ki|
2| 325 msLvwU wZbwU wfb Dcvq `yBwU eMi mgwic cKvk Ki|
Kvbv ^vfvweK msLvK wZbwU wewfb Dcvq `yBwU eMi mgwic cKvk Kiv hvq wK ?

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1.4 gvwRK eM wbgvY

(K) 3 gi gvwRK eM
GKwU eMK `N I c eivei wZb fvM fvM Ki bqwU QvU eM Kiv njv| cwZwU z`
eM 1 _K 9 ch wgK ^vfvweK msLvjv Ggb fve mvRvZ ne hvZ cvkvcvwk, DciwbP, KvbvKzwb hvM Kij hvMdj GKB nq| G 3 gi gvwRK msLv ne 15| msLvjv
mvRvbvi wewfb Kkji GKwU Kkj njv K`i QvU eM 5 msLv ewmq KYi eivei
eM Rvo msLvjv wjLZ ne hb KY `yBwU eivei hvMdj 15 nq| KYi msLvjv ev`
w`q evwK weRvo msLvjv Ggbfve wbevPb KiZ ne hb cvkvcvwk, Dci-wbP hvMdj 15 cvIqv
hvq| cvkvcvwk, Dci-wbP, KvbvKzwb hvM Ki `Lv hvq 15 nQ|
2
5

9
5

2
7

9
5

4
3

5
6

(L) 4 gi gvwRK eM
GKwU eMK `N I c eivei Pvi fvM fvM Ki lvjwU QvU eM Kiv njv| cwZwU z`
eM 1 _K 16 ch wgK ^vfvweK msLvjv Ggb fve mvRvZ ne hvZ cvkvcvwk, DciwbP, KvbvKzwb hvM Kij hvMdj GKB nq| G hvMdj ne 34 Ges 34 njv 4 gi
gvwRK msLv| msLvjv mvRvbvi wewfb Kkj iqQ| GKwU Kkj njv msLvjv hKvbv
KvY _K Avi Ki gv^q cvkvcvwk, Dci-wbP wjLZ ne| KYi msLvjv ev` w`q evwK
msLvjv wbevPb KiZ ne| Gevi KYi msLvjv wecixZ KvY _K wjwL| cvkvcvwk, Dci-wbP,
KvbvKzwb hvM Ki `Lv hvq, hvMdj 34 nQ|
1

9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
2

16
11 10
7 6

8
14 15

13

16

13

5
9

11 10 8
7 6 12

14 15

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KvR :
1| wfb Kkj 4 gi gvwRK eM Zwi Ki|
2| `jMZfve 5 gi gvwRK eM wbgvYi Pv Ki|

1.5 msLv wbq Ljv

1| `yB Ai h Kvbv msLv bvI| msLvi A `yBwU vb e`j Ki bZzb msLvwUi mv_ AvMi
msLvwU hvM Ki| hvMdj K 11 viv fvM Ki| fvMkl ne k~b|
2| `yB Ai h Kvbv msLvi A `yBwU vb cwieZb Ki| eo msLvwU _K QvU msLvwU
weqvM Ki 9 viv fvM `vI| fvMkl ne k~b|
3| wZb Ai h Kvbv msLv bvI| msLvi AjvK wecixZ g wjL| Gevi eo msLvwU
_K QvU msLvwU weqvM Ki| weqvMdj 99 viv fvM Ki| fvMkl 0 Kb evLv Ki|

1.6 RvwgwZK cvUvb

wPi eYjv mgvb `N iLvski viv Zwi Kiv nq| G iKg KqKwU Ai wP j Kwi :

10

13

3K+1

11

16

21

5K+1

12

17

22

5K+2

wPjv Zwi KiZ KZjv iLvsk cqvRb Zvi cvUvb j Kwi| K msLK A Zwii Rb
iLvski msLv cwZ cvUvbi kl exRMwYZxq ivwki mvnvh `Lvbv nqQ|

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exRMwYZxq ivwki mvnvh msLv cvUvbi mviwYwU c~iY Kwi :

wgK

c`

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bs

1g

2q

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4_

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100Zg

2K+1

11

21

201

3K+1

10

13

16

31

301

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15

24

99

9999

4K+3

11

15

19

23

43

403

Abykxjbx 1
1| cwZwU ZvwjKvi cieZx PviwU msLv wbYq Ki :
(K) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ...

(L) 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, ...

(M) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ...

(N) 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, ...

(O) 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, ...

(P) 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, ...

2| cwZwU ZvwjKvi cvkvcvwk `yBwU c`i cv_K ei Ki Ges cieZx `yBwU msLv wbYq Ki :
(K) 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, ...

(L) 6, 17, 28, 39, 50, ...

(M) 24, 20, 16, 12, 8, ...

(N) 11, 8, 5, 2, 1, ...

(O) 5, 8, 11, 14, ...

(P) 14, 9, 4, 1, 6, ...

3| ZvwjKvi cieZx `yBwU msLv wbYq Ki :

(K) 2, 2, 4, 8, 14, 22 ...

(L) 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, ...

(M) 1, 4, 10, 22, 46, ...

(N) 4, 1, 11, 26, 46, ...

4| wbPi msLv cvUvbjvi ga Kvbv wgj iqQ wK ? cwZwU ZvwjKvi cieZx msLvwU wbYq Ki|
(K) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 ...

(L) 4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, ...

(M) 1, 1, 0, 1, 3, 6, 11, ...

5| Kvbv GK KwDUvi cvMvg _K wbPi msLvjv cvIqv Mj:
1

2 4 8 11 16 22

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wgK

c`

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1g

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7| wbPi RvwgwZK wPjv KvwV w`q Zwi Kiv nqQ|

(K) KvwVi msLvi ZvwjKv Ki|

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(M) KvwV w`q cieZx wPwU Zwi Ki Ges Zvgvi Di hvPvB Ki|
8| `kjvBqi KvwV w`q wbPi wfzRjvi cvUvb Zwi Kiv nqQ|

100Zg

(K) PZz_ cvUvb `kjvBqi KvwVi msLv ei Ki|

(L) ZvwjKvi cieZx msLvwU Kxfve ei Kie Zv evLv Ki|
(M) kZZg cvUvb ZwiZ KZjv `kjvBqi KvwVi cqvRb ?

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gybvdv
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Zgb `icZbi KviY wZI AvQ| Avevi Avgiv wbivcvi ^v_ UvKv evsK AvgvbZ ivwL|
evsK mB UvKv wewfb LvZ wewbqvM Ki jvf ev gybvdv cvq Ges evsKI AvgvbZKvix`i
gybvdv `q| ZvB mKjiB wewbqvM I gybvdv mK aviYv _vKv `iKvi| G Aavq jvf-wZ
Ges weklfve gybvdv mK AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv

gybvdv Kx Zv ejZ cvie|

mij gybvdvi nvi evLv KiZ cvie Ges G msv mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie|
Pew gybvdvi nvi evLv KiZ cvie Ges G msv mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie|
evsKi wnmve weeiYx eySZ I evLv KiZ cvie|

2.1 jvf-wZ
GKRb eemvqx `vKvb fvov, cwienb LiP I Abvb AvbylwK LiP cYi qg~ji mv_ hvM
Ki cKZ LiP wbaviY Kib| GB cKZ LiPK wewbqvM ej| GB wewbqvMKB jvf ev wZ
wbYqi Rb qg~j wnme aiv nq| Avi h g~j H cY weq Kiv nq Zv weqg~j| qg~ji
Pq weqg~j ewk nj jvf ev gybvdv nq| Avi qg~ji Pq weqg~j Kg nj jvKmvb ev
wZ nq| Avevi qg~j I weqg~j mgvb nj jvf ev wZ KvbvwUB nq bv| jvf ev wZ
qg~ji Ici wnmve Kiv nq|
Avgiv wjLZ cvwi, jvf = weqg~j qg~j
wZ = qg~j weqg~j
Dcii mK _K qg~j ev weqg~j wbYq Kiv hvq|
Zzjbvi Rb jvf ev wZK kZKiv wnmeI cKvk Kiv nq|

MwYZ

11

D`vniY 1| GKRb `vKvb`vi cwZ nvwj wWg 25 UvKv `i q Ki cwZ 2 nvwj 56 UvKv `i weq
Kij Zuvi kZKiv KZ jvf ne ?
mgvavb : 1 nvwj wWgi qg~j 25UvKv

25 2 UvKv ev 50 UvKv|

2 nvwj

hnZz wWgi qg~j _K weqg~j ewk, myZivs jvf ne|

myZivs, jvf = (56 50) UvKv ev 6 UvKv|

50 UvKvq jvf 6 UvKv

6
1
50 UvKv

6 1002

501

100

= 12 UvKv|
jvf 12%

D`vniY 2| GKwU QvMj 8% wZZ weq Kiv njv| QvMjwU AviI 800 UvKv ewk g~j weq
Kij 8% jvf nZv| QvMjwUi qg~j KZ ?
mgvavb : QvMjwUi qg~j 100 UvKv nj, 8% wZZ weqg~j (100 8) UvKv ev 92 UvKv|
Avevi, 8% jvf weqg~j (100 + 8) UvKv ev 108 UvKv|
weqg~j ewk nq (108 92) UvKv ev 16 UvKv|
weqg~j 16 UvKv ewk nj qg~j 100 UvKv
100

16

800

100 80050
16

= 5000 UvKv
QvMjwUi qg~j 5000 UvKv|

12

MwYZ

KvR : wbPi Lvwj Ni c~iY Ki :

qg~j (UvKv) weqg~j (UvKv)
jvf/wZ
600
660
jvf 60 UvKv
600
552
wZ 48 UvKv
583
jvf 33 UvKv
856
wZ 107 UvKv
jvf 64 UvKv

kZKiv jvf/wZ
jvf 10%
wZ 8 %

jvf 8%

2.2 gybvdv
dwi`v eMg Zuvi wKQz Rgvbv UvKv evwoZ ivLv wbivc` bq fe evsK ivLvi wmv wbjb| wZwb
10,000 UvKv evsK AvgvbZ ivLjb| GK eQi ci evsKi wnmve wbZ wMq `Ljb, Zuvi Rgv
UvKvi cwigvY 700 UvKv ew cq 10,700 UvKv nqQ| GK eQi ci dwi`v eMgi UvKv Kxfve
700 UvKv ew cj ?
evsK UvKv Rgv ivLj evsK mB UvKv eemv, MnwbgvY BZvw` wewfb LvZ FY w`q mLvb _K
gybvdv Ki| evsK mLvb _K AvgvbZKvixK wKQz UvKv `q| G UvKvB nQ AvgvbZKvixi cv
gybvdv ev jfvsk| Avi h UvKv c_g evsK Rgv ivLv nqwQj Zv Zvi g~jab ev Avmj| Kviv KvQ
UvKv Rgv ivLv ev FY `Iqv Ges Kviv KvQ _K UvKv avi ev FY wnme bIqv GKwU cwqvi
gvag mb nq| GB cwqv g~jab, gybvdvi nvi, mgq I gybvdvi mv_ mwKZ|
j Kwi :
gybvdvi nvi : 100 UvKvi 1 eQii gybvdvK gybvdvi nvi ev kZKiv evwlK gybvdv ejv nq|
mgqKvj : h mgqi Rb gybvdv wnmve Kiv nq Zv G mgqKvj|
mij gybvdv : cwZ eQi ay cviwK g~jabi Ici h gybvdv wnmve Kiv nq, ZvK mij gybvdv
(Simple Profit) ej| ay gybvdv ejZ mij gybvdv evSvq|
G Aavq Avgiv wbPi exRMwYZxq cZxKjv eenvi Kie|
g~jab ev Avmj = p ( principal)

gybvdv-Avmj

gybvdvi nvi = r (rate of interest)

= Avmj + gybvdv

mgq = n (time)

A_vr, A = P + I

gybvdv = I ( profit)

GLvb _K cvB,

mew g~jab ev gybvdv-Avmj = A ( Total amount)

P=AI
I=AP

MwYZ

13

2.3 gybvdv msv mgmv

Avmj, gybvdvi nvi, mgq I gybvdv GB PviwU Dcvi hKvbv wZbwU Rvbv _vKj evwK DcvwU ei
Kiv hvq| wbP G mK AvjvPbv Kiv njv :
(K) gybvdv wbYq :
D`vniY 3| iwgR mvne evsK 5000 UvKv Rgv ivLjb Ges wVK Kijb h, AvMvgx 6 eQi wZwb
evsK _K UvKv DVveb bv| evsKi evwlK gybvdv 10% nj, 6 eQi ci wZwb gybvdv KZ cveb ?
gybvdv-Avmj KZ ne ?
mgvavb : 100 UvKvi 1 eQii gybvdv 10 UvKv
10
1
1

100
10 5000
5000 1

100

5000 6

10 500050 6

100
= 3000 UvKv

gbyvdv-Avmj = Avmj + gbyvdv

= (5000 + 3000) UvKv
= 8000 UvKv|
gybvdv 3000 UvKv Ges gybvdv-Avmj 8000 UvKv|
10
j Kwi : 5000 UvKvi 6 eQii gybvdv 5000
6 UvKv
100
m~ : gybvdv = Avmj gybvdvi nvi mgq,

gbyvdv-Avmj = Avmj + gbyvdv,

I = prn

A = p + I = p + prn = p (1 + rn )

D`vniY 3-Gi weK mgvavb :

Avgiv Rvwb, I = prn , A_vr, gbyvdv = Avmj gybvdvi nvi mgq
10
gbyvdv = 5000
6 UvKv
100
= 3000 UvKv|
gybvdv-Avmj = Avmj + gybvdv
= (5000+3000) UvKv ev 8000 UvKv|
gybvdv 3000 UvKv Ges gybvdv-Avmj 8000 UvKv|

14

MwYZ

(L) Avmj ev g~jab wbYq :

1
UvKv gybvdvq KZ UvKvq 6 eQii gybvdv 2550 UvKv ne ?
2
1
17
mgvavb : gybvdvi nvi 8 % ev
%
2
2

D`vniY 4| kZKiv evwlK 8

Avgiv Rvwb, I =
ev,

p =

rn
I
rn

gybvdv

A_vr, Avmj =

gybvdvi nvi mgq

2550
UvKv
17
6
2 100
50 150
2550 21 100
=
UvKv
171 6 3
1
= (50 100) UvKv

Avmj =

= 5000 UvKv|
(M) gybvdvi nvi wbYq :
D`vniY 5| kZKiv evwlK KZ gybvdvq 3000 UvKvi 5 eQii gybvdv 1500 UvKv ne ?
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, I = prn

ev,

r =

A_vr, gybvdvi nvi

gybvdv 10%

I
pn

gybvdv
Avmj mgq
1500
=
UvKv
3000 5
11500
1 1 100%
= =
= 10%
=
3000 5 10
10
2
= 10%

MwYZ

15

3
D`vniY 6| Kvbv Avmj 3 eQi gybvdv-Avmj 5500 UvKv nq| gybvdv, Avmji
Ask nj,
8
Avmj I gybvdvi nvi KZ ?

mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, Avmj + gybvdv = gybvdvAvmj

3
= 5500
ev, Avmj + Avmji
8
3
ev, 1 +
Avmj = 5500
8
11
ev, Avmj = 5500
8
500 5500 8
UvKv
ev, Avmj =
111

= 4000 UvKv|
gybvdv = gybvdv-Avmj Avmj
= (5500 4000) UvKv, ev 1500 UvKv
Avevi, Avgiv Rvwb, I = prn
ev, r =

I
pn

gybvdv

A_vr, gybvdvi nvi =

=

Avmj mgq
1500
4000 3

1
1
1500 100
25
% ev 12 %
% ev
400040 31
2
2
2

25 500

1
2

Avmj 4000 UvKv I evwlK gybvdv 12 %

D`vniY 7| evwlK 12% gybvdvq KZ eQi 10000 UvKvi gybvdv 4800 UvKv ne ?
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, I = prn
ev, n = I

pr

16

MwYZ

hLvb gybvdv I = 4800 UvKv, g~jab p = 10000 UvKv,

gybvdvi nvi r = 12%, mgq n = ?
mgq =

gybvdv
Avmj gybvdvi nvi

4800
=

12
10000
100

eQi

4 48

ev, mgq

4800 1001
eQi
10000100 121
1

= 4 eQi
mgq 4 eQi

Abykxjbx 2.1
1|

GKwU cY`e weq Ki cvBKvwi weZvi 20% Ges LyPiv weZvi 20% jvf nq| hw`
`ewUi LyPiv weqg~j 576 UvKv nq, Ze cvBKvwi weZvi qg~j KZ ?

2|

GKRb `vKvb`vi wKQz Wvj 2375.00 UvKvq weq Kivq Zvi 5% wZ njv| H Wvj KZ
UvKvq weq Kij Zvi 6% jvf nZv ?

3|

30 UvKvq 10wU `i I 15wU `i mgvb msLK Kjv q Ki mejv Kjv 30 UvKvq 12wU
`i weq Kij kZKiv KZ jvf ev wZ ne ?

4|

evwlK kZKiv gybvdvi nvi 10.50 UvKv nj, 2000 UvKvi 5 eQii gybvdv KZ ne ?

5|

evwlK gybvdv kZKiv 10 UvKv _K Kg 8 UvKv nj, 3000 UvKvi 3 eQii gybvdv KZ Kg
ne ?

6|

evwlK kZKiv gybvdv KZ nj, 13000 UvKv 5 eQi gybvdv-Avmj 18850 UvKv ne ?

7|

evwlK kZKiv KZ gybvdvq Kvbv Avmj 8 eQi gybvdv-Avmj wY ne ?

8|

6500 UvKv h nvi gybvdvq 4 eQi gybvdv-Avmj 8840 UvKv nq, H GKB nvi gybvdvq KZ
UvKv 4 eQi gybvdv-Avmj 10200 UvKv ne ?

MwYZ

9|

17

wiqvR mvne wKQz UvKv evsK Rgv iL 4 eQi ci 4760 UvKv gybvdv cvb| evsKi evwlK
gybvdvi nvi 8.50 UvKv nj, wZwb evsK KZ UvKv Rgv iLwQjb ?

10| kZKiv evwlK h nvi Kvbv g~jab 6 eQi gybvdv-g~jab wY nq, mB nvi KZ UvKv 4
eQi gybvdv-g~jab 2050 UvKv ne ?
11| evwlK kZKiv 6 UvKv gybvdvq 500 UvKvi 4 eQii gybvdv hZ nq, evwlK kZKiv 5 UvKv
gybvdvq KZ UvKvi 2 eQi 6 gvmi gybvdv ZZ ne ?
12| evwlK gybvdv 8% _K eo 10% nIqvq wZkv gvigvi Avq 4 eQi 128 UvKv eo Mj|
Zuvi g~jab KZ wQj ?
13| Kvbv Avmj 3 eQi gybvdv-Avmj 1578 UvKv Ges 5 eQi gybvdv-Avmj 1830 UvKv nq|
Avmj I gybvdvi nvi wbYq Ki|
14| evwlK 10% gybvdvq 3000 UvKv Ges 8% gybvdvq 2000 UvKv wewbqvM Kij gvU g~jabi
Ici Mo kZKiv KZ UvKv nvi gybvdv cvIqv hve ?
15| iwWK MvgR 3 eQii Rb 10000 UvKv Ges 4 eQii Rb 15000 UvKv evsK _K FY
wbq evsKK gvU 9900 UvKv gybvdv `b| Dfq gybvdvi nvi mgvb nj, gybvdvi nvi
wbYq Ki|
16| GKB nvi gybvdvq Kvbv Avmj 6 eQi gybvdv-Avmj wY nj, KZ eQi Zv gybvdv-Avmj
wZbY ne ?
17| Kvbv wbw` mgqi gybvdv-Avmj 5600 UvKv Ges gybvdv, Avmji Ask| gybvdv evwlK
kZKiv 8 UvKv nj, mgq wbYq Ki|
18| Rvwgj mvne cbkbi UvKv cq 10 jvL UvKvi wZb gvm Ai gybvdv wfwK wZb eQi gqvw`
cbkb mqc wKbjb| evwlK gybvdv 12% nj, wZwb 1g wKwZ, A_vr c_g wZb gvm ci
KZ gybvdv cveb ?

2.4 Pew gybvdv : (Compound Profit)

Pew gybvdvi cZK eQii kl g~jabi mv_ gybvdv hvM nq bZzb g~jab nq| hw`
Kvbv AvgvbZKvix evsK 1000 UvKv Rgv ivLb Ges evsK ZuvK evwlK 12% gybvdv `q, Ze
AvgvbZKvix eQiv 1000 UvKvi Ici gybvdv cveb|
1000 UvKvi 12% ev 1000 12 UvKv
100
= 120 UvKv|

18

MwYZ

ZLb, 2q eQii Rb Zvi g~jab ne (1000 + 120) UvKv, ev 1120 UvKv, hv Zuvi Pew g~jab|
2q eQiv 1120 UvKvi Ici 12% gybvdv `Iqv ne|
224
12
1120 UvKvi 12% = 1120 100 UvKv
25
5
672
= 5 UvKv
= 134.40 UvKv
3q eQii Rb AvgvbZKvixi Pew g~jab ne (1120 + 134.40) UvKv

= 1254.40 UvKv|
Gfve cwZ eQiv evsK AvgvbZKvixi g~jab evoZ _vKe| GB ewcv g~jabK ejv nq
Pew g~jab ev Pew g~j| Avi cwZ eQi ewcv g~jabi Ici h gybvdv wnmve Kiv nq, ZvK
ej Pew gybvdv| Ze G gybvdv wbYq wZb gvm, Qq gvm ev Gi Pq Kg mgqi RbI nZ cvi|
Pew g~jab I gybvdvi m~ MVb :
aiv hvK, cviwK g~jab ev Avmj p Ges kZKiv evwlK my`i nvi
1g eQiv Pew g~jab = Avmj + gybvdv
=p+pr
= p (1+ r)
2q eQiv Pew g~jab = 1g eQii Pew g~jab + gybvdv
= p (1+ r) + p (1+ r) r
= p (1+ r) (1+ r)
= p (1+ r)2
3q eQiv Pew g~jab = 2q eQii Pew g~jab + gybvdv
= p(1+ r)2 + p (1+ r)2 r
= p(1+ r)2 (1+ r)
= p(1+ r)3
j Kwi : 1g eQiv Pew g~jab (1+ r) Gi m~PK 1
2q

(1+ r) Gi m~PK 2

3q

(1+ r) Gi m~PK 3

MwYZ

19

n eQiv Pew g~jab ne (1+ r) Gi m~PK n

n eQiv Pew g~jab C nj, C = p (1+ r)n

Avevi, Pew gybvdv = Pew g~jab cviwK g~jab = p (1+ r)n r

m~ : g~jab C = p(1+ r)n
gybvdv = p(1+ r)n p

GLb, Pew gybvdv mK AvjvPbvi iyZ h g~jab 1000 UvKv Ges gybvdv 12% aiv nqwQj,
mLvb Pew g~jabi m~ cqvM Kwi :
1g eQiv Pew g~jab

= P(1+ r)
12
= 1000 1 + 100 UvKv

= 1000 (1 + 0.12) UvKv

= 1000 1.12 UvKv
= 1120 UvKv
2q eQiv Pew g~jab

= p(1+ r)2
12
= 1000 1 + 100

UvKv

= 1000 (1 + 0.12)3 UvKv

= 1000 (1.12)3 UvKv
= 1000 1.2544 UvKv
= 1254.40 UvKv |
3q eQiv Pew g~jab = p(1+ r)3

12
= 1000 1 + 100 UvKv

= 1000 (1 + 0.12)2 UvKv

= 1000 (1.12)2 UvKv

20

MwYZ

= 1000 1.404928 UvKv

= 1404.93 UvKv (cvq)|
D`vniY 1| evwlK kZKiv 8 UvKv gybvdvq 62500 UvKvi 3 eQii Pew g~jab wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, C = p (1+ r)n
`Iqv AvQ, cviwK g~jab p = 62500 UvKv
evwlK gybvdvi nvi, r = 8%
Ges mgq n = 3 eQi
2

8 3
27
C = 62500 1 + 100 UvKv, ev 62500
25
25

UvKv

= 62500 (1.08)3 UvKv

= 62500 1.259712 UvKv
= 78732 UvKv
Pew g~jab 78732 UvKv|

D`vniY 2| evwlK 10.50% gybvdvq 5000 UvKvi 2 eQii Pew gybvdv wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : Pew gybvdv wbYqi Rb c_g Pew g~jab wbYq Kwi|
Avgiv Rvwb, Pew g~jab C = P(1+ r)n, hLvb g~jab P = 5000 UvKv,
21
gybvdvi nvi r = 10.50% =
200
mgq n = 2 eQi
C = P(1+ r)2

21 2
= 5000 1 + 200 UvKv
2

221
= 5000 100 UvKv
1
25 221 221
= 5000 200 200 UvKv
1
8
48841
= 8 UvKv ev 6105.13 UvKv (cvq)

MwYZ

21

Pew gybvdv = C P = P (1+ r)2 P

= (6105.13 5000) UvKv

= 1105.13 UvKv (cvq)
D`vniY 3| GKwU dvU gvwjK KjvY mwgwZ Av`vqKZ mvwfm PvR _K D 200000 UvKv evsK
Qq gvm Ai Pew gybvdvwfwK vqx AvgvbZ ivLjb| gybvdvi nvi evwlK 12 UvKv nj, Qq gvm
ci H mwgwZi wnmve KZ UvKv gybvdv Rgv ne ? GK eQi ci Pew g~jab KZ ne ?
mgvavb : `Iqv AvQ, g~jab P = 200000 UvKv,
1
gybvdvi nvi r = 12%, mgq n = 6 gvm ev 2 eQi
gybvdv I = Prn
2000
126 1
= 200000

100 2
1
1
= 12000 UvKv
2

6
1 eQi ci Pew g~jab = P(1+r) = 200000 1 +
UvKv
100
n

= 200000

106 106

UvKv|
100 100

= 224720 UvKv
6 gvm ci gybvdv ne 12000UvKv,

1 eQi ci Pew g~jab ne 224720 UvKv|

D`vniY 4| Kvbv knii eZgvb RbmsLv 80 j| H knii RbmsLv ewi nvi cwZ nvRvi 30
nj, 3 eQi ci H knii RbmsLv KZ ne?
mgvavb : kniwUi eZgvb RbmsLv P = 8000000
RbmsLv ewi nvi =
mgq n = 3 eQi|

30
100% = 3%
1000

22

MwYZ

GLvb RbmsLv ewi Pew gybvdvi m~ chvR|

= C (1+r)n

3
100
103 103 103
= 80,00,000

100 100 100

= 80,00,000 1 +

= 8 103 103 103

= 8741816
= 3 eQi ci kniwUi RbmsLv ne 87,41,816

Abykxjbx 2.2
1| 1050 UvKvi 8% wbPi KvbwU ?
K. 80 UvKv
L. 82 UvKv
M. 84 UvKv

N. 86 UvKv

2| evwlK 10% mij gybvdvq 1200 UvKvi 4 eQii mij gybvdv KZ ?

K. 120 UvKv L. 240 UvKv
M. 360 UvKv N. 480 UvKv
3| wbPi Z_jv j Ki :
i. gybvdv = gybvdv-Avmj Avmj
ii. gybvdv =

Avmj gybvdv mgq

2

iii. jvf ev wZ weqg~ji Ici wnmve Kiv nq|

Dcii Z_i AvjvK wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii

L. ii I iii

M. i I iii

N. i, ii I iii

4| Rvwgj mvne evwlK 10% gybvdvq evsK 2000 UvKv Rgv ivLjb|
wbPi ckjvi Di `vI :
(1) 1g eQiv gybvdv-Avmj KZ ne ?
K. 2050 UvKv
L. 2100 UvKv

M. 2200 UvKv

N. 2250 UvKv

MwYZ

23

(2) mij gybvdvq 2q eQiv gybvdv-Avmj KZ ne ?

K. 2400 UvKv
L. 2420 UvKv
M. 2440 UvKv

N. 2450 UvKv

(3) 1g eQiv Pew g~jab KZ ne ?

K. 2050 UvKv

L. 2100 UvKv

M. 2150 UvKv

N. 2200 UvKv

5|

evwlK 10% gybvdvq 8000 UvKvi 3 eQii Pew g~jab wbYq Ki|

6|

evwlK kZKiv 10 UvKv gybvdvq 5000 UvKvi 3 eQii mij gybvdv I Pew gybvdvi cv_K
KZ ne ?

7|

GKB nvi gybvdvq Kvbv g~jabi GK eQiv Pew g~jab 6500 UvKv I `yB eQiv
Pew g~jab 6760 UvKv nj, g~jab KZ ?

8|

evwlK kZKiv 8.50 UvKv Pew gybvdvq 10000 UvKvi 2 eQii mewg~j I Pew gybvdv
wbYq Ki|

9|

Kvbv knii eZgvb RbmsLv 64 j| kniwUi RbmsLv ewi nvi cwZ nvRvi 25 Rb nj, 2
eQi ci H knii RbmsLv KZ ne ?

10| GK ew GKwU FY`vb msv _K evwlK 8% Pew gybvdvq 5000 UvKv FY wbjb|
cwZeQi kl wZwb 2000 UvKv Ki cwikva Kib| 2q wKw cwikvai ci Zuvi Avi KZ
UvKv FY _vKe ?
11| weRb evey r % gybvdvq P UvKv n eQii Rb evsK Rgv ivLjb|
K. mij gybvdv ( I ) I Pew g~jab ( C ) Gi m~ `yBwU wjL|
L. P = 5000, r = 8 Ges n = 2 nj, mij gybvdv ( I ) I gybvdv-Avmj ( A ) wbYq Ki|
M. Pew g~jab I Pew gybvdv wbYq Ki|
12| wkcv eoqv Kvbv evsK 3000 UvKv Rgv iL 2 eQi ci gybvdvmn 3600 UvKv cqQb|
K. mij gybvdvi nvi wbYq Ki|
L. AviI 3 eQi ci gybvdv-Avmj KZ ne ?
M. 3000 UvKv GKB nvi Pew gybvdvq Rgv ivLj 2 eQi ci Pew g~jab KZ nZv ?

ZZxq Aavq

cwigvc
cvZwnK Rxeb eeZ wewfb cKvi fvMcY I Abvb `evw`i AvKvi, AvKwZ I aibi Ici G
cwigvc cwZ wbfi Ki| `N gvcvi Rb, IRb cwigvc Kivi Rb I Zij c`v_i AvqZb ei
Kivi Rb wfb wfb cwigvc cwZ iqQ| dj I Nbdj wbYqi Rb `N cwigvc viv Zwi
cwigvc cwZ eeZ nq| Avevi RbmsLv, ccvwL, MvQcvjv, b`xbvjv, Nievwo, hvbevnb BZvw`i
msLvI Avgv`i Rvbvi cqvRb nq| MYbv Ki Gjv cwigvc Kiv nq|

Aavq kl wkv_xiv

`kxq, wewUk I AvRvwZK cwigvc cwZ evLv KiZ cvie Ges mswk cwZi mvnvh
`N, dj, IRb I Zij c`v_i AvqZb wbYq msewjZ mgmvi mgvavb KiZ cvie|

`kxq, wewUk I AvRvwZK cwZZ `bw`b Rxeb cPwjZ cwigvcKi mvnvh cwigvc KiZ
cvie|

3.1 cwigvc I GKKi c~YZvi aviYv

hKvbv MYbvq ev cwigvc GKK cqvRb| MYbvi Rb GKK nQ c_g ^vfvweK msLv 1| `N
cwigvci Rb GKwU wbw` `NK 1 GKK aiv nq| Abyicfve, IRb cwigvci Rb wbw` Kvbv
IRbK GKK aiv nq, hvK IRbi GKK ej| Avevi Zij c`v_i AvqZb cwigvci GKKI
Abyicfve ei Kiv hvq| dj cwigvci 1 GKK `Ni evwewk GKwU eMvKvi K
GKK aiv nq| GK 1 eM GKK ej| Z`c 1 GKK `Ni evwewk GKwU NbKi NbdjK 1
Nb GKK ej| mKjB GKKi gvag MYbvq ev cwigvc m~Y cwigvci aviYv jvf Kiv hvq|
wKy cwigvci Rb wewfb `k wewfb GKK iqQ|

3.2 gwUK cwZZ cwigvc

wewfb `k cwigvci Rb wewfb cwigvc cwZ cPwjZ _vKvq AvRvwZK eemvevwYR I
Av`vbc`vb Amyweav nq| ZvB eemvevwYR I Av`vbc`vbi cwigvc Kivi Rb AvRvwZK ixwZ
Z_v gwUK cwZ eeZ nq| G cwigvci ewk njv GUv `kYvi| `kwgK fMvski viv G
cwZZ cwigvc mnR cKvk Kiv hvq| Av`k kZvxZ dv c_g G cwZi ceZb Kiv nq|

MwYZ

25

`N cwigvci GKK wgUvi| cw_exi Di giy _K dvi ivRavbx cvwimi `vwNgv iLv eivei
welyeiLv ch `Ni KvwU fvMi GK fvMK GK wgUvi wnme MY Kiv nq| cieZxZ cvwim
wgDwRqvg iwZ GK L cvwUbvgi iW-Gi `N GK wgUvi wnme ^xKZ nqQ| G `NKB
GKK wnme ai iwLK cwigvc Kiv nq| `Ni cwigvc QvU nj mwUwgUvi Ges eo nj
wKjvwgUvi cKvk Kiv nq| `Ni GKK wgUvi _K gwUK cwZ bvgKiY Kiv nqQ|
IRb cwigvci GKK Mvg| GwU gwUK cwZi GKK| Kg IRbi eK Mvg Ges ewk IRbi
eK wKjvMvg (K.wR.)-G cKvk Kiv nq|
Zij c`v_i AvqZb cwigvci GKK wjUvi | GwU gwUK cwZi GKK| A AvqZbi Zij
c`v_i cwigvc wjUvi I ewk cwigvci Rb wKjvwjUvi eenvi Kiv nq|
gwUK cwZZ Kvbv `NK wbgZi _K DPZi A_ev DPZi _K wbgZi GKK cwiewZZ
KiZ nj, Ajv cvkvcvwk wjL `kwgK we`ywU cqvRbgZv evg ev Wvb mivZ ne|
hgb, 5 wK. wg. 4 n. wg. 7 WKv.wg. 6 wg. 9 Wwm.wg. 2 m. wg. 3 wg. wg.
= (5000000+400000+70000+6000+900+20+3) wg.wg.
= 5476923 wg. wg. = 547692.3 m. wg. = 54769.23 Wwm.wg. = 5476.923 wg.
= 547.6923 WKv.wg. = 54.76923 n. wg. = 5.476923 wK. wg. |
Avgiv Rvwb, Kvbv `kwgK msLvi Kvbv Ai vbxq gvb G AeewnZ Wvb Ai vbxq gvbi `k
Y Ges G AeewnZ evg Ai vbxq gvbi `k fvMi GK fvM| gwUK cwZZ `N, IRb ev
AvqZb gvcvi wgK GKKjvi gaI Gic mK we`gvb AvQ| myZivs, gwUK cwZZ wbi~wcZ
Kvbv `N, IRb ev AvqZbi gvcK `kwgKi mvnvh mnRB hKvbv GKK cKvk Kiv hvq|
wbP wMK I jvwUb fvlv nZ MnxZ vbxq gvbi GKwU QK `Iqv njv :

wMK fvlv _K wYZKevaK Ges jvwUb fvlv _K AskevaK k GKKi bvgi c~e DcmM
wnme hy Kiv nqQ|

26

MwYZ

wMK fvlvq WKv A_ 10 Y, nv A_ 100 Y Ges wKjv A_ 1000 Y| jvwUb fvlvq Wwm A_
`kgvsk, mwU A_ kZvsk Ges wgwj A_ mnmvsk|

3.3 `N cwigvci GKKvewj

gwUK cwZ

wewUk cwZ

10 wgwjwgUvi (wg. wg.) = 1 mwUwgUvi (m. wg.)

12 Bw

1 dzU

10 mwUwgUvi

= 1 WwmwgUvi (Wwm.wg.)

3 dzU

1 MR

10 WwmwgUvi

= 1 wgUvi (wg.)

1760 MR

1 gvBj

10 wgUvi

= 1 WKvwgUvi (WKv.wg.)

6080 dzU =

1 bwUKj gvBj

10 WKvwgUvi

= 1 nvwgUvi (n. wg.)

220 MR

1 dvjs

10 nvwgUvi

= 1 wKjvwgUvi (wK. wg.)

8 dvjs

1 gvBj

`N cwigvci GKK : wgUvi

3.4 gwUK I wewUk cwigvci mK

1 Bw

= 2.54 m. wg. (cvq)

1 wgUvi

1 MR

= 0.9144 wg.(cvq)

1 wK. wg. = 0.62 gvBj (cvq)

1 gvBj

39.37 Bw (cvq)

1.61 wK. wg. (cvq)

gwUK I wewUk cwigvci mK mwVKfve wbYq Kiv me bq| ZvB G mK Avmbgvb wnme
KqK `kwgK vb ch gvb wbq cKvk Kiv nq|
QvU `N cwigvci Rb j eeZ nq| eo `N cwigvci Rb wdZv eenvi Kiv nq| wdZv 30
wgUvi ev 100 dzU j^v nq _vK|
KvR :
1| j w`q Zvgvi ewUi `N Bw I mwUwgUvi gvc| G nZ 1 wgUvi mgvb KZ Bw Zv
wbYq Ki|
2| Dcii mK nZ 1 gvBj mgvb KZ wKjvwgUvi Zv-I wbYq Ki|

MwYZ

27

D`vniY 1| GKRb `owe` 400 wgUvi wewk MvjvKvi UvK 24 Pi `ovj, m KZ `~iZ `ovj ?
mgvavb : 1 Pi `ovj 400 wgUvi nq|
24 Pi `ovj `~iZ ne (400 24) wgUvi ev 9600 wgUvi ev 9 wKjvwgUvi 600 wgUvi|

AZGe, `owe` 9 wKjvwgUvi 600 wgUvi `ovj|

3.5 IRb cwigvc

cZK ei IRb AvQ| wewfb `k wewfb GKKi mvnvh e IRb Kiv nq|
IRb cwigvci gwUK GKKvewj
10 wgwjMvg (wg. Mv.)

= 1 mwUMvg (m. Mv.)

10 mwUMvg

= 1 WwmMvg (WwmMv.)

10 WwmMvg

= 1 Mvg (Mv.)

10 Mvg

= 1 WKvMvg (WKv Mv.)

10 WKvMvg

= 1 nvMvg (n. Mv.)

10 nvMvg

= 1 wKjvMvg (K. wR.)

IRb cwigvci GKK : Mvg

1 wKjvMvg ev 1 K.wR. = 1000 Mvg

gwUK cwZZ IRb cwigvci Rb eeZ AviI `yBwU GKK AvQ| AwaK cwigvY ei IRb
cwigvci Rb KzBUvj I gwUK Ub GKK `yBwU eenvi Kiv nq|
100 wKjvMvg

= 1 KzBUvj

1000 wKjvMvg

= 1 gwUK Ub

KvR :
1| `vMKvUv evj viv Zvgiv Zvgv`i 5wU eBqi IRb ei Ki|
2| wWwRUvj evji mvnvh Zvgv`i IRb wbYq Ki|

28

MwYZ

D`vniY 2| 1 gwUK Ub Pvj 64 Rb kwgKi ga mgvbfve fvM Ki w`j cZK Kx cwigvY Pvj cve ?
mgvavb :

1 gwUK Ub = 1000 KwR

64 Rb kwgK cvq 1000 KwR Pvj
1000 KwR Pvj
1 ,, ,, ,,
64
= 15 KwR 625 Mvg Pvj
cZK kwgK 15 KwR 625 Mvg Pvj cve|

3.6 Zij c`v_i AvqZb cwigvc

Kvbv Zij c`v_ hZUyKz RvqMv Ryo _vK Zv G AvqZb| GKwU Nbei `N, c I DPZv AvQ|
wKy Kvbv Zij c`v_i wbw`fve Zv bB| h cv Zij c`v_ ivLv nq Zv mB cvi AvKvi aviY
Ki| G Rb wbw` AvqZbi Kvbv Nbei AvKwZi gvcwb viv Zij c`v_ gvcv nq| G
1 1
Avgiv mvaviYZ wjUvi gvcwb eenvi Kwi| G gvcwbjv 4 , 2 , 1, 2, 3, 4 BZvw` wjUvi wewk
Gjywgwbqvg ev wUbi wkU viv Zwi GK cKvii KvbK AvKwZi cv ev wmwjvi AvKwZi gM| Avevi
^Q KuvPi Zwi 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000 wgwjwjUvi `vMKvUv Lvov cvI eenvi Kiv
nq| mvaviYZ `ya I Zj gvcvi DwjwLZ cvjv eenvi Kiv nq|
Zv-weZvi myweav_ eZgvb fvRZj evZjRvZ Ki wew nQ| G 1, 2, 5 I 8
wjUvii evZj ewk eeZ nq| wewfb cKvii cvbxq mvaviYZ 250, 500, 1000, 2000
wgwjwjUvi evZjRvZ Ki wew Kiv nq|
Zij c`v_i AvqZb cwigvci gwUK GKKvewj
10 wgwjwjUvi (wg. wj.)

= 1 mwUwjUvi (m. wj.)

10 mwUwjUvi

= 1 WwmwjUvi (Wwmwj.)

10 WwmwjUvi

= 1 wjUvi (wj.)

10 wjUvi

= 1 WKvwjUvi (WKvwj.)

10 WKvwjUvi

= 1 nvwjUvi (n. wj.)

10 nvwjUvi

= 1 wKjvwjUvi (wK. wj.)

MwYZ

29

Zij c`v_i AvqZb cwigvci GKK : wjUvi

ge : 4 wWwM mjwmqvm Zvcgvvq 1 NbmwUwgUvi (Cubic Centimetre) we cvwbi IRb 1
Mvg| Cubic Centimetre K msc BsiwRZ c. c. (wm.wm.) jLv nq|
1 wjUvi we cvwbi IRb 1 wKjvMvg
gwUK GKKvewjZ hKvbv GKwU cwigvci GKKvewj Rvbv _vKj Acijv mnR gb ivLv hvq|
`Ni GKKvewj Rvbv _vKj IRb I Zij c`v_i AvqZb cwigvci GKKjv ay wgUvii
RvqMvq Mvg ev wjUvi emvjB cvIqv hvq|
KvR
1| Zvgvi cvbxqRji cvi aviYgZv KZ wm. wm. cwigvc Ki Ges Zv NbBwZ cKvk Ki|
2| wkK KZK wbavwiZ ARvbv AvqZbi GKwU cvi AvqZb Abygvb Ki| Zvici Gi mwVK
AvqZb ei Ki fzji cwigvY wbYq Ki|
D`vniY 3| GKwU PevPvi `N 3 wgUvi, c 2 wgUvi I DPZv 4 wgUvi| GZ KZ wjUvi Ges
KZ wKjvMvg we cvwb aie ?
mgvavb : PevPvwUi `N = 3 wgUvi, c = 2 wgUvi Ges DPZv = 4 wgUvi
PevPvwUi AvqZb = (3 2 4) Nb wg. = 24 Nb wg.
= 24000000 Nb m. wg
= 24000 wjUvi [1000 Nb m. wg. = 1 wjUvi]
1 wjUvi we cvwbi IRb 1 wKjvMvg|
24000 wjUvi we cvwbi IRb 24000 wKjvMvg|
AZGe, PevPvwUZ 24000 wjUvi cvwb aie Ges Gi IRb 24000 wKjvMvg|
3.7 dj cwigvc
AvqZvKvi i dji cwigvc = `Ni cwigvc ci cwigvc
eMvKvi i dji cwigvc = (evi cwigvc)2
1
wfyRvKvi i dji cwigvc =
f~wgi cwigvc DPZvi cwigvc
2

30

MwYZ

dj cwigvci GKK : eMwgUvi

dj cwigvc gwUK GKKvewj

100 eMmwUwgUvi (e. m. wg.)

1 eMWwmwgUvi (e. Wwmwg.)

100 eMWwmwgUvi

1 eMwgUvi (e. wg.)

100 eMwgUvi

1 Gqi (eMWKvwgUvi)

100 Gqi (eMWKvwgUvi)

1 ni ev 1 eMnvwgUvi

100 eMnvwgUvi

1 eMwKjvwgUvi

dj cwigvc wewUk GKKvewj

dj cwigvc `kxq GKKvewj

144 eMBw

= 1 eMdzU

1 eMnvZ

1 Mv

9 eMdzU

= 1 eMMR

20 Mv

1 QUvK

4840 eMMR

= 1 GKi

16 QUvK

1 KvVv

100 kZK (Wwmg&j) = 1 GKi

20 KvVv

1 weNv

dj cwigvc gwUK I wewUk cwZi mK

1 eMmwUwgUvi

0.16 eMBw (cvq )

1 eMwgUvi

10.76 eMdzU (cvq )

1 ni

2.47 GKi (cvq )

1 eMBw

6.45 eMmwUwgUvi (cvq )

1 eMdzU

929 eMmwUwgUvi (cvq )

1 eMMR

0.84 eMwgUvi (cvq )

1 eMgvBj

640 GKi

MwYZ

31

dj cwigvc gwUK, wewUk I `kxq GKKvewji mK

1 eMnvZ

= 324 eMBw

1 eMMR ev 4 Mv

= 9 eMdzU = 0.836 eMwgUvi (cvq)

1 KvVv

= 720 eMdzU = 80 eMMR = 66.89 eMwgUvi (cvq)

1 weNv

= 1600 eMMR = 1337.8 eMwgUvi (cvq)

1 GKi

= 3 weNv 8 QUvK = 4046.86 eMwgUvi (cvq)

1 kZK

= 435.6 eMdzU = 1000 eMKwo (100 Kwo = 66 dzU)

1 eMgvBj

= 1936 weNv

1 eMwgUvi

= 4.78 Mv (cvq) = 0.239 QUvK (cvq)

1 Gqi

= 23.9 QUvK (cvq)

KvR :
1| j w`q Zvgvi GKwU eBqi I covi Uweji `N Bw I mwUwgUvi gc Dfq GKK
G`i dj wbYq Ki| Bnv nZ 1 eMBw I 1 eMmwUwgUvii mK ei Ki|
2| `jMZfve Zvgiv e, Uwej, `iRv, Rvbvjv BZvw`i `N I c ji mvnvh Bw I
mwUwgUvi gc Gjvi dj ei Ki|
D`vniY 4| 1 Bw = 2.54 mwUwgUvi Ges 1 GKi = 4840 eMMR| 1 GKi KZ eMwgUvi?
mgvavb : 1 Bw = 2.54 m. wg.
36 Bw ev 1 MR = 2.54 36 m. wg.

= 91.44 m. wg.
91.44
= 100 wgUvi = 0.9144 wgUvi
1 MR 1 MR = 0.9144 wgUvi 0.9144 wgUvi

ev, 1 eMMR = 0.83612736 eMwgUvi

4840 eMMR = 0.83612736 4840 eMwgUvi
= 4046.85642240
,,
= 4046.86 e. wg. (cvq)
1 GKi = 4046.86 e. wg. (cvq)|

32

MwYZ

D`vniY 5| RvnvxibMi wekwe`vjq Kvvmi GjvKv 700 GKi| GK wbKUZg c~YmsLK ni

cKvk Ki|
mgvavb : 2.47 GKi = 1 ni
1

,,

700 ,,

1
= 2.47 ,,
1 700 100
=
ni = 283.4 ni
247

AZGe, wbYq GjvKv 283 ni (cvq) |

D`vniY 6| GKwU AvqZvKvi i `N 40 wgUvi Ges c 30 wgUvi 30 m. wg.| wUi
dj KZ?
mgvavb : wUi `N = 40 wgUvi = (40 100) m.wg. = 4000 m. wg.|
Ges c = 30 wgUvi 30 m. wg.
= (30 100) m. wg. + 30.m. wg.
= 3030 m. wg.
wbYq dj = (4000 3030) eM m. wg. = 12120000 eM m. wg.
= 1212 eMwgUvi = 12 Gqi 12 eMwgUvi|
AZGe, wUi dj 12 Gqi 12 eMwgUvi|

3.8 AvqZb
Nbei NbdjB AvqZb
AvqZvKvi Nbei AvqZbi cwigvc = `Ni cwigvc ci cwigvc DPZvi cwigvc
`Ni cwigvc, ci cwigvc I DPZvi cwigvc GKB GKK cKvk Ki AvqZbi cwigvc Nb
GKK wbYq Kiv nq| `N 1 mwUwgUvi, c 1 mwUwgUvi Ges DPZv 1 mwUwgUviwewk ei
AvqZb 1 Nb mwUwgUvi |
AvqZb cwigvc gwUK GKKvewj
1000 Nb mwUwgUvi (Nb m. wg.)
1000 Nb WwmwgUvi
1 Nb wgUvi
10 Nb qi
1 Nb m.wg. (wm.wm.) = 1 wgwjwjUvi

=
=
=
=

1 Nb WwmwgUvi (N. Wwm.wg.) = 1 wjUvi

1 Nb wgUvi (N.wg.)
1 qi
1 WKv qi
1 NbBw = 16.39 wgwjwjUvi (cvq)

MwYZ

33

AvqZbi gwUK I wewUk GKKi mK

1 qi
1 WKvqi
1 NbdzU

= 35.3 NbdzU (cvq)

= 13.08 NbMR (cvq)
= 28.67 wjUvi (cvq)

KvR
1| Zvgvi mePq gvUv eBwUi `N, c I DPZv gc Zvi Nbdj wbYq Ki|
2| kwYwkK KZK wbavwiZ ARvbv AvqZbi GKwU evi AvqZb Abygvb Ki| Zvici Gi
mwVK AvqZb ei Ki fzji cwigvY wbYq Ki|
D`vniY 7| GKwU evi `N 2 wgUvi, c 1 wgUvi 50 m. wg. Ges DPZv 1 wgUvi| evwUi
AvqZb KZ ?
mgvavb :

`N

= 2 wgUvi = 200 m. wg.

= 1 wgUvi 50 m. wg. = 150 m. wg.

Ges DPZv

= 1 wgUvi = 100 m. wg.

evwUi AvqZb = `N c DPZv

= (200 150 100) Nb m. wg.

= 3000000 Nb m. wg.
= 3 NbwgUvi
weK cwZ : `N = 2 wgUvi, c = 1 wgUvi 50 m. wg. = 1

1
wgUvi Ges DPZv = 1 wgUvi|
2

evwUi AvqZb = `N c DPZv

= 2 3 1 NbwgUvi
2
= 3 NbwgUvi
wbYq AvqZb 3 NbwgUvi|

D`vniY 8| GKwU PevPvq 8000 wjUvi cvwb ai| PevPvwUi `N 2.56 wgUvi Ges c 1.25
wgUvi nj, MfxiZv KZ ?

34

MwYZ

mgvavb : PevPvwUi Zjvi dj = 2.56 wgUvi 1.25 wgUvi

= 256 m. wg. 125 m. wg.
= 32000 eM m. wg.
PevPvq 8000 wjUvi ev 8000 1000 Nb m. wg.cvwb ai| [ 1000 Nb m. wg. = 1 wjUvi ]
AZGe, PevPvwUi AvqZb 8000000 Nb m. wg
PevPvwUi MfxiZv

8000000
= 1000000 m. wg. = 250 m. wg.
= 2.5 wgUvi|

A_ev,
PevPvwUi Zjvi dj = 2.56 wgUvi 1.25 wgUvi
= 3.2 eM wg.
PevPvq 8000 wjUvi ev 8000 1000 Nb m. wg.cvwb ai|
PevPvwUi AvqZb =

8000 1000
Nb wg. = 8 Nb wgUvi [ 1 Nb wg. = 1000000 Nb m. wg.]
3200

PevPvwUi MfxiZv =

8
wgUvi
3.2

= 2.5 wgUvi|
D`vniY 9| GKwU Nii `N ci 3 Y| cwZ eMwgUvi 7.50 UvKv `i NiwU KvcU w`q XvKZ
gvU 1102.50 UvKv eq nq| NiwUi `N I c wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : 7.50 UvKv LiP nq 1 eMwgUvi
1

,,

,, ,,

1 eMwgUvi
7.50

1102.50 ,, ,, ,, 1 1102.5 eMwgUvi

7.50
= 147 eMwgUvi

A_vr, Nii dj 147 eMwgUvi|

gb Kwi, c = K wgUvi
`N = 3K wgUvi

MwYZ

35

dj = (`N c ) eM GKK

= (3K K) eMwgUvi = 3K2 eMwgUvi

kZvbymvi
3K2 = 147
ev, K2 =

147
3

ev, K2 = 49
K

= 49 = 7

AZGe, c = 7 wgUvi,
Ges `N = (3 7) wgUvi ev 21 wgUvi|
D`vniY 10| evqy cvwbi Zzjbvq 0.00129 Y fvix| h Nii `N, c I DPZv h_vg 16 wgUvi,
12 wgUvi I 4 wgUvi, ZvZ KZ wKjvMvg evqy AvQ?
mgvavb : Nii AvqZb = `N c DPZv
= 16 wg. 12 wg. 4 wg.
= 768 NbwgUvi
= 768 1000000 Nb m.wg.
= 768000000 Nb m.wg.
evqy cvwbi Zzjbvq 0.00129 Y fvix|
1 Nb m. wg. evqyi IRb = 0.00129 Mvg

AZGe, NiwUZ evqyi cwigvY = 768000000 0.00129 Mvg

= 990720 Mvg
= 990.72 wKjvMvg
NiwUZ 990.72 wKjvMvg evqy AvQ|

D`vniY 11| 21 wgUvi `xN Ges 15 wgUvi c GKwU evMvbi evBi Pviw`K 2 wgUvi ck GKwU
c_ AvQ| cwZ eMwgUvi 2.75 UvKv `i c_wUZ Nvm jvMvZ gvU KZ LiP ne?

36

MwYZ

= (25 19) eMwgUvi

= 475 eMwgUvi
ivvev` evMvbi dj = (21 15) eMwgUvi
ivvmn evMvbi dj

21 wgUvi
15 wgUvi

mgvavb :
ivvmn evMvbi `N = 21 wg. + (2 + 2) wg. = 25 wgUvi
,,
,,
c = 15 wg. + (2 + 2) wg. = 19 wgUvi

2 wgUvi

= 315 eMwgUvi
ivvi dj
= (475 315) eMwgUvi
= 160 eMwgUvi
Nvm jvMvbvi gvU LiP
= (160 2.75) UvKv
= 440.00 UvKv
AZGe, Nvm jvMvbvi gvU LiP 440 UvKv|
D`vniY 12| 40 wgUvi `N Ges 30 wgUvi cwewk GKwU gvVi wVK gvS AvovAvwofve 1.5
wgUvi ck `yBwU ivv AvQ| ivv `yBwUi dj KZ ?
mgvavb : `N eivei ivvwUi dj = 40 1.5 eMwgUvi

40 wgUvi

c eivei ivvwUi dj

= (30 1.5) 1.5 eMwgUvi

= 28.5 1.5 eMwgUvi

30 wgUvi

= 60 eMwgUvi

= 42.75 eMwgUvi
AZGe, ivvqi dj

= (60 + 42.75) eMwgUvi

= 102.75 eMwgUvi

ivvqi gvU dj 102.75 eMwgUvi|

D`vniY 13| 20 wgUvi `xN GKwU Kvgiv KvcU w`q XvKZ 7500.00 UvKv LiP nq| hw` H
KvgivwUi c 4 wgUvi Kg nZv, Ze 6000.00 UvKv LiP nZv| KvgivwUi c KZ ?
mgvavb : Kvgivi `N 20 wgUvi | c 4 wgUvi Kgj dj Kg (20 wgUvi 4 wgUvi )
= 80 eMwgUvi

MwYZ

37

dj 80 eMwgUvi Kgvi Rb LiP Kg (7500 6000) UvKv

= 1500 UvKv
1500 UvKv LiP nq 80 eMwgUvi

80
,,
1500

,,

,,

,, =

7500 ,,

,,

,, = 80 7500 ,, ev 400 eMwgUvi

1500

AZGe, Kvgivi dj 400 eMwgUvi|

dj
`N
400
=
wgUvi
20

KvgivwUi c =

= 20 wgUvi
KvgivwUi c 20 wgUvi|

D`vniY 14| GKwU Nii gSi `N 4 wgUvi Ges c 3.5 wgUvi | NiwUi DPZv 3 wgUvi Ges
Gi `Iqvjjv 15 m. wg. cyiy nj, Pvi `Iqvji AvqZb KZ ?
15 m. wg.

4 wgUvi

3.5 wgUvi

15
= 0.15 wgUvi
100
wPvbymvi, `Ni w`K 2wU `Iqvji Nbdj =
(4 + 2 0.15) 3 0.15 2 NbwgUvi = 3.87 NbwgUvi
Ges ci w`K 2wU `Iqvji Nbdj = 3.5 3 0.15 2 NbwgUvi
= 3.15 NbwgUvi
`Iqvjjvi gvU Nbdj = (3.87 + 3.15) NbwgUvi
= 7.02 NbwgUvi
mgvavb : `Iqvji cyiyZ 15 m.wg. =

wbYq Nbdj 7.02 NbwgUvi|

D`vniY 15| GKwU Nii wZbwU `iRv Ges 6wU Rvbvjv AvQ| cZKwU `iRv 2 wgUvi j^v Ges
1.25 wgUvi PIov, cZK Rvbvjv 1.25 wgUvi j^v Ges 1 wgUvi PIov| H Nii `iRv Rvbvjv Zwi
KiZ 5 wgUvi j^v I 0.60 wgUvi PIov KqwU Zvi cqvRb ?

38

MwYZ

mgvavb : 3wU `iRvi dj = (2 1.25) 3 eMwgUvi

= 7.5 eMwgUvi
6wU Rvbvjvi dj = (1.25 1) 6 eMwgUvi
= 7.5 eMwgUvi
GKwU Zvi dj = (5 0.6) eMwgUvi = 3 eMwgUvi
wbYq Zvi msLv = `iRv I Rvbvjvi GK dj Zvi dj
= (7.5 + 7.5) 3
= 15 3
= 5 wU |

Abykxjbx 3
1|

GKwU knii RbmsLv 150000| cwZw`b 10 Rbi gZz nq Ges cwZw`b 17 Rb wk

RbMnY Ki | GK eQi ci H knii RbmsLv KZ ne ?

2|

20 wU K gvQi `vg 350 UvKv nj, 1 wU K gvQi `vg KZ ?

3|

GKwU Mvwoi PvKvi cwiwa 5.25 wgUvi| 42 wKjvwgUvi c_ hZ PvKvwU KZ evi Nyie ?

4|

`o cwZhvwMZvi Rb UvKi cwiwa KZ nj 10000 wgUvi `o 16 Pi w`Z ne ?

5|

GKwU wmgU dvwiZ cwZw`b 5000 evM wmgU Drcb nq| cwZ evM wmgUi IRb hw`
45 wKjvMvg 500 Mvg nq, Ze `wbK wmgUi Drcv`b KZ ?

6|

GKwU wj wgj evwlK 150000 gwUK Ub iW Zwi nq| `wbK Kx cwigvY iW Zwi nq ?

7|

GK eemvqxi `vg 500 gwUK Ub Pvj AvQ| wZwb `wbK 2 gwUK Ub 500 K.wR. Ki
Pvj `vg _K `vKvb Avbb| wZwb KZ w`b My`vg _K me Pvj AvbZ cvieb ?

8|

GKwU gvUiMvwo hw` 9 wjUvi cUvj 128 wKjvwgUvi hvq, Ze cwZ wKjvwgUvi hZ Kx
cwigvY cU&vji cqvRb ne ?

9|

GKwU AvqZvKvi evMvbi `N 32 wgUvi Ges c 24 wgUvi| Gi wfZi Pviw`K 2 wgUvi

PIov GKwU ivv AvQ| ivvwUi dj wbYq Ki|

10|

GKwU cyKzii `N 60 wgUvi Ges c 40 wgUvi| cyKzii cvoi wevi 3 wgUvi nj, cvoi
dj wbYq Ki |

11|

AvqZvKvi GKwU i dj 10 GKi Ges Zvi `N ci 4 Y| wUi `N KZ

wgUvi ?

12|

GKwU AvqZvKvi Nii `N ci `o Y| G dj 216 eMwgUvi nj, cwimxgv KZ ?

MwYZ

39

13|

GKwU wfyRvKwZ i f~wg 24 wgUvi Ges DPZv 15 wgUvi 50 mwUwgUvi nj, Gi dj

wbYq Ki|
GKwU AvqZvKvi i `N 48 wgUvi Ges c 32 wgUvi 80 m. wg.| wUi evBi
Pviw`K 3 wgUvi weZ GKwU ivv AvQ| ivvwUi dj KZ ?
GKwU eMvKvi i GK evi `N 300 wgUvi Ges evBi Pviw`K 4 wgUvi PIov GKwU
ivv AvQ| ivvwUi dj KZ ?
GKwU wfyRvKwZ Rwgi dj 264 eMwgUvi| Gi f~wg 22 wgUvi nj, DPZv wbYq Ki|
GKwU PevPvq 19200 wjUvi cvwb ai| Gi MfxiZv 2.56 wgUvi Ges c 2.5 wgUvi nj,
`N KZ ?
mvbv, cvwbi Zzjbvq 19.3 Y fvix| AvqZvKvi GKwU mvbvi evii `N 7.8 mwUwgUvi, c
6.4 mwUwgUvi Ges DPZv 2.5 mwUwgUvi| mvbvi eviwUi IRb KZ ?
GKwU QvU evi `N 15 m. wg. 2.4 wg. wg., c 7 m. wg. 6.2 wg. wg. Ges DPZv 5 m.
wg. 8 wg. wg.| evwUi AvqZb KZ Nb mwUwgUvi ?
GKwU AvqZvKvi PevPvi `N 5.5 wgUvi, c 4 wgUvi Ges DPZv 2 wgUvi| D PevPvwU
cvwbfwZ _vKj cvwbi AvqZb KZ wjUvi Ges IRb KZ wKjvMvg ne ?
AvqZvKvi GKwU i `N ci 1.5 Y| cwZ eMwgUvi 1.90 UvKv `i Nvm jvMvZ
10260.00 UvKv eq nq| cwZ wgUvi 2.50 UvKv `i H gvVi Pviw`K eov w`Z gvU KZ
eq ne?
GKwU Nii gS KvcU w`q XvKZ gvU 7200 UvKv LiP nq| NiwUi c 3 wgUvi Kg
nj 576 UvKv Kg LiP nZv| NiwUi c KZ ?
80 wgUvi `N I 60 wgUvi c_wewk GKwU AvqZvKvi evMvbi wfZi Pviw`K 4 wgUvi
ck GKwU c_ AvQ| cwZ eMwgUvi 7.25 UvKv `i H c_ euvavbvi LiP KZ ?
2.5 wgUvi Mfxi GKwU eMvKwZ Lvjv PevPvq 28,900 wjUvi cvwb ai| Gi wfZii w`K
mxmvi cvZ jvMvZ cwZ eMwgUvi 12.50 UvKv wnmve gvU KZ LiP ne ?
GKwU Nii gS 26 wg. j^v I 20 wg. PIov | 4 wg. j^v I 2.5 wg. PIov KqwU gv`yi w`q
gSwU m~Y XvKv hve ? cwZwU gv`yii `vg 27.50 UvKv nj, gvU LiP KZ ne ?
GKwU eBqi `N 25 m. wg. I c 18 m. wg.| eBwUi cvmsLv 200 Ges cwZ cvZv
KvMRi cyiyZ 0.1 wg. wg. nj, eBwUi AvqZb wbYq Ki |
GKwU cyKzii `N 32 wgUvi, c_ 20 wgUvi Ges cyKzii cvwbi MfxiZv 3 wgUvi | GKwU
gwkb viv cyKziwU cvwbk~b Kiv nQ hv cwZ mK 0.1 NbwgUvi cvwb mPZ cvi |
cyKziwU cvwbk~b KiZ KZ mgq jvMe ?
3 wgUvi `N, 2 wgUvi c I 1 wgUvi DPZvwewk GKwU Lvwj PevPvq 50 m.wg. evwewk
GKwU wbiU avZe NbK ivLv AvQ| PevPvwU cvwb viv c~Y Kivi ci NbKwU Zzj Avbv nj,
cvwbi MfxiZv KZ ne ?

14|
15|
16|
17|
18|
19|
20|
21|

22|
23|
24|
25|
26|
27|

28|

PZy_ Aavq

exRMwYZxq m~vewj I cqvM

`bw`b Rxebi wewfb MvwYwZK mgmv mgvavb exRMwYZi cqvM I eenvi evcKfve nq _vK|
exRMwYZxq cZxK viv cKvwkZ hKvbv mvaviY wbqg ev wmvK exRMwYZxq m~ ev msc m~
ejv nq| bvbvwea MvwYwZK mgmv exRMwYZxq m~i mvnvh mgvavb Kiv hvq| mg kwYZ c_g
PviwU m~ I G`i mv_ m Abywmvjv m^ wevwiZ AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ| G Aavq
mjv cybijL Kiv njv Ges G`i cqvM `Lvbvi Rb wKQz D`vniY `Iqv njv hb wkv_xiv
cqvM mK h_ vb ARb KiZ cvi| G Aavq exRMwYZxq m~ cqvM Ki wc`x I wc`x
ivwki eM I Nb wbYq, gac` weklY, Drcv`K Ges G`i mvnvh Kxfve exRMwYZxq ivwki
M.mv.. I j.mv.. wbYq Kiv hvq Zv wevwiZfve AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|

Aavq kl wkv_xiv

exRMwYZxq m~ cqvM Ki wc`x I wc`x ivwki eM wbicY, mijxKiY I gvb wbYq KiZ
cvie|

exRMwYZxq m~ cqvM Ki wc`x I wc`x ivwki Nb wbYq, mijxKiY I gvb wbYq KiZ
cvie|

gac` weklYi mvnvh ivwkgvjvi Drcv`K weklY KiZ cvie|

exRMwYZxq ivwki M.mv.. I j.mv.. wbYq KiZ cvie|
4.1 exRMwYZxq m~vewj
mg kwYZ exRMwYZxq c_g PviwU m~ I G`i mv_ m Abywmvjv m^ AvjvPbv Kiv
nqQ| GLvb mjv cybiyjL Kiv njv|
(a + b)2 Gi RvwgwZK evLvwU wbgic :
a+b
m~Y eMwUi dj = (a + b) (a + b) = (a + b)2
a
b
(a + b)2 = a (a + b) + b (a + b)
= a + ab + ab + b
2

a2

ab

ab

b2

a+b

Avevi, eMwUi Askjvi dji mgw

aa+ab+ba+bb
= a2 + ab + ab + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2

MwYZ

41

j Kwi, m~Y eMwUi dj = eMwUi Askjvi dji mgw

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

mg kwYZ h m~ I Abywmvjv mK RbwQ Zv njv :

m~ 1| (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
K_vq, `yBwU ivwki hvMdji eM = 1g ivwki eM + 2 1g ivwk 2q ivwk + 2q ivwki eM|
m~ 2| (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
K_vq, `yBwU ivwki weqvMdji eM = 1g ivwki eM 2 1g ivwk 2q ivwk + 2q ivwki eM|
m~ 3| a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)
K_vq, `yBwU ivwki eMi weqvMdj = ivwk `yBwUi hvMdj ivwk `yBwUi weqvMdj
m~ 4| (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
K_vq, `yBwU wc`x ivwki c_g c` GKB nj, Zv`i Ydj ne c_g c`i eM, ^-^ wPhy wZxq
c`qi mgwi mv_ c_g c`i Ydj I ^-^ wPhy wZxq c`qi Ydji mgwi mgvb|
A_vr, (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a Ges b Gi exRMwYZxq hvMdj) x + (a Ges b Gi Ydj)
Abywmv 1| a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 2ab
Abywmv 2| a2 + b2 = (a b)2 + 2ab
Abywmv 3| (a + b)2 = (a b)2 + 4ab
Abywmv 4| (a b)2 = (a + b)2 4ab
Abywmv 5| 2(a + b)2 = (a + b)2 + (a b)2
Abywmv 6| 4ab = (a + b)2 (a b)2
ev, ab =

a +b 2 a b

2
2

D`vniY 1| 3x + 5y Gi eM wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : (3x + 5y)2 = (3x)2 + 2 3x 5y + (5y)2
= 9x2 + 30xy + 25y2

42

MwYZ

D`vniY 2| eMi m~ cqvM Ki 25-Gi eM wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : (25)2 = (20 + 5)2 = (20)2 + 2 20 5 + (5)2
= 400 + 200 + 25
= 625

D`vniY 3| 4x 7y Gi eM wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : (4x 7y)2 = (4x)2 2 4x 7y + (7y)2
= 16x 2 56xy + 49y 2

D`vniY 4| a + b = 8 Ges ab = 15 nj, a2 + b2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 2ab
= (8)2 2 15
= 64 30
= 34

D`vniY 5| a b = 7 Ges ab = 60 nj, a2 + b2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : a2 + b2 = (a b)2 + 2ab
= (7)2 + 2 60
= 49 + 120
= 169

D`vniY 6| x y = 3 Ges xy = 10 nj, (x + y)2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : (x + y)2 = (x y)2 + 4xy
= (3)2 + 4 10
= 9 + 40
= 19

D`vniY 7| a + b = 7 Ges ab = 10 nj, (a b)2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

mgvavb (a b)2 = (a + b)2 4ab
= (7)2 4 10
= 49 40
=9

MwYZ

43
2

1
1
D`vniY 8| x = 5 nj, x + Gi gvb wbYq Ki|
x
x

1
1
1
mgvavb : x + = x + 4 x
x
x
x

= (5) 2 + 4
= 25 + 4

= 29

KvR :
1| 2a + 5b Gi eM wbYq Ki|
2| 4x 7 Gi eM wbYq Ki|
3| a + b = 7 Ges ab = 9 nj, a2 + b2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|
4| x y = 5 Ges xy = 6 nj, (x + y)2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

D`vniY 9| m~i mvnvh 3p + 4 K 3p 4 viv Y Ki|

mgvavb : (3p + 4)(3p 4)
= (3p)2 (4)2
= 9p2 16

D`vniY 10| m~i mvnvh 5m + 8 K 5m + 9 viv Y Ki|

mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (x + b)x + ab

(5m + 8)(5m + 9)
= (25m)2 + (8 + 9) 5m + 8 9
= 25m2 + 17 5m + 72
= 25m2 + 85m + 72

D`vniY 11| mij Ki (5a 7b)2 + 2(5a 7b)(9b 4a) + (9b 4a)2 viv Y Ki|
mgvavb : awi, (5a 7b) = x Ges 9b 4a = y

44

MwYZ

c` ivwk = x2 + 2xy + y2
= (x + y)2
= (5a 7b + 9b 4a)2

[x Ges y Gi gvb ewmq ]

= (a + 2b)2
= a2 + 4ab + 4b2

D`vniY 12| mij Ki (x + 6) (x + 4) K `yBwU ivwki Ai ic cKvk Ki|

2

a +b a b

2 2

mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, ab =

x + 6 + x + 4 x + 6 x 4
( x + 6)( x + 4) =

2
2

2x + 10 2
=

2 2

= (x + 5) 2 12

D`vniY 13| mij Ki x = 4, y = 8 Ges z = 5 nj, 25(x + y)2 20(x + y)(y + z) + 4(y + z)2
Gi gvb KZ ?
mgvavb : awi, x + y = a Ges y + z = b
c` ivwk = 25a2 20ab + 4b2
= (5a)2 2 5a 2b + (2b)2
= (5a 2b)2
= {5(x + y) 2 (y + z)2}

[a I b Gi gvb ewmq ]

= (5x + 5y 2y 2z)2
= (5x + 3y 2z)2
= (5 4 + 3 8 2 5)2
= (20 24 10)2
= (14)2 = 196

[x, y I z Gi gvb ewmq ]

MwYZ

45

KvR : 1| m~i mvnvh (5x + 7y) I (5x 7y) Gi Ydj wbYq Ki|
2| m~i mvnvh (x + 10) I (x 14) Gi Ydj wbYq Ki|
3| (4x 3y) I (6x + 5y) K `yBwU ivwki eMi Ai ic cKvk Ki|
a

a+b+c
b

a2

ab

ac

a+b+c b

ab

b2

bc

ac

bc

c2

(a + b + c)2 Gi RvwgwZK evLv :

m~Y eMwUi dj
(a + b + c) (a + b + c) = (a + b + c)

(a + b + c)2

= a (a + b + c) + b (a + b + c) + c (a + b + c)
= a + ab + ac + ab + b + bc + ca + bc + c
2

= a2 + 2ab + 2ac + b2 + 2bc + c2

(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac

Avevi, eMwUi Askjvi dji mgw

= a2 + ab + ac + ab + b2 + bc + ac + bc + c2
= a2 + 2ab + 2ac + b2 + 2bc + c2
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac

j Kwi, m~Y eMwUi dj = eMwUi Askjvi dji mgw

(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac

D`vniY 14| mij Ki 2x + 3y + 5z Gi eM wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : awi, 2x = a, 3y = b Ges 5z = c
c` ivwki eM = (a + b + c)2
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
= (2x)2 + (3y)2 + (5z)2 + 2 2x 3y+23y5z + 2 2x 5z [a, b I c Gi
= 4x2 + 9y2 + 25z2 + 12xy + 30yz + 20xz
(4x + 3y + 5z)2 = 4x2 + 9y2 + 25z2 + 12xy + 30yz + 20xz

gvb ewmq ]

46

MwYZ

D`vniY 15| 5a 6b 7c Gi eM wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : (5a 6b 7c)2 = {5a (6b + 7c)}2
= (5a)2 2 5a (6b + 7c) + (6b + 7c)2
= 25a2 10a (6b + 7c) + (6b)2 + 2 6b 7c + (7c)2
= 25a2 60ab 70ac + 36b2 + 84bc + 49c2
= 25a2 + 36b2 + 49c2 60ab + 84bc 70ac

weK mgvavb :
Avgiv Rvwb, (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2xz
GLvb, 5a = x, 6b = y Ges 7c = z ai
(5a 6b 7c)2 = (5a)2 + (6b)2 + (7c)2
+ 2 (5a) (6b) + 2 (6b) (7c)+2 (5a) (7c)
= 25a2 + 36b2 + 49c2 60ab + 84bc 70ac

KvR : m~i mvnvh eM wbYq Ki :

1| ax + by + c

2| 4x + 5y 7z

Abykxjbx 4.1
1|

m~i mvnvh wbPi ivwkjvi eM wbYq Ki :

(K) 5a + 7b

(L) 6x + 3

(M) 7p 2q

(N) ax by

(O) x3 + xy

(P) 11a 12b

(Q) 6x2y 5xy2

(R) x y

(S) xyz abc

(T) a2x3 b2y4

(U) 108

(V) 606

(W) 597

(X) a b + c

(Y) ax + b + 2

(Z) xy + yz zx

(_) 3p + 2q 5r

(`) x2 y2 z2

(a) 7a2 + 8b2 5c2

MwYZ

47

2| mij Ki :
(K) (x + y)2 + 2(x + y)(x y) + (x y)2
(L) (2a + 3b)2 2(2a + 3b)(3b a) + (3b a)2
(M) (3x2 + 7y2)2 + 2(3x2 + 7y2)(3x2 7y2) + (3x2 7y2)2
(N) (8x + y)2 (16x + 2y)(5x + y) + (5x + y)2
(O) (5x2 3x 2)2 + (2 + 5x2 3x)2 2(5x2 3x + 2)(2 + 5x2 3x)
3| m~ cqvM Ki Ydj wbYq Ki :
(K) (x + 7)(x 7)

(L) (5x + 13)(5x 13)

(M) (xy + yz)(xy yz)

(N) (ax + b)(ax b)

(O) (a + 3)(a + 4)

(P) (ax + 3)(ax + 4)

(Q) (6x + 17)(6x 13)

(R) (a2 + b2)(a2 b2)(a4 + b4)

(S) (ax by + cz)(ax + by cz)

(T) (3a 10)(3a 5)

(U) (5a + 2b 3c)(5a + 2b + 3c)

(V) (ax + by + 5) (ax + by + 3)

4| a = 4, b = 6 Ges c = 3 nj 4a2b2 16ab2c + 16b2c2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

5| x
6| a +

1
1
= 3 nj, x2 + 2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|
x
x
1
1
= 4 nj, a4 + 4 Gi gvb KZ ?
a
a

7| m = 6, n = 7 nj, 16(m2 + n2)2 + 56(m2 + n2) (3m2 2n2) + 49(3m2 2n2) Gi gvb
wbYq Ki|
8| a

1
1
= m nj, `LvI h, a4 + 4 = m4 + 4m2 + 2
a
a

9| x

1
1
= 4 nj, cgvY Ki h, x2 +
= 18
x
x

10| m + 1 = 2 nj, cgvY Ki h, m4 + 1 4 = 2

m

48

MwYZ

11| x + y = 12 Ges xy = 27 nj, (x y)2 I x2 + y2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

12| a + b = 13 Ges a b = 3 nj, 2a2 + 2b2 I ab Gi gvb wbYq Ki|
13| `yBwU ivwki eMi Ai ic cKvk Ki :
(K) (5p 3q)(p + 7q)

(L) (6a + 9b)(7b 8a)

(M) (3x + 5y)(7x 5y)

(N) (5x + 13)(5x 13)

4.2 Nbdji m~vewj I Abywmv

m~ 5| (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b2
= a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)

cgvY : (a + b)3 = (a + b)(a + b)2

= (a + b)(a2 + 2ab + b2)
= a(a2 + 2ab + b2) + b(a2 + 2ab + b2)
= a3 + 2a2b + ab2 + (a2b + 2ab2 + b3)
= a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
= a3 + 3ab(a + b) + b3
= a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)

Abywmv 7| (a3 + b3) = (a + b)3 3ab(a + b)

m~ 6| (a b)3 = a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3
= a3 b3 3ab(a b)

cgvY : (a b)3 = (a b)(a b)2

= (a b)(a2 2ab + b2)
= a(a2 2ab + b2) b(a2 2ab + b2)
= a3 2a2b + ab2 a2b + 2ab2 b3
= a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3
= a3 b3 3ab(a b)

MwYZ

49

Abywmv 8| a3 b3 = (a b)3 + 3ab(a b)

D`vniY 16| 3x + 2y Gi Nb wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : (3x + 2y)3 = (3x)3 + 3 (3x)2 (2y) + 3 (3x) (2y)2 + (2y)3
= 27x3 + 3 9x2 2y + 3 3x 4y2 + 8y3
= 27x3 + 54x2y + 36xy2 + 8y3

D`vniY 17| 2a + 5b Gi Nb wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : (2a + 5b)3 = (2a)3 + 3 (2a)2 (5b) + 3 (2a) (5b)2 + (5b)3
= 8a3 + 3 4a2 5b + 3 2a 25b2 + 125b3
= 8a3 + 60a2b + 150ab2 + 125b3

D`vniY 18| m 2n Gi Nb wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : (m 2n)3 = (m)3 3 (m)2 (2n) + 3 m (2n)2 (2n)3
= m3 3m2 2n + 3m 4n2 8n3
= m3 6m2n + 12mn2 8n3

D`vniY 19| 4x 5y Gi Nb wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : (4x 5y)3 = (4x)3 3 (4x)2 (5y) + 3 (4x) (5y)2 (5y)3
= 64x3 3 16x2 5y + 3 4x 25y2 125y3
= 64x3 240x2y + 300xy2 125y3

D`vniY 20| x + y z Gi Nb wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : (x + y z)3 = {(x + y) z}3
= (x + y)3 3(x + y)2 z + 3(x + y) z2 z3
= (x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3) 3(x2 + 2xy + y2) z + 3(x + y) z2 z3
= x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3 3x2z 6xyz 3y2z + 3xz2 + 3yz2 z3
= x3 + y3 z3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 3x2z 3y2z + 3xz2 + 3yz2 6xyz

50

MwYZ

KvR : m~i mvnvh Nb wbYq Ki :

1|

ab + bc

2|

2x 5y

3|

2x 3y z

D`vniY 21| mij Ki :

(4m + 2n)3 + 3(4m + 2n)2 (m 2n) + 3(4m + 2n)(m 2n)2 + (m 2n)3

mgvavb : awi, 4m + 2n = a Ges m 2n = b

c` ivwk = a3+ 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
= (a + b)3
= {(4m + 2n) + (m 2n)}3
= (4m + 2n + m 2n)3
= (5m)3 = 125m3

D`vniY 22| mij Ki :

(4a 8b)3 (3a 9b)3 3(a + b)(4a 8b)(3a 9b)

mgvavb : awi, 4a + 8b = x Ges 3a 9b = y

x y = (4a 8b) (3a 9b) = 4a 8b 3a + 9b = a + b

GLb c` ivwk = x3 y3 3(x y) x y

= x3 y3 3xy(x y)
= (x y)3
= (a + b)3
= a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

D`vniY 23| a + b = 3 Ges ab = 2 nj, a3 + b3 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 3ab(a + b)
= (3)3 3 2 3
= 27 18 = 9

[ gvb ewmq ]

MwYZ

51

weK mgvavb `Iqv AvQ, a + b = 3 Ges ab = 2

GLb, a + b = 3
ev, (a + b)3 = (3)3

[DfqcK Nb Ki]

ev, a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b) = 27
ev, a3 + b3 + 3 2 3 = 27
ev, a3 + b3 + 18 = 27
ev, a3 + b3 = 27 18
a3 + b3 = 9

D`vniY 24| x y = 10 Ges xy = 30 nj, x3 y3 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : x3 y3 = (x y)3 + 3xy(x y)
= (10)3 + 3 30 10
= 1000 + 900
= 1900

D`vniY 25| x + y = 4 nj, x3 + y3 + 12xy Gi gvb KZ ?

mgvavb : x3 + y3 + 12xy = x3 + y3 + 3 4 xy
= x3 + y3 + 3(x + y) xy
= x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y)
= (x + y)3
= (4)3
= (64)

D`vniY 26| a +
mgvavb : a 3 +

1
1
= 7 nj, a 3 + 3 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|
a
a

1
1
= a 3 +
3
a
a

52

MwYZ
3

1
1
1
= a + 3 a a +
a
a
a

3
= (7) 3 7
= 343 21
= 322

D`vniY 27| m = 2 nj, 27m3 + 54m2 + 36m + 3 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : c` ivwk = (3m)3 + 3 (3m)2 2 + 3 (3m) (2)2 + (2)3 5
= (3m + 2) 3 5
= (3 2 + 2 ) 3 5

[ m Gi gvb ewmq]

= ( 6 + 2) 3 5 = 8 3 5
= 512 5 = 507

KvR : 1| mij Ki : (7 x 6)3 (5x 6)3 6x(7 x 6)(5x 6)

2| a + b = 10 Ges ab = 21 nj, a3 + b3 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

3| a +

1
1
= 3 nj, `LvI h, a3 + 3 = 18
a
a

4.3 Nbdji mv_ m AviI `yBwU m~

m~ 7| a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2 )
cgvY : a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 3ab(a + b)
= (a + b){(a + b)2 3ab}
= (a + b)(a 2 + 2ab + b2 3ab)
= (a + b)(a 2 ab + b2 )

wecixZfve, (a + b)(a2 ab + b2 )
= a(a 2 ab + b2 ) + b(a 2 ab + b2 )
= a3 a 2b + ab2 + a 2b ab2 + b3
= a3 + b3

(a + b)(a2 ab + b2 ) = a3 + b3

MwYZ

53

m~ 8| a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
cgvY : a3 b3 = (a b)3 + 3ab(a b)
= (a b){(a b)2 + 3ab}
= (a b)(a 2 2ab + b2 + 3ab)
= (a b)(a 2 + ab + b2 )

wecixZfve, (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
= a(a 2 + ab + b2 ) b(a 2 + ab + b2 )
= a3 + a 2b + ab2 a 2b ab2 b3
= a3 b3

(a b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) = a3 b3
D`vniY 28| 27 x4 + 8xy3 K Drcv`K weklY Ki|
mgvavb : 27 x4 + 8xy3 = x(27 x3 + 8 y3)
= x{(3x)3 + (2 y)3}
= x(3x + 2 y){(3x)2 (3x) (2 y) + (2 y)2}
= x(3x + 2 y)(9x2 6xy + 4 y 2 )

D`vniY 29| 24x3 81y3 K Drcv`K weklY Ki|

mgvavb : 24 x 3 81 y 3 = 3(8 x 3 27 y 3 )
= 3{( 2 x) 3 (3 y ) 3}

= 3(2 x 3 y ){(2 x) 2 + (2 x) (3 y ) + (3 y ) 2}
= 3(2 x 3 y )(4 x 2 + 6 xy + 9 y 2 )
D`vniY 30| m~i mvnvh ( x 2 + 2) I ( x 4 2 x 2 + 4) Gi Ydj wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : ( x2 + 2)(x4 2x2 + 4)
= ( x 2 + 2){( x 2 ) 2 x 2 2 + 2 2}
= ( x 2 ) 3 + ( 2) 3
= x6 + 8

54

MwYZ

D`vniY 31| m~i mvnvh ( 4a 5b) I (16a 2 + 20ab + 25b 2 ) Gi Ydj wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : ( 4a 5b)(16a 2 + 20ab + 25b 2 )
= ( 4a 5b){( 4a ) 2 + 4a 5b + (5b) 2}
= ( 4a ) 3 (5b) 3
= 64a 3 125b 3

KvR : 1| m~i mvnvh (2a + 3b) I (4a2 6ab + 9b2 ) Gi Ydj wbYq Ki|
2| 27a3 8 K Drcv`K weklY Ki|

Abykxjbx 4.2
1|

m~i mvnvh wbPi ivwkjvi Nb wbYq Ki :

(K) 3x + y (L) x2 + y (M) 5 p + 2q (N) a2b + c2d (O) 6 p 7 (P) ax by
(Q) 2 p2 3r 2 (R) x3 + 2 (S) 2m + 3n 5 p (T) x2 y 2 + z 2 (U) a2b2 c2d 2
(V) a2b b3c

2|

(W) x 3 2 y 3 (X) 11a 12b (Y) x 3 + y 3

mij Ki :
(K) (3 x + y )3 + 3(3 x + y ) 2 (3 x y ) + 3(3 x + y )(3 x y ) 2 + (3 x y )3
(L) ( 2 p + 5q ) 2 + 3( 2 p + 5q ) 2 (5q 2 p ) + 3( 2 p + 5q )(5q 2 p ) 2 + (5q 2 p )3
(M) ( x + 2 y)3 3( x + 2 y)2( x 2 y) + 3( x + 2 y)(x 2 y)2 ( x 2 y)3
(N) (6m + 2)3 3(6m + 2) 2 (6m 4) + 3(6m + 2)(6m 4) 2 (6m 4)3
(O) ( x y) 3 + ( x + y) 3 + 6x( x 2 y 2 )

3|

a + b = 8 Ges ab = 15 nj, a3 + b3 Gi gvb KZ ?

4|

x + y = 2 nj, `LvI h, x3 + y3 + 6xy = 8

5|

2 x + 3 y = 13 Ges xy = 6 nj, 8 x 3 + 27 y 3 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

6|

p q = 5, pq = 3 nj, p3 q3 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

MwYZ

55

7|

x 2 y = 3 nj, x 3 8 y 3 18 xy Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

8|

4x 3 = 5 nj, cgvY Ki h, 64x3 27 180x = 125

9|

a = 3 Ges b = 2 nj, 8a 3 + 36a 2 b + 54ab 2 + 27b 3 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

10| a = 7 nj, a3 + 6a2 + 12a + 1 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

11| x = 5 nj, x 3 12 x 2 + 48 x 64 Gi gvb KZ ?
12| a2 + b2 = c2 nj, cgvY Ki h, a6 + b6 + 3a2b2c2 = c6
13| x +

1
1
= 4 nj, cgvY Ki h, x 3 + 3 = 52
x
x

14| a

1
1
= 5 nj, a3 3 Gi gvb KZ ?
a
a

15| m~i mvnvh Ydj wbYq Ki :

(K) (a 2 + b 2 )(a 4 a 2 b 2 + b 4 )

(L) (ax by )(a 2 x 2 + abxy + b 2 y 2 )

(M) (2ab 2 1)(4a 2 b 4 + 2ab 2 + 1)

(N) ( x 2 + a )( x 4 ax 2 + a 2 )

(O) (7 a + 4b)( 49a 2 28ab + 16b 2 )

(P) (2a 1)(4a2 + 2a + 1)(8a3 + 1)

(Q) ( x + a)(x2 ax + a2)(x a)(x2 + ax + a2)

(R) (5a + 3b)(25a2 15ab + 9b2)(125a3 27b3)
16| Drcv`K weklY Ki :
(K) a3 + 8

(L) 8 x 3 + 343

(M) 8a 4 + 27 ab 3

(N) 8x3 + 1

(O) 64a 3 125b 3

(P) 729a3 64b3c6

(Q) 27a3b3 + 64b3c3

(R) 56x3 189 y3

4.4 Drcv`K weklY

Drcv`K : hw` Kvbv exRMwYZxq ivwk `yB ev ZZvwaK ivwki Ydj nq, Zvnj klv ivwkjvi
cZKwUK c_g ivwki Drcv`K ev YbxqK ( Factor ) ejv nq| hgb, a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b) , GLvb
( a + b) I ( a b) Drcv`K|

56

MwYZ

Drcv`K weklY : hLb Kvbv exRMwYZxq ivwkK mve `yB ev ZZvwaK mij ivwki Ydjic
cKvk Kiv nq, ZLb G Drcv`K weklY Kiv ej Ges H mij ivwkjvi cZKwUK c_gv
ivwki Drcv`K ejv nq| hgb, x2 + 2x = x(x + 2) [GLvb x I (x + 2 ) Drcv`K]
Drcv`K wbYq Kivi wbqgjv wbP `Iqv njv :
(K) myweavgZv mvwRq :
px qy + qx py K mvRvbv njv, px + qx py qy ic|

GLb, px + qx py qy = x( p + q ) y ( p + q ) = ( p + q )( x y ).
Avevi, px qy + qx py K mvRvbv njv, px py + qx qy ic|
GLb, px py + qx qy = p( x y ) + q( x y ) = ( x y )( p + q).
(L) GKwU ivwkK c~Y eM AvKvi cKvk Ki :
x2 + 4xy + 4 y 2 = ( x)2 + 2 x 2 y + (2 y)2
= ( x + 2 y)2 = ( x + 2 y)( x + 2 y)

(M) GKwU ivwkK `yBwU eMi Ai ic cKvk Ki Ges a2 b2 m~ cqvM Ki :

a 2 + 2ab 2b 1
= a 2 + 2ab + b2 b2 2b 1 [GLvb b2 GKevi hvM Ges GKevi weqvM Kiv nqQ| GZ ivwki

gvbi Kvbv cwieZb nq bv]

= (a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ) (b 2 + 2b + 1)
= (a + b) 2 (b + 1) 2
= (a + b + b + 1)(a + b b 1)
= (a + 2b + 1)(a 1)

weK wbqg :
a 2 + 2ab 2b 1
= (a 2 1) + (2ab 2b)
= (a + 1)(a 1) + 2b(a 1)
= (a 1)(a + 1 + 2b)
= (a 1)(a + 2b + 1)

MwYZ

57

(N) x 2 + ( a + b) x + ab = ( x + a )( x + b) m~wU eenvi Ki :

x 2 + 7 x + 10 = x 2 + ( 2 + 5) x + 2 5
= ( x + 2)( x + 5)

(O) GKwU ivwkK Nb AvKvi cKvk Ki :

8x 3 + 36 x 2 + 54 x + 27
= ( 2 x )3 + 3 ( 2 x ) 2 3 + 3 2 x (3) 2 + (3)3
= ( 2 x + 3)3
= ( 2 x + 3)( 2 x + 3)( 2 x + 3)

(P) a 3 + b 3 = ( a + b)( a 2 ab + b 2 ) Ges a 3 b 3 = ( a b)( a 2 + ab + b 2 )

m~ `yBwU eenvi Ki :
8 x 3 + 125 = ( 2 x )3 + (5)3 = ( 2 x + 5){( 2 x ) 2 ( 2 x ) 5 + (5) 2}
= ( 2 x + 5)( 4 x 2 10 x + 25)
27 x 3 8 = (3 x )3 ( 2)3 = (3 x 2){(3 x ) 2 + (3 x ) 2 + ( 2) 2}
= (3 x 2)(9 x 2 + 6 x + 4)

KvR : Drcv`K weklY Ki :

1| 4x2 y 2 2| 6ab2 24a 3| x2 + 2 px + p2 4

4| x3 + 27y3

4.5 x2 + px + q AvKvii ivwki Drcv`K

Avgiv Rvwb, x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a)(x + b)| GB m~wUi evgcvki ivwki mv_ x2 + px + q Gi
Zzjbv Kij `Lv hvq h, Dfq ivwkZB wZbwU c` AvQ, c_g c`wU x2 I Gi mnM 1 (GK), wZxq ev ga
c`wUZ x AvQ, hvi mnM h_vg (a + b) I p Ges ZZxq c`wU x ewRZ, hLvb h_vg ab I q AvQ|
x2 + (a + b) x + ab Gi `yBwU Drcv`K| AZGe, x2 + px + q GiI `yBwU Drcv`K ne|

gb Kwi, x2 + px + q Gi Drcv`K `yBwU (x + a) I (x + b)

myZivs, x2 + px + q = (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
Zvnj, p = a + b Ges q = ab
GLb, x2 + px + q Gi Drcv`K wbYq KiZ nj, q K Ggb `yBwU Drcv`K cKvk KiZ ne hvi
exRMwYZxq mgw p nq| GB cwqvK gac` weklY Middle term breakup ej|
x2 + 7x + 12 ivwkwUK Drcv`K weklY KiZ nj 12 K Ggb `yBwU Drcv`K cKvk KiZ ne hvi

mgw 7 Ges Ydj 12 nq| 12 Gi mve Drcv`K Rvovmg~n (1,12), (2,6), I (3,4)| G`i ga
(3,4) RvovwUi mgw (3 + 4) = 7 Ges Ydj 3 4 = 12
x2 + 7x + 12 = (x + 3) (x + 4)

58

MwYZ

ge : cwZ p I q DfqB abvZK weePbv Ki, x2 + px + q, x2 px + q, x2 + px q Ges x2

px q AvKvii ivwki Drcv`K weklY KiZ nj, c_g I wZxq ivwkZ q abvZK nIqvZ q Gi

Drcv`K `yBwU GKB wPhy ivwk A_vr, DfqB abvZK A_ev DfqB FYvZK ne| G, p abvZK nj,
Gi Dfq Drcv`KB abvZK ne, Avi p FYvZK nj, q Gi Dfq Drcv`KB FYvZK ne|
ZZxq I PZz_ AvKvii ivwkZ q FYvZK A_vr, (- q) nIqvZ q Gi Drcv`K `yBwU wecixZ wPhy ne
Ges p abvZK nj, Drcv`K `yBwUi abvZK msLvwU FYvZK msLvwUi cig gvb _K eo ne| Avi p
FYvZK nj, Drcv`K `yBwUi FYvZK msLvi cig gvb abvZK msLv _K eo ne|
D`vniY 1| x2 + 5x + 6 K Drcv`K weklY Ki|
mgvavb : Ggb `yBwU abvZK msLv wbYq KiZ ne, hv`i mgw 5 Ges Ydj 6|
6 Gi mve Drcv`K Rvovjv nQ (1, 6) I (2, 3)|

G`i ga (2, 3) RvovwUi msLvjvi mgw 2 + 3 = 5 Gi Ydj 2 3 = 6

x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + 2x + 3x + 6
= x(x + 2) + 3(x + 2)
= (x + 2) (x + 3)

D`vniY 2| x2 15x + 54 K Drcv`K weklY Ki|

mgvavb : Ggb `yBwU msLv wbYq KiZ ne hv`i mgw 15 Ges Ydj 54| GLvb `yBwU msLvi mgw
FYvZK, wKy Ydj abvZK| KvRB, msLv `yBwU DfqB FYvZK ne|
54 Gi mve Drcv`K Rvovjv nQ (1, 54), (2, 27), (3, 18), (6, 9)| G`i ga

(6, 9) Gi msLvjvi mgw = 6, 9 = 15 Ges G`i Ydj (6) (9) = 54

x2 15x + 54 = x2 6x 9x + 54
= x(x 6) 9(x 6)
= (x 6) (x 9)

D`vniY 3| x2 + 2x 15 K Drcv`K weklY Ki|

mgvavb : Ggb `yBwU msLv wbYq KiZ ne hv`i mgw 2 Ges Ydj (15)| GLvb `yBwU msLvi mgw
abvZK, wKy Ydj FYvZK| KvRB, msLv `yBwUi ga h msLvi cig gvb eo mB msLvwU abvZK, Avi
h msLvi cig gvb QvU m msLvwU FYvZK ne| (15) Gi mve Rvovjv nQ (1, 15), (3, 5)|

MwYZ

59

G`i ga (3, 5) Gi msLvjvi mgw = 3 + 5 = 2

x2 + 2x 15 = x2 + 5x 3x 15
= x(x + 5) 3(x + 5)
= (x + 5) (x 3)

D`vniY 4|

x2 3x 28 K Drcv`K weklY Ki|

mgvavb : Ggb `yBwU msLv wbYq KiZ ne hv`i mgw (3) Ges Ydj (28)| GLvb `yBwU msLvi
mgw FYvZK Ges Ydj FYvZK, KvRB msLv `yBwUi ga h msLvi cig gvb eo mB msLvwU FYvZK,
Avi h msLvwUi cig gvb QvU mB msLvwU abvZK ne| (28) Gi mve Drcv`K Rvovjv nQ,
(+1, 28), (2, 14) I (4, 7)| G`i ga (4, 7) Gi msLvjvi mgw = 7 + 4 = 3
x2 3x 28 = x2 7x + 4x 28
= x(x 7) + 4(x 7)
= (x 7) (x + 4)

KvR : Drcv`K weklY Ki :

1| x2 18x + 72

2| x2 9x 36

3| x2 23x + 132

4.6 ax2 + bx + c AvKvii ivwki Drcv`K

gb Kwi, ax2 + bx + c = (rx + p)(sx + q)
= rsx2 + (rq + sp)x + pq

Zvnj, a = rs, b = rq + sp Ges c = pq

myZivs, ac = rspq = rq sp Ges b = rq + sp
GLb, ax2 + bx + c AvKvii ivwkK Drcv`K weklY KiZ nj, x2Gi mnM a Ges ayeKi YdjK
Ggb `yBwU Drcv`K cKvk KiZ ne, hb G`i exRMwYZxq hvMdj x Gi mnM b Gi mgvb nq|
2x2 + 11x + 15 ivwkwUK Drcv`K weklY KiZ nj, (2 15) = 30 K Ggb `yBwU Drcv`K cKvk

KiZ ne, hvi hvMdj 11 Ges Ydj 30 nq|

30 Gi Drcv`K Rvovmg~n (1, 30), (2, 15), (3, 10) I (5, 6) Gi ga (5, 6) RvovwUi hvMdj =
5 + 6 = 11 Ges Ydj 5 6 = 30.

2x2 + 11x + 15 = 2x2 + 5x + 6x + 15

= x(2x + 5) + 3(2x + 5) = (2x + 5)(x + 3)

60

MwYZ

ge : ax2 + bx + c Gi Drcv`K weklYi mgq ax2 + px + q Gi p, q Gi abvZK I FYvZK wewfb

wPhy gvbi Rb h wbqg AbymiY Kiv nqQ ; a,b,c Gi wPhy gvbi Rb GKB wbqg AbymiY KiZ
ne| G p Gi cwieZ b K Ges q Gi cwieZ (a c) K aiZ ne|
D`vniY 5| 2x2 + 9x + 10 K Drcv`K weklY Ki|
mgvavb : GLvb, 2 10 = 20 [x2 Gi mnM I ayeK c`i Ydj]
GLb, 4 5 = 20 Ges 4 + 5 = 9
2x2 + 9x + 10 = 2x2 + 4x + 5x + 10
= 2x(x + 2) + 5(x + 2) = (x + 2) (2x + 5)

D`vniY 6| 3x2 + x 10 K Drcv`K weklY Ki|

mgvavb : GLvb, 3 (10 ) = 30
GLb, (5 ) 6 = 30 Ges (5 ) + 6 = 1
3x2 + x + 10 = 3x2 + 6x 5x 10
= 3x(x + 2) 5(x + 2)
= (x + 2)(3x 5)

D`vniY 7| 4x2 23x + 33 K Drcv`K weklY Ki|

mgvavb : GLvb, 4 33 = 132
GLvb, (11) (12) = 132 Ges (11) + (12) = 23
4x2 23x + 33 = 4x2 11x 12x + 33
= x(4x 11) 3(4x 11)
= (4x 11)(x 3)

D`vniY 8| 9x2 9x 4 K Drcv`K weklY Ki|

mgvavb : GLvb, 9 (4) = 36
GLvb, 3 (12) = 36 Ges 3 + (12) = 9
9x 9x 4 = 9x2 + 3x 12x 4
2

= 3x(3x +1) 4(3x +1)

= (3x +1)(3x 4)

KvR : Drcv`K weklY Ki :

1| 8x2 + 18x + 9
2| 27x2 + 15x + 2

3| 2a2 6a 20

MwYZ

61

Abykxjbx 4.3
Drcv`K weklY Ki :
1| 3x 75x3

2| 4x2 y 2

3| 3ay 2 48a

4| a2 2ab + b2 p2

5| 16 y 2 a2 6a 9

6| 8a + ap3

7| 2a3 + 16b3

8| x2 + y 2 2xy 1

9| a2 2ab + 2b 1

10| x4 2x2 + 1

11| 36 12 x + x2

12| x6 y6

13| ( x y)3 + z3

14| 64x3 8 y3

15| x2 + 14x + 40

16| x2 + 7 x 120

17| x 2 51x + 650

18| a 2 + 7 ab + 12b 2

19| p 2 + 2 pq 80q 2

20| x 2 3 xy 40 y 2

21| ( x 2 x ) 2 + 3( x 2 x ) 40

22| ( a 2 + b 2 ) 2 18( a 2 + b 2 ) 88

23| (a 2 + 7a)2 8(a 2 + 7a) 180

24| x 2 + (3a + 4b) x + ( 2a 2 + 5ab + 3b 2 )

25| 6x2 x 15

26| x 2 x ( a + 1)(a + 2)

27| 3 x 2 + 11x 4

28| 3 x 2 16 x 12

29| 2x2 9x 35

30| 2 x 2 5 xy + 2 y 2

31| x 3 8( x y )3

32| 10 p 2 + 11 pq 6q 2

33| 2( x + y ) 2 3( x + y ) 2

34| ax2 + (a2 + 1) x + a

35| 15 x 2 11xy 12 y 2

36| a 3 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 2b 3

4.7 exRMwYZxq ivwki M.mv.. I j.mv..

mg kwYZ Ab~a wZbwU exRMwYZxq ivwki mvswLK mnMmn M.mv.. I j.mv.. wbYq mK mgK aviYv
`Iqv nqQ| GLvb msc G mK cybivjvPbv Kiv njv|
mvaviY YbxqK : h ivwk `yB ev ZZvwaK ivwki cZKwUi YbxqK, GK D ivwkjvi mvaviY YbxqK
(Common factor) ejv nq| hgb, x2y, xy, xy2, 5x ivwkjvi mvaviY YbxqK njv x|
Avevi, (a2 b2), (a + b)2, (a3+ b3) ivwkjvi mvaviY YbxqK (a + b).

4.7.1 Mwi mvaviY YbxqK (M.mv..)

`yB ev ZZvwaK ivwki wfZi hZjv gwjK mvaviY YbxqK AvQ, G`i mKji YdjK H ivwkq ev

62

MwYZ

ivwkjvi Mwi mvaviY YbxqK (Highest Common Factor) ev msc M.mv.. (H.C.F.) ejv nq|
hgb, a3b2c3, a5b3c4 I a4b3c2 GB ivwk wZbwUi M.mv.. ne a3b2c2 |
Avevi, (x + y)2, (x + y)3, (x2 y2) GB wZbwU ivwki M.mv.. (x + y)|

M.mv.. wbYqi wbqg

c_g cvwUMwYZi wbqg c` ivwkjvi mvswLK mnMi M.mv.. wbYq KiZ ne| Gici exRMwYZxq
ivwkjvi gwjK Drcv`K ei KiZ ne| AZtci mvswLK mnMi M.mv.. Ges c` ivwkjvi mevP
exRMwYZxq mvaviY gwjK Drcv`Kjvi avivevwnK YdjB ne wbYq M.mv..|
D`vniY 1| 9a3b2c2, 12a2bc, 15ab3c3 Gi M.mv.. wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : 9, 12, 15-Gi M.mv.. = 3
a3, a2, a -Gi M.mv. = a
b2, b, b3 -Gi M.mv. = b
c2, c, c3 -Gi M.mv. = c
wbYq M.mv.. 3abc

D`vniY 2| x2 2y2, x2 4, xy 2y Gi M.mv.. wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : GLvb, c_g ivwk = x3 2x2 = x2(x 2)
wZxq ivwk = x2 4 = (x + 2)(x 2)
ZZxq ivwk = xy 2y = y(x 2)
ivwkjvZ mvaviY Drcv`K (x 2) Ges Gi mevP mvaviY NvZhy Drcv`K (x 2).
M.mv.. = (x 2)
D`vniY 3| x2y(x3 y3), x2y2(x4 + x2y2 + y4) Ges x3y2 + x2y3 + xy4 Gi M.mv.. wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : GLvb, c_g ivwk = x2y(x3 y3)
= x2y(x y)(x2 + xy + y2)

wZxq ivwk = x2 y 2 ( x4 + x2 y 2 + y 4 )

= x 2 y 2 {( x 2 ) 2 + 2 x 2 y 2 + ( y 2 ) 2 x 2 y 2}
= x 2 y 2 {( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 ( xy ) 2}
= x 2 y 2 {( x 2 + y 2 + xy )( x 2 + y 2 xy )}
= x 2 y 2 ( x 2 + xy + y 2 )( x 2 xy + y 2 )

MwYZ

63

ZZxq ivwk = x 3 y 2 + x 2 y 3 + xy 4 = xy 2 ( x 2 + xy + y 2 )
GLvb, c_g, wZxq I ZZxq ivwki mvaviY Drcv`K xy ( x2 + xy + y 2 )
M.mv..= xy ( x2 + xy + y 2 )
KvR : M.mv.. wbYq Ki :
1| 15a 3b 2 c 4 , 25a 2b 4 c 3 Ges 20a 4b 3c 2
2| ( x + 2)2, ( x2 + 2x) Ges ( x2 + 5x + 6)
3| 6a 2 + 3ab, 2a 2 + 5a 12 Ges a 4 8a
mvaviY wYZK : Kvbv GKwU ivwk Aci `yB ev ZZvwaK ivwk viv wbtkl wefvR nj, fvRK fvRKq
ev fvRKjvi mvaviY wYZK (Common Multiple) ej| hgb, a2b2c ivwkwU a, b, c ab, ac, a2b,
ab2, a2c, b2c ivwkjvi cZKwU viv wefvR| myZivs, a2b2c ivwkwU a, b, c ab, bc, a2b, a2c, b2c

ivwkjvi mvaviY wYZK| Avevi, (a + b)2(a b) ivwkwU (a + b), (a + b)2 I (a2 b2) ivwk wZbwUi
mvaviY wYZK|

4.7.2 jwN mvaviY wYZK (j.mv..)

`yB ev ZZvwaK ivwki mve mKj Drcv`Ki mevP NvZi YdjK ivwkjvi jwN mvaviY wYZK
(Least Common Multiple) ev msc j.mv.. (L.C.M.) ejv nq|
hgb, x2y2z ivwkwU x2yz, xy2 I xyz ivwk wZbwUi j.mv..| Avevi, (x + y)2(x y) ivwkwU (x + y), (x + y)2
I (x2 y2) ivwk wZbwUi j.mv..|

j.mv.. wbYqi wbqg

c_g c` ivwkjvi mvswLK mnMi j.mv.. wbYq KiZ ne|
Gici mvaviY Drcv`Ki mevP NvZ ei KiZ ne| AZtci Dfqi YdjB ne c` ivwkjvi j.mv..|
D`vniY 4| 4a2bc, 4ab2c, 6a2b2c Gi j.mv.. wbYq Ki|
mvgvavb : GLvb, 4, 8 I 6 Gi j.mv. =24
c` ivwkjvi mevP mvaviY NvZi Drcv`K h_vg a2, b2, c
j.mv.= 24a2b2c.

64

MwYZ

D`vniY 5| x3 + x2y, x2y + xy2, x3 + y3 Ges (x + y)3 Gi j.mv.. wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : GLvb, c_g ivwk
wZxq ivwk
ZZxq ivwk
PZz_ ivwk

= x3 + x2 y = x2 ( x + y)
= x 2 y + xy 2 = xy( x + y )
= x3 + y3 = ( x + y)( x2 xy + y 2 )
= ( x + y)3 = ( x + y)( x + y)( x + y)

j.mv.My = x2 y( x + y)3( x2 xy + y 2) = x2 y( x + y)2( x3 + y3)

D`vniY 6| 4(x2 + ax)2, 6(x3 a2x) Ges 14x3(x3 a3) Gi j.mv.. wbYq Ki|
mgvavY : GLvb, c_g ivwk = 4(x2 + ax)2 = 2 2 x2(x + a)2
wZxq ivwk = 6(x3 a2x) = 2 3 x(x2 a2) = 2 3 x(x + a)(x a)
ZZxq ivwk = 14x3(x3 a3) = 2 7 x3(x a)(x2 + ax + a2)
j.mv. = 2 2 3 7 x3(x + a)2(x a) (x2 + ax + a2)
= 84x3(x + a)2(x3 a3)

KvR : j.mv.. wbYq Ki :

1| 5 x 3 y, 10 x 2 y, 20 x 4 y 2
2| x 2 y 2 , 2( x + y ), 2 x 2 y + 2 xy 2
3| a 3 1, a 3 + 1, a 4 + a 2 + 1

Abykxjbx 4.4
1|

a+

1
1
= 2 nj, a 2 + 2 Gi gvb wbPi KvbwU ?
a
a

(K) 2
2|

(L) 4 (M) 6 (N) 8

52 -Gi eM wbPi KvbwU?

(K) 2704
3|

(L) 2504

(M) 2496

(N) 2284

a 2 + 2a 15 Gi Drcv`K weklY wbPi KvbwU?

(K) (a + 5)(a 3)

(L) (a + 3)(a + 5)

(M) (a 3)(a 5)

(N) (a + 3)(a + 5)

MwYZ

4|

65
x2 64 Gi Drcv`K weklY wbPi KvbwU ?

(K) ( x 8)(x 8)
5|

(L) 3a2b2c

(M) 12abc

(N) 3abc

(N) (a2 b2)

(M) a(a2 b2 )

(L) (a b)

( x + 8) I ( x 7) Gi Ydj wbPi KvbwU ?

(L) x2 15x + 56

(K) x 2 + x 56
8|

(M) x 2 + 15 x 56

(i) x 3 y 3 = ( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 )
2

a +b a b
(ii) ab =

2 2

(iii) x 3 + y 3 = x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy ( x + y )

Dcii Z_ Abyhvqx wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

(K) i I ii

(L) i I iii
2

9|

(N) ( x + 4)(x 4)

a b, a 2 ab, a 2 b 2 Gi j.mv.. wbPi KvbwU ?

(K) a(a b)
7|

(M) ( x + 8)( x 8)

3a 2 b 4 c 3 , 12a 3b 2 c, 6a 4 bc 2 Gi M.mv.. wbPi KvbwU ?

(K) 3a 2 bc
6|

(L) ( x + 8)(x + 8)

a+b ab
(i ) ab =

2 2
2

(N) i, ii I iii

(M) i I iii

(N) i, ii I iii

a+b ab
(ii) ab =
+

2 2

(iii) ab =

(M) ii I iii

( a + b) 2 ( a b) 2

4
4

Dcii Z_ Abyhvqx wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

(K) i I ii

(L) ii I iii

10| x + y = 5 Gis x y = 3 nj,

(1)

x 2 + y 2 Gi gvb KZ ?

(K) 15

(L) 16

(M) 17

(N) 18

(N) x2 x + 56

66

MwYZ

(2)

xy Gi gvb KZ ?

(K) 10
(3)

(L) 8

(N) 4

(M) 15

(N) 16

x2 y 2 Gi gvb KZ ?

(L) 14

(K) 13
11| x +

(M) 6

1
= 2 nj,
x
2

(1)

x 1 Gi gvb KZ ?

(K) 0
(2)

x4 +

(M) 2

(N) 4

1
Gi gvb KZ ?
x3

x3 +

(K) 1
(3)

(L) 1

(L) 2

(M) 3

(N) 4

(M) 4

(N) 2

1
Gi gvb KZ ?
x4

(K) 8

(L) 6

M.mv.. wbYq Ki (12-19) :

12| 36a 2 b 2 c 4 d 5 , 54a 5 c 2 d 4 Ges 90a 4 b 3c 2
13| 20 x 3 y 2 a 3b 4 , 15 x 4 y 3 a 4 b 3 Ges 35 x 2 y 4 a 3b 2
14| 15 x 2 y 3 z 4 a 3 , 12 x 3 y 2 z 3 a 4 Ges 27 x 3 y 4 z 5 a 7
15| 18a 3b 4 c 5 , 42a 4 c 3 d 4 , 60b 3c 4 d 5 Ges 78a 2 b 4 d 3
16| x2 3x, x2 9 Ges x2 4x + 3
17| 18( x + y ) 3 , 24( x + y ) 2 Ges 32( x 2 y 2 )
18| a2b(a3 b3), a2b2(a4 + a2b2 + b4) Ges a3b2 + a2b3 + ab4
19| a 3 3a 2 10a, a 3 + 6a 2 + 8a Ges a 4 5a 3 14a 2

MwYZ

67

j.mv.. wbYq Ki (20-27) :

20| a 5b 2 c, ab 3c 2 Ges a 7 b 4 c 3
21| 5a2b3c2, 10ab2c3 Ges 15ab3c
22| 3 x 3 y 2 , 4 xy 3 z, 5 x 4 y 2 z 2 Ges 12 xy 4 z 2
23| 3a 2 d 3 , 9d 2 b 2 , 12c 3 d 2 , 24a 3b 2 Ges 36c 3 d 2
24| x 2 + 3 x + 2, x 2 1 Ges x 2 + x 2
25| x2 4, x2 + 4x + 4 Ges x3 8
26| 6 x 2 x 1, 3 x 2 + 7 x + 2 Ges 2 x 2 + 3 x 2
27| a 3 + b 3, ( a + b)3 , ( a 2 b 2 ) 2 Ges ( a 2 ab + b 2 ) 2

28| x2 +

1
= 3 nj,
x2

1
x

(K) x + Gi gvb wbYq Ki|

(L)

x6 + 1
Gi gvb KZ ?
x3

(M) x 2 +

1
Gi Nb wbYq Ki gvb jL|
x2

29| a b + c GKwU exRMwYZxq ivwk nj,

(K) c` ivwki Nb wbYq Ki|
(L) cgvY Ki h, ( a b + c )3 ( a b)3 + c 3
(M) cgvY Ki h, c` ivwki eM I (a + c)2 b2 mgvb bq|

cg Aavq

exRMwYZxq fMvsk
Avgiv `bw`b Rxeb GKwU m~Y wRwbmi mv_ Gi AskI eenvi Kwi| GB wewfb Ask GK-GKwU fMvsk|
mg kwYZ Avgiv exRMwYZxq fMvsk Kx Zv RbwQ Ges fMvski jNyKiY I mvaviY niwewkKiY
wkLwQ| fMvski hvM, weqvM I mijxKiY mK wevwiZfve RbwQ| G Aavq fMvski hvM I weqvM
mK cybivjvPbv Ges fMvski Y, fvM I mijxKiY mK wek` AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv

exRMwYZxq fMvski hvM, weqvM, Y I fvM KiZ cvie Ges GZ`msv mij I mgmvi mgvavb
KiZ cvie|

5.1 exRMwYZxq fMvsk

m

hw` m I n `yBwU exRMwYZxq ivwk nq, Ze

GKwU exRMwYZxq fMvsk, hLvb n 0| GLvb
n
n
fMvskwUi m K je I n K ni ejv nq|
a x + y x2 + a2
D`vniY^ic, , y , x + a BZvw` exRMwYZxq fMvsk|
b

5.2 fMvski jwNKiY

Kvbv exRMwYZxq fMvski je I nii mvaviY YbxqK _vKj, fMvskwUi je I nii M.mv.. w`q je I
niK fvM Kij, je I nii fvMdj viv MwVZ bZzb fMvskwUB ne c` fMvskwUi jwNKiY|
a 3b 2 a 2 b 3 a 2 b 2 ( a b )
=
a 3b ab 3
ab( a 2 b 2 )
a 2b 2 ( a b)
=
ab (a + b)( a b)
ab
=
a+b
GLvb je I nii M.mv.. ab (a + b) viv je I niK fvM Ki jwNKiY Kiv nqQ|

hgb,

5.3 fMvskK mvaviY niwewkKiY

`yB ev ZZvwaK fMvskK mvaviY niwewk KiZ wbPi avcjv AbymiY KiZ ne :

MwYZ

69

1| nijvi j.mv.. wbYq KiZ ne|

2| fMvski ni w`q j.mv..K fvM KiZ ne|
3| ni w`q j.mv..K fvM Kiv nj h fvMdj cvIqv hve, mB fvMdj viv H fMvski je I niK Y
KiZ ne|
hgb,

x a m
, ,
wZbwU fMvsk, G`i GKB niwewk KiZ ne|
y b n

GLvb wZbwU fMvski ni h_vg y, b I n G`i j.mv.. = ybn

x
x
1g fMvsk y Gi ni y, y viv j.mv.. ybn K fvM Kij fvMdj bn, GLb bn viv y fMvski je I
niK Y KiZ ne|

x x bn xbn
=
=
y y bn ybn

GKBfve, 2q fMvsk

a
Gi ni b, b viv j.mv.. ybn K fvM Kij fvMdj yn|
b

a a yn ayn
=
=
.
b b yn ybn
m
3q fMvsk Gi ni n, n viv j.mv.. ybn K fvM Kij fvMdj yb|
n

m m yb myb
=
=
.
n n yb ybn

AZGe,

x a m
xbn ayn myb
Gi mvaviY niwewk fMvsk h_vg
,
I
, I
ybn ybn ybn
y b n

D`vniY 1| wbPi fMvsk `yBwUK jwN AvKvi cKvk Ki :

K)

16a 2b 3c 4 y
8 a 3b 2 c 5 x

(L)

a( a 2 + 2ab + b 2 )( a 3 b 3 )
( a 3 + b 3 )( a 4b b 5 )

16a 2 b 3c 4 y
mgvavb : (K) c` fMvsk
8a 3b 2 c 5 x

GLvb, 16 I 8 -Gi M.mv.. njv 8

a 2 I a3
b3 I b 2
c 4 I c5

a2
b2
c4

70

MwYZ
yI x

16a 2b 3c 4 y I 8a 3b 2 c 5 x Gi M.mv.. njv 8a 2b 2 c 4

2by
16a 2 b 3c 4 y
Gi je I niK 8a 2b 2 c 4 viv fvM Ki cvIqv hvq
3 2 5
acx
8a b c x
2 3 4
2by
16a b c y
Gi jwNKiY njv
.

3 2 5
acx
8a b c x
a( a 2 + 2ab + b 2 )( a 3 b 3 )
( a 3 + b 3 )( a 4b b 5 )
GLvb, je = a( a 2 + 2ab + b 2 )(a 3 b 3 )

(L) c` fMvskwU

= a( a + b) 2 ( a b)( a 2 + ab + b 2 )
ni = ( a 3 + b 3 )(a 4b b 5 )

= ( a + b)( a 2 ab + b 2 ){b( a 4 b 4 )}
= b( a + b)( a 2 ab + b 2 )( a 2 b 2 )( a 2 + b 2 )
= b( a + b)( a 2 ab + b 2 )( a + b)( a b)( a 2 + b 2 )
= b( a + b) 2 ( a b)( a 2 + b 2 )( a 2 ab + b 2 )

je I nii M.mv.. = ( a + b) 2 ( a b)
a( a 2 + ab + b 2 )
c` fMvskwUi je I niK (a + b) (a b) viv fvM Ki cvIqv hvq
b( a 2 + b 2 )( a 2 ab + b 2 )
2

a( a 2 + ab + b 2 )
fMvskwUi jwN i~c
b( a 2 + b 2 )( a 2 ab + b 2 )

D`vniY 2|

x
a
m
K mvaviY niwewk fMvsk cwiYZ Ki|
,
, 3
3
2
2
x y xy xy( a b ) m n mn 3
3

mgvavb : GLvb c` fMvskjv

x
a
m
,
, 3
3
2
2
x y xy xy( a b ) m n mn 3
3

GLvb, 1g fMvski ni = x 3 y xy 3
= xy ( x 2 y 2 )

2q fMvski ni = xy ( a 2 b 2 )
3q fMvski ni = m 3 n mn 3
= mn( m 2 n 2 )
nijvi j.mv.. = xy ( x 2 y 2 )(a 2 b 2 )(m 2 n 2 )mn

MwYZ

71

AZGe,

x
x( a 2 b 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn
=
x 3 y xy 3 xy( x 2 y 2 )( a 2 b 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn
a
xy ( a 2 b 2 )

a( x 2 y 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn
xy ( x 2 y 2 )( a 2 b 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn

m
xym( x 2 y 2 )( a 2 b 2 )
=
m 3 n mn 3 xy ( x 2 y 2 )( a 2 b 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn

Ges

wbYq fMvskjv

x( a 2 b 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn
a( x 2 y 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn
,
xy ( x 2 y 2 )( a 2 b 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn xy( x 2 y 2 )( a 2 b 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn
xym( x 2 y 2 )(a 2 b 2 )
xy ( x 2 y 2 )(a 2 b 2 )(m 2 n 2 )mn

KvR : mgniwewk fMvsk cKvk Ki :

x 2 + xy
x 2 xy
Ges
x2 y
xy 2

1|

2|

ab
2a + b
Ges 2
a + 2b
a 4b

5.4 fMvski hvM

`yB ev ZZvwaK fMvski hvM KiZ nj, fMvskjv mvaviY niwewk Ki jejvK hvM Kij hvMdj
ne GKwU bZyb fMvsk, hvi je ne mvaviY niwewkKiYKZ fMvskjvi jejvi hvMdj Ges ni njv
fMvskjvi nii j.mv..|
hgb,

a b b
+ +
x y z
ayz bxz bxy
=
+
+
xyz xyz xyz
ayz + bxz + bxy
=
xyz

D`vniY 3| fMvsk wZbwU hvM Ki :

GLvb,

1
x
y2
, 2
,
x y x + xy + y 2 x 3 y 3

1g fMvsk =

1
x y

2q fMvsk =

x
x + xy + y 2

3q fMvsk =

y2
y2
=
x 3 y 3 ( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 )

nijvi j.mv.. = ( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) = ( x 3 y 3 )

72

myZivs,

MwYZ
1
x
y2
, 2
,
Gi hvMdj
x y x + xy + y 2 x 3 y 3

1
x
y2
+ 2
+
x y x + xy + y 2 x 3 y 3

x 2 + xy + y 2
x( x y)
y2
+
+
x3 y3
( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) ( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 )

x 2 + xy + y 2
x 2 xy
y2
+
+
x3 y3
x3 y3
x3 y3

x 2 + xy + y 2 + x 2 xy + y 2
x3 y3

2( x 2 + y 2 )
x3 y3

wbYq hvMdj

2( x 2 + y 2 )
.
x3 y3

D`vniY 4| hvM Ki :
mgvavb : c` ivwk

3a
2a
a
+ 2
+ 2
a + 3a 4 a 1 a + 5a + 4
2

3a
2a
a
+ 2
+ 2
a + 3a 4 a 1 a + 5a + 4
2

3a
2a
a
+
+ 2
a + 4a a 4 ( a + 1)( a 1) a + a + 4a + 4

3a
2a
a
+
+
( a + 4)( a 1) ( a + 1)( a 1) ( a + 1)( a + 4)

3a( a + 1) + 2a( a + 4) + a( a 1)
( a + 4)( a + 1)( a 1)

3a 2 + 3a + 2a 2 + 8a + a 2 a
( a + 4)( a + 1)( a 1)

6a 2 + 10a
( a + 4)( a + 1)( a 1)

2a(3a + 5)
( a + 4)( a 2 + 1)

MwYZ

73

D`vniY 5| hvMdj wbYq Ki :

ab bc ca
+
+
bc
ca
ab
1
1
1
(L) 2
+ 2
+ 2
a 5a + 6 a 9 a + 4 a + 3
1
a+2
(M)
+ 2
a 2 a + 2a + 4

(K)

mgvavb : (K)

(L)

(M)

ab bc ca
+
+
bc
ca
ab
=

a 2 ab + b 2 bc + c 2 ca
abc

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc ca
abc

1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
a 5a + 6 a 9 a + 4 a + 3
2

1
1
1
+
+ 2
a 2a 3a + 6 ( a + 3)( a 3) a + 3a + a + 3

1
1
1
+
+
a( a 2) 3( a 2) ( a + 3)( a 3) a( a + 3) + 1( a + 3)

1
1
1
+
+
( a 2)( a 3) ( a + 3)( a 3) ( a + 3)( a + 1)

( a + 1)( a + 3) + ( a + 1)( a 2) + ( a 2)( a 3)

( a + 1)( a 2)( a + 3)( a 3)

a 2 + 4 a + 3 + a 2 a 2 + a 2 5a + 6
( a + 1)( a 2)( a + 3)( a 3)

3a 2 2a + 7
( a + 1)( a 2)( a 2 9)

a+2
1
+ 2
a 2 a + 2a + 4
=

a 2 + 2a + 4 + ( a 2)( a + 2)
( a 2)( a 2 + 2a + 4)

74

MwYZ

a 2 + 2a + 4 + a 2 4
( a 3 8)

2a 2 + 2a
( a 3 8)

2a( a + 1)
( a 3 8)

KvR : hvM Ki :
1|

2a
3b a + b
,
,
2
xy
3 x y 2 xy 2

2|

2
3
1
,
, 2
2
2
2
x y xy
xy ( x y ) x y 2
2

5.5 fMvski weqvM

`yBwU fMvski weqvM KiZ nj, fMvsk `yBwUK mvaviY niwewk Ki je `yBwUK weqvM Kij
weqvMdj ne GKwU bZzb fMvsk, hvi je ne mvaviY niwewkKiYKZ fMvsk `yBwUi jei weqvMdj
Ges ni ne fMvsk `yBwUi nii j.mv..|
hgb,

a
b

xy yz
az
bx
=

xyz xyz
az bx
=
xyz

D`vniY 6| weqvMdj wbYq Ki :

x
y

2
4a bc
9ab 2 c 3
x
x+ y
(L)
2
2
( x y)
x y2

(K)

a2 + 9 y2 a 3y

a2 9 y2 a + 3y
x
y
mgvavb : (K) 2 2
4a bc
9ab 2 c 3
GLvb, ni 4a 2bc 2 I 9ab 2 c 3 Gi j.mv.. 36a 2b 2 c 3
x
y

2
2
4a bc
9ab 2 c 3
9 xbc 4 ya
=
36a 2 b 2 c 3

(M)

MwYZ

75
x
x+ y
2
2
( x y)
x y2

(L)

GLvb ni ( x y ) 2 I x 2 y 2 Gi j.mv.. ( x y ) 2 ( x + y )
x
x+ y
2
2
( x y)
x y2

x( x + y ) ( x + y )( x y )
( x y)2 ( x + y)

x 2 + xy x 2 + y 2
( x y)2 ( x + y)

xy + y 2
( x y)2 ( x + y)

y( x + y )
( x y)2 ( x + y)
y
=
( x y)2

a 2 + 9 y 2 a 3by

a2 9 y2 a + 3y

(M)

GLvb ni a 2 9 y 2 I a + 3 y Gi j.mv.. a 2 9 y 2
a2 + 9 y2 a 3y

a2 9 y2 a + 3y
=

a 2 + 9 y 2 ( a 3 y )( a 3 y )
a2 9 y2

a 2 + 9 y 2 ( a 2 6ay + 9 y 2 )
a2 9 y2
a 2 + 9 y 2 a 2 + 6ay 9 y 2
a2 9 y2
6ay
= 2
a 9 y2

KvR : weqvM Ki :
1|

x
xy
_K 3
2
x + xy + y
x y3
2

2|

1
2a
_K
2
1+ a + a
1 + a2 + a4

76

MwYZ

jYxq : exRMwYZxq fMvski hvM I weqvM Kivi mgq cqvRb nj c` fMvskjvK jwN AvKvi
cKvk Ki wbZ ne|
hgb,

a 2 bc ab 2 c abc 2
+
+
ab 2 c abc 2 a 2 bc

a b c
+ +
b c a
a ca b ab c bc
=
+
+
b ca c ab a bc
ca 2 ab 2 bc 2
=
+
+
abc abc abc
ca 2 + ab 2 + bc 2
.
=
abc
=

[ni b, c, a Gi j.mv.. abc]

D`vniY 7| mij Ki :
(K)

x y
yz
zx
+
+
( y + z )( z + x ) ( x + y )( z + x ) ( x + y )( y + z )

(L)

1
1
4

2
x2 x+2 x +4

(M)

1
1
2a

2
2
1 a + a
1+ a + a
1 + a2 + a4

mgvavb : (K)

x y
yz
zx
+
+
( y + z )( z + x ) ( x + y )( z + x ) ( x + y )( y + z )

GLvb, ( y + z )( z + x ), ( x + y )( z + x ) I ( x + y )( y + z ) Gi j.mv.. ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )

x y
yz
zx
+
+
( y + z )( z + x ) ( x + y )( z + x ) ( x + y )( y + z )

( x y )( x + y ) + ( y z )( y + z ) + ( z x )( z + x )
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )

x2 y2 + y2 z2 + z2 x2
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )

0
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )

= 0.

MwYZ

77

1
1
4

2
x2 x+2 x +4
x+2 x+2
4
=
2
( x 2)( x + 2) x + 4
4
4
= 2
2
x 4 x +4
1
1
= 4 2
2
x 4 x + 4

(L)

x2 + 4 x2 + 4
= 4 2

2
( x 4)( x + 4)
48
= 2
( x 4)( x 2 + 4)
32
= 4
x 16

(M)

1
1
2a

2
2
1 a + a
1+ a + a
1 + a2 + a4

GLvb, 1 + a 2 + a 4 = 1 + 2a 2 + a 4 a 2
= (1 + a 2 ) 2 a 2
= (1 + a 2 + a )(1 + a 2 a )

ni 1 a + a 2 , 1 + a + a 2 , 1 + a 2 + a 4 Gi j.mv.. = (1 + a + a 2 )(1 a + a 2 )
= 1 + a2 + a4

1
1
2a

2
2
1 a + a
1+ a + a
1 + a2 + a4

=
=

1 + a + a 2 1 + a a 2 2a
1 + a2 + a4
0
1 + a + a4

=0

78

MwYZ

Abykxjbx 5.1
1|

2|

3|

jwN AvKvi cKvk Ki:

(K)

4x2 y3z5
9 x5 y 2 z 3

(L)

16( 2 x ) 4 (3 y )5
(3 x )3 .( 2 y ) 6

(M)

x 3 y + xy 3
x 2 y 3 + x3 y 2

(N)

( a b)( a + b)
a 3 b3

(O)

x2 6x + 5
x 2 25

(P)

x 2 7 x + 12
x 2 9 x + 20

(Q)

( x 3 y 3 )( x 2 xy + y 2 )
( x 2 y 2 )( x 3 + y 3 )

(R)

a 2 b 2 2bc c 2
a 2 + 2ab + b 2 c 2

mvaviY niwewk fMvsk cKvk Ki :

(K)

x2 y2 z 2
,
,
xy yz zx

(L)

x y yz zx
,
,
xy
yz
zx

(M)

x
y
z
,
,
x y x + y x( x + y )

(N)

x+ y
x y
yz
, 3
, 2
2
3
( x y) x + y x y 2

(O)

a
b
c
, 2
, 3
3
2
a + b ( a + ab + b ) a b 3

(P)

1
1
1
, 2
, 2
x 5 x + 6 x 7 x + 12 x 9 x + 20

(Q)

ab bc ca
,
,
a 2b 2 b 2 c 2 c 2 a 2

(R)

x y yz zx
,
,
x+ y y+z z+x

hvM Ki :
(K)

ab a+b
+
a
b

(L)

a
b
c
+
+
bc ca ab

(M)

x y yz zx
+
+
x
y
z

(N)

x+ y x y
+
x y x+ y

(O)

1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
x 3x + 2 x 4 x + 3 x 5 x + 4
2

MwYZ

79

(P)

1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
a b
a + ab + b
a ab + b 2

(Q)

1
1
4

+ 2
x2 x+2 x 4

4|

5|

(R)

1
1
4
+ 4
+ 8
x 1 x 1 x 1
2

weqvM Ki :
(K)

a
a2
2
x3 x 9

(L)

1
1

y ( x y ) x( x + y )

(M)

x +1
x 1

2
1+ x + x
1 x + x2

(N)

a 2 + 16b 2 a 4b

a 2 16b 2 a + 4b

(O)

1
x 2 xy + y 2

x y
x3 + y3

mij Ki :
(K)

x y yz zx
+
+
xy
yz
zx

(L)

x y
yz
zx
+
+
( x + y )( y + z ) ( y + z )( z + x) ( z + x)( x + y )

(M)

y
x
z
+
+
( x y )( y z ) ( z x )( x y ) ( y z )( x z )

(N)

1
1
2x
+
2
x + 3y x 3y x 9 y2

(P)
(R)

(O)

1
2
1
2

x y 2x + y x + y 2x y

1
x2
6x
1
1
2
4
(Q)
2
+ 3

2
+ 4
x 2 x + 2x + 4 x + 8
x 1 x +1 x +1 x +1
x y
yz
zx
+
+
( y z )( z x ) ( z x )( x y ) ( x y )( x z )

1
1
a
+
+ 2
2
a b c a b + c a + b c 2 2ab
1
1
1
(T) 2
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
2
2
2
a + b c + 2ab b + c a + 2bc c + a b 2 + 2ca

(S)

5.6 fMvski Y
`yB ev ZZvwaK fMvsk Y KiI GKwU fMvsk cvIqv hvq| hvi je njv `yB ev ZZvwaK fMvski jejvi
Ydji mgvb Ges ni njv nijvi Ydji mgvb| Gic fMvskK jwN AvKvi cKvk Kiv nj je I
ni cwiewZZ nq|

80

MwYZ

hgb,

x
a
`yBwU fMvsk|
I
y
b

GB `yBwU fMvski Ydj njv

x
a

y
b
xa
=
yb
xa
=
yb

GLvb xa njv fMvskwUi je hv c` fMvsk `yBwUi jei Ydj Ges ni njv yb hv c` fMvsk `yBwUi nii Ydj|
Avevi,

x ya
z
wZbwU fMvski Ydj njv
,
I
by z
x
x ya z

by z
x
xyza
=
xyzb
a
=
[jwNKiY Ki]
b

GLvb Ydj jwNKiY Kivi dj je I ni cwiewZZ njv|

D`vniY 8| Y Ki :
(K)

a 2b 2
ab
K 2 2 viv
cd
c d

(L)

x2 y3
x 3b
K 3 viv
2
xy
ay

(M)

15 y 5b 2 z 2
10 x 5b 4 z 3
K
viv
2 y 2a 2 x
3 x 2b 2 z

(N)

x 2 xy + y 2
x2 y2
K
viv
x3 + y 3
x3 y3

(O)

x5
x2 5x + 6
K
viv
2
x3
x 9 x + 20

mgvavb :
a 2b 2
ab
2 2
cd
c d
2 2
a b ab
=
cd c 2 d 2
a 3b 3
= 3 3
c d

(K) wbYq Ydj =

MwYZ

81

(L) wbYq Ydj =

xb
x2 y3

2
xy
ay 3

x 2 y 3 x 3b
xy 2 ay 3

x 5 y 3b
xy 5 a

x 4b
y 2a

10 x 5b 4 z 3
15 y 5b 2 z 2

3 x 2b 2 z
2 y 2a 2 x

(M)

10 x 5b 4 z 3 15 y 5b 2 z 2
3 x 2b 2 z 2 y 2 a 2 x

25 x 5 y 5b 6
x 3 y 2 z 3 a 2b 2

25b 4 x 2 y 3 z 4
a2

x2 y2
x 2 xy + y 2

x3 + y3
x3 y3

(N)

( x + y )( x y ) ( x 2 xy + y 2 )
( x + y )( x 2 xy + y 2 )( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 )
1
= 2
x + xy + y 2

x2 5x + 6
x5

2
x3
x 9 x + 20

(O)
=

x 2 2 x 3x + 6 x 5

x 2 4 x 5 x + 20 x 3

x( x 2) 3( x 2) x 5

x( x 4) 5( x 4) x 3
( x 2)( x 3) x 5
=

( x 4)( x 5) x 3
=

( x 2)( x 3)( x 5)
( x 4)( x 5)( x 3)
x2
=
.
x4
=

82

MwYZ

KvR : Y Ki :
7a 2b
24ab 2
K
viv
36a 3b 2
35a 4 b 5

1|

2|

x 2 + 3x 4
x2 9
K
viv
x 2 7 x + 12
x 2 16

5.7 fMvski fvM

GKwU fMvskK Aci GKwU fMvsk viv fvM Kiv gvb njv c_gwUK wZxqwUi YvZK wecixZ fMvsk viv
Y Kiv|
D`vniY^ic,

z
x
K
viv fvM KiZ ne,
y
y

Zvnj x z
y
y

[GLvb

y
z
njv
Gi YvZK wecixZ fMvsk]
z
y

y
x

z
y
x
=
z

D`vniY 9| fvM Ki :
(K)

a 3b 2
a 2b 3
K
viv
c2d
cd 3

(L)

6 a 3b 2 c
12a 4 x 3 y 2
K
viv
5x2 y 2 z 2
10 x 4 y 3 z 2

(M)

a2 b2
a+b
K 3 3 viv
2
2
a + ab + b
a b

(N)

x 3 27
x2 9
K
viv
x2 7x + 6
x 2 36

(O)

x2 y2
x3 y3
K
viv
( x + y)2
x3 + y3

mgvavb :
(K) 1g fMvsk =
2q

a 3b 2
.
c2d
a 2b 3
cd 3

2q fMvski YvZK wecixZ njv

cd 3
a 2b 3

MwYZ

wbYq fvMdj =

83
a 3b 2
a 2b 3

c2d
cd 3
=

a 3b 2 cd 3

c 2 d a 2b 3

a 3b 2 cd 3 ad 2
=
bc
a 2b 3c 2 d
6 a 3b 2 c
12a 4 x 3 y 2

10 x 4 y 3 z 2
5x 2 y 2 z 2

(L) wbYq fvMdj =

12 a 4 x 3 y 2 5 x 2 y 2 z 2

10 x 4 y 3 z 2
6 a 3b 2 c
axy
= 2
b c
=

a+b
a2 b2
3 3
2
2
a + ab + b
a b
( a + b)( a b) ( a b)( a 2 + ab + b 2 )
= 2

a+b
( a + ab + b 2 )

(M) wbYq fvMdj =

= ( a b)( a b)
= ( a b) 2

(N) wbYq fvMdj =

x2 9
x 3 27

x2 7 x + 6
x 2 36

x 3 33
x 2 62

x 2 6 x x + 6 x 2 32

( x 3)( x 2 + 3x + 3 2 ) ( x + 6)( x 6)

( x 6)( x 1)
( x + 3)( x 3)

( x 2 + 3 x + 9)( x + 6)
( x 1)( x + 3)

(O) wbYq fvMdj =

x2 y2
x3 y3

x 3 + y 3 ( x + y)2

( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 )
( x + y)2

( x + y )( x 2 xy + y 2 ) ( x + y )( x y )

x 2 + xy + y 2
.
x 2 xy + y 2

84

MwYZ

KvR : fvM Ki :
1|

16a 2 b 2
28ab 4
K
viv
35 xyz
21z 2

2|

x4 y4
x3 + y3
K
viv
x y
x 2 2 xy + y 2

D`vniY 10| mij Ki :

1
1
(K) 1 + 1 2

x
y x
y

+
x+ y x y x y x+

(L)

(M)

a 3 + b3
( a + b) 2 3ab a + b

ab
a 3 b3
( a b) 2 + 3ab

(N)

x 2 + 3 x 4 x 2 16 ( x 4) 2

x 2 7 x + 12 x 2 9 ( x 1) 2

(O)

x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy ( x + y )
( x y ) 2 + 4 xy

( x + y ) 2 4 xy
x 3 y 3 3 xy ( x y )

1
1
mgvavb : (K) 1 + 1 2

( x + 1) x 1
2
x
x
x2
( x + 1)
=

x
( x + 1)( x 1)
x
=
.
x 1
=

x
y x
y

+

x+ y x y x y x+

(L)

x 2 xy + xy + y 2 x 2 + xy xy + y 2

( x + y )( x y )
( x y )( x + y )

x2 + y2 x2 + y2

x2 y2 x2 y2

x2 + y2 x2 y2

x2 y2 x2 + y2

=1

MwYZ

(M)

85
a 3 + b3
( a + b) 2 3ab a + b

ab
a 3 b3
( a b) 2 + 3ab
=

( a + b)( a 2 ab + b 2 ) a 2 + 2ab + b 2 3ab a + b

a 2 2ab + b 2 + 3ab ( a b)( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) a b

( a + b)(a 2 ab + b 2 ) ( a b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) a + b

ab
( a 2 + ab + b 2 )
( a 2 ab + b 2 )

= ( a + b)(a + b)
= (a + b) 2

(N)

(O)

x 2 + 3 x 4 x 2 16 ( x 4) 2

x 2 7 x + 12 x 2 9 ( x 1) 2
=

x2 + 4x x 4
x 2 3 2 ( x 4) 2

x 2 3 x 4 x + 12 x 2 4 2 ( x 1) 2

( x + 4)( x 1) ( x + 3)( x 3) ( x 4) 2

( x 3)( x 4) ( x + 4)( x 4) ( x 1) 2

x+3
x 1

x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy( x + y )
( x y ) 2 + 4 xy

( x + y ) 2 4 xy
x 3 y 3 3 xy( x y )

( x + y )3 ( x + y ) 2

( x y ) 2 ( x y )3

( x + y )3 ( x y )3

( x y)2 ( x + y)2

= ( x + y )( x y )
= x2 y2

Abykxjbx 5.2
1|

a b c p
K mvaviY niwewk Kij wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
, , ,
x y z q

K.

ayzq bxzq cxyq pxyz

,
,
,
xyzq xyzq xyzq xyzq

L.

axy byz
czx pxy
,
,
,
xyzq xyzq xyzq xyzq

86

M.

2|

MwYZ
a
b
c
p
,
,
,
xyzq xyzq xyzq xyzq

L.

c 3d 2
abx 3 y

M.

x 2 y 2c3
x3 y

x +1
a 1

L.

x 1
a 1

M.

x 1
a +1

ab
a+b

L.

a+b
ab

xyd 2
ab

N.

a 1
x 1

M. ( a b)

N. ( a + b)

wbPi evg w`Ki Z_i mv_ Wvbw`Ki Z_i wgj Ki :

(K) x y
(L) ( x + y ) 2

(K) mvaviY niwewk fMvski ni

(L)

( x + y) ( x y)

x 2 y 2 ( x + y)

(M)

x2 y2
x y
1

x+ y
( x + y) x + y

(N)

( x + y) 2 x y ( x y)3

x y
x + y x2 y2

6|

N.

a 2 b 2 ( a + b) 2 4ab
a+b
Gi mijKZ gvb KZ ne ?
2

2
3
3
a +b
a ab + b 2
( a + b)

K.
5|

x 2 y 2c 3d 2
abx 3 y 2

x2 2x + 1
x 1
K
viv fvM Kij fvMdj KZ ne ?
2
a 1
a 2a + 1

K.

4|

axyzq bxyzq cxyzq pxyzq

,
,
,
xyzq xyzq xyzq xyzq

x2 y2
c 3d 2
I 5 3 Gi Ydj KZ ne ?
ab
x y

K.

3|

N.

(M) nijvi j.mv..

(N)

( x + y) 2

Y Ki :
(K)

9 x 2 y 2 5b 2 c 2
7c 2 a 2
Ges
,
7 y 2 z 2 3z 2 x 2
x2 y2

(M)

yz zx
xy
, 2 Ges 2
2
x
y
z

(O)

x4 y4
x y
x+ y
Ges 3
, 3
2
2
3
x 2 xy + y
x +y
x + y3

(L)

(N)

16a 2 b 2 28 z 4
3y7 z
,
Ges
10 x
21z 2
9 x3 y 4
x 1 ( x 1) 2
x2
, 2
Ges 2
x +1 x + x
x 4x + 5

MwYZ

87

(P)

1 b2 1 x2
1 x
Ges 1 +
,

2
1+ x b + b
x

(Q)

x 2 3x + 2 x 2 5 x + 6
x 2 16
Ges
,
x 2 4 x + 3 x 2 7 x + 12
x2 9

(R)

x3 + y 3
a 3 b3
ab
Ges
,
2
2
3
2
2
x+ y
a b + ab + b
x xy + y

(S)

x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy( x + y ) a 3 + b 3 + 3ab( a + b)
( x y)2
Ges
,
x2 y2
( a + b)3
( x + y)2

7|

fvM Ki : (1g ivwkK 2q ivwk viv)

8|

(K)

3x 2 4 y 2
,
2a 15 zx

(L)

9a 2 b 2 16a 3b
,
4c 2
3c 3

(M)

21a 4 b 4 c 4 7 a 2 b 2 c 2
,
12 xyz
4x3 y3 z 3

(N)

x x+ y
,
y
y

(O)

( a + b) 2 a 2 b 2
,
a+b
( a b) 2

(P)

x 3 y 3 x 2 + xy + y 2
,
x+ y
x2 y2

(Q)

a 3 + b 3 a 2 ab + b 2
,
ab
a2 b2

(R)

x 2 7 x + 12
x 2 16
,
x2 4
x 2 3x + 2

(S)

x 2 x 30 x 2 + 13 x + 40
,
x 2 36
x 2 + x 56

mij Ki :
1

(K) +
x y
y x

(L)

1 + 2x 1 1

1 + x 1 x2 x x2

(M)

a
a

1 c

a+ba+b+c a+bc

(N)

1
1 + a 1

2
2
1
a
1
a
+

1+ a + a

1+ a

(O)

x
x

+
2x y 2x +

3y2

4 + 2
y
x y 2

88

(P)

2x + y
y

1 1
x + y
x+ y

(Q)

a + b a b

a+b ab ab a+b

a2 + b2
a3 b3

3ab
1
2ab
ab

(R)

( x + y ) 2 4 xy x 3 y 3 3 xy( x y )

( a + b) 2 4ab a 3 b 3 3ab( a b)

(S)

a
a b
a
(T) + + 1 2 + + 1
b
b a b
2

9 | mij Ki|
(K)

x 2 + 2 x 15
x 2 25
x2

2
2
2
x + x 12 x x 20 x 5 x + 6

x
x

x y x+

(L)
(M)

(N)

y
y

y x y x+

x+ y x
+
+
y x y x +

x2 + 2x 3 x2 + x 6

x2 + x 2
x2 4
a4 b4
( a + b) 2 4ab
a+b

2
2
2
3
3
a + b 2ab
a b
a + ab + b 2

y x+ y x

y x y x +

MwYZ

89

l Aavq

mij mnmgxKiY
MvwYwZK mgmv mgvavb mgxKiYi f~wgKv iZc~Y| Avgiv l I mg kwYZ GK PjKwewk mij
mgxKiY I G-msv eve mgmvi mgxKiY MVb Ki Zv mgvavb KiZ wkLwQ| mg kwYZ mgxKiYi
cvi wewa, eRb wewa, AvoYb wewa I cwZmvg wewa mK RbwQ| G QvovI jLwPi mvnvh
Kxfve mgxKiYi mgvavb KiZ nq Zv RbwQ| G Aavq `yB PjKwewk mij mnmgxKiYi wewfb
cwZZ mgvavb I jLwPi mvnvh mgvavb mK wevwiZ AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv

mgxKiYi cwZvcb cwZ I Acbqb cwZ evLv KiZ cvie|

`yB PjKwewk mij mnmgxKiYi mgvavb KiZ cvie|

MvwYwZK mgmvi mij mnmgxKiY MVb Ki mgvavb KiZ cvie|

mij mnmgxKiYi mgvavb jLwP `LvZ cvie|

jLwPi mvnvh mij mnmgxKiYi mgvavb KiZ cvie|

6.1 mij mnmgxKiY

x + y = 5 GKwU mgxKiY| GLvb x I y `yBwU ARvbv ivwk ev PjK| GB PjK `yBwU GKNvZwewk|

Gic mgxKiY mij mgxKiY|

GLvb h msLvqi hvMdj 5 mB msLv vivB mgxKiYwU wm ne| hgb x = 4, y = 1 ;

ev, x = 3, y = 2; ev, x = 2, y = 3; ev, x = 1, y = 4 , BZvw`, Gic AmsL msLvhyMj viv mgxKiYwU

wm ne|
Avevi, x y = 3 GB mgxKiYwU weePbv Kij `LZ cvB, mgxKiYwU x = 4, y = 1 ev x = 5,
y = 2 ev x = 6, y = 3 ev x = 7, y = 4 ev x = 8, y = 5 ev x = 2, y = 1 ev x = 1, y = 2,
x = 0 , y = 3 .. .. BZvw` AmsL msLvhyMj viv mgxKiYwU wm nq|
GLvb, x + y = 5 Ges x y =3 mgxKiY `yBwU GK weePbv Kij Dfq mgxKiY nZ cv
msLvhyMji ga x = 4, y = 1 viv Dfq mgxKiY hyMcr wm nq|
PjKi gvb viv GKvwaK mgxKiY wm nj, mgxKiYmg~nK GK mnmgxKiY ejv nq Ges PjK GKNvZwewk nj mnmgxKiYK mij mnmgxKiY ej|

90

MwYZ

PjKqi h gvb viv mnmgxKiY hyMcr wm nq, G`iK mnmgxKiYi g~j ev mgvavb ejv nq| GLvb
x + y = 5 Ges x y = 3 mgxKiY `yBwU mnmgxKiY| G`i GKgv mgvavb x = 4, y = 1 hv
( x, y ) = ( 4, 1) viv cKvk Kiv hvq|

6.2 `yB PjKwewk mij mnmgxKiYi mgvavb

`yB PjKwewk `yBwU mij mgxKiYi mgvavbi cwZjvi ga wbPi cwZ `yBwUi AvjvPbv Kiv njv :
(1) cwZvcb cwZ ( Method of Substitution )
(2) Acbqb cwZ ( Method of Elimination )

(1) cwZvcb cwZ

GB cwZZ Avgiv wbPi avcjv AbymiY Ki mgvavb KiZ cvwi :
(K) hKvbv mgxKiY _K PjK `yBwUi GKwUi gvb AciwUi gvag cKvk Kiv|
(L) Aci mgxKiY cv PjKi gvbwU vcb Ki GK PjKwewk mgxKiY mgvavb Kiv|
(M) wbYxZ mgvavb c` mgxKiY `yBwUi hKvbv GKwUZ ewmq Aci PjKi gvb wbYq Kiv|
D`vniY 1| mgvavb Ki :
x+ y =7
x y =3

mgvavb : c` mgxKiY
x + y = 7..............(1)
x y = 3............( 2)

mgxKiY (2) nZ cvi Ki cvB,

x = y + 3...........(3)

mgxKiY (3) nZ x Gi gvbwU mgxKiY (1) -G ewmq cvB,

y +3+ y = 7
ev, 2 y = 7 3
ev, 2 y = 4
y=2

GLb mgxKiY (3) G y = 2 ewmq cvB,

x = 2+3
x=5

wbYq mgvavb ( x, y ) = (5, 2)

MwYZ

91

[w cixv : mgxKiY `yBwUZ x = 5 I y = 2 emvj mgxKiY (1) -Gi evgc = 5 + 2 = 7 = Wvbc

Ges mgxKiY (2) -Gi evgc = 5 2 = 3 = Wvbc|]
D`vniY 2| mgvavb Ki :
x + 2y = 9
2x y = 3

mgvavb : c` mgxKiY
x + 2y = 9
2x y = 3

mgxKiY (2) nZ cvB, y = 2 x 3 ..........

(3)

mgxKiY (1) G y -Gi gvb ewmq cvB, x + 2 ( 2 x 3 ) = 9

ev, x + 4 x 6 = 9
ev, 5 x = 6 + 9
ev, 5 x = 15
15
ev, x =
5
x=3

GLb x -Gi gvb mgxKiY (3) -G ewmq cvB,

y = 233
=63
=3

wbYq mgvavb ( x, y ) = (3, 3)

D`vniY 3| mgvavb Ki :
2 y + 5 z = 16
y 2 z = 1

mgvavb : c` mgxKiY
2 y + 5 z = 16..............(1)
y 2 z = 1............( 2)

mgxKiY (2) nZ cvB, y = 2 z 1...........(3)

92

MwYZ

mgxKiY (1) -G y -Gi gvb ewmq cvB,

2(2z 1) + 5z = 16
ev, 4 z 2 + 5 z = 16
ev, 9 z = 16 + 2
ev, 9 z = 18
18
ev, z =
9
z = 2

GLb z -Gi gvb mgxKiY (3) -G ewmq cvB,

y = 2 2 1
= 4 1
y=3

wbYq mgvavb ( y, z ) = (3, 2) .

(2) Acbqb cwZ

GB cwZZ wbPi avcjv AbymiY Ki mgvavb Kiv hvq :
(K) c` Dfq mgxKiYK Ggb `yBwU msLv ev ivwk viv c_Kfve Y KiZ ne hb hKvbv GKwU
PjKi mnM mgvb nq|
(L) GKwU PjKi mnM mgvb I GKB wPwewk nj mgxKiY cii weqvM, Ab_vq hvM KiZ ne|
weqvMdjKZ (ev hvMdjKZ) mgxKiYwU GKwU GK PjKwewk mij mgxKiY ne|
(N) mij mgxKiY mgvavbi wbqg PjKwUi gvb wbYq Kiv|
(O) cv PjKi gvb c` hKvbv GKwU mgxKiY ewmq Aci PjKi gvb wbYq Kiv|
D`vniY 4| mgvavb Ki :
5x 4 y = 6
x + 2y = 4

mgvavb : c` mgxKiY
5 x 4 y = 6..............(1)
x + 2 y = 4...............( 2)

GLvb mgxKiY (1) K 1 viv Ges mgxKiY (2) K 2 viv Y Ki cvB,

5 x 4 y = 6................(3)
2 x + 4 y = 8...............( 4)

MwYZ

93

(3) I (4) mgxKiY hvM Ki cvB,

7 x = 14
14
ev, x = ...............(4)
7
x=2

mgxKiY (2) -G x -Gi gvb ewmq cvB,

2 + 2y = 4
ev, 2 y = 4 2
2
ev, y =
2
y =1

wbYq mgvavb ( x , y ) = ( 2 ,1 ) .
D`vniY 5| mgvavb Ki :
x + 4 y = 14
7x 3y = 5

mgvavb : c` mgxKiY
x + 4 y = 14...............(1)
7 x 3 y = 5...............( 2)

mgxKiY (1) K 3 viv Ges mgxKiY (2) K 4 viv Y Ki cvB,

3 x + 12 y = 42.................(3)
28 x 12 y = 20...............( 4)

31x = 62
ev, x =
x=2

[hvM Ki]

62
31

GLb x -Gi gvb mgxKiY (1) -G ewmq cvB,

2 + 4 y = 14
ev, 4 y = 14 2
ev, 4 y = 12
12
ev, y =
4
y = 3.

( x, y ) = ( 2, 3)

94

MwYZ

D`vniY 6| mgvavb Ki :
5x 3 y = 9
3 x 5 y = 1

mgvavb : c` mgxKiY
5 x 3 y = 9..................(1)
3 x 5 y = 1...............( 2)

mgxKiY (1) K 5 viv Ges mgxKiY (2) K 3 viv Y Ki cvB

25 x 15 y = 45.................(3)
9 x 15 y = 3...................( 4)
( ) ( + )

(+)

16 x = 48 [ weqvM Ki ]
ev, x =

48
16

x=3

mgxKiY (1) -G x -Gi gvb ewmq cvB,

5 3 3y = 9

ev, 15 3 y = 9
ev, 3 y = 9 15
ev, 3 y = 6
6
ev, y =
3
y = 2.

( x, y ) = (3, 2) .

6.3 jLwPi mvnvh mij mnmgxKiYi mgvavb

`yB PjKwewk mij mnmgxKiY `yBwU mij mgxKiY _vK| `yBwU mij mgxKiYi Rb jL Ab Kij
`yBwU mijiLv cvIqv hvq| G`i Q`we`yi vbv Dfq mijiLvq AewZ| GB Q`we`yi vbv A_vr
(x, y) c` mij mnmgxKiYi g~j ne| x I y -Gi cv gvb viv mgxKiY `yBwU hyMcr wm ne| AZGe,
mij mnmgxKiY hyMji GKgv mgvavb hv, Q`we`ywUi fzR I KvwU|
ge : mijiLv `yBwU mgvivj nj, c` mnmgxKiYi Kvbv mgvavb bB|

MwYZ

95

D`vniY 7| jLi mvnvh mgvavb Ki :

(K) x + y = 7.................(i )
x y = 1..................(ii )

mgvavb : (K) c` mgxKiY (i ) nZ cvB,

y = 7 x................(iii )

x -Gi wewfb gvbi Rb y -Gi gvb ei Ki wbPi QKwU Zwi Kwi :

x

Avevi, mgxKiY (ii ) nZ cvB,

y = x 1................(iv )

x -Gi wewfb gvbi Rb y -Gi gvb ei Ki wbPi QKwU Zwi Kwi :

x

gb Kwi, XOX I YOY h_vg x -A I y -A Ges 0 g~jwe`y|

Dfq Ai z`Zg eMi cwZevi `NK GKK awi|

( 2, 9), ( 1, 8), (0, 7), (1, 6),

( 2, 5), (3, 4) I ( 4, 3) we`yMyjvK QK KvMR vcb Kwi| GB we`yMyjv hvM Ki Dfq w`K ewaZ

Ki mgxKiY (i ) viv wb`wkZ mijiLvwUi jL cvB,

Y

(-2,9)
(-1,8) (0,7)
(1,6)
(2,5)
(3,4)

X'

(4,3)
(3,2)
(1,0) (2,1)

O
(0,-1)
(-1,-2)
(-2,-3)

Y'

jLwP

96
Avevi, ( 2, 3), ( 1, 2), (0, 1), (1, 0), ( 2, 1), (3, 2) I ( 4, 3) we`yMyjv QK KvMR vcb Kwi|
GB we`yjv hvM Ki (ii ) bs mgxKiY viv wb`wkZ mijiLvwUi jL cvB| GB mijiLvwU c~ev
mijiLvK A we`yZ Q` Ki| A we`y Dfq mijiLvi mvaviY we`y| Gi vbv Dfq mgxKiYK wm
Ki| jL _K `Lv hvq| A we`yi fyR 4 Ges KvwU 3 |
wbYq mgvavb ( x, y ) = ( 4, 3)
D`vniY 8| jLi mvnvh mgvavb Ki :
3 x + 4 y = 10..............(i )
x y = 1.................(ii )

mgxKiY (i ) nZ cvB,
4 y = 10 3 x
y=

10 3 x
4

x Gi wewfb gvbi Rb y -Gi gvb ei Ki wbPi QKwU Zwi Kwi :

x

2
4

0
5
2

2
1

1
2

6
2

(ii ) -Gi mgxKiY nZ cvB,

y = x 1

x -Gi wewfb gvbi Rb y -Gi gvb ei Ki wbPi QKwU Zwi Kwi :

x

2
3

0
1

2
1

4
3

6
5

gb Kwi, XOX I YOY h_vg x -A I y -A Ges 0 g~jwe`y|

Dfq Ai z`Zg eMi cwZevi `NK GKK awi| ( 2, 4), 0,

5
1 , I (6, 2)
, ( 2, 1), 4,

2
2

we`yjvK jL KvMR vcb Kwi| GB we`yMyjv hvM Ki Dfq w`K ewaZ Ki GKwU mijiLv cvIqv
Mj| hv (i ) bs mgxKiY viv wb`wkZ mijiLvi jLwP|
Avevi, ( 2, 3), (0, 1), ( 2, 1), ( 4, 3) I (6, 5) we`yMyjv jL KvMR vcb Kwi| GB we`yjv
hvM Ki Dfq w`K ewaZ Ki GKwU mijiLv cvIqv Mj| hv, (ii) bs mgxKiY viv wb`wkZ mijiLvi jLwP|

MwYZ

97
Y

(6,5)
(-2,4)
(0,5/2)

(4,3)
(2,1)

X'

O
(0,-1)

(4,1/2)
(6,-2)

(-2,-3)

Y'

jLwP

GB mijiLvwU c~ev mijiLvK A we`yZ Q` Ki| A we`y Dfq mijiLvi mvaviY we`y| Gi vbv
Dfq mgxKiYK wm Ki| jL _K `Lv hvq h, A we`yi fyR 2 Ges KvwU 1 |
wbYq mgvavb ( x, y ) = ( 2, 1)

Abykxjbx 6.1
(K) cwZvcb cwZZ mgvavb Ki (112) :
x+ y=4
x y=2

2| 2 x + y = 5

x y 1 1
+ = +
a b a b
x y 1 1
=
a b a b
7| ax + by = ab
bx + ay = ab

5| 3 x 2 y = 0

1|

4|

10|

1 1 5
+ =
x y 6
1 1 1
=
x y 6

3| 3 x + 2 y = 10

x y =1

17 x 7 y = 13

x y=0

6| x y = 2a
ax + by = a 2 + b 2

8| ax by = ab

9| ax by = a b

bx ay = ab

ax + by = a + b

11|

x y 2 1
+ = +
a b a b
x y 2 1
=
b a b a

12|

a b a b
+ = +
x y 2 3
x y = 1

(L) Acbqb cwZZ mgvavb Ki (13-26) :

13| x y = 4

14| 2 x + 3 y = 7

15| 4 x + 3 y = 15

x+ y=6

6x 7 y = 5

5 x + 4 y = 19

98

MwYZ

16| 3 x 2 y = 5

17| 4 x 3 y = 1

2 x + 3 y = 12

19|

22|

25|

18| 3x 5 y = 9

3x 2 y = 0

20| x + ay = b

x y
+ =3
2 2
x y
=1
2 2

ax by = c

x 2
+ =1
3 y
x 3
=3
4 y

23|

x y 2 1
+ = +
a b a b
x y 2 1
=
b a b a

5x 3 y = 1

21|

24|

x y
+ =3
2 3
y
x =3
3
a b a b
+ = +
x y 2 3
x y = 1

26| x + y = a b

x 2
+ =2
6 y
x 1
=1
4 y

ax by = a 2 + b 2

6.2 evewfwK mgmvi mnmgxKiY MVb I mgvavb

mij mnmgxKiYi aviYv eenvi Ki eve Rxebi e mgmv mgvavb Kiv hvq| AbK mgmvq GKvwaK
PjK Avm| cZK PjKi Rb Avjv`v cZxK eenvi Ki mgxKiY MVb Kiv hvq| Gic hZjv
cZxK eenvi Kiv nq, ZZjv mgxKiY MVb KiZ ne| AZtci mgxKiYjv mgvavb Ki PjKi gvb
wbYq Kiv hvq|
D`vniY 1| `yBwU msLvi hvMdj 60 Ges weqvMdj 20 nj, msLv `yBwU wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : gb Kwi, msLv `yBwU h_vg x I y |
1g kZvbymvi, x + y = 60...............(1)
2q kZvbymvi, x y = 20...........( 2)
mgxKiY (1) I ( 2) hvM Ki cvB,
2 x = 80
80
ev x = = 40
2

Avevi, mgxKiY (1) nZ mgxKiY (2) weqvM Ki cvB,

2 y = 40
40
y =
= 20
2
wbYq msLv `yBwU 40 I 20 |

MwYZ

99

D`vniY 2| dvBqvR I AvqvRi KZKjv Avcj Kzj wQj| dvBqvRi Avcj Kzj _K AvqvRK 10 wU
Avcj Kzj w`j AvqvRi Avcj Kzji msLv dvBqvRi Avcj Kzji msLvi wZbY nZv| Avi AvqvRi
Avcj Kzj _K dvBqvRK 20 wU w`j dvBqvRi Avcj Kzji msLv AvqvRi msLvi wY nZv| Kvi
KZjv Avcj Kzj wQj ?
mgvavb : gb Kwi, dvBqvRi Avcj Kzj msLv x wU
Ges AvqvRi Avcj Kzj msLv y wU
1g kZvbymvi, y + 10 = 3( x 10)
ev, y + 10 = 3 x 30
ev, 3 x y = 10 + 30
ev, 3 x y = 40.................(1)

2q kZvbymvi, x + 20 = 2( y 20)
ev, x + 20 = 2 y 40
ev, x 2 y = 40 20
ev, x 2 y = 60.................( 2)

mgxKiY (1) K 2 viv Y Ki Zv _K mgxKiY (2) weqvM Ki cvB,

5 x = 140
140
x =
= 28
5

x -Gi gvb mgxKiY (1) -G ewmq cvB,

3 28 y = 40
ev, y = 40 84
ev, y = 44
y = 44

dvBqvRi Avcj Kzji msLv 28 wU

AvqvRi Avcj Kzji msLv 44 wU|
D`vniY 3| 10 eQi c~e wcZv I cyi eqmi AbycvZ wQj 4 : 1 | 10 eQi ci wcZv I cyi eqmi
AbycvZ ne 2 : 1 | wcZv I cyi eZgvb eqm wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : gb Kwi, eZgvb wcZvi eqm x eQi
Ges cyi eqm y eQi
1g kZvbymvi, ( x 10) : ( y 10) = 4 : 1

100

MwYZ

ev,

x 10 4
=
y 10 1

ev, x 10 = 4 y 40
ev x 4 y = 10 40
x 4 y = 30........(1 )

2q kZvbymvi, ( x + 10) : ( y + 10) = 2 : 1

x + 10 2
=
y + 10 1
ev, x + 10 = 2 y + 20
ev x 2 y = 20 10
x 2 y = 10........(2 )

ev,

mgxKiY (1) I (2 ) nZ cvB,

x 4 y = 30
x 2 y = 10

2 y = 40

y =

[ weqvM Ki ]

40
= 20
2

y -Gi gvb mgxKiY (2 ) -G ewmq cvB,

x 2 20 = 10
ev x = 10 + 40
x = 50

eZgvb wcZvi eqm 50 eQi Ges cyi eqm 20 eQi|

D`vniY 4| `yB Awewk Kvbv msLvi Aqi mgwi mv_ 7 hvM Kij hvMdj `kK vbxq AwUi
wZbY nq| wK msLvwU _K 18 ev` w`j Aq vb cwieZb Ki| msLvwU wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : gb Kwi, `yB Awewk msLvwUi GKK vbxq AwU x Ges `kK vbxq AwU y |
msLvwU = x + 10 y.
1g kZvbymvi, x + y + 7 = 3 y
ev, x + y 3 y = 7
ev, x 2 y = 7..........(1)

2q kZvbymvi, x + 10 y 18 = y + 10 x
ev, x + 10 y y 10 x = 18

MwYZ

101
ev, 9 y 9 x = 18
ev, 9( y x ) = 18
18
ev, y x =
=2
9
y x = 2.............(2 )

(1 ) I (2 ) bs hvM Ki cvB, y = 5
y=5

y -Gi gvb (1) bs-G ewmq cvB,

x 2 5 = 7
x=3

wbYq msLvwU = 3 + 10 5 = 3 + 50 = 53
D`vniY 5| Kvbv fMvski jei mv_ 7 hvM Kij fMvskwUi gvb 2 nq Ges ni _K 2 ev` w`j
fMvskwUi gvb 1 nq| fMvskwU wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : gb Kwi, fMvskwU

x
, y 0.
y

x+7
=2
y
x + 7 = 2y

1g kZvbymvi,

x 2 y = 7.........(1)

2q kZvbymvi,

x
=1
y2

x= y2
x y = 2..........(2 )
mgxKiY (1) I (2 ) nZ cvB,
x 2 y = 7
x y = 2

+
y = 5 [ weqvM Ki ]

y =5

Avevi, y = 5 mgxKiY (2 ) -G ewmq cvB,

x 5 = 2
x =52 =3

wbYq fMvskwU

3
.
5

102

MwYZ

Abykxjbx 6.2
1|

`yBwU msLvi hvMdj 100 Ges weqvMdj 20 nj, msLv `yBwU wbYq Ki|

2|

`yBwU msLvi hvMdj 160 Ges GKwU AciwUi wZbY nj, msLv `yBwU wbYq Ki|

3|

`yBwU msLvi c_gwUi wZbYi mv_ wZxqwUi `yBY hvM Kij 59 nq| Avevi, c_gwUi `yBY
_K wZxqwU weqvM Kij 9 nq| msLvq wbYq Ki|

4|

5 eQi c~e wcZv I cyi eqmi AbycvZ wQj 3 : 1 Ges 15 eQi ci wcZv-cyi eqmi AbycvZ

ne 2 : 1 | wcZv I cyi eZgvb eqm wbYq Ki|

5|

Kvbv fMvski jei mv_ 5 hvM Kij Gi gvb 2 nq| Avevi, ni _K 1 weqvM Kij Gi gvb
1 nq| fMvskwU wbYq Ki|

6|

Kvbv cKZ fMvski je I nii hvMdj 14 Ges weqvMdj 8 nj, fMvskwU wbYq Ki|

7|

`yB Awewk Kvbv msLvi Aqi hvMdj 10 Ges weqvMdj 4 nj, msLvwU wbYq Ki|

8|

GKwU AvqZvKvi i `N c Acv 25 wgUvi ewk| AvqZvKvi wUi cwimxgv 150 wgUvi
nj, wUi `N I c wbYq Ki|

9|

GKRb evjK `vKvb _K 15 wU LvZv I 10 wU cwj 300 UvKv w`q q Kijv| Avevi Ab
GKRb evjK GKB `vKvb _K 10 wU LvZv I 15 wU cwj 250 UvKvq q Kijv| LvZv I
cwji g~j wbYq Ki|

10| GKRb jvKi wbKU 5000 UvKv AvQ| wZwb D UvKv `yB Rbi ga Ggbfve fvM Ki w`jb,
hb, c_g Rbi UvKv wZxq Rbi 4 Y nq| Avevi c_g Rb _K 1500 UvKv wZxq RbK w`j
Dfqi UvKvi cwigvY mgvb nq| cZKi UvKvi cwigvY wbYq Ki|
11| jLi mvnvh mgvavb Ki :
K. x + y = 6

L.

x + 4 y = 11
4 x y = 10

x y =2

M.

3 x + 2 y = 21
2x 3y = 1

N.

x + 2y =1
x y =7

O.

x y =0
x + 2 y = 15

P.

4 x 3 y = 11
3 x 4 y = 2

12| 2 x y = 5 Ges 4 x 2 y = 7 mij mgxKiY|

(K) jLwP Abi Rb msw eYbv `vI|
(L) jLwP _K mgvavb wbYq Ki|
(M) wbYq mgvavb-Gi evLv `vI|

mg Aavq

mU
mU kwU Avgv`i mycwiwPZ| hgb : wUmU, mvdvmU, w_-wcP mU, GK mU eB BZvw`| Rvgvb MwYZwe`
RR KvUi (18451918) mU mK c_g aviYv evLv Kib| mU msv Zuvi evLv MwYZ kv
mUZ (Set Theory) wnme cwiwPZ| mUi cv_wgK aviYv _K cZxK I wPi gvag mU mK vb
ARb Kiv AvekK| G Aavq wewfb aibi mU, mU cwqv I mUi agvewj mK AvjvPbv Kiv
nqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv

mU I mU MVb cwqv evLv KiZ cvie|

mmxg mU, mvweK mU, c~iK mU, duvKv mU, wb` mU eYbv KiZ cvie Ges G`i MVb cZxKi
mvnvh cKvk KiZ cvie|

GKvwaK mUi mshvM mU, Q` mU MVb I evLv KiZ cvie|

fbwP I D`vniYi mvnvh mU cwqvi mnR agvewj hvPvB I cgvY KiZ cvie|

mUi agvewj cqvM Ki mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie|

7.1 mU (Set)
eve ev wPvRMZi my-msvwqZ ei mgvek ev msMnK mU ej| BsiwR eYgvjvi c_g cuvPwU eY,
Gwkqv gnv`ki `kmg~n, ^vfvweK msLv BZvw`i mU my-msvwqZ mUi D`vniY| Kvb m`m weePbvaxb
mUi Afy Avi KvbwU bq Zv mywbw`fve wbavwiZ nZ ne| mUi m`m`i Kvbv cybivew I
g bB|
mUi cZK m`mK mUi Dcv`vb (element ) ejv nq| mUK mvaviYZ BsiwR eYgvjvi eo nvZi
Ai A, B, C ,........ X , Y , Z viv Ges Dcv`vbK QvU nvZi Ai a, b, c,......... x, y, z viv cKvk Kiv
nq|
mUi m`mjvK { } GB cZxKi ga Afy Ki mU wnme eenvi Kiv nq| hgb: a, b, c -Gi
mU {a, b, c} wZv, gNbv, hgybv I ecy b`-b`xi mU {wZv, gNbv, hgybv, ecy}, c_g `yBwU Rvo

^vfvweK msLvi mU {2, 4} ; 6 -Gi YbxqKmg~ni mU {1, 2, 3, 6} BZvw`|

gb Kwi, mU A Gi GKwU Dcv`vb x | GK MvwYwZKfve x A cZxK viv cKvk Kiv nq | x A
K coZ nq, x , A mUi Dcv`vb (x belongs to A)| hgb, B = {m, n} nj, m B Ges n B .
D`vniY 1 : c_g cuvPwU weRvo msLvi mU A nj, A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

104
KvR :
1. mvKf
z `kjvi bvgi mU jL|
2. 1 _K 20 ch gwjK msLvmg~ni mU jL|
3. 300 I 400 -Gi ga AewZ 3 viv wefvR hKvbv PviwU msLvi mU jL|

7.2 mU cKvki cwZ

cavbZ mU `yB cwZZ cKvk Kiv nq| h_v: (1) ZvwjKv cwZ (Tabular Method ) (2) mU MVb
cwZ ( Set Builder Method )
(1) ZvwjKv cwZ : G cwZZ mUi mKj Dcv`vb mywbw`fve DjL Ki wZxq ebx { } Gi ga
Ave Kiv nq Ges GKvwaK Dcv`vb _vKj Kgv eenvi Ki Dcv`vbjvK c_K Kiv nq| hgb : A
= {1, 2, 3), B = {x, y, z}, C = {100}, D = {Mvjvc, iRbxMv}, E = {iwng, mygb, , PvscvB}
BZvw`|
(2) mU MVb cwZ : G cwZZ mUi mKj Dcv`vb mywbw`fve DjL bv Ki Dcv`vb wbaviYi Rb
kZ `Iqv _vK| hgb : 10 -Gi Pq QvU ^vfvweK Rvo msLvi mU A nj, A = {x : x ^vfvweK
Rvo msLv, x < 10}
GLvb , : viv Gic hb ev msc hb evSvq|
mU MVb cwZZ { } Gi fZi : wPi AvM GKwU ARvbv ivwk ev PjK ai wbZ nq Ges ci
PjKi Ici cqvRbxq kZ Avivc KiZ nq| hgb: {3, 6, 9, 12} mUwUK mU MVb cwZZ cKvk
KiZ PvB| j Kwi, 3, 6, 9, 12 , msLvjv ^vfvweK msLv, 3 viv wefvR Ges 12 -Gi eo bq| G
mUi Dcv`vbK ' y ' PjK weePbv Kij ' y ' -Gi Ici kZ ne y ^vfvweK msLv, 3 -Gi wYZK Ges
12 -Gi Pq eo bq ( y 12)|

myZivs mU MVb cwZZ ne { y : y ^vfvweK msLv, 3 -Gi wYZK Ges y 12 }|

D`vniY 2| P = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} mUwUK mU MVb cwZZ cKvk Ki|
mgvavb : P mUi Dcv`vbmg~n 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 |
GLvb, cZKwU Dcv`vb Rvo msLv, 4 -Gi wYZK Ges 20 -Gi eo bq|
P = {x : x Rvo msLv, 4 Gi wYZK Ges x 20 }
D`vniY 3| Q = {x : x, 42 -Gi mKj YbxqK} mUwUK ZvwjKv cwZZ cKvk Ki|
mgvavb : Q mUwU 42 -Gi YbxqKmg~ni mU|
GLvb, 42 = 1 42 = 2 21 = 3 14 = 6 7
42 -Gi YbxqKmg~n 1, 2, 3, 6,7, 14, 21, 42 .
wbYq mU Q = {1, 2, 3, 6 , 7, 14, 21, 42}

105
KvR :
1| A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18} mUwUK mU MVb cwZZ cKvk Ki|
2| B = {x : x, 24 -Gi YbxqK} mUwUK ZvwjKv cwZZ cKvk Ki|

7.3 mUi cKvif`

mmxg mU (Finite set)
h mUi Dcv`vb msLv MYbv Ki wbaviY Kiv hvq, GK mmxg mU ej| hgb :
A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {5, 10, 15,........, 100} BZvw` mmxg mU| GLvb A mU 4 wU Dcv`vb Ges B
mU 20 wU Dcv`vb AvQ|
Amxg mU (Infinite set)
h mUi Dcv`vb msLv MYbv Ki wbaviY Kiv hvq bv, GK Amxg mU ej| Amxg mUi GKwU D`vniY
njv ^vfvweK msLvi mU, N = {1, 2, 3, 4.......} | GLvb N mUi Dcv`vb msLv AmsL hv MYbv Ki
wbaviY Kiv hvq bv| GB kwYZ ay mmxg mU wbq AvjvPbv Kiv ne|
duvKv mU (Empty set)
h mUi Kvbv Dcv`vb bB GK duvKv mU ej| duvKv mUK {} ev cZxK viv cKvk Kiv nq|

7.4 fbwP (Venn-diagram)

Rb fb (18341883) wPi mvnvh mU cKvk Kivi ixwZ ceZb Kib| GB wPjv Zuvi bvgvbymvi
fbwP bvg cwiwPZ| fbwP mvaviYZ AvqZvKvi I evKvi eenvi Kiv nq| wbP KqKwU mUi
fbwP c`kb Kiv njv :
U

A B

A /B

fbwP eenvi Ki AwZ mnR mU I mU cwqvi wewfb ewk hvPvB Kiv hvq|

7.5 DcmU

(Subset )

gb Kwi, A = {a, b} GKwU mU| A mUi Dcv`vb wbq Avgiv {a, b}, {a}, {b} mUjv MVb KiZ cvwi|
MwVZ {a, b}, {a}, {b} mUjv A mUi DcmU|
Kvbv mUi Dcv`vb _K hZjv mU MVb Kiv hvq G`i cZKwU c` mUi DcmU|
duvKv mU hKvbv mUi DcmU|
hgb : P = {2, 3, 4, 5} Ges Q = {3, 5} nj, Q mUwU P mUi DcmU| A_vr Q P. KviY Q
mUi 3 Ges 5 Dcv`vbmg~n P mU we`gvb| cZxK viv DcmUK m~wPZ Kiv nq|

106

MwYZ

D`vniY 4| A = {1, 2, 3} Gi DcmUmg~n jL|

mgvavb : A mUi DcmUmg~n wbic :
{1, 2, 3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1}, {2}, {3},

mvweK mU (Universal Set)

AvjvPbvq mswk mKj mU hw` GKwU wbw` mUi DcmU nq Ze
H wbw` mUK Gi DcmUjvi mvc mvweK mU ej| mvweK
mUK U cZxK viv m~wPZ Kiv nq| hgb: Kvbv we`vjqi mKj
wkv_xi mU njv mvweK mU Ges Ag kwYi wkv_x`i mU D
mvweK mUi DcmU|
mKj mU mvweK mUi DcmU|
D`vniY 5| A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {1, 3, 5}, C = {3, 4, 5, 6} nj, mvweK mU wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : `Iqv AvQ, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {1, 3, 5}, C = {3, 4, 5, 6}
GLvb, B mUi Dcv`vb 1, 3, 5 Ges C mUi Dcv`vb 3, 4, 5 hv A mU we`gvb|
B Ges C mUi mvc mvweK mU A .
c~iK mU (Complement of a set)
hw` U mvweK mU Ges A mUwU U -Gi DcmU nq Ze, A
mUi ewnf~Z mKj Dcv`vb wbq h mU MVb Kiv nq, GK A
mUi c~iK mU ej| A -Gi c~iK mUK Ac ev A viv cKvk
Kiv nq|

U
A

Ac

gb Kwi, Ag kwYi 60 Rb wkv_xi ga 9 Rb AbycwZ| Ag kwYi mKj wkv_x`i mU mvweK

mU weePbv Kij DcwZ ( 60 9) ev 51 Rbi mUi c~iK mU ne AbycwZ 9 Rbi mU|
D`vniY 6| U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Ges A = {2, 4, 6} nj Ac wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : `Iqv AvQ, U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Ges A = {2, 4, 6}

Ac = A -Gi c~iK mU
= A -Gi ewnf~Z Dcv`vbmg~ni mU
= {1, 3, 5}
wbYq mU Ac = {1, 3, 5}

Ac

2 4
6

MwYZ

107

KvR :
A = {a, b, c} nj, A -Gi DcmUmg~n wbYq Ki Ges hKvbv wZbwU DcmU wjL G`i c~iK mU wbYq Ki|

7.6 mU cwqv

mshvM mU (Union of sets)

gb Kwi, P = {2, 3, 4} Ges Q = {4, 5, 6}. GLvb P Ges Q mUi
Afy Dcv`vbmg~n 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. P I Q mUi mKj Dcv`vb wbq
MwVZ mU {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} hv P I Q mUqi mshvM mU|

2
4
3

5
6

PQ

`yB ev ZZvwaK mUi mKj Dcv`vb wbq MwVZ mUK mshvM mU ejv nq|
awi, A I B `yBwU mU| A I B -Gi mshvM mUK A B viv cKvk Kiv nq Ges cov nq A mshvM B
A_ev ' A union B'.
mU MVb cwZZ A B = {x : x A A_ev x B }
D`vniY 7| C = {ivvK, mvwKe, AjvK} Ges D = {AjvK, gykwdK} nj, C D wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : `Iqv AvQ, C = {ivvK, mvwKe, AjvK} Ges D = {AjvK, gykwdK}
C D = {ivvK, mvwKe, AjvK} {AjvK, gykwdK}
= {ivvK, mvwKe, AjvK, gykwdK}
D`vniY 8| R = {x : x, 6 -Gi YbxqKmg~n } Ges S = {x : x, 8 -Gi YbxqKmg~n } nj, R S wbYq
Ki|
mgvavb : `Iqv AvQ, R = {x : x, 6 -Gi YbxqKmg~n}
S
= {1, 2, 3, 6}
Ges S = {x : x, 8-Gi YbxqKmg~n}
= {1, 2, 4, 8}
R S = {1, 2, 3, 6} {1, 2, 4, 8}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}

RS

Q` mU (Intersection of sets)
gb Kwi, wibv evsjv I Aviwe fvlv coZ I wjLZ cvi Ges Rqv evsjv I wnw` fvlv coZ I wjLZ
cvi| wibv h fvlv coZ I wjLZ cvi G`i mU {evsjv, Aviwe} Ges Rqv h fvlv coZ I wjLZ
cvi G`i mU {evsjv, wnw`}| j Kwi, wibv I Rqv cZK h fvlv coZ I wjLZ cvi Zv nQ
evsjv Ges Gi mU {evsjv}| GLvb {evsjv} mUwU Q` mU|

108

MwYZ

`yB ev ZZvwaK mUi mvaviY (Common) Dcv`vb wbq MwVZ mUK Q` mU ejv nq|
awi, A I B `yBwU mU| A I B -Gi Q` mUK A B viv cKvk Kiv nq Ges cov nq A Q` B .
mU MVb cwZZ A B = {x : x A Ges x B}

D`vniY 9| A = {1, 3, 5} Ges B = {5, 7} nj, A B wbYq Ki|

mgvavb : `Iqv AvQ, A = {1, 3, 5} Ges B = {5, 7}

5
7

A B = {1, 3, 5} {5, 7} = {5}

AB

D`vniY 10| P = {x : x, 2 -Gi wYZK Ges x 8} Ges Q = {x : x, 4-Gi wYZK Ges x 12} nj,
P Q wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : `Iqv AvQ, P = {x : x, 2 -Gi wYZK Ges x 8}
= {2, 4, 6, 8}

Ges Q = {x : x, 4 -Gi wYZK x 12}

= {4, 8, 12}

P Q = {2, 4, 6, 8} {4, 8, 12} = {4, 8}

KvR : U = {1, 2, 3, 4}, A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4}, C = {1, 3}
U A, C A, Ges B C mUjvK fbwP c`kb Ki|

wb` mU (Disjointsets)
gb Kwi, evsjv`ki cvkvcvwk `yBwU Mvg| GKwU Mvgi KlKMY RwgZ
avb I cvU Pvl Kib Ges Aci Mvgi KlKMY RwgZ Avjy I mewR Pvl
Kib| PvlKZ dmji mU `yBwU weePbv Kij cvB {avb, cvU} Ges
{Avjy, mewR}| D mU `yBwUZ dmji Kvbv wgj bB| A_vr, `yB
Mvgi KlKMY GKB-RvZxq dmj Pvl Kib bv| GLvb mU `yBwU
cii wb` mU|

hw` `yBwU mUi Dcv`vbjvi ga Kvbv mvaviY Dcv`vb bv _vK, Ze mU `yBwU cii wb` mU|
awi, A I B `yBwU mU| A I B cii wb` mU ne hw` A B = nq|
`yBwU mUi Q` mU duvKv mU nj mUq cii wb` mU|
D`vniY 11| A = {x : x, weRvo ^vfvweK msLv Ges 1 < x < 7} Ges
B = {x,: x, 8 -Gi YbxqKmg~n} nj, `LvI h, A I B mUq cii wb` mU|

MwYZ

109

mgvavb : `Iqv AvQ, A = {x : x, weRvo ^vfvweK msLv Ges 1 < x < 7}

= {3, 5}

Ges B = {x : x, 8 -Gi YbxqKmg~n}

= {1, 2, 4, 8}

A B = {3, 5} {1, 2, 4, 8}
=
A I B mUq cii wb` mU|
D`vniY 12| C = {3, 4, 5} Ges D = {4, 5, 6} nj, C D Ges C D wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : `Iqv AvQ, C = {3, 4, 5} Ges D = {4, 5, 6}
C D = {3, 4, 5} {4, 5, 6} = {3, 4, 5, 6}
Ges C D = {3, 4, 5} {4, 5, 6} = {4, 5}
KvR :
P = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7} Ges Q = {4, 6, 8} nj,
1. P Q Ges P Q wbYq Ki|
2. P Q Ges P Q K mU MVb cwZZ cKvk Ki|

D`vniY 13| E = {x : x, gwjK msLv Ges x < 30} mUwU ZvwjKv cwZZ cKvk Ki|
mgvavb : wbYq mUwU ne 30 Acv QvU gwjK msLvmg~ni mU|
GLvb, 30 Acv QvU gwjK msLvmg~n 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29
wbYq mU = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29}
D`vniY 14| A I B h_vg 42 I 70 -Gi mKj YbxqKi mU nj, A B wbYq Ki|
mgvavb :
GLvb, 42 = 1 42 = 2 21 = 3 14 = 6 7
42-Gi YbxqKmg~n 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42
A = {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42}
Avevi, 70 = 1 70 = 2 35 = 5 14 = 7 10
70 -Gi YbxqKmg~n 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, 35, 70
B = {1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, 35, 70}
A B = {1, 2, 7, 14}

110

MwYZ

Abykxjbx 8
1|

wbPi mUjvK ZvwjKv cwZZ cKvk Ki

(K) {x : x, weRvo msLv Ges 3 < x < 15}
(L) {x : x, 48-Gi gwjK YbxqKmg~n}
(M) {x : x, 3-Gi wYZK Ges x < 36}
(N) {x : x, c~Y msLv Ges x2 < 10}

2|

wbPi mUjvK mU MVb cwZZ cKvk Ki :

(K) {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} (L) {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24} (M) {7, 11, 13, 17}

3|

wbPi mU `yBwUi DcmU I DcmUi msLv wbYq Ki :

(K) C = {m, n} (L) D = {5, 10, 15}

4|

A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, a} Ges C = {a, b} nj, wbPi mUjv wbYq Ki:

(K) A B (L) B C
(M) A ( B C ) (N) ( A B ) C
(O) ( A B ) ( B C ) mUjv wbYq Ki|
5|

hw` U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A = {1, 2, 5}, B = {2, 4, 7} Ges

C = {4, 5, 6} nq, Ze wbg wjwLZ mKjvi mZZv hvPvB Ki:

(K) A B = B A
(L) ( A B ) = A B
(M) ( A C ) = A C
6|

P Ges Q h_vg 21 I 35 -Gi mKj YbxqKi mU nj, P Q wbYq Ki|

7|

h mKj ^vfvweK msLv viv 171 Ges 396 K fvM Kij cwZ 21 Aewk _vK Zv`i mU
wbYq Ki|

8|

Kvbv Qvvevmi 65% Qv gvQ cQ` Ki, 55% Qv gvsm cQ` Ki Ges 40% Qv DfqwU cQ`
Ki|
(K) msw weeiYmn Dcii Z_jv fbwP cKvk Ki|
(L) Dfq Lv` cQ` Ki bv Zv`i msLv wbYq Ki|
(M) hviv ay GKwU Lv` cQ` Ki Zv`i msLvi YbxqK mUi Q` mU wbYq Ki|

9|

A = {x : x , Rvo msLv Ges 4 < x < 6} Gi ZvwjKv cwZ KvbwU?

(K) {5} (L) {4, 6} (M) {4, 5, 6} (N)

MwYZ

111

10| P = {x, y, z} nj, wbPi KvbwU P -Gi DcmU bq?

(K) {x, y} (L) {x, w, z} (M) {x, y, z} (N)
11| 10 -Gi YbxqKmg~ni mU KvbwU?
(K) {1, 2, 5, 10} (L) {1, 10} (M) {10} (N) {10, 20, 30}

cvki fbwPwUi AvjvK 12 _K 15 bs cki Di `vI :

A
2

B
12| mvweK mU KvbwU ?
(K) A (L) B (M) A B (N) U
13| KvbwU B c mU?
(K) {5, 6, 7, 8} (L) {2, 3, 5, 6} (M) {1, 4, 8} (N) {3, 6}
14| KvbwU A B mU ?
(K) {3, 6} (L) {2, 3, 5, 6} (M) {3, 4, 6, 7} (N) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
15| KvbwU A B mU ?
(K) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} (L) {5, 6, 7} (M) {8} (N) {3}

1
4
3
6

Ag Aavq

PZzfyR
c~eeZx kwYZ wfzR I PZzfyR mK AvjvPbv nqQ| Avgiv wfzR Ab KiZ hq `LwQ h, GKwU
mywbw` wfzR AuvKZ wZbwU cwigvci cqvRb| ^vfvweKfveB ck RvM GKwU PZzfyR AuvKZ PviwU
cwigvc h_ wK bv| eZgvb Aavq G welq AvjvPbv Kiv ne| ZvQvov wewfb cKvi PZzfyR hgb
mvgvwiK, AvqZ, eM, i^m Gi wewfb ewk iqQ| G Aavq wewfb cKvi PZzfyRi G mKj ewk I
PZzfyR Ab welq AvjvPbv _vKe|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv

PZzfyRi agvewj hvPvB I hywg~jK cgvY KiZ cvie|

c` Dcv nZ PZzfyR AuvKZ cvie|

AvqZvKvi Nbei wP AuvKZ cvie|

wfzR m~i mvnvh PZzfyR i dj cwigvc KiZ cvie|

AvqZvKvi Nbe I NbKi cZji dj cwigvc KiZ cvie|

8.1 PZzfyR
A

PviwU iLvsk viv Ave wP GKwU PZzfyR| wP viv Ave

wU GKwU PZzfyR|
PZyfyRi PviwU ev AvQ| h PviwU iLvsk viv wU Ave
nq, G PviwU iLvskB PZzfyRi ev|

A, B, C I D we`y PviwUi hKvbv wZbwU mgiLv bq| AB, BC , CD I DA iLvsk PviwU mshvM
ABCD PZzfyR

MwVZ nqQ| AB, BC , CD I DA PZzfyRwUi PviwU ev| A, B, C I D PviwU

KwYK we`y ev kxlwe`y| ABC , BCD, CDA I DAB PZyfyRi PviwU KvY| A I B kxlwe`y
h_vg C I D kxli wecixZ kxlwe`y| AB I CD ev cii wecixZ ev Ges AD I BC ev
cii wecixZ ev| GK kxlwe`yZ h `yBwU ev wgwjZ nq, Giv mwbwnZ ev| hgb, AB I BC ev
`yBwU mwbwnZ ev| AC I BD iLvskq ABCD PZyfyRi `yBwU KY| PZzfyRi evjvi `Ni
mgwK Gi cwimxgv ej| ABCD PZzfyRi cwimxgv ( AB + BC + CD + DA) Gi `Ni mgvb|
PZzfyRK AbK mgq
cZxK viv wb`k Kiv nq|

8.2 PZzfyRi cKvif`

mvgvwiK : h PZzfyRi wecixZ evjv cii mgvivj, Zv mvgvwiK| mvgvwiKi mxgve K
mvgvwiK ej|

MwYZ

113

AvqZ : h mvgvwiKi GKwU KvY mgKvY, ZvB AvqZ| AvqZi PviwU KvY mgKvY| AvqZi mxgve
K AvqZ ej|

mvgvwiK

AvqZ

i^m : i^m Ggb GKwU mvgvwiK hvi mwbwnZ evjvi `N mgvb| A_vr, i^mi wecixZ evjv
mgvivj Ges PviwU ev mgvb| i^mi mxgve K i^m ej|
eM : eM Ggb GKwU AvqZ hvi mwbwnZ evjv mgvb| A_vr, eM Ggb GKwU mvgvwiK hvi cZKwU
KvY mgKvY Ges evjv mgvb| eMi mxgve K eM ej|

i^m

eM

UvwcwRqvg : h PZzfyRi GK Rvov wecixZ ev mgvivj, GK UvwcwRqvg ejv nq| UvwcwRqvgi

mxgve K UvwcwRqvg ej|
Nywo : h PZzfyRi `yB Rvov mwbwnZ ev mgvb, GK Nywo ejv nq|

UvwcwRqvg
Nywo

KvR
1| Zvgvi Avkcvki wewfb ei aviK mijiLv ai mvgvwiK, AvqZ, eM I i^m wPwZ Ki|
2| Dwjv mwVK wKbv hvPvB Ki:
(K) eM GKwU AvqZ, Avevi eM GKwU i^mI|
(L) UvwcwRqvg GKwU mvgvwiK|
(M) mvgvwiK GKwU UvwcwRqvg|
(N) AvqZ ev i^m eM bq|
3| eMi msvq ejv nqQ eM Ggb GKwU AvqZ hvi evjv mgvb| i^mi gvag eMi msv
`Iqv hvq wK ?

114

MwYZ

8.3 PZzfyR msv Dccv`

wewfb cKvii PZzfyRi wKQz mvaviY ag iqQ| G agjv Dccv` AvKvi cgvY Kiv njv|
D

Dccv` 1

PZzfyRi PviwU KvYi mgw Pvi mgKvY|

wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABCD GKwU PZzfyR Ges AC Gi
GKwU KY|
cgvY KiZ ne h, A + B + C + D = 4 mgKvY|

Ab: A I C hvM Kwi| AC KYwU PZzfy RwUK ABC I

ADC `yBwU wfzR wef KiQ|

cgvY:
avc

h_v_Zv

(1) ABC G

[ wfzRi wZb KvYi mgw 2 mgKvY ]

BAC + ACB + B = 2 mgKvY|

(2) Abyic
~ fve, DAC G

[ wfzRi wZb KvYi mgw 2 mgKvY ]

DAC + ACD + D = 2 mgKvY|

(3) AZGe, DAC + ACD + D +

BAC + ACB + B =(2+2) mgKvY|

[ (1) I (2) _K ]

(4) DAC + BAC = A Ges

[mwbwnZ KvYi hvMdj ]

ACD + ACB = C .

myZivs, A + B + C + D = 4 mgKvY

[mwbwnZ KvYi hvMdj ]

[ (3) _K ]

(cgvwYZ)

Dccv` 2
mvgvwiKi wecixZ ev I KvYjv cii mgvb|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABCD GKwU mvgvwiK Ges

AC I BD Zvi `yBwU KY| cgvY KiZ ne h,

(K) AB ev = CD ev, AD ev = BC ev
(L) BAD = BCD , ABC = ADC .

MwYZ
cgvY :
avc
(1) AB ll DC Ges AC Zv`i Q`K,
myZivs BAC = ACD .
(2) Avevi, BC ll AD Ges AC Zv`i Q`K,
myZivs ACB = DAC .
(3) GLb ABC I ADC G BAC = ACD ,
ACB = DAC Ges AC ev mvaviY|
ABC ADC .
AZGe, AB = CD, BC = AD I ABC = ADC .
Abyi~cfve, cgvY Kiv hvq h, BAD BCD .
myZivs, BAD = BCD . [cgvwYZ]

115

h_v_Zv
[GKvi KvY mgvb ]
[GKvi KvY mgvb ]

[ wfzRi KvY-ev -KvY Dccv` ]

KvR
1| cgvY Ki h, PZzfy Ri GK Rvov wecixZ ev cii mgvb I mgvivj nj, Zv GKwU mvgvwiK|
A
B
2| `Iqv AvQ, ABCD PZzfyR AB = CD Ges ABD = BDC .
cgvY Ki h, ABCD GKwU mvgvwiK|
D

Dccv` 3
mvgvwiKi KYq ciiK mgwLwZ Ki|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABCD mvgvwiKi
AC I BD KYq ciiK O we`yZ Q` Ki|
cgvY KiZ ne h, AO = CO, BO = DO .
cgvY :
avc
(1) AB I DC iLvq mgvivj Ges AC Zv`i Q`K|

D
O

h_v_Zv
[GKvi KvY mgvb]

AZGe, BAC = GKvi ACD .

(2) AB I DC iLv mgvivj Ges BD Zv`i Q`K|
myZivs, BDC = GKvi ABD .

[GKvi KvY mgvb]

(3) GLb, AOB I COD G

OAB = OCD , OBA = ODC Ges

AB = DC .
myZivs, AOB COD.
AZGe, AO = CO Ges BO = DO. (cgvwYZ)

[ wfzRi KvY-ev-KvY Dccv`]

KvR : 1| cgvY Ki h, PZzfyRi KYq ciiK mgwLwZ Kij Zv GKwU mvgvwiK|

116

MwYZ

Dccv` 4
AvqZi KYq mgvb I ciiK mgwLwZ Ki|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABCD AvqZi AC I BD
KYq ciiK O we`yZ Q` Ki| cgvY KiZ ne h,

(i) AC = BD
(ii) AO = CO, BO = DO .

O
A

cgvY :
avc
(1) AvqZ GKwU mvgvwiK| myZivs,

h_v_Zv
[mvgvwiKi KYq ciiK mgwLwZ
Ki]

AO = CO, BO = DO .

(2) GLb ABD I ACD G

DAB = ADC
AB = DC
Ges AD = AD.
myZivs, ABD ACD.
AZGe, AC = BD , (cgvwYZ)

[ cZK mgKvY ]
[ mvgvwiKi wecixZ ev cii mgvb ]
[ mvaviY ev ]
[ wfzRi KvY-ev-KvY Dccv` ]

KvR
1| cgvY Ki h, AvqZi cZKwU KvY mgKvY|

Dccv` 5
i^mi KYq ciiK mgKvY mgwLwZ Ki|

wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABCD i^mi

AC I BD KYq ciiK O we`yZ Q` Ki|
cgvY KiZ ne h,
(i) AOB = BOC = COD = DOA = 1 mgKvY

C
O

(ii) AO = CO, BO = DO .

cgvY :
avcmg~n
(1) i^m GKwU mvgvwiK| myZivs,

h_v_Zv
[ mvgvwiKi KYq ciiK mgwLwZ Ki ]

AO = CO, BO = DO .

(2) GLb AOB I BOC G

AB = BC
AO = CO
Ges OB = OB .
AZGe, AOB BOC .

[ i^mi evjv mgvb ]

[ (1) _K ]
[ mvaviY ev ]
[ wfzRi ev-ev-ev Dccv` ]

MwYZ

117

myZivs AOB = BOC .

AOB + BOC = 1 mijKvY = 2 mgKvY|
AOB = BOC =1 mgKvY|
Abyi~cfve, cgvY Kiv hvq h,
COD = DOA = 1 mgKvY| (cgvwYZ)

KvR
1| `LvI h, eMi KYq cii mgvb I mgwLwZ Ki|
2| GKRb ivRwgx GKwU AvqZvKvi KswU ve Zwi KiQb| wZwb KZ wewfb fve wbwZ nZ
cvib h Zuvi Zwi vewU mwZB AvqZvKvi ?

8.4 PZzfyRi dj
GKwU PZzfyRi KY viv PZzfyRwU `yBwU wfyR wef nq| AZGe, PZzfyRi dj
wfyRi djqi hvMdji mgvb| c~eeZx kwYZ Avgiv eM I AvqZi dj wbYq
KiZ wkLwQ| Avevi AvqZ I mvgvwiKi fwg I DPZv GKB njI DwjwLZ qi dj mgvb|
wbP i^m I UvwcwRqvgi dj wbYqKkj wbq AvjvPbv Kiv ne|
(K) UvwcwRqvg i dj
C we`y w`q DA|| CE AvuwK|

AECD GKwU mvgvwiK| wP _K

UvwcwRqvg i dj = AECD mvgvwiK i dj + CEB wfyRi dj
1
2

= a h + (b a) h
=

1
( a + b) h
2

UvwcwRqvg i dj = mgvivj evqi mgwi Mo DPZv

KvR :
1| weK cwZZ UvwcwRqvgi dj wbYq Ki|
(L) i^mi dj
i^mi KYq ciiK mgKvY mgwLwZ Ki| ZvB i^mi KYqi `N Rvbv _vKj mnRB
i^mi dj wbYq Kiv hvq|
gb Kwi, ABCD i^mi AC I BD KYq ciiK O we`yZ Q` Ki| KYqi `NK h_vg
a I b viv wb`k Kwi|

118

MwYZ

i^mi dj = DAC wfyRi dj + BAC wfyRi dj

=

1
1
1
1
a b+ a b
2
2
2
2

1
ab
2

A
O

i^mi dj = KYqi Ydji AaK

D`vniY 1| a `Nwewk GKKi ci dj wbYq Ki| B

mgvavb :NbKi QqwU ci cwZwUi dj a a = a 2

NbKi ci dj = 6a 2
D`vniY 2| a `N b c I c DPZvwewk GKwU AvqZvKvi NbKi ci dj wbYq Ki|
mgvavb :

6
3
1
5
a

c
b

a
b 5

4
b

j Kwi, AvqZvKvi NbKi cwZwU ci dj Gi wecixZ ci dji mgvb|

myZivs, AvqZvKvi NbKi ci dj = 2(ab + bc + ac)

Abykxjbx 8.1
1|

2|

mvgvwiKi Rb wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

K. wecixZ evjv Amgvivj

L. GKwU KvY mgKvY nj, Zv AvqZ

M. wecixZ evq Amgvb

N. KYq cii mgvb

wbPi KvbwU i^mi ewk ?

K. KYq cii mgvb

L. cZK KvYB mgKvY

M. wecixZ KvYq Amgvb

N. cZKwU evB mgvb

MwYZ
3|

119
i. PZzfyRi Pvi KvYi mgw Pvi mgKvY|
i.i AvqZi `yBwU mwbwnZ ev mgvb nj Zv GKwU eM|
i.ii cZKwU i^m GKwU mvgvwiK|

Dcii Z_ Abymvi wbPi KvbwU mwVK?

K. i I ii
4|

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

PAQC PZzfyRi PA = CQ Ges PA ll CQ.

A I C mgwLK h_vg AB I CD nj
ABCD wUi bvg Kx ?

K. mvgvwiK
5|

N. i, ii I iii

L. i^m

M.AvqZ

Q
A

N. eM

`Iqv AvQ, ABC Gi gagv BO K D ch

Ggbfve ewaZ Kwi hb BO = OD nq|
cgvY KiZ ne h, ABCD GKwU mvgvwiK|

D
O
C

6|

cgvY Ki h, mvgvwiKi GKwU KY GK `yBwU memg wfzR wef Ki|

7|

cgvY Ki h, PZzfyRi wecixZ evjv cii mgvb I mgvivj nj, Zv GKwU mvgvwiK|

8|

cgvY Ki h, mvgvwiKi KYq cii mgvb nj, Zv GKwU AvqZ|

9|

cgvY Ki h, PZzfyRi KYq cii mgvb nj Ges ciiK mgKvY mgwLwZ Kij, Zv
GKwU eM|

10| cgvY Ki h, AvqZi mwbwnZ evi gawe`ymg~ni hvM h PZzfyR nq, Zv GKwU i^m|
11| cgvY Ki h, mvgvwiKi hKvbv `yBwU wecixZ KvYi mgwLK cii mgvivj|
12| cgvY Ki h, mvgvwiKi hKvbv `yBwU mwbwnZ KvYi mgwLK cii j^|
13| wP, ABC GKwU mgev wfyR| D , E I F
h_vg AB, BC I AC Gi gawe`y|
K. cgvY Ki h,

A
F

BDF + DFE + FEB + EBD =

Pvi mgKvY|
L. cgvY Ki h, DF ll BC Ges DF =

1
BC.
2

120
A
N

14| `Iqv AvQ, ABCD mvgvwiKi AM I CN ,

DB Gi Dci j^| cgvY Ki h, ANCM GKwU
mvgvwiK |
15| wP, AB = CD Ges AB ll CD
K. AB f~wgwewk `yBwU wfyRi bvg jL|
L. cgvY Ki h, AD I BC cii mgvb I
mgvivj|
M. `LvI h, OA = OC Ges OB = OD.

B
M
C

D
D

C
O

mv`
8.5 PZzfyR Ab
c~eeZx kwYZ Avgiv RbwQ, wfyRi wZbwU ev `Iqv _vKj wbw` wfyR AuvKv hvq| wKy PZzfyRi
PviwU ev `Iqv _vKj wbw` Kvbv PZzfyR AuvKv hvq bv| PZzfyR Abi Rb AviI Dcvi cqvRb|
PZzfyRi PviwU ev, PviwU KvY I `yBwU KY AvQ| GKwU PZzfyR AuvKZ cuvPwU Abb wbic Dcvi
cqvRb| hgb, Kvbv PZzfyRi PviwU ev I GKwU wbw` KvY `Iqv _vKj, PZyfyRwU AuvKv hve|
wbgv cuvPwU Dcv Rvbv _vKj, wbw` PZzfyRwU AuvKv hvq|
(K) PviwU ev I GKwU KvY
(L) PviwU ev I GKwU KY
(M) wZbwU ev I `yBwU KY
(N) wZbwU ev I Zv`i Afy `yBwU KvY
(O) `yBwU ev I wZbwU KvY|
AbK mgq Kg Dcv `Iqv _vKjI wekl PZzfyR AuvKv hvq| G hyw viv cuvPwU Dcv cvIqv hvq|

GKwU ev `Iqv _vKj, eM AuvKv hvq| GLvb PviwU evB mgvb Ges GKwU KvY mgKvY|
`yBwU mwbwnZ ev `Iqv _vKj, AvqZ AuvKv hvq| GLvb wecixZ ev `yBwU cii mgvb Ges
GKwU KvY mgKvY|
GKwU ev Ges GKwU KvY `Iqv _vKj, i^m AuvKv hvq| GLvb PviwU evB mgvb|
`yBwU mwbwnZ ev Ges G`i Afy KvY `Iqv _vKj, mvgvwiK AuvKv hvq| GLvb wecixZ
ev `yBwU cii mgvb I mgvivj|

mv` 1
Kvbv PZzfyRi PviwU evi `N I GKwU KvY `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
gb Kwi, GKwU PZzfyRi Pvi evi `N a, b, c, d Ges a I b
evqi Afy KvY x `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne|

a
b
c
d

MwYZ
Abi weeiY :
(1) h Kvbv iwk BE _K BC = a wbB| B we`yZ
EBF = x AuvwK|
(2) BF _K BA = b wbB| A I C K K` Ki h_vg
c I d Gi mgvb evmva wbq ABC Gi Afi `yBwU
ePvc AuvwK| Giv cii D we`yZ Q` Ki|
(3) A I D Ges C I D hvM Kwi|
Zvnj, ABCD B Dw PZzfyR|

121
F
A
b
B

C E

F
A
b
B

F
A

cgvY : Ab Abymvi,
AB = b, BC = a, AD = c, DC = d Ges ABC = x
ABCD -B wbYq PZzfyR|

C E
c
D

b
B

d
a

C E

KvR
1| GKwU PZzfyR AuvKZ PviwU ev I GKwU KvYi cwigvci cqvRb| GB cuvPwU hKvbv cwigvci nj wK
PZzfyRwU AuvKv hve?

mv` 2
Kvbv PZzfyRi PviwU ev I GKwU KYi `N `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
e
gb Kwi, GKwU PZzfyRi PviwU evi `N a, b, c, d Ges GKwU
a
b
KYi `N e `Iqv AvQ, hLvb a + b > c Ges c + d > e .
c
d
PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
A

Abi weeiY :
(1) hKvbv iwk BE _K BD = e wbB| B I D K K`

Ki h_vg a I b Gi mgvb evmva wbq BD Gi GKB cvk

`yBwU ePvc AuvwK| ePvcq A we`yZ Q` Ki|
(2) Avevi, B I D K K` Ki h_vg d I c Gi mgvb

evmva wbq BD Gi hw`K A AvQ Zvi wecixZ w`K AviI

`yBwU ePvc AuvwK| GB ePvcq cii C we`yZ Q` Ki|

A

(3) A I B, A I D, B I C Ges C I D hvM Kwi|

Zvnj, ABCD -B Dw PZzfyR|
cgvY : Ab Abymvi, AB = a, AD = b, BC = d , CD = c Ges
KY BD = e .
myZivs, ABCD -B wbYq PZzfyR|

B
d

122

MwYZ

KvR
1| GKwU PZzfyR AuvKZ PviwU ev I GKwU KYi `N cwigvci cqvRb| GB cuvPwU hKvbv cwigvci nj wK
PZzfyRwU AuvKv hve? Zvgvi Dii c hyw `vI|
2| GKRb wkv_x GKwU PZzfyR PLAY AuvKZ Pv Kij, hvi PL = 3 m.wg., LA = 4 m.wg., AY = 4.5
m.wg., PY = 2 m.wg., LY = 6 m.wg.| m PZzfyRwU AuvKZ cvijv bv| Kb?

mv` 3
Kvbv PZzfyRi wZbwU ev I `yBwU KYi `N `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
e
a
b
c
d

gb Kwi, GKwU PZzfyRi wZbwU evi `N a, b, c Ges `yBwU

KYi `N d, e `Iqv AvQ, hLvb a + b > c | PZzfyRwU
AuvKZ ne|

Abi weeiY :
(1) hKvbv iwk BE _K BD = e wbB| B I D K K`
Ki h_vg a I b Gi mgvb evmva wbq BD Gi GKB cvk
`yBwU ePvc AuvwK| ePvcq A we`yZ Q` Ki|

(2) Avevi, D I A K K` Ki h_vg c I d Gi mgvb

evmva wbq BD Gi hw`K A iqQ Gi wecixZ w`K Av iI
`yBwU ePvc AuvwK| GB ePvcq ciiK C we`yZ Q` Ki|

B
C

(3) A I B, A I D, B I C Ges C I D hvM Kwi|

Zvnj, ABCD B Dw PZzfyR|
cgvY : Ab Abymvi, AB = a, AD = b, AC = d , CD = c
Ges KY BD = e I AC = d
myZivs, ABCD -B wbYq PZzfyR|

b
d

e
C

mv` 4
Kvbv PZzfyRi wZbwU evi `N I `yBwU Afy KvY `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
gb Kwi, GKwU PZzfyRi wZbwU ev a, b, c Ges a I b
evi Afy KvY x Ges a I c evi Afy KvY

a
b
c

y `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne|

x

MwYZ

123

Abi weeiY : hKvbv iwk BE _K BC = a wbB|

B I C we`yZ x I y Gi mgvb Ki h_vg

F
A

CBF I BCG Ab Kwi| BF _K BA = b Ges

CG _K CD = c wbB| A, D hvM Kwi|

Zvnj, ABCD -B Dw PZyfyR|

cgvY : Ab Abymvi, AB = b, BC = a, CD = c,
ABC = x I DCB = y .
myZivs ABCD -B wbYq PZzfyR|

mv` 5

x
a
A

F G
D

y
a

Kvbv PZzfyRi `yBwU mwbwnZ evi `N I wZbwU KvY `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
a
gb Kwi, GKwU PZzfyRi `yBwU mwbwnZ ev a, b Ges
wZbwU KvY x , y , z `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU

AuvKZ ne|
Abi weeiY : hKvbv iwk BE _K BC = a wbB|
B I C we`yZ x I y Gi mgvb Ki h_vg

CBF I BCG Ab Kwi| BF _K BA = b wbB|

Zvnj, ABCD -B Dw PZyfyR|

A

cgvY : Ab Abymvi, AB = b, BC = a,
ABC = x DCB = y I BAD = z .
myZivs ABCD -B wbYq PZzfyR|

A we`yZ z Gi mgvb Ki BAH Ab Kwi| AH I

CG ciiK D we`yK Q` Ki|

F G
D
z

b
B

x
a

KvR
1| GKwU PZzfyRi mwbwnZ bq Gi~c `yB evi `N I wZbwU KvY `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU wK AuvKv hve ?
2| GKRb wkv_x GKwU PZzfyR STOP AuvKZ PvBjv hvi ST = 5 m.wg., TO = 4 m.wg., S = 200,
T = 300 , O = 400| m PZzfyRwU Kb AuvKZ cvijv bv?

mv` 6
Kvbv mvgvwiKi mwbwnZ `yBwU evi `N Ges evqi Afy KvY `Iqv AvQ| mvgvwiKwU
AuvKZ ne|
gb Kwi, GKwU mvgvwiKi `yBwU mwbwnZ ev a I b Ges
a
G`i Afy KvY x `Iqv AvQ| mvgvwiKwU AuvKZ ne| b

124

MwYZ

Abi weeiY : hKvbv iwk BE _K BC = a wbB|

B we`yZ EBF = x Ab Kwi| BF _K b Gi
mgvb BA wbB| A I C we`yK K` Ki h_vg
a I b Gi mgvb evmva wbq ABC Gi Afi `yBwU
eIPvc AuvwK| Giv ciiK D we`yZ Q` Ki|
A, D I C, D hvM Kwi| Zvnj, ABCD -B Dw
mvgvwiK|

A
b
x

cgvY : A, C hvM Kwi| ABC I ADC G

AB = CD = b,
AD = BC = a Ges AC ev mvaviY|
ABC DCA.
AZGe, BAC = DCA wKy, Kvb `yBwU GKvi KvY|
AB ll CD .
Abyi~cfve, cgvY Kiv hvq h, BC ll AD .
myZivs ABCD GKwU mvgvwiK|
Avevi Ab Abymvi ABC = x .
AZGe, ABCD -B wbYq
mvgvwiK |

b
x
a

B
F

b
b
x
a

jKwi: aygv GKwU evi `N `Iqv _vKjB eM AuvKv me| eMi evjv mgvb Avi KvYjv
cZKwU mgKvY| ZvB eM Abi Rb cqvRbxq cuvPwU kZ mnRB c~iY Kiv hvq|

mv` 7
Kvbv eMi GKwU evi `N `Iqv AvQ, eMwU AuvKZ ne|

gb Kwi, a Kvbv eMi GKwU evi `N| eMwU AuvKZ ne|

Abi weeiY : hKvbv iwk BE _K BC = a wbB|
B we`yZ BF BC AuvwK|
BF _K BA = a wbB| A I C K K` Ki a Gi
mgvb evmva wbq ABC Gi Afi `yBwU ePvc
AuvwK| ePvcq ciiK D we`yZ Q` Ki| A I D
Ges C I D hvM Kwi|
Zvnj, ABCD -B Dw eM|
cgvY : ABCD PZzfyRi AB = BC = CD = DA = a
Ges ABC = GK mgKvY|
myZivs, GwU GKwU eM|
AZGe, ABCD -B wbYq eM|

F
A

B
F
A

E
D
a

MwYZ

125

Abykxjbx 8.2
1|

GKwU PZzfyR AuvKZ KqwU Abb wbic Dcvi cqvRb?

K. 3 wU

2|

L. 4 wU

M. 5 wU

N. 6 wU

i. `yBwU mwbwnZ ev `Iqv _vKj AvqZ AuvKv hvq|

ii. PviwU KvY `Iqv _vKj GKwU PZzfyR AuvKv hvq|
iii. eMi GKwU ev `Iqv _vKj eM AuvKv hvq|

Dcii Z_i AvjvK wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

K. i I ii
3|

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

wbg c` Dcv wbq PZzfyR Ab Ki :

K. PviwU evi `N 3 m.wg., 35 m.wg., 28 m.wg. I 3 m,wg. Ges KvY 45|
L. PviwU evi `N 4 m.wg., 3 m.wg., 35 m.wg., 45 m.wg. Ges KvY 60|
M. PviwU evi `N 3.2 m.wg, 35 m.wg., 25 m.wg. I 28 m.wg. Ges KY 5 m.wg.|
N. PviwU evi `N 32 m.wg., 3 m.wg., 35 m.wg. I 28 m.wg. Ges KY 5 m.wg.|
O. wZbwU evi `N 3 m.wg., 35 m.wg., 25 m.wg. Ges KvY 60 I 45|
P. wZbwU evi `N 3 m.wg., 4 m.wg., 45 m.wg. Ges `yBwU KY 52 m.wg. I 6 m.wg.|

4|
5|
6|

GKwU eMi evi `N 4 m.wg.; eMwU AuvK|

i^mi GKwU evi `N 35 m.wg. I GKwU KvY 75 ; i^mwU AuvK|
AvqZi `yBwU mwbwnZ evi `N h_vg 3 m.wg. I 4 m,wg.; AvqZwU AuvK|
Z
LwZ

60

K. c` Z_jv wPi gvag cKvk Ki|

L. Abi weeiYmn mvgwiKwU AuvK|
M. Abi weeiYmn mvgwiKwUi eng KYi mgvb KYwewk GKwU eM AuvK|

beg Aavq

wc_vMvivmi Dccv`
wLc~e l kZvxi wMK `vkwbK wc_vMvivm mgKvYx wfyRi GKwU cqvRbxq ewk wbi~cY Kib|
mgKvYx wfzRi G ewk wc_vMvivmi ewk ej cwiwPZ| ejv nq wc_vMvivmi Rbi AvM wgmixq
I ewejbxq hyMI mgKvYx wfzRi G ewki eenvi wQj| G Aavq Avgiv mgKvYx wfzRi G ewk
wbq AvjvPbv Kie| mgKvYx wfzRi evjv wekl bvg cwiwPZ| mgKvYi wecixZ ev AwZfzR Ges
mgKvY msjM evq h_vg fwg I DbwZ| eZgvb Aavq G wZbwU evi `Ni ga h mK iqQ
m welq AvjvPbv Kiv ne|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv

wc_vMvivmi Dccv` hvPvB I cgvY KiZ cvie|

wfzRi wZbwU evi `N `Iqv _vKj wfzRwU mgKvYx wKbv hvPvB KiZ cvie|

wc_vMvivmi m~ eenvi Ki mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie|

A

9.1 mgKvYx wfzR

wP, ABC GKwU mgKvYx wfzR, Gi ACB KvYwU mgKvY|
myZivs AB wfzRwUi AwZfzR| wP wfzRwUi evjv a, b, c
viv wb`k Kwi|

KvR
1| GKwU mgKvY AuvK Ges Gi ev `yBwUi Dci h_vg 3 m.wg. I 4 m.wg. `~iZ `yBwU we`y wPwZ Ki| we`y
`yBwU hvM Ki GKwU mgKvYx wfzR AuvK| wfzRwUi AwZfzRi `N cwigvc Ki| `N 5 m.wg. nqQ wK ?

j Ki, 32 + 42 = 52 A_vr `yB evi `N cwigvci eMi hvMdj AwZfzRi cwigvci eMi mgvb|
myZivs a, b, c ev viv wb`wkZ wfzRi c 2 = a 2 + b2 ne| GUv wc_vMvivmi Dccv`i g~j
cwZcv`| GB Dccv`wU wewfbfve cgvY Kiv nqQ| GLvb KqKwU mnR cgvY `Iqv njv|

9.2 wc_vMvivmi Dccv`

GKwU mgKvYx wfyRi AwZfyRi Dci AwZ eM Aci `yB evi Dci AwZ eMqi mgwi
mgvb|
(`yBwU mgKvYx wfzRi mvnvh )

MwYZ

127

wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABC mgKvYx wfyRi B = 90

A
E

AwZfzR AC = b, AB = c I BC = a.
2

b =c +a

cgvY KiZ ne h, AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 , A_vr

Ab : BC K D ch ewaZ Kwi hb CD = AB = c nq|

D we`yZ ewaZ BC Gi Dci DE j^ AuvwK, hb

DE = BC = a nq| C , E I A, E hvM Kwi|

cgvY :
avc

h_v_Zv

(1) ABC I CDE G AB = CD = c, BC = DE = a

Ges Afy ABC = Afy CDE [cZK
mgKvY]|
myZivs, ABC CDE .

[ ev-KvY-ev Dccv` ]

AC = CE = b Ges BAC = ECD .

(2) Avevi, AB BD Ges ED BD ej AB ll ED.

myZivs, ABDE GKwU UvwcwRqvg|

[ Q`Ki `yB At KvYi mgw 2 mgKvY ]

(3) Z`ycwi, ACB + BAC = ACB + ECD = GK

mgKvY|
ACE = GK mgKvY| ACE mgKvYx wfzR|

GLb ABDE UvwcwRqvg i dj

= ( ABC + CDE + ACE )

1
1
1
1
BD( AB + DE ) = ac + ac + b 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
ev, ( BC + CD) ( AB + DE ) = [2ac + b2]
2
2
2
ev, (a + c)(a + c) = 2ac + b [2 viv Y Ki]

ev,

ev, a 2 + 2ac + c 2 = 2ac + b 2

ev, a 2 + c 2 = b 2 (cgvwYZ)

[ UvwcwRqvg i dj
1
2

= mgvivj evqi hvMdj dj

mgvivj evqi gaeZx `~iZ]

128

MwYZ

wc_vMvivmi Dccv`i weK cgvY

C

( m`kKvYx wfzRi mvnvh)

wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABC mgKvYx wfyRi

C = 90 Ges AwZfzR AB = c , BC = a ,
2

AC = b .cgvY KiZ ne h, AB = AC + BC , A_vr

2

a
B

c 2 = a 2 + b 2.

Ab : C we`y _K AwZfzR AB Gi Dci j^ CH Ab

Kwi| AB AwZfzR H we`yZ d I e Ask wef njv|
cgvY :
avc

h_v_Zv

(1) CBH I ABC m`k|

[(i) Dfq wfzR mgKvYx

(ii) A KvY mvaviY ]

a e
= (1)
c a
(2) ACH I ABC m`k|
b d
= (2)
c b

[(i) Dfq wfzR mgKvYx

(ii) B KvY mvaviY ]

(3) AbycvZ `yBwU _K cvB,

a 2 = c e , b2 = c d
2

AZGe, a + b = c e + c d
= c (e + d ) = c 2
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 [ cgvwYZ]

wc_vMvivmi Dccv`i weK cgvY

(exRMwYZi mvnvh)
wc_vMvivmi Dccv` exRMwYZi mvnvh mnRB cgvY Kiv hvq|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, GKwU mgKvYx wfyRi

b
a

AwZfyR c Ges a , b h_vg Ab `yB ev|

cgvY KiZ ne, c 2 = a 2 + b 2 .
Ab : c` wfzRwUi mgvb Ki PviwU wfzR wP
c`wkZ Dcvq AuvwK|

b
a

c
c
b

MwYZ

129

cgvY :
avc
(1) AwZ eo wU eM|

h_v_Zv
[evjvi cZKwUi `N a + b Ges KvYjv mgKvY ]

Gi dj (a + b )2
[evjvi cZKwUi `N c ]

(2) QvU PZzfyR wU eM|

Gi dj c 2
(3) Abvbymvi, eo eMi dj PviwU
wfzR I QvU eMi dji mgvb|
1
2

A_vr, (a + b )2 = 4 a b + c 2
ev, a 2 + 2ab + b 2 = 2ab + c 2
ev, a 2 + b 2 = c 2 (cgvwYZ)

KvR : 1| (a b )2 Gi wewZi mvnvh wc_vMvivmi Dccv`wU cgvY Ki|

9.3 wc_vMvivmi Dccv`i wecixZ Dccv`

hw` Kvbv wfzRi GKwU evi Dci AwZ eM Aci `yB evi Dci AwZ eMqi mgwi mgvb
nq, Ze klv evqi Afy KvYwU mgKvY ne|
A
D

wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABC Gi AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2

cgvY KiZ ne h, C = GK mgKvY|
Ab : Ggb GKwU wfzR DEF AuvwK, hb F GK mgKvY,
EF = BC Ges DF = AC nq|
cgvY :
avc

B F

h_v_Zv

(1) DE 2 = EF 2 + DF 2
= BC + AC = AB
2

[KviY DEF -G F GK
2

DE = AB

GLb ABC I DEF G BC = EF , AC = DF Ges

mgKvY]
[Kbv]

AB = DE .

ABC DEF C = F
F = GK mgKvY C = GK mgKvY| [cgvwYZ]

[ev-ev-ev memgZv]

130

MwYZ

Abykxjbx 9
1|

ABCD mvgvwiKi Afi O hKvbv GKwU we`y|

cgvY KiZ ne h, AOB + COD =

1
(mvgvwiK ABCD )
2

2|

cgvY Ki h, wfzRi hKvbv gagv wfzRwUK mgvb dj wewk `yBwU wfzR wef
Ki|

3|

ABC G AB I AC evqi gawe`y h_vg D I E

1
cgvY Ki h, CDE = ( ABC ).
4

4|

ABC G BC f~wgi mgvivj hKvbv mijiLv AB I AC evK h_vg D I E we`yZ Q`

Ki| cgvY Ki h, DBC = EBC Ges BDE = CDE .

5|

ABC Gi AB I AC evqi gawe`y h_vg D I E

1
cgvY Ki h, ADE = ( ABC ).
4

6|

cgvY Ki h, mvgvwiKi KYq mvgvwiKwUK PviwU mgvb wfzR wef Ki|

7|

cgvY Ki h, Kvbv eM Zvi KYi Dci AwZ eMi AaK|

8|

ABC wfzRi A = GK mgKvY| D, AC Gi Dci GKwU we`y|

cgvY Ki h, BC 2 + AD 2 = BD 2 + AC 2 .

9|

ABC wfzRi A = GK mgKvY D I E h_vg AB I AC Gi gawe`y nj,

cgvY Ki h, DE 2 = CE 2 + BD 2 .
10| ABC G BC Gi Dci j^ AD Ges AB > AC .
cgvY Ki h, AB 2 AC 2 = BD 2 CD 2 .
11| ABC G BC Gi Dci AD j^ Ges AD Gi Dci P h Kvbv we`y I AB > AC .
cgvY Ki h, PB 2 PC 2 = AB 2 AC 2 .

MwYZ

131
P

12| ABCDE efzR AE ll BC , CF AE Ges

DQ CF . ED = 10 wg.wg. , EF = 2 wg.wg.
BC = 8 wg.wg. AB = 12 wg.wg.

F
E

C
D

Dcii Z_i wfwZ wbPi (1-4) b^i cki Di `vI :

1|

ABCF PZzfyRi dj KZ eM wg.wg. ?

K. 64
2|

3|

N. 144

M. 100

wbPi KvbwU FPC wfzRi dj wb`k Ki ?

K. 32
L. 48
M. 72

N. 60

CD -Gi `N wbPi KvbwUZ cKvk cvq?

K. 2 2
4|

L. 96

L. 4

M. 4 2

N. 8

wbPi KvbwUZ FPC I DQC Gi dji Ai wb`k Ki ?

K. 46 eM GKK
L. 48 eM GKK
M. 50 eM GKK
N. 52 eM GKK

13|
K. PQST Kx aibi PZzfyR ? ^c hyw `vI|
L. `LvI h, PRT mgKvYx|

M. cgvY Ki h, PR 2 = PQ 2 + QR 2

a
S

`kg Aavq

e
cwZw`b Avgiv wKQz wRwbm `wL I eenvi Kwi hv evKvi : hgb, Mvwoi PvKv, Pzwo, Nwo, evZvg, _vjv, gy`v
BZvw`| Avgiv `wL h, Nwoi mKi KuvUvi AMfvM MvjvKvi c_ NyiZ _vK|mKi KuvUvi AMfvM
h c_ wPwZ Ki GK e ej| evKvi eK Avgiv bvbvfve eenvi Kwi|
11

12

10

Pywo

PvKv

Aavq kl wkv_xiv

evZvg

Nwo

ei aviYv jvf Kie|

cvB ()Gi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie|

evKvi i dj I cwimxgv wbYq Ki mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie|

e msv Dccv` cqvM Ki mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie Ges cwigvcK wdZv eenvi Ki evKvi i
cwimxgv I dj cwigvc KiZ cvie|

PZzfyR I ei dji mvnvh ejbi ci dj cwigvc KiZ cvie|

10.1 e
GK UvKvi GKwU evsjv`wk gy`v wbq mv`v KvMRi Dci iL gy`v wUi gvS eivei euv nvZi ZRwb w`q Pc
awi| GB Aevq Wvb nvZ mi cwj wbq gy`v wUi Muv Nl Pviw`K Nywiq Avwb| gy`vwU mwiq wbj KvMR
GKwU MvjvKvi Ave eiLv `Lv hve| GwU GKwU e|
wbLuyZfve e AuvKvi Rb cwj Kcvm eenvi Kiv nq|
Kcvmi KuvUvwU KvMRi Dci Pc ai Aci cv mshy
cwjwU KvMRi Dci Pviw`K Nywiq AvbjB GKwU e AuvKv
nq _vK, hgbwU wP `Lvbv nqQ| Zvnj e AuvKvi mgq
wbw` GKwU we`y _K mg`~ieZx we`yjvK AuvKv nq| GB
wbw` we`ywU ei K`| K` _K mg`~ieZx hKvbv we`yi
`~iZK evmva ejv nq|

O
A

MwYZ

133

KvR :
1| cwj Kvmi mvnvh O K`wewk 4 m.wg. evmvai GKwU e AuvK| ei Dci wewfb
RvqMvq KqKwU we`y A, B, C , D wbq K` _K we`yjv ch iLvskjv AuvK| iLvskjvi
`N cwigvc Ki| Kx j Ki?

10.2 ei Rv I Pvc
cvki wP, GKwU e `Lvbv nqQ, hvi K` O | ei Dci
hKvbv we`y P , Q wbq G`i mshvRK iLvsk PQ Uvwb|

PQ iLvsk ewUi GKwU Rv| Rv viv ewU `yBwU Ask wef

nqQ| RvwUi `yB cvki `yB Ask ewUi Dci `yBwU we`y Y , Z
wbj H `yBwU Aski bvg PYQ I PZQ Ask| Rv viv wef
ei cZK AskK ePvc, ev msc Pvc ej| wP, PQ Rv

O
P

Q
Y

viv m Pvc `yBwU nQ PYQ I PZQ Pvc|

ei hKvbv `yBwU we`yi mshvRK iLvsk ewUi GKwU Rv|
cZK Rv eK `yBwU Pvc wef Ki|

10.3 evm I cwiwa

cvki wP, AB Ggb GKwU Rv, hv ei K` O w`q MQ|
Gi~c Avgiv ewj, RvwU ei GKwU evm| evmi `NKI
evm ejv nq| AB evmwU viv m Pvc `yBwU mgvb; Giv cZK
GKwU Aae| ei K`Mvgx hKvbv Rv, ei GKwU evm|
evm ei eng Rv| ei cZK evm eK `yBwU Aae
wef Ki| evmi AaK `NK evmva ej| evm evmvai wY|

ei m~Y `NK cwiwa ej| A_vr ewZ hKvbv we`y P

_K e eivei Nyi cybivq P we`y ch c_i `~iZB cwiwa|
e mijiLv bq ej ijvii mvnvh ei cwiwai `N cwigvc Kiv hvq bv| cwiwa gvcvi GKwU mnR
Dcvq AvQ| Qwe AvKvi KvMR GKwU e GuK e eivei KU bvI| cwiwai Dci GKwU we`y wPwZ Ki|
Gevi KvMR GKwU iLvsk AuvK Ges evKvi KvWwU KvMRi Dci Lvovfve ivL hb cwiwai wPwZ we`ywU
iLvski GK cvi mv_ wgj hvq| GLb KvWwU iLvsk eivei Mwoq bvI hZY-bv cwiwai wPwZ
we`ywU iLvskK cybivq k Ki| kwe`ywU wPwZ Ki Ges iLvski cvwe`y _K Gi `N cwigvc
Ki| GB cwigvcB cwiwai `N| j Ki, QvU ei evm QvU, cwiwaI QvU; Abw`K eo ei evm
eo, cwiwaI eo|

134

MwYZ

10.4 e mwKZ Dccv`

KvR
1| Uwms KvMR hKvbv evmvai GKwU e AuvK| O, ei K`| evm wfb GKwU Rv AB AuvK| O we`yi
ga w`q KvMRwU Ggbfve fuvR Ki hb Rv-Gi cvwe`yjv AB wgj hvq| fuvR eivei iLvsk OM AuvK hv
RvK M we`yZ Q` Ki| Zv nj M Rv-Gi gawe`y| OMA I OMB KvYjv cwigvc Ki| Zviv
cZK wK GK mgKvYi mgvb?

Dccv` 1|
ei K` I evm wfb Kvbv Rv-Gi gawe`yi mshvRK iLvsk H Rv-Gi Dci j^|
gb Kwi, O K`wewk e AB evm bq Ggb GKwU Rv
Ges M GB Rv-Gi gawe`y| O, M hvM Kwi|
cgvY KiZ ne h, OM iLvsk AB Rv-Gi Dci j^|

Ab : O, A Ges O, B hvM Kwi|

cgvY :
avc
(1) OAM Ges OBM G

Ges

AM = BM

[ M , AB Gi gawe`y]

OA = OB

[ Dfq GKB ei evmva]

OM = OM

[ mvaviY ev ]

myZivs OAM OBM

h_v_Zv

[ ev-ev-ev Dccv` ]

OMA = OMB

(2) hnZz KvYq iwLK hyMj KvY Ges G`i cwigvc mgvb,
myZivs, OMA = OMB = 1 mgKvY|
AZGe, OM AB . (cgvwYZ)
KvR : cgvY Ki h, ei K` _K evm wfb Ab Kvbv Rv-Gi Dci AwZ j^ H RvK mgwLwZ Ki|
[BwZ: mgKvYx wfzRi memgZv eenvi Ki]

Abywmv 1| ei hKvbv Rv-Gi j^-wLK K`Mvgx|

Abywmv 2| hKvbv mijiLv GKwU eK `yBqi AwaK we`yZ Q` KiZ cvi bv|

MwYZ

135

Abykxjbx 10.1
1|
2|
3|

cvgY Ki h, Kvbv ei `yBwU Rv ciiK mgwLwZ Kij Zv`i Q`we`y ewUi K` ne|
cgvY Ki h, `yBwU mgvivj Rv-Gi gawe`yi mshvRK mijiLv K`Mvgx Ges Rvqi Dci j^|
Kvbv ei AB I AC Rv `yBwU A we`yMvgx evmvai mv_ mgvb KvY Drcb Ki| cgvY Ki h,
AB = AC.

4|

wP, O ei K` Ges Rv AB = Rv AC.

cgvY Ki h, BAO = CAO.

O
C

5|
6|

Kvbv e GKwU mgKvYx wfzRi kxlwe`yjv w`q hvq| `LvI h, ewUi K` AwZfzRi
gawe`y|
`yBwU mgKw`K ei GKwUi AB Rv Aci eK C I D we`yZ Q` Ki|
cgvY Ki h, AC = BD.

Dccv` 2|
ei mKj mgvb Rv K` _K mg`~ieZx|
gb Kwi, O ei K` Ges AB I CD ei `yBwU mgvb Rv|
cgvY KiZ ne h, O _K AB Ges CD Rvq mg`~ieZx|

h_v_Zv

(1) OE AB
I OF CD.
myZivs, AE = BE Ges CF = DF .

AE =

Ab : O _K AB Ges CD Rv-Gi Dci h_vg

OE Ges OF j^ iLvsk AuvwK| O, A Ges O, C hvM Kwi|
cgvY :
avc

[ K` _K evm wfb hKvbv Rv-Gi

Dci AwZ j^ RvK mgwLwZ Ki ]

1
1
AB Ges CF = CD.
2
2

(2) wKy AB = CD
AE = CF .
(3) GLb OAE Ges OCF mgKvYx wfzRqi ga

[ Kbv ]

136

MwYZ

AwZfzR OA = AwZfzR OC Ges

AE = CF .
OAE OCF
OE = OF .

[ Dfq GKB ei evmva ]

[ avc 2 ]
[ mgKvYx wfzRi AwZfzR-ev
Dccv`]

mgmgZv

(4) wKy OE Ges OF K` O _K h_vg

AB Rv Ges CD Rv-Gi `~iZ|
myZivs, AB Ges CD Rvq ei K` _K
mg`~ieZx| (cgvwYZ)
Dccv` 3
ei K` _K mg`~ieZx mKj Rv cii mgvb|
gb Kwi, O ei K` Ges AB I CD `yBwU Rv| O _K
AB CD Gi Dci h_vg OE OF j^| Zvnj OE I OF
K` _K h_vg AB I CD Rv-Gi `~iZ wb`k Ki|
OE = OF nj cgvY KiZ ne h, AB = CD.
Ab :

O
A

O, A Ges O, C hvM Kwi|

cgvY :
avc

h_v_Zv

(1) hnZz OE AB Ges OF CD.

myZivs, OEA = OFC = GK mgKvY
(2) GLb, OAE Ges OCF mgKvYx

[ mgKvY ]

wfzRqi ga
AwZfzR OA = AwZfzR OC Ges
OE = OF
OAE OCF
AE = CF .

(3) AE =

1
1
AB = CD
2
2
AB = CD

(4) myZivs
A_vr,

1
1
AB Ges CF = CD
2
2

[Dfq GKB ei evmva]

[Kbv]
[mgKvYx wfzRi AwZfzR-ev mgmgZv Dccv`]

[ K` _K evm wfb hKvbv Rv-Gi Dci

AwZ j^ RvK mgwLwZ Ki ]

MwYZ

137

D`vniY 4| cgvY Ki h, ei evmB eng Rv|

gb Kwi, O K`wewk ABDC GKwU e| AB evm Ges CD evm wfb hKvbv GKwU Rv|
cgvY KiZ ne h, AB > CD
Ab :

O, C Ges O, D hvM Kwi|

A

cgvY :
GLb ,

OA = OB = OC = OD [GKB ei evmva]

C
O

OCD G
OC + OD > CD

ev,
A_vr,

OA + OB > CD
AB > CD.

Abykxjbx 10.2
1|

ei `yBwU mgvb Rv ciiK Q` Kij `LvI h, Zv`i GKwUi Askq AciwUi Askqi
mgvb|

2|

cgvY Ki h, ei mgvb Rv-Gi gawe`yjv mge|

3|

`LvI h, evmi `yB cv _K Gi wecixZ w`K `yBwU mgvb Rv Ab Kij Zviv mgvivj nq|

4|

`LvI h, evmi `yB cv _K Gi wecixZ w`K `yBwU mgvivj Rv AuvKj Zviv mgvb nq|

5|

`LvI h, ei `yBwU Rv-Gi ga eni Rv-wU z`Zi Rv Acv K`i wbKUZi|

10 5 ei cwiwa I evmi AbycvZ

( )

ei cwiwa I evmi ga Kvbv mK iqQ wKbv ei Kivi Rb `jMZfve wbPi KvRwU Ki:
KvR
1| Zvgiv cZK cQ`gZv wfb wfb evmvai wZbwU Ki e AuvK Ges evmva I cwiwa cwigvc Ki wbPi
mviwYwU c~iY Ki| cwiwa I evmi AbycvZ wK aeK ej gb nq?
e
evmva
cwiwa
evm
cwiwa / evm
1
22/7 =3.142
3.5 m.wg.
22 m.wg.
7.0 m.wg.

138

MwYZ

Kvbv ei cwiwa I evmi AbycvZ aeK | GK wMK Ai

(cvB) viv wb`k Kiv nq| A_vr,

c
=
ei cwiwa c I evm d nj AbycvZ
ev c = d .
d
Avevi ei evm evmvai wY ; A_vr, d = 2r AZGe, c = 2 r

-Gi Avmb gvb wbYqi Pv KiQb| fviZxq MwYZwe` Avhf (476

cvPxb Kvj _K MwYZwe`MY

550 wLv)
(18871920)

-Gi Avmb gvb wbYq KiQb

62832
hv cvq 31416 . MwYZwe` kxwbevm ivgvbyRb
20000

-Gi Avmb gvb ei KiQb hv `kwgKi ci wgwjqb Ni ch mwVK| cKZc, GKwU

Ag~j` msLv| Avgv`i `bw`b wnmvei cqvRb aeK

Gi Avmb gvb

D`vniY 1| 10 m.wg. evmi ei cwiwa KZ? ( 3 14 ai)

mgvavb :
ei evm d = 10 m.wg
ei cwiwa = d
3.14 10 m.wg. = 314 m.wg.
AZGe, 10 m.wg. evmi ei cwiwa 314 m.wg.|
22
ai)
D`vniY 2| 14 m.wg. evmvai ei cwiwa KZ? (
7
mgvavb :
ei evmva (r) =14 m.wg
ei cwiwa = 2 r
22
14 m.wg. = 88 m.wg.
2
7
AZGe, 14 m.wg. evmvai ei cwiwa 88 m.wg.|

22
aiv nq|
7

10.6 ei dj
e viv Ave mgZjxq e| ei dj ei Kivi Rb wbPi KvRwU Kwi|
KvR :
(K) KvMR wPi bvq GKwU e GuK Gi Aavsk is Ki| Gevi ewU gvS eivei wZb evi fvuR Ki Ges fvuR
eivei KU bvI| ewU mgvb AvUwU Ask wef njv| ei UzKivjvK wPi bvq mvRvj Kx cvIqv hvq ?
GKwU mvgvwiKi gZv bq wK ?

(i)

(ii)

(L) ewU mgvb lvjvwU Ask wef Ki GKBfve mvRvI| mvRvbvi dj Kx cqQv ?

MwYZ

139

16

1 2

15

14

13
12

3
2

5
4

7
6

9
8

11
10

12

13
14

15
16

7
11 10 9

(M) ewU mgvb Plw Ask wef Ki GKBfve mvRvI| mvRvbvi dj Kx cqQv? cvq GKwU AvqZ wK ?

evmva

32 wU

(N) AvqZwUi `N I c KZ ? dj KZ ?

ei dj= AvqZwUi dj = `N c
= cwiwai AaK evmva
1
2 r r =2
2
ei dj = r2|

KvR :
1| (K) Mvd KvMR 5 m.wg. evmvai GKwU e Ab Ki| QvU Nijv MYbv Ki eMi AvbygvwbK dj ei Ki|
(L) GKB ei dj m~i mvnvh wbYq Ki| wbYxZ dj I AvbygvwbK dji cv_K ei Ki|

D`vniY 3| 98 wg. evmi evKvi GKwU evMvbi dj KZ?

mgvavb :
ei evm, d = 98 wg.

9 8
wg. = 49 wg.
2
ei dj = r2
314 492 eMwgUvi = 7546 eMwgUvi

ei evmva r =

140

MwYZ

D`vniY 4| cvki wP `yBwU mgKw`K e c`wkZ nqQ| e `yBwUi

evmva h_vg 9 m.wg. I 4 m.wg.| eqi cwiwai gaeZx GjvKvi
dj KZ ?
mgvavb :
eni ei evmva r = 9 m.wg.

9 m.wg.

4 m.wg.

eni ewUi dj = r2 eM mwUwgUvi

314 92 eM mwUwgUvi = 25434 eM mwUwgUvi
z`Zi ei evmva r = 4 m.wg.
z`Zi ewUi dj = r2 eM mwUwgUvi
314 42 eM mwUwgUvi = 5024 eM mwUwgUvi
eqi AMZ GjvKvi dj = (25434 5024) eM mwUwgUvi
= 20410 eM mwUwgUvi

Abykxjbx 10.3
1|

cQ`gZv K` I evmva wbq cwj Kvm eenvi Ki GKwU e AuvK| ei Dci KqKwU
evmva AuvK| gc `L mejv evmvai `N mgvb wK-bv|

2|

wbewYZ evmvawewk ei cwiwa wbYq Ki:

(K) 10 m.wg.

3|

(L) 14 m.wg.

(M) 21 m.wg.

wbewYZ ei dj wbYq Ki:

(K) evmva =12 m.wg.

(L) evm = 34 m.wg.

(M) evmva = 21 m.wg.

4|

GKwU evKvi wkUi cwiwa 154 m.wg. nj, Gi evmva KZ? wkUi dj wbYq Ki|

5|

GKRb gvjx 21 wg. evmvai evKvi evMvbi Pviw`K `yBevi Nywiq `woi eov w`Z Pvq|
m.wg.

cwZ wgUvi `woi g~j 18 UvKv nj, ZvK KZ UvKvi `wo wKbZ ne ?
6| cvki wPi wUi cwimxgv wbYq Ki|
7| 14 m.wg. evmvai GKwU evKvi evW _K 15 m.wg.
evmvai `yBwU evKvi Ask Ges 3 m.wg. `N I 1 m.wg.
ci GKwU AvqZvKvi Ask KU bIqv njv| evWi evwK
Aski dj ei Ki|

m.wg.

GKv`k Aavq

Z_ I Dcv
vb-wevbi evcK cmvi I `Z Dbqb Z_ I Dcv iZc~Y f~wgKv I Ae`vb iL PjQ| Z_ I
Dcvi Ici wfw Ki cwiPvwjZ nq MelYv Ges AevnZ MelYvi dj nQ vb-wevbi Afvebxq
Dbqb| Z_ I Dcv Dcvcb evcKZv jvf KiQ msLvi eenvi| Avi msLvm~PK Z_ nQ
cwimsLvb| ZvB cwimsLvbi gwjK aviYv I mswk welqemg~n Rvbv AvekK| c~eeZx kwYZ
cwimsLvbi gwjK welqjv gv^q Dcvcb Kiv nqQ| GiB avivevwnKZvq G Aavq K`xq
ceYZv, Gi cwigvcK Mo, gaK I cPziK m^ wevwiZ AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv

K`xq ceYZv evLv KiZ cvie|

MvwYwZK m~i mvnvh Mo, gaK I cPziK wbYq Ki mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie|

AvqZjL I cvBwP Ab KiZ cvie|

11.1 Z_ I Dcv
AvMi kwYZ Avgiv G m^ gwjK aviYv jvf KiwQ Ges wevwiZ RbwQ| GLvb Avgiv ^ cwimi
G m^ AvjvPbv Kie| Avgiv Rvwb, msLvwfwK Kvbv Z_ ev NUbv nQ GKwU cwimsLvb| Avi Z_
ev NUbv-wb`kK msLvjv nQ cwimsLvbi GKwU Dcv| aiv hvK, 50 b^ii ga AbywZ Kvbv
cwZhvwMZvg~jK cixvq AskMnYKvix 20 Rb cv_xi MwYZi cv b^i njv 25, 45, 40, 20, 35, 30,
35, 30, 40, 41, 46, 20, 25, 30, 45 ,42, 45, 47, 50, 30| GLvb, MwYZ cv msLv-wb`wkZ
b^img~n GKwU cwimsLvb| Avi b^ijv njv G cwimsLvbi Dcv| G Dcvjv mnR mivmwi Drm
_K msMn Kiv hvq| mivmwi Drm _K msMnxZ Dcvi wbfihvMZv AbK ewk| mivmwi Drm _K
msMnxZ nq Ggb Dcv njv cv_wgK Dcv| gvawgK Dcv civ Drm _K msMnxZ nq weavq Gi
wbfihvMZv AbK Kg| Dci ewYZ Dcvi b^ijv Gjvgjvfve AvQ| b^ijv gvbi Kvbv
g mvRvbv bB| G aibi Dcv njv Aweb Dcv| G Dcvi b^ijv gvbi hKvbv g
mvRvj ne web Dcv| b^ijv gvbi Eag mvRvj nq 20, 20, 25, 25, 30, 30, 30, 30, 35,
35, 40, 40, 41, 42, 45, 45, 45, 46, 47, 50 hv GKwU web Dcv| Aweb Dcv Gfve web Kiv
ek RwUj Ges fyj nIqvi mvebv _K hvq| kwYwebvmi gvag Aweb Dcvmg~n AwZmnR web
Dcv icvi Kiv hvq Ges MYmsLv mviwYi mvnvh Dcvcb Kiv nq|

142

MwYZ

11.2 MYmsLv wbekb mviwY (Frequency Distribution Table)

Dcvi MYmsLv mviwY Zwi Kivi Rb h KqKwU avc eenvi KiZ nq Zv njv:
(1) cwimi wbYq, (2) kwYmsLv wbYq, (3) kwYevw wbYq, (4) Uvwj wPi mvnvh MYmsLv wbYq|
Abymvbvaxb Dcvi cwimi = (mevP msLv mewbg msLv) + 1
kwYevw : hKvbv Abymvbj Dcvi cwimi wbaviYi ci cqvRb nq kwYevw wbaviY|
DcvjvK myweavRbK eeavb wbq KZKjv kwYZ fvM Kiv nq| Dcvi msLvi Dci wfw Ki
Gjv mvaviYZ kwYZ fvM Kiv nq| kwYZ fvM Kivi wbavwiZ Kvbv wbqg bB| Ze mPivPi cZK
kwYeeavb mewbg 5 I mevP 15-Gi ga mxgve ivLv nq| myZivs cZK kwYi GKwU mevP I
mewbg gvb _vK| hKvbv kwYi mewbg gvbK Gi wbgmxgv Ges mevP gvbK Gi Eamxgv ejv nq|
Avi hKvbv kwYi Eamxgv I wbgmxgvi eeavb njv mB kwYi kwYevw| D`vniY^ic, gb Kwi,
10, 20 njv GKwU kwY, Gi mewbg gvb 10 I mevP gvb 20 Ges (2010) = 10 njv kwY evw|
kwY evw memgq mgvb ivLv kq|
kwYmsLv : kwYmsLv nQ cwimiK hZjv kwYZ fvM Kiv nq Gi msLv|
AZGe, kwYmsLv =

cwimi
(c~Y msLvq icvwiZ)|
kwYevw

Uvwj wP : Dcvi msLvm~PK Z_ivwki gvb Kvbv bv Kvbv kwYZ co| kwYi wecixZ mvswLK
gvbi Rb Uvwj

wP w`Z nq| Kvbv kwYZ cuvPwU Uvwj wP w`Z nj PviwU `Iqvi ci cgwU

AvovAvwofve w`Z nq|

MYmsLv : kwYmg~ni ga msLvm~PK Z_ivwki gvbjv Uvwj wP w`q cKvk Kiv nq Ges Gi gvag
MYmsLv ev NUbmsLv wbaviY Kiv nq| h kwYZ hZjv Uvwj wP coe ZZ ne H kwYi MYmsLv ev
NUbmsLv, hv Uvwj wPi wecixZ MYmsLv Kjvg jLv nq|
Dci ewYZ weePbvaxb Dcvi cwimi, kwYevw I kwYmsLv wbP `Iqv njv :
cwimi = (Dcvi mevP mvswLK gvb mewbg mvswLK gvb) + 1
= (5020) + 1 = 31|
31
= 6.2 hv c~Y msLvq icvi Kij ne 7|
5
AZGe kwYmsLv 7| Dcii AvjvPbvi cwZ ewYZ Dcvi MYmsLv wbekb mviwY cZ Kiv njv :

kwYevw/eeavb aiv hvq 5| Zvnj kwYmsLv ne

MwYZ

143

kwY evw
Uvwj wP
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
gvU
20

NUbmsLv ev MYmsLv
2
2
4
2
4
5
1
20

KvR :
Zvgiv wbR`i ga _K 20 Rbi `j MVb Ki Ges `ji m`m`i DPZvi MYmsLv mviwY Zwi
Ki|

11.3 jLwP (Diagram)

Z_ I Dcv jLwPi gvag Dcvcb GKwU ejcPwjZ cwZ| Kvbv cwimsLvb eeZ Dcv
jLwPi gvag DcvwcZ nj Zv evSv I wmv MnYi Rb Lye myweavRbK nq| AwaKy wPi gvag
DcvwcZ Dcv wPvKlKI nq| ZvB eySv I wmv MnYi myweav_ Dcvmg~ni MYmsLv wbekbi wP
jLwPi gvag Dcvcb Kiv nq| MYmsLv wbekb Dcvcb wewfb iKg jLwPi eenvi _vKjI
GLvb Kejgv AvqZjL I cvBwP wbq AvjvPbv Kiv ne|
AvqZjL (Histogram) : MYmsLv wbekbi GKwU jLwP nQ AvqZjL| AvqZjL Abi Rb QK
KvMR x I y-A AuvKv nq| x-A eivei kwYevw Ges y-A eivei MYmsLv wbq AvqZjL AuvKv
nq| AvqZi f~wg nq kwYevw Ges DPZv nq MYmsLv|
D`vniY 1| wbP 50 Rb wkv_xi DPZvi MYmsLv wbekb `Iqv njv| GKwU AvqZjL AuvK|
DPZvi kwYevw (mwgZ) 114-123
MYmsLv (wkv_ximsLv)

124-133 134-143 144-153 154-163 164-173

5

10

20

QK KvMRi 1 Ni mgvb kwYevwi 2 GKK ai x-A kwYevw Ges QK KvMRi 1 Ni mgvb MYmsLvi
1 GKK ai y-A MYmsLv wbekbi vcb Ki MYmsLv wbekbi AvqZjL AuvKv njv| x-Ai
g~jwe`y _K 114 Ni ch fvOv wP w`q AvMi Nijv we`gvb evSvbv nqQ|

144

MwYZ

Y
30
25
20
15
10
05
O

114

124

134

144

154

164

174

KvR : (K) 30 Rb wbq `j MVb Ki| `ji m`m`i MwYZ cv b^ii MYmsLv wbekb mviwY Zwi Ki|
(L) MYmsLv wbekbi AvqZjL AuvK|
cvBwP : cvBwPI GKwU jLwP| AbK mgq msMnxZ cwimsLvb KqKwU Dcv`vbi mgw viv MwVZ nq
A_ev GK KqKwU kwYZ fvM Kiv nq| G mKj fvMK GKwU ei Afi wewfb Ask cKvk Kij
h jLwP cvIqv hvq ZvB cvBwP| cvBwPK ejLI ejv nq| Avgiv Rvwb, ei K` m KvYi
cwigvY 360| Kvbv cwimsLvb 360 Gi Ask wnme DcvwcZ nj Zv ne cvBwP|
Avgiv Rvwb, wKULjvq 1, 2, 3, 4, I 6 Ki ivb msMnxZ nq| ZvQvov bv-ej I IqvBW eji Rb
AwZwi ivb msMnxZ nq| Kvbv-GK Ljvq evsjv`k wKU `ji msMnxZ ivb wbPi mviwYZ `Iqv
njv :

ivb msMn
wewfb cKvii
msMnxZ ivb

1 Ki
66

2 Ki
50

3 Ki
36

4 Ki
48

6 Ki
30

AwZwi ivb
10

gvU
240

MwYZ

145

wKULjvi Dcv cvBwPi gvag `Lvbv nj, evSvi Rb hgb mnR nq Zgwb wPvKlKI nq|
Kvbv Dcvi jLwP hLb ei gvag Dcvcb Kiv nq, ZLb mB jLwPK cvBwP ej| myZivs
cvBwP nQ, evKvi jLwP| Avgiv Rvwb, ei K` m KvY 360| Dci ewYZ Dcv 360-Gi
Ask wnme Dcvcb Kiv nj, Dcvi cvBwP cvIqv hve|

240 ivbi Rb 360

66

360
240
66 360
= 99
240

1 ivb

2 ivb
50 ivbi Rb KvY ne
36 ivbi Rb KvY ne
48 ivbi Rb KvY ne
30 ivbi Rb KvY ne
10 ivbi Rb KvY ne

50
360
240
36
360
240
48
360
240
30
360
240
10
360
240

= 75
= 54

AwZwi

3 ivb

ivb

6 ivb
4 ivb

= 72
= 45
= 15

GLb, cv KvYjv 360 -Gi Ask wnmve AuvKv njv| hv ewYZ Dcvi cvBwP|
D`vniY 2| Kvbv GK eQi `yNUbvRwbZ KviY msNwUZ gZzi mviwY wbP `qv njv| GKwU cvBwP
AuvK|
`yNUbv

evm

UvK

Kvi

bhvb

gvU

gZi msLv

450

350

250

150

1200

450
1200
350
UvK `yNUbvq gZ 350 Rbi Rb KvY =
1200
250
Kvi `yNUbvq gZ 250 Rbi Rb KvY =
1200
150
bhvb `yNUbvq gZ 150 Rbi Rb KvY =
1200

mgvavb : evm `yNUbvq gZ 450 Rbi Rb KvY =

360 = 135

360 = 105
360 = 75

evm
UvK
bKv
Kvi

360 = 45

GLb, KvYjv 3600 -Gi Ask wnmve AuvKv njv, hv wbYq cvBwP|

146

MwYZ

D`vniY 3| `yNUbvq gZ 450 Rbi ga KZRb bvix, cyiyl I wk Zv cvBwP `Lvbv nqQ| bvixi
Rb wb`wkZ KvY 800| bvixi msLv KZ ?
mgvavb : K` m KvY 3600|
myZivs 3600 -Gi Rb 450 Rb
bvix
800

450
1 -Gi Rb
Rb
360
0

800 -Gi Rb

450
80 Rb = 100 Rb
360

wbYq bvixi msLv 100 Rb|

KvR : 1| Zvgv`i kwYZ AaqbiZ wkv_x`i 6 Rb Ki wbq `j MVb Ki| `ji m`miv
wbR`i DPZv gvc Ges cv Dcv cvBwPi gvag `LvI|
2|

Zvgiv Zvgv`i cwievii mKji eqmi Dcv wbq cvBwP AuvK| cZKi eqmi wbavwiZ
KvYi Rb Kvi eqm KZ Zv wbYqi Rb cvki wkv_xi mv_ LvZv e`j Ki|

11.4 K`xq ceYZv

aiv hvK, Kvbv-GKwU mgmv mgvavb 25 Rb Qvxi h mgq (mK) jvM Zv njv
22, 16, 20, 30, 25, 36, 35, 37, 40, 43, 40, 43, 44, 43, 44, 46, 45, 48, 50, 64, 50, 60, 55, 62, 60|
msLvjv gvbi Eag mvRvj nq :
16, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, 36, 37, 40, 40, 43, 43, 43, 44, 44, 45, 46, 48, 50, 50, 55, 60, 60,
62, 64| ewYZ Dcvmg~n gvSvgvwS gvb 43 ev 44 G cywf~Z| MYmsLv mviwYZ GB ceYZv cwijwZ
nq| ewYZ Dcvi MYmsLv wbekb mviwY Zwi Kij nq
evw

16-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

56-65

MYmsLv

10

GB MYmsLv wbekb mviwYZ `Lv hvQ 36-45 kwYZ MYmsLv mevwaK| myZivs Dcii AvjvPbv _K
GUv h, Dcvmg~n gvSvgvwS ev K`i gvbi w`K cywf~Z nq| gvSvgvwS ev K` gvbi w`K
Dcvmg~ni cywf~Z nIqvi ceYZvK K`xq ceYZv ej| K`xq gvb Dcvmg~ni cwZwbwaZKvix GKwU
msLv hvi viv K`xq ceYZv cwigvc Kiv nq| mvaviYfve, K`xq ceYZvi cwigvc njv (1) MvwYwZK
Mo ev Mo,(2) gaK, (3) cPziK|

MwYZ

147

11.5 MvwYwZK Mo
Avgiv Rvwb, Dcvmg~ni msLvm~PK gvbi mgwK hw` Dcvmg~ni msLv w`q fvM Kiv nq, Ze MvwYwZK
Mo cvIqv hvq| gb Kwi, Dcvmg~ni msLv njv n Ges G`i msLvm~PK gvb x1 , x2 , x3 ..... xn | hw`
Dcvmg~ni MvwYwZK Mo gvb x nq, Ze x =

n
x1 + x2 + 33 + .........xn
x
= i
n
i =1 n

D`vniY 4| 50 b^ii ga AbywZ cixvq Kvbv kwYi 20 Rb wkv_xi MwYZi cv b^i njv
40, 41, 45, 18, 41, 20, 45, 41, 45, 25, 20, 40, 18, 20, 45, 47, 48, 48, 49, 19| cv b^ii
MvwYwZK Mo wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : GLvb n = 20, x1 = 40, x2 = 41, x3 = 45 ........ BZvw`
b^ijvi mgw
b^ijvi msLv
40 + 41 + 45 + ........ + 19

MvwYwZK Mo hw` x nq Ze x =
n

xi
=
i =1 n

x=

20

A_vr,
715
= 35 75
20
MvwYwZK Mo 35.75
=

Aweb Dcvi MvwYwZK Mo wbYq (msw cwZ) :

Dcvi msLv hw` ewk nq Ze AvMi cwZZ Mo wbYq Kiv ek RwUj nq Ges ewk msLK Dcvi
msLvm~PK gvbi mgw wbYq KiZ fyj nIqvi mvebv _vK| G msw cwZ eenvi Kiv ek
myweavRbK|
msw cwZZ Dcvmg~ni K`xq ceYZv fvjvfve cheY Ki Zv`i mve Mo Abygvb Kiv nq|
Dcii D`vniY c` Dcvi K`xq ceYZv fvjvfve j Kij evSv hvq h, MvwYwZK Mo 30 _K
46-Gi ga GKwU msLv| gb Kwi, MvwYwZK Mo 30| GLb cZK msLv _K AbywgZ Mo 30 weqvM
Ki weqvMdj wbYq KiZ ne| msLvwU 30 _K eo nj weqvMdj abvZK Ges QvU nj weqvMdj
FYvZK ne| Gici mKj weqvMdji exRMvwYwZK mgw wbYq KiZ nq| cici `yBwU weqvMdj hvM
Ki ghvwRZ mgw wbYqi gvag mKj weqvMdji mgw AwZ mnR wbYq Kiv hvq| A_vr,
weqvMdji mgw ghvwRZ mgwi mgvb ne| Dcii D`vniY eeZ Dcvi MvwYwZK Mo Kxfve
msww cwZZ Kiv nq Zv wbPi mviwYZ Dcvcb Kiv njv| gb Kwi, Dcvmg~n xi (i=1,2, ........, n)
Gi AbywgZ Mo a ( = 30)|

148

MwYZ

Dcv
xi

xi a

ghvwRZ mgw

Dcv
xi

xi a

ghvwRZ mgw

40

40 30 = 10

10

20

20 30 = 10

61 10 = 51

41

41 30 = 11

10 + 21 = 21

40

40 30 = 10

51 + 10 = 61

45

45 30 = 15

21 + 15 = 36

18

18 30 = 12

61 12 = 49

18

18 30 =12

36 12 = 24

20

20 30 =10

41-10 = 39

41

41 30 =11

24 + 11 = 35

45

45 30 = 15

39 + 15 = 54

20

20 30 = 10

35-10 = 25

47

47 30 = 17

54 + 17 = 71

45

45 30 = 15

25 + 15 = 40

48

48 30 = 18

71 + 18 = 89

41

41 30 = 11

40 + 11 = 51

48

48 30 = 18

89 + 18 = 107

45

45 30 = 15

51 + 15 = 66

49

49 30 = 19

107 + 19 = 126

25

25 30 =5

66 5 = 61

19

19 30 = 11

126-11 = 115

Dci DcvwcZ mviwY _K weqvMdji mgw mgvb 115

weqvMdji Mo =
myZivs cKZ Mo

115
= 5 75
20

= AbywgZ Mo + weqvMdji Mo
= 30 + 5.75
= 35.75

ge : myweav_ Ges mgq mvkqi Rb Kjvgi gaKvi hvM-weqvM gb gb Ki mivmwi djvdj

jLv hvq|

web Dcvi MvwYwZK Mo

D`vniY 4-Gi 20 Rb wkv_xi MwYZ cv b^ii ga GKB b^i GKvwaK wkv_x cqQ| cv
b^ii MYmsLv wbekb mviwY wbP `Iqv njv :

MwYZ

149
fi xi

cv b^i

MYmsLv

xi
i = 1, ...., k

fi
i = 1, ...., k

18

36

19

19

20

60

25

25

40

80

41

123

45

180

47

47

48

96

49

49

k =10

k = 10, n = 20

gvU =715

cv b^ii Mo =

fi xi Gi mgw
gvU MYmsLv

715
20

= 35.75

m~ 1| MvwYwZK Mo (web Dcv) : hw` n msLK Dcvi k msLK gvb x1 , x2 , x3,. ... xk Gi
k

fx

i i

MYmsLv h_vg f1 , f 2 , ......., f n nq, Ze Dcvi MvwYwZK Mo = x =

i =1

1 k
f i xi hLvb
n i =1

n njv MYmsLv|

D`vniY 5| wbP Kvbv-GKwU kwYi wkv_x`i MwYZ cv b^ii MYmsLv wbekb mviwY `Iqv
njv| cv b^ii MvwYwZK Mo wbYq Ki|
kwYevw

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75-84

85-94

MYmsLv

10

15

20

30

16

150

MwYZ

mgvavb : GLvb kwYevw `Iqv AvQ weavq wkv_x`i ewMZ b^i KZ Zv Rvbv hvq bv| G
cZK kwYi kwYgagvb wbYq Kivi cqvRb nq|
kwY-EagvbkwYi wbggvb
2
hw` kwYgagvb xi (i = 1....., k ) nq Ze gagvb msewjZ mviwY ne wbgic :

kwYgagvb =

kwY evw

kwY gagvb ( xi )

MYmsLv ( f i )

( f i xi )

25 34

215

1075

35 44

395

10

3950

45 54

495

15

7425

55 64

595

20

11900

65 74

695

30

20850

75 84

795

16

12720

85 94

895

3580

gvU

100

615000

wbYq MvwYwZK Mo =

1 k
1
f i xi =
6150

n l =1
100

= 615

11.6 gaK
Avgiv 7g kwYZ cwimsLvb Abymvbvaxb Dcvmg~ni gaK m^ RbwQ|
aiv hvK, 5, 3, 4, 8, 6, 7, 9, 11, 10 KZKjv msLv| G msLvjvK gvbi gvbymvi mvRvj nq, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11| gweb msLvjvK mgvb `yB fvM Kij nq
3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9, 10, 11
GLvb `Lv hvQ h, 7 msLvjvK mgvb `yB fvM fvM KiQ Ges Gi Aevb gvS| myZivs GLvb
gac` njv 5g c`| GB 5g c` ev gac`i gvb njv 7| AZGe, msLvjvi gaK njv 7| GLvb
c` Dcvjv ev msLvjv njv weRvo msLK| Avi hw` msLvMyjv Rvo msLK hgb 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22 Gi gaK Kx ne ? msLvMyjvK mgvb `yB fvM Kij ne

MwYZ

151

8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15 16, 18, 19, 21, 22

`Lv hvQ h, 13 I 15 msLvjvK mgvb `yB fvM fvM KiQ Ges G`i Aevb gvSvgvwS| GLvb
gac` njv 6 I 7g c`| myZivs gaK ne 6 I 7g c`i msLv `yBwUi Mo gvb| 6 I 7g c`i
msLvi Mo gvb

13 + 15

ev 14| A_vr, GLvb gaK njv 14|

Dcii AvjvPbv _K Avgiv ejZ cvwi h, hw` n msLK Dcv _vK Ges n hw` weRvo msLv nq Ze
n+1
n
Dcvjvi gaK ne
Zg c`i gvb| Avi n hw` Rvo msLv nq Ze gaK ne
Zg I
2
2
n
+ 1 Zg c` `yBwUi mvswLK gvbi Mo|
2
DcvjvK gvbi gvbymvi mvRvj h gvb DcvjvK mgvb `yBfvM fvM Ki mB gvbB ne
Dcvjvi gaK|
D`vniY 6| wbPi msLvjvi gaK wbYq Ki : 23, 11, 25, 15, 21, 12, 17, 18, 22, 27, 29, 30, 16, 19|
mgvavb : msLvjvK gvbi gvbymvi Eag mvRvbv njv11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30
GLvb msLvjv Rvo msLK n = 14
14
14
Zg I + 1 Zg c` `yBwUi gvbi hvMdj
2

2
gaK =
2
7g c` I 8g c` `yBwUi gvbi hvMdj
=
2
19 + 21 40
gaK =
=
= 20
2
2
AZGe, gaK 20|

KvR : 1| Zvgv`i kwYZ AaqbiZ wkv_x`i _K 19 Rb, 20 Rb I 21 Rb wbq 3wU `j MVb

Ki| cZK `j Zvi m`m`i ivjb^ijv wbq `j gaK wbYq Ki|

D`vniY 7| wbP 50 Rb Qvxi MwYZ cv b^ii MYmsLv wbekb mviwY `Iqv njv| gaK wbYq Ki|
cv b^i
MYmsLv

45
3

50
2

60
5

65
4

70
10

75
15

80
5

90
3

95
2

100
1

152

MwYZ

mgvavb : gaK wbYqi MYmsLv mviwY

cv b^i
45
50
60
65
70
75
80
90
95
100

MYmsLv
3
2
5
4
10
15
5
3
2
1

hvwRZ MYmsLv
3
5
10
14
24
39
44
47
49
50

GLvb, n = 50 hv Rvo msLv

gaK =

50
50
Zg I + 1 Zg c` `yBwUi mvswLK gvbi hvMdj
2
2

2
25 I 26 Zg c` `yBwUi mvswLK gvbi hvMdj
=
2
75 + 75
=
ev 75|
2
Qvx`i cv b^ii gaK 75|
j Kwi : GLvb 25Zg _K 29 Zg c`i gvb 75|
KvR : Zvgv`i kwYi mKj wkv_xK wbq 2wU `j MVb Ki| GKwU mgmv mgvavb cZKi KZ mgq
jvM (K) Zvi MYmsLv wbekb mviwY Zwi Ki, (L) mviwY nZ gaK wbYq Ki|

11.7 cPyiK (Mode)

gb Kwi, 11, 9, 10, 12, 11, 12, 14, 11, 10, 20, 21, 11, 9 I 18 GKwU Dcv| DcvwU gvbi
Eag mvRvj nq
9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 14, 18, 20, 21|
webvmKZ DcvwU j Kij `Lv hvq h, 11 msLvwU 4 evi DcvwcZ nqQ hv Dcvcbvq mevwaK evi|
hnZz Dcv 11 msLvwU mePq ewk evi AvQ ZvB GLvb 11 njv Dcvjvi cPziK :
Kvbv Dcv h msLvwU mePq ewkevi _vK ZvK cPziK ej|

MwYZ

153

D`vniY 8| wbP 30 Rb Qvxi evwlK cixvq mgvRwevb cv b^i `Iqv njv| Dcvjvi cPziK
wbYq Ki|
75, 35, 40, 80, 65, 80, 80, 90, 95, 80, 65, 60, 75, 80, 40, 67, 70, 72, 69, 78, 80, 80,
65, 75,75, 88, 93, 80, 75, 65|
mgvavb : DcvjvK gvbi Eag mvRvbv njv : 35, 40, 40, 60, 65, 65, 65, 65, 67, 69, 70,
72, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 78, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 88, 90, 93, 95|
Dcvjvi Dcvcbvq 40 AvQ 2 evi, 65 AvQ 4 evi, 75 AvQ 5 evi, 80 AvQ 8 evi Ges evwK
b^ijv 1 evi Ki AvQ| GLvb 80 AvQ mevwaK 8 evi| myZivs Dcvjvi cPziK njv 80|
wbYq cPziK 80|
D`vniY 9| wbPi Dcvmg~ni cPziK wbYq Ki :
4, 6, 9, 20, 10, 8, 18, 19, 21, 24, 23, 30|
mgvavb : Dcvmg~nK gvbi Eag mvRvbv njv :
4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 30|
GLvb jYxq h, Kvbv msLv GKvwaKevi eeZ nqwb| ZvB Dcvjvi cPziK bB|

Abykxjbx 11
1|

wbPi KvbwU viv kwYevw evSvq ?

(K) Dcvjvi ga c_g I kl Dcvi eeavb
(L) Dcvjvi ga kl I c_g Dcvi mgw
(M) cZK kwYi eng I z`Zg Dcvi mgw
(N) cwZwU kwYi Afy z`Zg I eng msLvi eeavb|

2|

3|

GKwU kwYZ hZjv Dcv Afy nq Zvi wb`kK wbPi KvbwU ?

(K) kwYi MYmsLv

(L) kwYi gawe`y

(M) kwYmxgv

(N) ghvwRZ MYmsLv

8, 12, 16, 17, 20 msLvjvi Mo KZ ?

(K) 105

(L) 125

(M) 136

(N) 146

154

4|

5|

MwYZ

10, 12, 14, 18, 19, 25 msLvjvi gaK KZ ?

(K) 115

(L) 146

(M) 16

(N) 186

6, 12, 7, 12, 11, 12, 11, 7, 11, Gi cPziK KvbwU ?

(K) 11 I 7

(L) 11 I 12

(M) 7 I 12

(N) 6 I 7

wbP Zvgv`i kwYi 40 Rb wkv_xi MwYZ cv b^ii MYmsLv wbekb mviwY `Iqv njv :
kwYevw
MYmsLv

41 55
6

56 70
10

71 85
20

86 100
4

GB mviwYi AvjvK (6-8) b^i ch cki Di `vI :

6|

7|

8|

9|

Dcvjvi kwYevw KvbwU ?

(K) 5

(L) 10

(M) 12

(N) 15

wZxq kwYi kwYgagvb KvbwU ?

(K) 48

(L) 63

(M) 78

(N) 93

c` mviwYZ cPziK kwYi wbmxgv KvbwU ?

(K) 41

(L) 56

(M) 71

(N) 86

25 Rb wkv_xi evwlK cixvq cv b^i wbP `Iqv njv :

72, 85, 78, 84, 78, 75, 69, 67, 88, 80, 74, 77, 79, 69, 74, 73, 83, 65, 75, 69, 63,
75, 86, 66, 71|
(K) cv b^ii mivmwi Mo wbYq Ki|
(L) kwYevw 5 wbq MYmsLv wbekb mviwY Zwi Ki Ges mviwY _K Mo wbYq Ki|
(M) mivmwifve cv Moi mv_ cv_K `LvI

MwYZ

155

10| wbPi GKwU mviwY `Iqv njv| Gi Mo gvb wbYq Ki| Dcvjvi AvqZjL AuvK :
cv b^i
MYmsLv

610
5

1115
17

1620
30

2125
38

2630
35

3135
10

3640
7

4145
3

11| wbPi mviwY _K Mo wbYq Ki :

`wbK Avq (UvKvq) 2210 2215 2220 2225 2230 2235 2240 2245 2250
MYmsLv
2
3
5
7
6
5
5
4
3
12| wbP 40 Rb MwnYxi mvvwnK mq (UvKvq) wbP `Iqv njv :
155, 173, 166, 143, 168, 160, 156, 146, 162, 158, 159, 148, 150, 147, 132, 136,
156, 140, 155, 145, 135, 151, 141, 149, 169, 140, 125, 122, 140, 137, 175, 145,
150, 164, 142, 156, 152, 146, 148, 157 I 167|
mvvwnK Rgvbvi Mo, gaK I cPziK wbYq Ki|
13| wbPi Dcvmg~ni Mo Ges Dcvi AvqZjL AuvK :
eqm (eQi)

56

78

9 10

11 12

MYmsLv

25

27

28

31

13 14 15 16 17 18
29

28

22

14| GKwU KviLvbvi 100 kwgKi gvwmK gRywii MYmsLv wbekb mviwY `Iqv njv| kwgK`i gvwmK
gRywii Mo KZ ? Dcvjvi AvqZjL AuvK|
`wbK gRywi
(kZ UvKvq)
MYmsLv

5155
6

56 60 6165
20

30

66 70 7175 7680 8185 86 90

15

11

15| 8g kwYi 30 Rb wkv_xi BsiwR welq cv b^i njv :

45, 42, 60, 61, 58, 53, 48, 52, 51, 49, 73, 52, 57, 71, 64, 49, 56, 48, 67,
63, 70, 59, 54, 46, 43, 56, 59, 43, 68, 52|
(K) kwYeeavb 5 ai kwYmsLv KZ ?
(L) kwYeeavb 5 ai MYmsLv wbekY mviwY Zwi Ki|
(M) mviwY _K Mo wbYq Ki|

156

MwYZ

16| 50 Rb wkv_xi `wbK mq wbP `Iqv njv :

mq (UvKvq)
MYmsLv

4150
6

5160
8

6170
13

7180
10

8190
8

91100
5

(K) ghvwRZ MYmsLvi mviwY Zwi Ki|

(L) mviwY _K Mo wbYq Ki|
17| wbPi mviwYZ 200 Rb wkv_xi cQ`i dj `Lvbv njv| c` Dcvi cvBwP AuvK|
dj
mviwY

Avg
70

KuvVvj
30

wjPz
80

18| 720 Rb wkv_xi cQ`i welq cvBwP Dcvcb Kiv njv| msLvq cKvk Ki|
BsiwR
evsjv

MwYZ
wevb

mxZ
ag

evsjv - 90
BsiwR - 30
MwYZ - 50
wevb - 60
ag - 80
mxZ - 50
360

Rvgij
20

MwYZ

157

Digvjv
Abykxjbx 2.1
1|

400 UvKv

2| 2650 UvKv

3| jvf ev wZ wKQyB ne bv

4|

1050 UvKv

5| 180 UvKv

6| 9%

7| 12

8|

7500 UvKv

9| 14000 UvKv

10| 1230 UvKv

11| 960 UvKv

12| 1600 UvKv

13| Avmj 1200 UvKv, gybvdv 10.5%

14| 9.2%

15| 11%

16| 12 eQi

18| 30,000 UvKv

17| 5 eQi

Abykxjbx 2.2
1| M

2| N 3| K

7| 6250 UvKv

4| (1) M, (2) K, (3) N

8| 11772.25 UvKv, 1772.25 UvKv

5| 10648 UvKv

6| 155 UvKv

9| 67,24,000 Rb

10| 1672 UvKv

11| 800 UvKv, 5800 UvKv, M. 5832 UvKv, 832 UvKv

12| K. 10%, L. 4500 UvKv, M. 3630 UvKv

Abykxjbx 3
1| 152555 Rb 2| 17.50 UvKv| 3| 8000 evi 4| 625 wgUvi| 5| 277.5 g.Ub 6| 410.96
g.Ub (cvq) 7| 200 w`b

8| 0.07 wjUvi (cvq)

9| 208 eMwgUvi 10| 636 eMwgUvi

11| 402.34 wgUvi (cvq) 12| 60 wgUvi 13| 186 eMwgUvi 14| 520.8 eMwgUvi | 15| 4864
eMwgUvi 16| 24 wgUvi 17| 3 wgUvi 18| 2408.64 Mvg 19| 673.547 Nb m. wg. 20| 44000
wjUvi, 44000 wKjvMvg 21| 750 UvKv 22| 37.5 wgUvi 23| 7656 UvKv 24| 569.50 UvKv
25| 52wU, 1430 UvKv| 26| 450 Nb m. wg. | 27| 5 Nv 20 wgwbU 28| 97.92 m. wg. (cvq)

158

MwYZ

Abykxjbx 4.1
1| (K) 25a 2 + 70ab + 49b 2

(L) 36 x 2 + 36 x + 9

(M) 49 p 2 28 pq + 4q 2

(N) a 2 x 2 2abxy + b 2 y 2

(O) x 6 + 2 x 4 y + x 2 y 2

(P) 121a 2 264ab + 144b 2

(Q) 36 x 4 y 2 60 x 3 y 3 + 25 x 2 y 4 (R) x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
(T) a 4 x 6 2a 2b 2 x 3 y 4 + b 4 y 8

(S) x 2 y 2 z 2 + 2abcxyz + a 2 b 2 c 2
(W) 356409

(U) 11664 (V) 367236

(X) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2ab 2bc + 2ca

(Y) a 2 x 2 + b 2 + 2abx + 4b + 4ax + 4

(Z) x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 + 2 xy 2 z 2 xyz 2 2 x 2 yz
(_) 9 p 2 + 4q 2 + 25r 2 + 12 pq 20qr 30 pr
(`) x 4 + y 4 + z 4 2 x 2 y 2 + 2 y 2 z 2 2 z 2 x 2
(a) 49a 4 + 64b 4 + 25c 4 + 112a 2b 2 80b 2 c 2 70c 2 a 2
2| (K) 4x 2

(L) 9a 2

3| (K) x 2 49

(M) 36x 4

(N) 9x 2

(O) 16

(L) 25 x 2 169

(M) x 2 y 2 y 2 z 2

(N) a 2 x 2 b 2

(O) a 2 + 7 a + 12

(P) a 2 x 2 + 7 ax + 12

(Q) 36 x 2 + 24 x 221

(R) a 8 b 8 (S) a 2 x 2 b 2 y 2 c 2 z 2 + 2bcyz

(T) 9a 2 45a + 50

(U) 25a 2 + 4b 2 9c 2 20ab

(V) a 2 x 2 + b 2 y 2 + 8ax + 8by + 2abxy + 15

4| 576

5| 11

6| 194

13| (K) (3 p + 2q ) 2 ( 2 p 5q ) 2
(M) (5 x ) 2 ( 2 x 5 y ) 2

7| 168100

11| 36, 90

(L) (8b a ) 2 (b + 7 a ) 2
(N) (5 x ) 2 (13) 2

12| 178, 40

MwYZ

159

Abykxjbx 4.2
1| (K) 27 x 3 + 27 x 2 y + 9 xy 2 + y 3

(L) x 6 + 3 x 4 y + 3 x 2 y 2 + y 3

(M) 125 p 3 + 150 p 2 q + 60 pq 2 + 8q 3

(N) a 6 b 3 + 3a 4 b 2 c 2 d + 3a 2 bc 4 d 2 + c 6 d 3

(O) 216 p 3 756 p 2 + 882 p 343

(P) a 3 x 3 3a 2 x 2by + 3axb 2 y 2 b 3 y 3

(Q) 8 p 6 36 p 4 r 2 + 54 p 2 r 4 27 r 6

(R) x 9 + 6 x 6 + 12 x 3 + 8

(S) 8m 3 + 27 n 3 + 125 p 3 + 36m 2 n 60m 2 p + 54mn 2 + 150mp 2 135n 2 p + 225 p 2 n 180mnp

(T) x 6 y 6 + z 6 3x 4 y 2 + 3x 2 y 4 + 3x 4 z 2 + 3 y 4 z 2 + 3x 2 z 4 3 y 2 z 4 6 x 2 y 2 z 2
(U) a 6 b 6 3a 4 b 4 c 2 d 2 + 3a 2 b 2 c 4 d 4 c 6 d 6 (V) a 6 b 3 3a 4 b 5 c + 3a 2 b 7 c 2 b 9 c 3
(X) 1331a 3 4356a 2b + 4752ab 2 1728b 3

(W) x 9 6 x 6 y 3 + 12 x 3 y 6 8 y 9
(Y) x 9 + 3 x 6 y 3 + 3 x 3 y 6 + y 9
2| (K) 216x 3
3| 152
14| 140

(M) 64 y 3

(L) 1000q 3

5| 793

6| 170

15| (K) a 6 + b 6

7| 27
(L) a 3 x 3 b 3 y 3

(O) 343a 3 + 64b 3 (P) 64a 6 1

(O) 8x 3

(N) 216

(Q) x 6 a 6

9| 0

10| 722

(M) 8a 3b 6 1

11| 1

(N) x 6 + a 3

(R) 15625a 6 729b 6

16| (K) ( a + 2)( a 2 2a + 4)

(M) a( 2a + 3b)( 4a 2 6ab + 9b 2 )

(L) ( 2 x + 7)( 4 x 2 14 x + 49)

(N) ( 2 x + 1)( 4 x 2 2 x + 1)

(O) ( 4a 5b)(16a 2 + 20ab + 25b 2 )

(P) (9a 4bc 2 )(81a 2 + 36abc 2 + 16b 2 c 4 )

(Q) b 3 (3a + 4c )(9a 2 12ac + 16c 2 )

(R) 7( 2 x 3 y )( 4 x 2 + 6 xy + 9 y 2 )

Abykxjbx 4.3
2| ( 2 x + y )( 2 x y )

1| 3 x(1 + 5 x)(1 5 x )
4| ( a b + p )( a b p )

5| ( 4 y + a + 3)( 4 y a 3)

7| 2( a + 2b)( a 2 2ab + 4b 2 )

8| ( x y + 1)( x y 1)

10| ( x 2 + 2 x + 1)( x 2 2 x + 1)

11| ( x 6) 2

3| 3a( y + 4)( y 4)
6| a( 2 + p )( 4 2 p + p 2 )
9| ( a 1)( a 2b + 1)

160

MwYZ

12| ( x + y )( x y )( x 2 xy + y 2 )( x 2 + xy + y 2 )
13| ( x y + z )( x 2 + y 2 2 xy xz + yz + z 2 )
14| 8( 2 x y )( 4 x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 )

15| ( x + 4)( x + 10)

16| ( x + 15)( x 8)

17| ( x 26)( x 25)

18| ( a + 3b)( a + 4b)

19| ( p + 10q )( p 8q )

20| ( x 8 y )( x + 5 y ) 21| ( x 2 x + 8)( x 2 x 5) 22| ( a 2 + b 2 + 4)( a 2 + b 2 22)

23| ( a + 2)( a 2)( a + 5)( a + 9)
26| ( x + a + 1)( x a 2)
29| ( x 7)( 2 x + 5)

24| ( x + a + b)( x + 2a + 3b) 25| ( 2 x + 3)(3 x 5)

27| ( x + 4)(3 x 1)

28| (3 x + 2)( x 6)

30| ( x 2 y )( 2 x y ) 31| ( 2 y x )(7 x 2 10 xy + 4 y 2 )

32| ( 2 p + 3q )(5 p 2q )

33| ( x + y 2)( 2 x + 2 y + 1)

34| ( x + a )( ax + 1)

35| (3 x 4 y )(5 x + 3 y ) 36| ( a 2b)( a 2 ab + b 2 )

Abykxjbx 4.4
1| (K)

2| (K) 3| (K) 4| (M) 5| (K) 6| (M) 7| (K) 8| (K) 9| (M)

10 (1)| (M) 10(2)| (N)

12| 18a 2 c 2

10(3)| (M)

11(1)| (K)

13| 5 x 2 y 2 a 3b 2 14| 3 x 2 y 2 z 3 a 3

18| ab( a 2 + ab + b 2 )

19| a( a + 2)

11(2)| (L) 11(3)| (N)

15| 6

20| a 7 b 4 c 3

16| ( x 3)

17| 2( x + y )

21| 30a 2 b 3c 3 22| 60 x 4 y 4 z 2

23| 72a 3b 2 c 3 d 3 24| ( x 2 1)( x + 2) 25| ( x + 2) 2 ( x 3 8) 26| ( 2 x 1)(3 x + 1)( x + 2)

27| ( a b) 2 ( a + b)3 ( a 2 ab + b 2 )

28| (K) 5 (L) 2 5 (M) 27

Abykxjbx 5.1
1|

2|

(K)

4 yz 2
9 x3

(L)

36 x
y

(P)

x3
x5

(Q)

x 2 + xy + y 2
( x + y)2

(K)

x 2 z xy 2 yz 2
,
,
xyz xyz xyz

(M)

x2 + y2
xy ( x + y )

(N)

a+b
a + ab + b 2
2

(O)

x 1
x+5

(R)

abc
a+bc

(L)

z ( x y ) x( y z ) y ( z x )
,
,
xyz
xyz
xyz

MwYZ

(M)

(N)

(O)

161

x 2 ( x + y ) xy ( x y ) z ( x y )
,
,
x( x 2 y 2 ) x( x 2 y 2 ) x( x 2 y 2 )
( x y )3
( y z )( x y )( x 2 xy + y 2 )
( x + y )( x 3 + y 3 )
,
,
( x y ) 2 ( x 3 + y 3) ( x y ) 2 ( x 3 + y 3)
( x y ) 2 ( x 3 + y 3)
a( a 3 b 3 )
b(( a b)( a 3 + b 3 )
c( a 3 + b 3 )
,
,
( a 3 + b 3 )( a 3 b 3 ) ( a 3 + b 3 )( a 3 b 3 ) ( a 3 + b 3 )( a 3 b 3 )

(P)

3|

( x 2)( x 5)

( x 2)( x 3)

( x 2)( x 3)( x 4)( x 5) ( x 2)( x 3)( x 4)( x 5) ( x 2)( x 3)( x 4)( x 5)

(Q)

c 2 ( a b ) a 2 (b c ) b 2 ( c a )
, 2 2 2 , 2 2 2
a 2b 2 c 2
a b c
a b c

(R)

( x y )( y + z )( z + x) ( y z )( x + y )( z + x) ( z x)( x + y )( y + z
,
,
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x) ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x) ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x)

(K)

a 2 + 2ab b 2
ab

(N)

2( x 2 + y 2 )
x2 y2

(Q)

8x 2
x 4 16

4| (K)

5|

( x 4)( x 5)

(L)

(O)

(R)

a2 + b2 + c2
abc

(M)

3 x 2 18 x + 26
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)( x 4)

3 xyz x 2 y y 2 z z 2 x
xyz

(P)

3a 4 + a 2b 2 b 4
( a 3 + b 3 )( a 3 b 3 )

x6 + x4 + x2 + 5
x8 1

ax + 3a a 2
x2 + y2
2
8ab
2y
(L)
(M) 4
(N) 2
(O) 2
2
2
2
2
2
x + y2
x 9
xy ( x y )
x + x +1
a 16b

(K) 0

(O)

(L)

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx
( y + z )( x + y )( z + x)

(M) 0 (N) 0

8x 4
6 xy 2
12 x 4
(P)
(Q)
x8 1
( x 2 y 2 )( 4 x 2 y 2 )
x 6 64

(S)

3a 2b
2
a + b 2 c 2 2ab

(T)

(R)

2( y 2 xy yz + zx )
( x y )( y z )( z x )

2ab + 2bc + 2ca a 2 b 2 c 2

( a + b + c )( a + b c )(b + c a )(c + a b)

162

MwYZ

Abykxjbx 5.2

6|

7|

(K)

15a 2b 2 c 4
32a 2b 2 y 3 z 3
x2 + y2
x( x 1)3
(L)
(M)
(N)
(O)
1
x2 y2 z 4
45 x 4
( x 2 xy + y 2 ) 2
( x + 1) 2 ( x 2 4 x + 5)

(P)

( x 2) 2 ( x + 4)
(1 b)(1 x )
(Q)
( x 3) 2 ( x + 3)
bx

(K)

45 zx 3
8ay 2

(L)

27bc
64a

(Q) ( a + b) 2 (R)

8|

(K)

x y

9|

(L)

(O)

4x2
x2 y2

(K)

1
x3

9a 2b 2 c 2
x
(N)
2 2 2
x+ y
x y z

( x 1)( x 3)
( x + 2)( x + 4)

x2 y2
2

(M)

(R) a( a b) (S) ( x y )

(P) 1

(L)

(S)

(O)

( a + b) 2
( a b)3

(P) ( x y ) 2

( x 7)
( x + 6)

1
2ca
a
(M)
(N)
2
2
x
( a + b)( a + b + c )
(1 a )(1 + a + a 2 )

(Q) 1

3x 2 + y 2
2 xy

(R)

1
2ab

(S)

(M) 1

ab
x y

(T)

b
a

(N) ( a 2 + b 2 )

Digvjv 6.1
(K) 1| (3, 1) 2| ( 2, 1) 3| ( 2, 2) 4| (1, 1) 5| ( 2, 3) 6| ( a + b, b a )
ab
ab
ab , ab 9| (1, 1) 10|
7|
,
(2, 3) 11| ( 2, 1) 12| ( 2, 3)
8|

a +b a +b

(L) 13| (5, 1)

14| ( 2, 1)

a +b a +b

15| (3, 1)

16| (3, 2)

17| ( 2, 3)

19| ( 4, 2)

b 2 + ca a 2 bc
20| 2 2 , 2 2 21| ( 4, 3) 22| (6, 2)
a +b a +b

24| ( 2, 3)

25| (6, 2) 26| (a, b)

18| ( 2, 3)

23| ( 2, 1)

MwYZ

163

Abykxjbx 6.2
1| 60, 40
5| fMvskwU

2| 120, 40

3
4

3| 11, 13
4| wcZvi 65 eQi I cyi eqm 25 eQi
3
6| cKZ fMvskwU
7| 37
8| c 25 wgUvi Ges `N 50 wgUvi
11

9| LvZvi g~j 16 UvKv I cwji g~j 6 UvKv

11| (K) ( 4, 2)
(L) (3, 2)
(M) (5, 3)

10| 4000 UvKv I 1000 UvKv|

(N) (5, 2) (O) ( 5, 5)
(P) (2, 1)

Abykxjbx 7
1|
2|

3|
4|
7|

(K) {5, 7, 9, 11, 13}

(L) {2, 3}
(M) {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33}
(N) 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3
(K) {x : x ^vfvweK msLv Ges 2 < x < 9}
(L) {x : x, 4 -Gi wYZK Ges x < 20}
(M) {x : x gwjK msLv Ges 5 < x < 19}
(K) {m, n}, {m}, {n}, , 4 wU
(L) {5, 10, 15}, {5, 10}, {5, 15}, {10, 15}, {5}, {10}, {15}, ; 8 wU
(K) {1, 2, 3, a} (L) {a} (M) {2} (N) {2, a, b} (O) {2, a}
{1, 3, 5, 7, 21, 35} 8| {25, 75}

Abykxjbx 11
1| (N)

2| (K)

3| (N)

4| (M)

5| (L)

7| (L)

8| (M)

9| (K) 75 (L) 75.02 (M) 0.02

6| (K)
11| 2230.33 UvKv

12| Mo 150.43 UvKv, gaK 150 UvKv, cPziK 140 I 156 UvKv 13| Mo 11.44 eQi
14| Mo 66.65 UvKv

15| (K)7 (M) 48.4 16| (N) 69.7|