Chapters | The Napoleonic Wars ‘The igen ing in ely hike La he eal engl ag 868 hhe wrote about with such eelish in The iene Peoplebegan on [November 14, 1964, the same day the anthropologist arrived with his shotguns, ourboard motor, anda canoe fll of tel goods to give away. “Ava sated between groups which had heen a peace for some timeon the very fire day Chagnon gor there, and ie continued nl he le” sid ‘Brian Ferguson, a Rutgers anthropologist who ie an expert on violence in rimsive societies. "I dont think that was an accident.” Ferguson book Yonomami Wrfire published in 1995, i perhaps she most comprehensive account ever written about xb confi. Two ofits chapets are devoted 0 ‘Chagnon own role in fomenting warfte among the Yanomami. tori rally considered calling my book The Napoleonic War," erguson sid Ferguson's work spartofagroming consent chat Westerners including T= that made Chagnon and the Yanomi fmous—the ones scientists, profoundly disrupt tribal eait, tte, and politics o arta, the 1998 Pulitzer Prize for noaficrion wens the UCLA medial researcher Jared Diamond and his boo Gans, Geran Se: The Fes of man So. siete, « medication on the worldwide spead of Eurasian wat diese, and ‘cade goods. No wba society could withstand thee onslaught. Historians ‘sho hive evisited the ole of Europea sins inthe exploration of Afica (in Dark Safir) and New Guines (in Fiat Contact have documented wide- spread devastation, cused almost unconsciously by specials convinced of thir own objectivity. In some cases, an egpeiion was not needed, Dit ‘mond, who dd field research inthe South Pacific esounted how a single Bris sul, Chae Savage, drastically aered Fi sity in 1808 with the telp of couple of od muskets. “The apy named Saige proceeded singe handedly to upset Fiji balance of power... His victims were o numer ‘hat surviving villages piled up the bodies o take shel behind chem, and the team beside the vilge was ed with ood.” Fartraveled Cari res that gave thee name to the Caribbean once set- ted the Orinoco. They lved in lage, foie towns and plied the great iver in hundred-fooe canoes. The wars an dseate tht accompanied sp modi efforts of Europes colonial empires locate El Dorado exterminated their hliation. An enterptsing Durch govern of Suriname, Gravesand, launched he inal quest inthe i alFofthe eights century. He formed 4 military slaving alliance with Rio Negro tibe the Mana, whose leader Alurica,syedhimsel king of Gran Maro (an als for El Dorado) while yng the Dutch fa,” Brazil's colonial auchoiis ent an amy that rushed ‘the Manau,capeued Ajuricaba (who commited auc by lesping. into ivr in chains). and supplanted the Dutch the lading enrepreneu in the slave busines. The Portuguese kidnapped or purchased over five thousand Indian saves berween 1725 and 1750 on te Upper Orinoco alone” “The cae mention of che Yanomami cue fom a mulidisiplinary ex petition of engineers, surveyors, naturalist and artis who worked fr he Portugues oundary commission. In 1786, Labo de Almada described the ‘Yanomami as the remnant” of “nation,” vhose survivors were “sil living” in she inaccessible headwaters between Verevucs sn Baril. Almada, who brillindy dieced the collection of new plint species and the cataloging of Indian cultures, conrbuted ro genocide by relocating the Yanomamis eas ‘erm neighbors, the Macux, to 3 reservation a thousand miles aay. where ‘most of them died in what the historian Jol Hemming syed “a grotesque experiment.”‘Other experiments were also underway. 1n 1/04, mvexamare nunugens Frei, whom Hemming called “the Fist great naturals study dhe Ama zon began an ambitious scenic enterprise that conseripted hundreds of ative guides porters, pales, and servants. "Such navigation iat othe Ties, mont of whom generally dic or are incapacitated for life,” local ‘shop complained. Thowsandspetished or led fom the main iver toe cape Frcs botanical entsia, aving whole stetches ofthe Rio Negro fon che Yanomamis southern border devoid of inabitans!” “The Vanomamis strategy of hiding in the hills was more sucesfl—ee- ported some three thousand managed 1 scape che savers and naturalists nd the plagues chat accompanied both of them.” Iwas an acide of ge ‘graphy. Europeans led to tach the source of che Orinoco because the ther narrowed to a swf stone channel—a granite flume ony six fet wide in secs, with wild waters broken by impasable cataract Farther up fiver fcr the portaging ofa donen wate bt sil far from the sour, the ging became excruciatingly slow. The Orinoco spilled out into a labyrinthine swamp, choked by rsting log and densely matted vegetation, where navigation was out of the queton. Iwas miserable going, Even in che {ovale dy season, rom January to March, dowpous el fory- ‘mantis tying to create «preted version ef Yanomami culture. Having ‘met with some assaults myself for graphic desctpton of vokene among, Ametindian groups, inva synpathined with Chagnon. Once I reached Yanomamiland, however. I found it inereasing iia accept Chagnon’ version of their clr, Brass nomadic gold miners, whose crvecontinental wanderings have ‘roughe them into contact with dozens of res, have ofeneemarked hw friendly the Yanomami are compared with ether Amazonian Indians ‘The Yanomami a fre weleomed me wih a Kindness that mas dsconcer ing—ed my hammock, brought me food and water, lagged my heavy ‘ctipment, and li igh all arand meat night. soon reaeed they were desperate for medicines and fr someone tale thie dng children upriver 03 moti inc, ates, was robbed a gunpoint by sveral young Yanomami who were working with gold miners: Had I wanted order heroic, Chagnonian ver son ofthe incident, tight have gone like this When we came othe big are ofthe Maca River whitewater spried us awe dodged in and ou of ey currents Ju ae xpi the ls \whipools, we confonted anew danger cinoeof belligerent Waris heading straight coward us They pled ever Then a Vious an poe fly bie man lap into ur oat ad pointes shotgun a my head. Lil gold miners” he showed se beat his chee to eta is dom nance: He swayed om side tsi. pocaiing his merous invetons "sared him down, knowing that 3 tue ware wll neve display fae 1 sls ne the el morive forthe weacheous sl the Yanomams pet peal suspicion that outsiders wanted to tel heir women, Acta, I had happened on 2 Yanomami aera sil, in which the Ashes ofthe dead ae taken our and shared in rib communion, «time when the eared ghosts from the past are honosed anal when old scores ean be sete, My oat was hoarded in midstream ba sweny-year-old who wat drunk on imported whiskey, and he wis soon naported by other drunken oungsters with guns ofthe own, The gold miner, named Cicero Hipsltados Sans, and | were forced out of the boat a gumpoint, andy a8 a crow Sf warriors and women gathered around, there ensued a debate about ‘thater they shoul ill us. Te surprising thing was shar the Yanomari did ov kil dhe gold miner me, far that mater: they us stole all our sll “The local eet painted red and bck, with macaw feathers in his eas lance himelfberreen the adolescent gunsand me. He yelled, "Go away! ‘Go down the ve The Indians here areal drunk. Indians ae very danget- us when theyre drunk” rele that ny own actions, as well asthe Yanomami’s needs and the bar iss ofthe gol rush ad rested iuations fiom which I could have fashioned ether a romantic or a Darwinian image of che Yanomami. OF couse cidhe one woukd have been a dirtion, lke the port in The Fie People “The Yanomans met on the Mucaaf were ersinly no proverbial sins Burin sty yeas they Innched only tw aids on wo other ocasons. few Maal men joined allied raiding partis. Thar wast Yet Chagnon took one fhe ww aid tha he Mucajal peopled and cured i into both the prime example of Yanomani reacheey and a exe study of a war fought ex Tiel eo capture women In The Fre Pople, he claim char the Muca- jaf Borabuk “had ciel shoreage of women and proceeded to describe the reacherous means by which the group alleviated its problem" “The headman ofthe group onanited a ding party vo abduct women from adisane group. They ment there ad old hee people hat they had Itechee and cooking pow fom the forges. eho payed api chat teach items in aero he prayers: They ten volunesed to each these people how pay, When che mien hele down and owed thee Fred the riers atachod them with cheie machetes and killed them, “They capored hse women ad fed Treachery ofthis Kind, callod nomabori asad ich the whi mate frm of lence. But the demographer John Early and dhe sociologist John Peers, who spent ver cght years onthe Msi ave pur this raid int a wholly dif ferent perspective. Inthe fis place, the Mucaja Borabuk (People ofthe ‘Mawel were noe ying apr women “They didnot view themselves, {shoving ssc ratio problemas such, Tis ue that they had fewer women than men, but dey were not overly concerned about it, because the ‘Yanomami can acquire wives through trde and bride service (suc as pro vig gam forse wear pass So the tempor soa a reir, ins nde moi they sip rd wins Chagnon ence te Soave be Beall In ey ad ted ane on er i "Wha ely dd tem wer he deville tae with fot comact wich ad risen om tide ed pond “Pen sich ok ad ben ined by xchange with ras on ther nie nos rp” Bh Masi gap ha en soled ict a te {btn sen he i950 "Teoh had were ering cand Inna felacemen They hi moved oh hank he Mi er shh ais Bok oho ein the to Ah ve of coma hapa oe elmo pe jing problem." ree a uf Un 1955 an anming rns change sc ves isin esl pln the Maa Borsa an dropped ol. The Bos set pay ofen in arch he sue of Thy ces rhe ist tna pc hem rowan, sr nie 157 dain lt 199, they male cnt wth Ban onan an meee se ‘adem Unrnathyo tthccson he Maca pep to. ‘rte epson te rains and ayer tuned pea, They had many eo hr prin aon [esta dass ego “wo mn he sc wave of perils he ison a sed ho eee cand coined hie. The ho inthe wag cont pn On the pest png log han he Masa Boru trowed gan fom the isang miso and trv wpe echig rte sores whey ble ad ed al th dente Thy vei sh Marsh on te Cut de Mog her who acceded gray he Shir ter of ng he en of wich nthe Boal Fay na confi exoue che tere by moral sanders, the Brande Marae ot Stet he Shc ah yl hm ith maces gneve One Shits aly sha wh gun ig ow ail he po ir cote ware on the ce ia Thee ein he Shei for mel po oe oescored wh Borabak” ‘Shortly flervand the Borabuk sen peace offerings othe Shier and they have been on good terms fr che ae thiegyfive years. Although the Borabuk live in some hal dozen different shebonas spre out over a wide area ofthe Mucaat Rive, with a popolation of ever thee hundsed, there ave been no rads between any of thee shebona. Beeween about 1935 and 1985, oa of thre Borabuk men were led volendy: wo ochers disap peared By the staraands of che Amazon, oF the word the Borabuk frm ‘aly peace riba scien. T also visited over thirty Yanomamishabonos, inching several in the Pama Mountains. OF ll he varied landscapes of Yomamiland [loved these naccesible highlands bes. The alplamo has majestic scenery, splen- id waterfl, andaBlesedy temperate climate, Mosquitos are nt as hor riba misance there as elewhee. Ua ecenh the Patna Yanoman did ot suffer from colds or malaria.” ‘Why, then, did che Bisas-teri end up ara malaria tap exposed to West cemdiseases on the main coune of the Orinoco? "The Bsase-eri splintered foun larger block, dhe Namowei which had een torn apart hy the respiratory infections that coincided with the US. Army expedition of 1942-43, The outbreak killed off most ofthe riba ders giving power co immature and aggresive young men-—like che ones ‘who robbed me nthe Mucho plunged the Bisse inc a fat cial war AS wu, che kling seared over suspicions chat sival Yanomami faa sen thal new dtetes through wicheraft, Bot the sie also involved competition eo secure the tang routes toa new Protestant mission—the 4 strange new brew of outside influences was working. on the Fit permanent source of ee goods in Yanomamland—which opened in 18" ‘Defeated by both disease and war the Bisas-ceri relocated and adapted to sverlif fearing canoe tive and line fishing As upland Yanomam, shy didnot even know how to swims, Nor did they have any clothes to keep of the duds of gnats and dive-omber mosquitoes. Bisasi-teri was a village ‘ented bythe etasstophe of fs contact, andi fst coaesce si years be fore Chagnois arian 1958, around a government malaria post without whose medicine the Bisaas-ters could never have survived the unhealthy lowlands ‘Chagnon’ecting narrative eid ot these unforunate dea. Proe © ‘theattval ofthe U.S. Army and Protestant misionais inthe 19405 the ‘Namowei Yanomami had lived in peace fora generation. Their only raiding pates had gone out searching for whites in ade to steal machetes Bu snce there were no whites inthe ate, nothing happened. Other anomam out eyed three hundked niles tothe Rio Negi ia onder to steal made (tu axes machetes, knives, pots and cloth. (On one ofthese epic Forays nea the Rio Negi, the tides eapeed young white gd, Helena Valero, while she was tating with her Family on ‘shunting crip. "I was not to ro wore hut to scize she goods my family as carving: they were not interested i women,” Valero sesilld. “They ca Fed me off because they found me abandons, But the Indians dd no want te capture women, just made." Dring her twenty-four yar a6 4 wife and morher among the fans, from 1932 «0 1956, Valero witness the epidemics that carted off the Namowei leaders and the subsequent king over sorcery suspicions, She de scribed how the Namove’s young men hac tobe sane inthe ae of id ing because they had never fought anyon Inthe beginning. they were comically incompetent, unable evento loi enemy shahoes But inthe terible struggle tha fellowed the aerial ef the fist misonares, Helena Valero husband became the Namowel war hi He was murdered in 194, ‘the other war leaders wera killed by 1981. The group split up into two Iages—Bisas-ter and Panowa-ei, Peace ensued, ‘After sealing onthe Orinoco the Biss cer gained ffl access to Wes ‘em manufactures. They raded a ikl f metal gods villages in the ill country and recived 3 bounty of young brides in exchange. From 1951 to 1964, no Namowei were killed in ware. Then Chagnon ative, During Chagnon bi, ehieten-month esidence, ren Yanomatn wee Killed ina war that once again pitted the people ofthe Risasi-e alliance aginst thee old Namowei cousins. she Patnowa-tr. These deaths cons ‘re thd of al he warfaliies overs Fify-year peso for the Namo villages, according to Chagnon Ph.D. chs. All of the remaining male war deaths in these villages occured dating another bre pero, 1949-51, when Pent miso fin ead ter eon che Ure ‘The missonaisinitlly made serious mistakes. They disibuted ma chhetes to win conver and unknowingly provoked bloody battles for mo- nopoly rights to chee supplies Buc they ezstually brought stable tang ‘eatons and good medial ce to he Indians, They ao atively intervened oop fighting.‘Cnagnon couia not proviae ongoing meaicat attention of staoke terms of teade, noe because his intentions were less good but becae his research, hich wil be examind inthe next chapter, equied him ro collect how sands of genealogies and blood samples in a shore period ofvime. He had 0 buy the Yanomami’s cooperation in scores of village arose an area lags than New York State. ‘Chagnon stived with boatload of machetes and aes, which he dsb uted within ewenry-four hous che dlgheed eipients of thisinstanc wealth ‘immedi left the village unattended and went ro rade with equally de- lighted lis, For the stee-pooe villages of the Yanomamé ill county (Chagnon was one-man treasure fet, The remote wllges of Patanowatr and Mishimishimabowe-reri begin sending messengers begaing Chagnon %9 come nd iit but hei ambassadors were driven away by Bian and jis loser allies, who Fought 9 maintain their monopaly of Chagnon see weth ‘Within dee months of Chagnoni soe asa on the scene, thee differ. ent wars had broken ou al between groups who ad been a peace for some ‘ime and all of whom wanted a claim on Chagnon’ stel goods. “Chagnon ‘becomes an active polccal agen inthe Vanomam area,” said Brian Fexgu- sen, “He's very much involved inthe fighting and the wars, Chagnon becomes ‘central figure in determining bates over tade goods and machetes. His presence, with a shotgun anda canoe with an outboard moto, involves him Jn war paces and Fastionalism, What side e takes makes ig diference™ ‘Chagnon has dismissed this charge a the" breath’ theory of ena ‘mfr Yet Chagnan brought more than breath wth hrs into Yano teritory. He intoduced guns, germ, and stel across a wide atetch of ‘Yanomamiland and on sale never seen before. The Yanomanis desire for tel isa intense sou longing for god. Weseners became the Yanomams metal nines, local El Dorados that dispensed machetes, xe, and fishhooks, that insta increase agricultural preducion by 1,000 percencand protein ‘aprareby huge amounts. Yanomami groups made heroic odysey in search ‘Fa single secondhand machete. Remote groupe traded thei daughters for ‘worn machete ra Blunt ax, Villages with more see always aquired more ‘women, The sociologist John Peters. who lived among the Brailian Yanomami for cight yes, was offered two young gc in exchange for «couple of ainless steel pots, He ese the offer. (Chagson did sot wai to be asked, according to hit lowest frend and ‘main informant —Kaohava, the Bsasteriheadman, who was videouped ‘by Mark Katchie, author of the 1995 book Spirit ofthe Reinvest. Kaobawale picture formerly graced the cover of Te Fie Ppl, where he hella pole with his righthand and jabbe an angry rght index Finger atthe word (Chagnon has long considered this “anobsrsive, calm, modest, and per ceptive” man a5 “the wise lade” of the Bisse, Kaohawals decision to help Chagnon sort out his ineriews with doen of informants was perhaps the mos important single event in my fieldwork,” Chagson wrote, adding, “Kaobava’s familia with his grog istry and his candies were re rmarkable. His knowledge of dels was alms encyclopedic.” Therefore, Kaobawas videotaped statement raised numberof que ‘tonsa both men. Kaobase aimed tht Chagnon ofeted him a spe ial dea. “Thar my picture thee.” Kaotawa said when Mark Ritchie showed him a copy of Te Fee People "Wen he was raking my picture he ssi, If youl relly help me, give you a motor: He sid, "Father law, Tan going to realy bea Yanomann and youre going to get me a wife ‘Thats what he sd. Bu although he sid tht. be just ee...” According o Ritchie, “The sory of Chagnon tying tage a wie rom Kaohawatsa comedy of rors, As Kaobae plains. Shaki--Chagnon — ‘wanted ro buy 2 wife fom adstant ville, and Kaobawa kept ring coop him because Kaohawa de want Chagnon and his ade goods ro move ay. Apparently, Chagnon wanted Yanomami wife. bu far enough aay From the misionares otha they wouldnt nd out" (Chagnon suddenly wene rom being an imooveished PhD, sudencat che bottom of the totem pole co being igure of prteratutal power. His fis lester fo he ie revealed this "The village mn ving in ely thinks Tam the beall and the endl. broke the ial ix with them by paticipating in ‘heir dancing and singing one night. Tha ey impresse chem They wane to take meal ver Waialand ro show me of. Tei whole acne toward ime changed dramatically: Unfortanately, the’ want me to dance all he time row You should have sen mein my Feathers and loincoth! They were 50 anxious to show me off thar they arranged take me to the fist Shama village otha could dance with them" ‘Chagnon starus was enhanced by paiofshonguns. The gene James [Neel described Chagnon fring off his gun ycempively to sat ff young men they sspeced might sel some good. Ar dusk Nap cally sted the tips of tree branch overhanging these eer we were seeping, and ve retzed wid the shorgun leaning against his arsmock-—to 4 que, night" OF course, thir was an old conquitdor strategy one employedcover the centuries to keep the natives cowed. In 1531, when Francisco Praero teaches fst Inca city Tumbes, athe Bay of Guayaquil: a soldier named Pero de Candia “astounded the inbitanes by fing an anqebus at et” For the Spaniards it became a standard technique of forced entrance “The American Anthropological Asoition fst gor word of Chagnon’ horgun diplomacy when, in 1991, the aneropologist Terence Turme, head ofits Yanomam’ survival commission, interviewed Davi Kopenawa, che ‘anomam’s most visible spokesperon and a wane ofthe UN Global 00, Awad for defending the rin forest, Koperawa told of report tha had come to hs community of Chagnonis hretening behavior—walking around vil lags brandishing fears and showing himself asa wate. "Chagnon i Sexe” Kopenawa sai, "Chagnon s very dangerous. He dd crazy hing. Ee tem a pripra bigs del "This erally means "He has his own personal ‘That is what Brian Ferguson concluded Chagnon’ cole is strange thing For me" adeiced Ferguson, whose Yanomemi Warr breaks profesional taboo by scrutinizing feld-worker as though he were a native. “One ofthe thing en saying is tha anthopl- tgs need tobe looked at Anthopoogits have ben tained to xercen out ‘ir own fects on thee subjects. Their behaviors also af subject for in- ‘estgation. The inflvence of Chagnon inthe Yanomami area isa fir subject for investigation ‘Chagnon found himself ina difcule predicament, having to collect ge nedogial es ging back several generations, This was feustacing fo him because the Yanomami do not speak persnal names out loud. And the ames of the dead ate dhe nos taboo subject in thet cure "To mame the dead among the Yanomami. ia grave insult a motive of Alviso, figs and wars” uote the Salesian Juan Finer, who has lived "mong the Yanomatn village onthe Mavaca River for ewentyfve years ‘Chagnon found out chat the Yanomami “were unable o understand why a compete stanger should want to poses sch knowledge [of personal ames] unless ic were for harm magical purposes” So Chagnon had 1 pate our “ifs” in exchange foe dese names One Yanomami man threat ned eo kll Chagnon when he mentioned restive who had recently id ‘Others tohim and st him back five months wth phony genealogies. But Ine epe dogged pursuing his gol Final, einventeda yea ingenious asic was sive to ge around ‘me name ea000. win groups, ne sought out “informants who might be onside ae or sora uaa thtomn say pole co bean xem ey, The ps med eter mene sai they nor wing bere sed ce tothe pres ferthcirown pt He ned oth sing hen hen thialca wer moat cpg on animes vine gon ws nse a phasing done when et Payngon ile off i rhs ban weg whe ls “he the ences picking igs ht ee on se os ih he prone aboe no wane nao. al hea my ne Sanpand heck whoa infra te maya he enon Itheineman bce any hen eon he ane fom hewn pps cin cheno a When one gop Be angry on ings Chagnon ad ten thi nume. hoe hal rms tpt tet ter vile ney the su of base Kn fas Charen’ wk po Insp secre behead sls Chagnon oc. co ter tae rt cil sat on ge tan cle it fom een Tdideantongit inom ping ee idl ‘nose pking mt suns tba Neverthe, Chagnon ha ecme a pad polc sefte gp with nh he a Ing the nar Henk Bia ning ary pretence ‘aloe this utoal or bt eed Bee as og thems nd oa amc Br ming one man ase pep felipe, Chagnon inc sed ieee 2 are he woul een a ote vgs Wi Chagnon eed Be ining tee this ss he Ws el a other grap ats mich dca he Chagnon mae them is Ime tick Chon geome ahishogs = Bee i est of ado nny “Thad oe sans pont themto kaw wihs dren orcas an eon how oa gun Ate ine Chao le hiss als pep woman, Dimon we be han, Shree ha st ein he emach with a barbed arrow. | hey were going to swomanioower-reus ww LANE Le Torama aay from her protcrors by force, iPnecesary, and asked me to ome along knowing that I always eavled with a gun, presuming chat my presence, witha gun, woulda in thee objective.” Teir presumption was oet They reaprurd dhe il and gave her back ro Shiborowa ‘Although any Wesexnce bringing piles of steel goods would have die hagnors ole was arguably unique. No only dd the Bisasi-eri have frst choice of Chagnon’ seemingly ens supply of stel goods they alo had a Western chie of srs. “Dancing in another i lage apart of politics—one way of dling srengh,” Ferguson noted. “The participation of a white man in feathers and lencloth, virtually de- lang his idemification with Bisss-ein intervlage relations, would ep- sped Yanomami clue, resent. major coup.” He added, “And ic was during these ist months of. Chagnon’ fieldwork chat the Bisasi-teris conics with the Shamatai and Mabekoto-ter eranspired. ... But while he was behaving more like a YYanomam’ big, man in his interpersonal rations, his ther actions—his ques fr she taboo names ofthe dead ancestors his moving back and oreh beeween antagonistic villages, and, aboveallhisbeing the source of Western goods chat every village wanted o monopolie—created a ery diferent and ‘aYanomam context fr his behave. Chagnon chs became something of wildcard onthe local pols! seme." Icis precisely the “un-Yanomami" context ofthe Napoleonic was that makes chem s0 problematic. Chagnon now recognizes tha Yanomari vi Tene is actully quite low” by woeld standards of wba culture And tis undeniably connected tothe fuctusting impact of Western technology and disease, Whatever elie can be sid about Yanomami warfare i is not “chronic” as hundseds of ails, documentaries, and books sil isis. All ofthe violence among Chagnorissubjees can be spelled out in «wo stark spikes both corresponding to outside intrusion, This is the pictre of 2» | 20 » | ol tH | iad anh SRG 1964S | ‘sanomam rerocity Mat actually emerges tor: \.hagnons own VL. chess the only complete accounng of Ynoman war deaths he has publsed for any group.) ‘a uncen ity principle” pertsns to thee wars, Would they have oe ured at al without che germs, sel and gues brought hy strangers?Atomic Indians ng pment ve ced ec oe ‘ig Ia soda ys 0 ps mpi ney sowing each termed ges param Repl Chaes ft mon natin cers ae he Pau ively Asn pri wu epenber 196 a he ye son cng opie po king ros we Asin a Yanan man hs mewn hard he mot A il thls ls ia akmeyed we ol ese rae oven the ppl Foray, he adam ee is iho rune plate an dar an Ag wss mae of te ooo harknw ertkin hema aA came sun aed ‘rend mae Met Marhucraticop er ie wand et dh rl the du es ies sl ala loeb wea ing pe witha cfs rckscanbings il igh Toi, Jenna Tn Magis hat saint haw el ‘crowd oF Soc hundred Yanomam and Maquircare were gathered co watch Yinomama: A Muliicipinary rudy fm by James Nel, Timothy Asch, and Napoleon Chagnon,* When the Atomic Energy Commissions name ‘ame up in che tes, several viewer roe to ther Feet, “Why did the Atomic Enesgy Commision want to study us” a man named Antonio asked Student of The Fee Pople have goten only the vaguest inkling shout ‘shy dhe agency tha manufictured atomic bombs pent lage sums seadving ‘the Yanomami. Chagnon reduced the AEC ro single footnote. And for anyone who bothered to read che ine prin, he AECs Yanomarnireseatch acquired both a humanitarian glow and an otherworldly sbataction. ‘Chagnon eporte collaborating with s medal genetics prop whose sponsibility i was to erent the survivors ofthe nuclear bombings a Hi- "oshima and Nagasaki." This wa tein part, The gent James Nel was fn the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission; his rum studied mutations Nel never mentioned treating any survivors, Neel wrote, “One ofthe most Fequene fapansecompliines has ben that we (the ABCC) only examined them (like guinea pig), but did noc offer reatment in the event of ings ‘of medical significance. The fas tha the terms under which the ABCC op ‘erated didnot permic treatment..." ‘Why include the Yanomam in sich a study According to Chagnon, ie ‘as “justified inthe sense that both the apne and che Vanomama pro ddce accontng ro cuitur rules." Yes, but so doe eveyone ee in the wes 4m 1966, in letters 10 misionais responsible for Yanomami health cate, ‘Chagnon explined that che genetics’ primary concern was “in che well, ‘being ofthe Yanomamo, and 2 numberof other ebe, particulary fom ‘medical poinc of view." They waned “to sady the epidemiology, genetics, and disease problems ofthe American Indians” ‘The suggestion that Nees geneticists wer tying solve the Indians it ical “dseate problems” persuaded both Venesudan health officials an the Yanomam themselves co collaborate, "Wheneve we asked Shaki [Chagnon] ‘why he wanted so much Blood fom us, he would sy twas to help us 0 find cutes to our diseases” said Pablo Mejia Yanomami leader vn the darn Rivec® ‘Chagnon was actualy the advance man for anew oner of scientific al- venture, che most comprehensive seudy ofa etal society ever underaken This project was conceived by James Neel. a doctor who helped found the modern science of human genetics. While rill «medical scent, in 1938,hla quran fae tia that oct ato then of Grok or Hala decent Later, be beped demonstrat that siclecellancria, which affects tens of lions in ub Sahora Afi, a wel thou inthe United Stes na pst aap roa ton aan nla adap insight the gai cad tcoaion. Afr Kading che atomic bomb survivor ete, he founded de ‘ition fa icone the pore frst human geneies department inthe United States atthe Univesity of Michigan, now considered one af the world’s Finest” Finally, Neel recived sevealprsigious awards for his ilong work. He conceivably could have won the Nobel Pize himself like several of hi clleagues and seadents whose ‘esearch he furthered, but his openly eugeni views made him something of 4 pariah outside his special.” [Neels autobiogeaphy, Physician 10 the Gone Pool, published in 1994, feanky explined his concern about the gene entropy of madera vcity. He was convinced that democracy, with fice breeding for the masses and its senrimental suppors fr she weak violated natura selection. Even Nees fl low scientists on President Reagan's Nacional Council on Aging were stared by Neel refusal o support genetic research to extend life expectancy. Neel objected that it could “only esl in an increase in the numberof senior ci jaens and exacerbate the problems already manifest inthe emerging geton- rocran” He resigned rather than compromise is pencils. Nees probably ‘he only geneticist of hi reputation inthe pose Nuremberg world to praise the ealy eugenics for thee “concer forthe future” ofthe gene pool. He has aso cine other cients fos “Tearing the opprobrium of an eagenic label” and refusing o ake strong pital stands designed to improve the gene pool" "Nee was obviously noc aiid of being calla eugenics: he tide of his autobiography, sic ro the Gone Po. isa good definition of one. Sit Francis Galton, Charles Darrin’ cousin, founded eugenics in the 18805. Ke became polital-sientfc movement 0 wood out undesirable tts fom ‘he gene pool and encourage desirable anc. Eugenics led campaigns for ‘nas stelizaton of the unfit, Nel ha career changing moment when he sed the Eugenics Records Office in New York in 1942 and relied how ‘much work it would eke hea wo make eugenics a tue since In Michigan, Nee campaiged for statewide screning of defective Fe- wes and did a cos-benefc analysis showing how much money each abor tion woud save the sae (875.000) Whete Nel differed from most people ‘ana most scientists, was mis peiet mut fetuses with some easily curable de> fees should be aborted —because they would whimately run down the gene poo! by pasing on the undesirable tit! Like Galton, Nel stor in self confessed “awe” ofthe proces of elu, and horror of modern society’ astenuntion of competition. Galton preiched a crusade ro promote Soil Darwinism and went as far a suggesting that “s misionary society” be Founded "with an enthusiasm to improvethe ace." In some respects Neel Department of Human Genetics became this misionary sole Bur while European eugenicss saw rorhern blonds asthe pinnacle of «reation, Neel elt a romantic atesctonw tribal societies. By 1937, he had begun speculating ha primitive bes optimined selective hreing, In 196 ‘he visited Bras Xavance ibe, where had an almost conver exper ‘nce while hearing ther shamans chan sound night fires. "Suddenly the shovght came to me that was wines toa scene which in one vatation or mothe, had characterized out ancestors for the past several milion years The sudden realization ofthis contact wih the thread of evolution ruled {in another of those very emotional profesional moments: this time could feel the hai on the nape of ny neck sting, le face, the Xavante had been caught up in contact and conflict with ‘Beatin armies, misionaies, waders, and riders for over two ceaturce. "Most historians would agree with Claude Lévi-Strauss, the world’s pee ‘ent cultural anthropoogis, chat ebes ke the Xavante ae “not examples of archai way off tha have been misculouly preserved for millennia, bor the las escapees fom the cataclysm hat discovery and subsequent in ‘sions had been for their ancestors.” Lévi-Strauss compre the Amazon called Stone Age societies to “satered gmups of survives ater an atomic holocaus"—the very groups Nel studied in Jpan, Terence Tutner, an Amazon specie now at Cornel, recalled an en counter with Neck “In 1963, James Nel brought me ou rom Harvard to sive a talk to Chagnon and 2 few other stents working for him about dling fil research inthe Amazon. just etme from beng with the ‘Kayapo (Indians of Brazil). So I went, andafier the tlk there was ile re ception where I head James Nel ay ohigroup of reseatchers, Good. Now ‘wel have a chance to find the leadership gene was amazed. ured to him and sid, "You mus be joking. You don seriously believe there a gene for leadership Things became hushed, and I elized this was a imporeane belie of theirs. Neel answered‘ doi think isso sil | chink here might bea genetic bass for dominance” And he went on to expan his heoey thattera women andthe gst ut th sos sa So inte al necting ppsson leership chan orp “genta he born lof pha mals who ep ote ‘Ris fom hi harm. In Chagnon is wrk Hl wn ae Coil epics these, And es hen yal ping ti er vets aubiography confirmed chat he had orginally planned wo send Cag ive ihe Rvap. And snug he nee ed he pe “tate enn is writs he rose 2 netic “nde of ne An” Ne bk hr hs dex tte Ay CIA ced Lisanti DNA chan ame concn in he oie of oi tan plyemou che jae eae” Scie deerery den by ange dams, Ths, ncn ek ses Ne never i fc hee le or isn faa AS in. -Tharws the ate dapoinmen fy fe ld me" In Nets re ques Nepolton Chan became he deal ca tal anoying are vcard underatee tm epriy fo ape nx ony aad ty ha the Bek poverty ead expr lis i Chagnon as en needy Fo Eeremet ot Rain Mig hse often Hic hoo! med no hve punting” He wv ey f nal ar om tos my ho inetd inane om hi Fecha fate roth gs he aed inn gh ie {comin unl Miia whee dienes ce occa wn Phin ned Communi ting on high, a mre Senor Jn MeCanhy cj og por hagon ad gh hep allan moe wy ha I ih schol he eared alan wo ane is setenv Re er ma aby cmbuning an er bs his hers nealing bss He Sedge edcton os scholars tthe Michigan Calg Mining an Tel senting mea saree The dead {Biocenter an te poed inline AEC wa taal pre Soi stn ills one hte bey eens of pe From he mining ol an fm is se chido. Chagnon ciel ympaty inde propes: He ined ep of “cyngor lated Cami, so mh hae ‘ome a physics to help battle che Sovie Sputnik threat: Throughout his swaies and his career, Chagnon demonstited commitment to hard work that was wholly amiable. Ashe flmmaker Tnothy Asch wete, “Chagnon ves the perfect Horatio Alger, American hiro: the boy From the sks who, ‘through his own diligence and perseverance, competed and made goo" In The Fierce Peal, James Nee has ao been reduced tothe bates of footnotes (°Ned tal 1971). Nel, who needed mo farther testimonial say well have approved. For dhiry years, Chagnon has insisted that hea ‘iv in Yanomamiand sa coavinced cut anthropologist who expected wears tobe related to the enveonmen, not to reproduction, He ell U.S News Weld Report, "I went down there looking fr shortages entrees, ‘bu trams ou they are Fighting ike hell over women” Net had sent Chagnon to Brai's Kaapo tndans,a ibe whose mus sila warriors have 2 homicide sate abou thice times as high a the Yanomams the hisory of anthropology night hae been quite eileen. (Several of Chagnon's most ouspoken erics have admiced tha it would hae been much harder to refute is thes if he had draped them upon ‘other Amazonian bes.) Bur Funny thing append ia 1964 while Nel was «en route o Bra. During Iyover in Cars, the Brazilian military staged 4 coup. Neel had to wait three days, And during his ime he met Charles Brewer Caras. "Chale cceupis a speci place in my hear,” Nes weote, “He wished to join forces with s,s brought him to Ann Aor fora eat of eining” With Brewer as par of his Fine,” Neel decided to make the VenezvelanYanomami che object of his genetic studies. Chagnon agreed” [Net ad given himself ten-year deadline to dacument Darwinian sex tal selection among wba people. He and Chagnon believed that thi in formants were destined to de out or ser such alteationeheough contact ‘with misionares and other outsiders chat they would in afew years Become less 0 scence ‘Thete was abo a politcal program undying this scent endeavor. ‘Though Neel polis were to extreme fer Resgans council om aging he ves liberal compared with Brewer and Chagnon. As Twill explain later Brewer organized his own gang. of thugs to atack the Marist goverment ‘of Guyana, Chagnon’ carly patios blosomd into personal hatred aginst hippies. In. 1984, acconding to the anthropologist Jess Cardor, then a graduate student of Chagnonis athe Univesity of California at Santa ‘Barbara a pony student raised his hand and ssked Chagnon, “Are there any pacifists among the Vanomam”“You mean coward?” Chagnon sho back. “I dont go t the Amazon to sud conned?” Teis ey o forge that The Fee People had its genesis during the Viet= nam War adits cultural equivalent on the Uaiversey of Michigans Ann ‘thor camps whet hippies in tpecs chante slogans ike “Make lve, no war” The whole poine of Nees genetic perspecuve was that you had 10 make war inorder to make love—ehat violence was part of the natural onlee, ‘et, despite thie philosophical embrace of violence, neither Ned! nor (Chagnon took the opportaniy to fight inthe wars oftheir mes. During “World War Il, Nec was assigned a mesial school hospital in Rochester, swhereoter scientists began saying the ects of radiation eee yatsbefore thebomb ellon Hiroshima, Nel saw the Yanomamiexpeditionsasa way of. ‘exinghimsel after ase life Chagnon who was marred graduate stu- dentas the Viesnam confi began, also continued hiestudies ding che wa. ‘Asa Cold War metaphor, che Yanomams “cesels ware” over women proved hat cren in society without property: hierarchies prevailed. Thus, ‘Communism was unnarral because even the mos eases of societies had pecking orders in reproductive maces, The undedying ferociey and deceit thac ule the Yanoaarni’s sucess miliary sate also offered a kind of parte: he ruth Communists were going to win flong-haired hippies {kid noe rejoin dhe march of Darwin, “The agency behind the atomic bomb was oc on the side of he hips. “The AEC‘ decision t promote Yanomam ils, including a-cost distib= tion inthe United Ses, was etional and feu given the AEC polit ical bias The AEC-fnanced expeditions produced over ily siensiic articles, ‘host of popula atic, anda paradigm silt dha itl with us. Chagnon recently admited, in a newspaper interview, cha he had hoped in writing The Fire Pepe ro correct al the garbage about the Noble Savage and he ‘yas glad he ad usherd in a "revoltion in writing anthropology." ‘Most anthropology students are no ou to tare evolutions. So, from the ‘outset, Chagnon’ scientific isin difered from tha of a ypcal anthro- ology student-and in sever importan ways. Most anthropologists de- ‘elopfinships witha ral tele af trusted informants, but his was not fn option for Chagnon, He was an employee of Nets, and hi job was co Prepare thousands of Yanomami a dovens of villages to receive reams of [Many Yanomarmi who attended the screening ot A Mustednciplomary Sey a Toki wondered what had happened tall: blood Chagnon cllsted In Yanomami mythology, blood isa dangerous. ahoosubsence. The fist men were born of blod dropped by Moon Sir, who was a cannibal. The "Yanomami cosmos tems with voracious beings hungry for blood, lewis in teresting that Chagnon, when he took hallxinogenic sou iented him- sel with Vulure Spirit, Rahskanarva, the most etsome cannibal eniy oF them ll” But none ofthese mythical ereaares matched the apes ofthe ‘Acomic Energy Commission, ‘Data I have obtained through the Freedom of Information Act shows that, been 1965 and 1972, the AEC funded James Necls genetic sy ‘hich compared "the survivors ofthe atomic bombings in Japan” withthe YYanomami and other, less intensively sided erbes, The AEC spent $2,289,279 to “derermine the mechanisms by which radiation induces changes inthe genetic material of cells" using the Yanomaen a the princi pal virgin population control group. The AEC wanted thousands of ‘Yanomami blond samples, together wth thr corespondinggenalogie. (0 determine matation eater ina completely “uncontaminated” population. "The general approach was to search for an characterize mutations among 35 diferent proteins found in blood.” Yanomam lod hus provided the baseline for “our understanding and charerzation ofthe health rks 36 sociated with exposures of people to energy-related radiation and chemi cals" Tews oot an abaract, academic exec. And, though it helped set ‘aditon safety standards the United Sat, the Department of Energy did rot pretend that she escarch benefited the Yanomani in any wy. “Today. enenacane charge thatthe AEC ook what wanted without ex plaining what i was doing, “Using the Vinomari ata contol group to compare them wih the survivors af dhe stenc hom is absoltely unjust Fable fiom an ethical point of view.” aid Alejandra Arenas, he physician who head VenenuelisYanomami Heath Distt. "Ifan experiment is done witha closely controlled procacol for che heeft ofthe same comananity where the study is performed, then I chink i might be valid, provided i dda cake human lives or negatively alee che quality of life of hepatic panes, But if che experiment offted no sohition ro the communiy ise, then ic ws basically criminal, would be ike using a human being 98 guinea pig or laboratory ea. Tn fit the Department of Energy's adainion that ts Yanomar severhejped to bridge the gap berween mutagencss studies in experimental ani- mals and observations in peopl" raised questions of meal violation, “In 1957 the US. Supreme Cove ruled that scientists had to recive ‘informed consent fom experimental mbjetssid John Eat, a medical historian at the Univesity of Pittsburgh, "Ie would be interesting co know how they ob- ‘ined informed consent fom the Yanomani "I think this Atomic Energy Commission seedy was wrong, fiom the star,” sid Yabran Poorman, a biologist ac the University of Utrecht and presidene of the European Alliance of Genetic Support Groups. a tw illion-member organization tha is devcloping ethical guidelines fr teach ing genetics at European Community schools, Poortman said the AEC ‘Yanomami projec violated the 1947 Nuremberg Code, whove Fist saute prohibited experimentation on people without thee full knowledge and agreement, "Taking blood fom people without informed consent is thei,” esi The AEC Yanomami resetch took place athe height of the Cold War and the Viemam conflict, a pesiod when the agency building nuclear ‘weapons was nt especial scrupulous abou its aperiments, An AEC study at Vanderbilt University subjected 850 pregnane women to daily does fra ioatve irons in other eases, hospital patients wer injected wth plutonium and uranium and retarded children were fe radioactive ames. None of these people knew what was going on." In 1996, the federal government greed to pay svelte people who had been injected with radioactive plso- ‘ium or uranium an average of $400,000 exch Setetary of Energy Harel (Leary sid, “Thsseement ino way fly compensates File for what ‘hey have seed and for wha they haves known about thie sulin.” ‘Admieity Chagnon and Nee faced uncommon ificulies in obtaining “informed consent rom Yanomami Indians, who had no idea of what the sxomic bomb was—or radiation, o- Jpan, orth deadly sks associated with even bie encountes with outsiders Yer Chagnons cloves fiends and fick collaborators—including New Tiber misionais, the Catholic Salesian oder scientists a che Venezia Insite of Scent Investigation and members of the government Malas Depariment—were all distressed to learn that the ABC had conducted 3 hoge experiment comparing Yanomami ‘blood samples with those of atomic bomb survivors. "Chagnon always, sounded so interested in helping the Yanomami,” std Gary Dawson, Prorstant missionary who hslived on dhe Pdamo River ne Toki fo ony 4e was erue that ‘Nec! and Chagnon hd theie own rescarch agendas, (Chagnon wanted a Ph.D. Nee sought the nd of Innate Ability Bue the AEC administrators were not whistling Di. They paid fora blond study to determine radiation pathology, and they go ie Teas alo truth as grade student, Chagnon could not conta he inherent flaw of te AEC protocol the decion tous the most emote ibe in the worl as alaboratoryto benefit Amercan military and indus pr ‘As Chagnon ecounted in 1997, he wat asuborinat to enor genetics {nan expanding project shat turned int“ bad nightmase" Confit wat baile int a sud that by nature requied cat maximum data and samples he collected fom each village inthe shortest amount of time possible This "ype of maximization fllowed its own neve logic, one closely patterned on James Nees experience as the miliary oFicer who directed the A-bomb studies in Japan. Inia, Chagnon prepare che way fora vam of eight re searchers—a biologist lings, a deni, he genetics, a lmmake, and himself But each researcher needed many rtiveasitants, to cllec every ‘hing from betes wo hallacinognic plants, As ine went on, Ned enthu scaly added new sift when the fist nuiiiplnary ear was Rnished, ‘second tei landed on the same cago plane that evacuated Team A (fom the airstrips an engineer enlarged. Finally Nel had thee teams coming and going ina sngle season. ‘Bloodletting was their most cracial scl, and it was enpensive, “Thus, 0 assute che compete cooperation of ene vill for some of eur suc had to give goods to men, women and children,” Chagnon tcl. He familly waveled ahead of the genetics, preparing dozens of shone where he “had gorten agreements from the Yanomamo to provide endless ‘ousretched brown arms into which many needles woud be stuck fr the next eck." According co Brian Fergusons book Yanomamn Wife. Western inf ences were dsrupive at cei inception and eminaton. Longteem West «xn inlluences, ike misions, could ive rset peace and stability. depending on cumstances. But shore-term, Suctatinginfusions of tad gods always Mave. They concn.” [Nobody knew exactly where the Pstanowa-ter were hiding ol rol Ach, Shaylor and dei three porters wandered for eleven dys, Food wat scarce and wild game searcest ofall Asch fined for hunger on the ei if the Yanomam hada revived him, he would hae ded. When the Indians Sally killed sell bid, they gave all he meat eo Asch” Except for Helena Valero, the white gil kidnapped by the Yanoman in 1932, Danay Shaylor and Timothy Asch were the is wen cery ex lowes who ventured into the mountain rou known asthe Saya High- lands. eis an ecological island, similar tothe Pasima Highlands, but even ‘mote inaccessible, separated from the rounding highlands by the Orinoco, Siapa, and Mavaca rivers. The Yanomami were occupying the Sapa High- lands inthe cghteenth cenury when the Portuguese explorer Labo de Al ‘mada fine heard of chem, and ee eae maps plac the “Yanomsami Non” here—insde a wiangl formed by the Orinoco, Mavaca and Siapa rivers.” All the groups Chagnon sued lve hee prot to 1980 though all mo ern groups had originated even father ay, in the Patina Mounsis.® ‘When Chagnon finally lew into the Sapa Highlands, in 1990, he invoke ics "mythical quale" The highlands wee lf unmoleiad firso ongbe- aus all previous explorers stuck a themavigable vers. Maye the it that ‘Asch and Shalor neal died persuaded Chagnon to wait fr helcopes ‘Ac thistime, Panow-tei was pegs the most marginalized Yanomami vile, with enemies othe east, wes, ard north completely ct of fom the lowland shbona They had goten the worst f the Napoleonic was saint ‘Biases (hee Patanow-tei and one Bisas-ter died). When Chagnon let the fel, in January 1966, he madea testable pedison: Patan te varrors would nt cee raiding the Biss-er lance ul Patan had avenged its warden But, conti to this confident expectation, there ad been 20 more killing By retreating into the more peaceful highs, che Patanowa ter became inacesble* ‘There was another advantage to this strategy. While the Yanoman slong the wie Orinoco had stel and moticne, they aso had mala and ine Auens, both of which wore running. rmpant in 1968" The Sapa High- lands had nether—as ye, Nevertheless. the Pstanown tri had expsiencd the onslaught of respiratory infections during the 1940s, when the US. Aumy Corps of Engineers was active nach. That is why the old chi was feafl thatthe “ghost” in Chagos radio would give them all cold, In a= cepsing Chagnon’ invitation to telcatfor these of iming the event the Paeanowa-et also shaed esponsiley They knew they should beware of ngos bearing gfs—thar thei joint east might prove a Asch was guard about his actual parments of metal pots, xe, and ma chee othe Patanows tr. Their glenn presen, however canbe sen allover he Patanov-terishabono in A Muhidiiplinary Study and The Feast, Guarded though ita, Asch memoir prompted scholars eet yeas topolitely question she authenticity of The Rat. as film scholar Jay Ruby did ivan sue ofthe Visual Anthropolegy Review dediaced to Timarhy Asch:® Chagnon denied that he had choreographed evens T intended, with ‘Asch ofl a east hat year and knew the Patanowatri would be having, tone with one of allies, not knowing whieh one. They eventually held a feast for the Mabekodo-teri. {did no ‘stage his—ic happened naturally, They could not have ated es abou ou iteetin ling and are he kind oF people whe would not do something this costly ad time consuming for two whole communities simply to accommodate he filming intrest of out Siders... °° Fr anyone who knew the history of what tate goods can buy in Yanomamiand, this was a bite comic overstatement of Yanomami cl ‘ural puri, Bur anyone who rad Chagnon’ PD. thesis would have had resin wo doubt hisexplanaton of The Fas When heeft he fil Chagnon ‘ere tha the Pranowa-cei hada single all»—Ashidowa ceri! Therefore, he could noc have guessed that Patan ter would be having a fast “with tne of its ales, not knowing which one” There was only one. And. Ashidows-tr was located o fa into the Sip Highlands that i remained beyond the reach of Chagos ecach for another generation. “Toartract the Pataows teri rand the Orinoco, Chagnon altered the o- lvl landscape. He brokered a new alliance with one of Paanowa-eris “mytiadenemien, the Mabckoto-teri. They were the elosest village co an ‘ld Patanowa-ter shaban site othe Shanishani River, an Orinoco tributary Tocatd an hour anda half by motorboat from the mission post of Patra “The Mahekoto-ter ke the Patanowa-ter, were Fearful when Chagnon and Asch proposed the new alse, They fally accepted on two cond tions a machete ofan ax for everyman and boy, and Chagnon guarantee of dheirsfeconduct—with the expedition’ shorn as suey.” yen so, there were sags. Yanomam fess were usually prepared with ‘months ofaniipation and required vase amounts of food to meet native Standards of generosity. Whatever the spiritual significance of bananas and fesh meat in these sexsonal celebrations, one needed alot mor of them than could be gathered on shots notice, 8 the aborted festivities at Reyabobowe- tei showed.” ‘Moreover, Yanomami fess were preceded bya formal inviation—rxe= moma™—estended by a messenger fom the host ve. Bu he Pato ter velsed to senda mesenger Mahskoto-e, which Forced Chagnon to sume this role. "Shak [Chagnon] tld us not be afraid, chat he would talk othe Mahckoro-ter,” sda Patanows ei elder, Kayopewe. “He spoke ‘0 us by radio and promise a huge moun of trade gods—a machete for «ach man, Each leader and elder goa cocking pot a wel asan ax. He so Promised to hunt with his shorgun and srvide the meat himself. So we ‘went to our ld shabone at Patanow, which we had thaown away, a fed it up like new forthe film." Kayopewe sid Chagnon initiated the rebuilt tubo wih a small mound of machetes hat he dramatically gave aways 4sign of his sponsorship. Buc why di Neel and his eam have vo nducePataoma-ters sucha tant village, ro come out of the hill? Why did they not jst pay one ofthe forey-odd villages where they collected bloed ro uc ona ease Ielee they ‘ted to arrange another feasting vent set the Mavaca min, a Karo ‘et, on the Manaviche River. The Karohtri rook me to an abandoned shabono chat shey had baila the request of the scientists. “Ned and Ach Paid us co build the shabono and to do cur dances here,” sid Jepewe middle-aged man with 2wispy beard who fad ben an adolescent ding the 1968 expedition." We stood in the undergrowth that enveloped the rine ‘oud house one much smaller than normal and apparently never occupied fo anything bu theatrical purposes. Jepew: was angry at Chagnon —iwhom he blamed for having broughe the measles vaccine tha he sai led many people—but sil fond of Nee, who paid the Karhi-terall che wade goods promised for thee performance, lemust have been poor aff like the ied fest at Reyabohows-e In his way, through eal and eco, stares and stops, Patanowa-teri became, in Nets won, “the principal objective of hi years work” Patanowate located “inthe very hearand of thee” was certainly a more desmatic ste fr fling ‘The AEC had agreed to Finance evo dierent flins—one on Neel bio logical program and one ona Yanomam fst.” To simplify mates, Asch decided co make both flms a Ptanowser, The documentary on Neels work, A Mulidiplinery Sud began wide expedition motoring up the Shanishani Rive, Brewer and Chagnon ech ploing a boat.” The net cut showed Chagnon panting himself nd entering the village as visting head ‘man-—ith his bow and arcow and shams monkey headdees. ews a rousing and apparendy sponeaneos rival Buti had taken more chan to days eo orchestrate.” ‘The Paanowateri had traveled slowly from Sherana, where Asch und them, to their old shabone near the Shanshini. hive walked thet. You einmake in one day if yu are a young Yanomami male who has no burdens nd ean gat jog tot for about ten hours You can make it in ewo days at ‘vik wall which what I i, You can make in hee or four days if you fave circ eo felon the way. Since Asch had asked the whol vilage to telocae for filming and blood taking, she Patanowa-eri were obliged 10 take frequent detours for Food gathering, And when they Finally ative, they found thee ol sab in a collapsed state Ie required extensive re fit im order to pss muster for he film. When the ovo AEC boats made it fol take-out pein on che Shanishani Rive, the morning of February 19, the Paanowater were sill not ready to produce the cheering, theatrical en- trance Asch frall obtained for Chagnon. Even so he had to ricromanage the event which occured 3 aoon, on February 2 “Came on, come on. Camel at onc! Dont ook in shat camera ky?” ach yelled ‘hacen remarked “They arene ead. Give i haan howe” ‘Ned eheled athe choesographing: “He has me siting the sun, and | cant take” ‘You cant do that!” Asch exclaimed, as someone apparently broke ranks ‘While she Indians repaited cei round house. Danny Shao, the AEC ‘misionary wanslator and guide, came dowa with a severe case of malaria ‘Shvlor was ao sick that Chagnon had go eke him back downriver tothe ‘Maraca mission, "That was the worst as of malaria Tevet had.” Shayor oi se" He thought it was faliparn mala a povenily fata stain chat a tacks the brn, Bus he was unsure because nobody was doing malaria mi ‘roacopyon the expedition In radio conference, Chagnon remarked hat ‘ebody i the expedition had come down with “the sme thing® Net ther Nee aor Chagnon even knew what the cosrect malaria mediation was Ishen Shayor neal did they can be heard scrambling around cling © nother doctor tying co iret out, And tis wat afer being inthe i foramonth athe height ofthe alria season, moving from infected village to infected village along the main course of che Orinoco, Hall he ABC r= tearchers came down with malaria ike Shaylor, che doctors became cries to she villages in the healthier ill county ‘Malaria proliferation has Been ane of the reo most common cases of death to Amazonian Indians a int contact. As medical researcher Daniel Reffhas noted, “There ave boon asrnerous instances in which malarial epi demic, some of which hae claimed dhowsands of lives. began afer oe oF nore indviduls harboring plasmodium entered an area where anopheles, mougitoes and suscepeble hosts coexisted in large numbers." Similar tragedies were common outside the Amazon. Hhison Ray Company tap pets roughe malaria Califia in 1893 killing erty thousand fins "The historian Allert Hurtado has writen that's decade ater there stil mained macabre reminder ofthe malaria epidemic: collapsed houses filled with hls and hones the ground ieered with sell remain.” ‘Common colds closely followed malaria a cause of death among the YYanomami” A Vennucln doceor who spen: many years helping the YYanomam sid, "The Indians simply have no resisance while among ws these diseases ae relatively beniga.”" Though Patanowacteis headman feared that Chagnon radio would give her al colds, i was probably the expeditions cook who did so, becise he shaved the scientist leftver fod and cigaetes withthe Indians, Ar he cooked, the Yanomami gathered around, waiting for handouts, The gregarios cok puffed on his cgarece dnd chen shared i wth the Indian next itm This scene made A Mu dciplinary Sead ial cut As Ach pit, "While the sceniss work, Juan, the cook, teaches the Yanomamo smoke.” Four days afer Nees ram arrived at Patanowa-ceri aloud coughing could behead fom a Yanomami man. Chagnon called a doco, Willard ‘Centerwll, “Hes Bl, thee sck human being down here” ‘As Centeewll responded, Auch moved closer picking up severe coughing anc eching, He red to fil the scene, but Neel rushed eve, enraged “Not the picture ofthe physician ministering to bis Nock. This is very dl [vate othe expedition. You st” Asch was caught off guard. "Wh percencage did you 2” "sid aone ofthis, rom the begining” “Well, what percentage offi did you war: You sid cighry-weny or seventy ticy?™ dont want any ofthis” Neel repeated. "Youre here eo document the ind of a study wete tying to make, Anybody can walle into a vile and tear peopl, This isnot whac wee here do, Now; I doit know how Ucan ‘be moe definite about i Asch was understandably confuse, Just ive days eaves, at Mavaca, Nel had been equally aman about capearing “the whole gamut of measles." [Now he didnt wane any of this. Neel had decided that showing sick ‘Yanomam’ was very derimental to the expedition. He ao did noe want to vate any time treating the mundane hele sroblems of che Yanomami “The contempt in Nees voice was thick“The “inser and is lock” was for eugenics ike James Nel dhe em tem of dyigenic Behavior cosmological confused priest who foots “helped dhe weak by violating the laws of Darwinian election, Ar Patanowa- cer, Neel ws far Fom the anisionaties ad out of range ofthe Venezuelan, ‘Sevp for idiscipe Charles Brewer. Afi stesful month nthe ain for~ me wa ingot Tor the 1968 expedition, and Nets cvzed igade vex cracking “hoch dnt yet know James Nes so he had some eouble Figuring out “what che genetic objected oso vehement: Nee wa by no means opposed Tp featuring rourine medica interventions. Inthe muliiciplinary film, lhech showed doctors vaccinating the Indians immediately following CChignonseneance. Neal then appeared on camer, rang to Protestant tnisonarie, “But what is aso needed ia good supply of antibiotics in onder to reat the sccondaey infections that so en go with measles. And T hope thar you wilt us owas soon as pol... so we can begin oink how tvecan hep with the program of medication, Over ou." The fm con- “led with Nees passionate ple to mee ‘the humanitarian challenge —10 protee these people from gains [i] dhe medical and cultura deterioration tohich has o often been the lot of primitive man in the past. From the fi, as wl x fom books and articles the AEC scientists have produced one would realy expt that. once they had complete acci- sig the Patanowa-teri they moved on to she next village—earing forthe Jk administering anibiotiscontining their homaniaran efforts Ce Thiny, thie assistance was desperately needed. On the day following ‘Chagnotssering entry into Patanowa-ter, on Thursday, Febroary 22, Robert Shao. father of the AEC' sick cranslaor, called with more bad ews, Poteant missionaries had applied the Edmonston B vaccine onthe Plame River-—sometime between February 4 and February 15"*—and an other mses outbreak ha followed ust ast had at Ocamo and Mavac They ied pall hat was ent there and were abl o get quit a few ofthe falls done, But of course the measles ave broken out thet And wee per dete to show they've gone ad how many vilges have posbly been in feed." Th the film, hi statement fom the missionary Shaplor was eited ut and a voice-over simply averted that che scientists were vaccinating 2 ing round the epidemic, saving al the groups they managed 0 inoculate. When the voice-over ended Nee was heard and sen speaking over he rai, of Feng ta lp wth more vaccinations. ‘Tm srry to hear this, Now, when we come ut get he bod othe plane, we wll ier that work on the Tada if posible, And if Danny i ill badly would ry co get down ro Tama “Tama co sce him But Danny Shaloe did oc see Nee again tha yea” [Nor did Neel doctors join the missonaiesand government doctors in con- telling the epidemic onthe Padsmo River or nvhere ee ‘According tothe sound eps ee scientist le Patanowa-ter on Satur day, February 24, They traveled wo days by boat othe Esmeralda eid there they met a plane on Mindy, February 26.” They were rshing get their Blood out of the tropical hes, fll ths scent purchased sta gevng amount of blood, urine, nd saliva at early FrsyYanorar vilages Alring thee thre weeks on the Upper Orinoco in 19682" Thousands of ‘Yanomami were placed on what Asch led "a produstion ine: numbers are _ssgnedto them; specimens other lond saliva and stools are collected: im prsionsf thei eth are made; andthe are weighed ad measured by the physical anthropoogi."* ren a: Neel and Chagnon atleast fred their vaccine rections might cur into an uncontelle epidemic, shey ted to aact hundeds more ‘Yanomami to their blood-collestng ation 2 Puanow2-ei Chagnon promised the Bisuasi-er at Mavacs chat he would return downriver, pick then up, bring them he fea at Patanowa-eri—and have them go sv ‘eal dys off inc the ange o extend an invition tothe distant vlage of Ashidowa-ter. Chagnon alto hoped to dea Hood from another group, the Hlasupuwe-ter who had ovo stbonr witha tol of ver drce handed people above the Gushatbo Rapids. On February 18, Neel had old the ‘enerelan that he was going acsinate he groups onthe upper reaches ofthe Orinoco, but he nese vascnated any of ther. Unde the circu stances, was jus aswell that he dd a d so, But his misinformation die tovted the rescue plane ofthe Venezuelan emergency medics, who let she Hiasupuseter co their own devices. bour one hundred! Hasopuwe-te died of measles "” ‘Akhough | believe Nest was sincere when he tld the missionaries he ‘woul join them in batting measles onthe Pad Rivet, the logic his im mens cen enterprise allowed a momentum lis own. Asch explained tha the blood and other samples must be quel taken out laboratories to prevent piling duc ro hex. Patnowa-ter was che as village they were abet inoculate The pla berween the on-camers andthe of camera James Neel was only ‘one ofthe fms anomalies. Why wore the APC doctors vaccinating at al?They were tan extremely slated village, with no medial backup. Vacc- ration with Edmonson B squid a es fifteen days of continual cae afer inoculation.” Panic and dispersal had followed thei only ther vaccinations, around the (Ocamo and Mavaca missions, The same day the expedition let Mavaca shot seventy Yanomami who ad jus ben vaccinate ran off int the jun- tle where the misionaris recived ther ten days later all “very sc.” “Chagnon hal acted that the vaccine was almost as bad as measles [Nees data showed hat the vaccine resetions were indistinguishable rom se ‘ere measles" But, once they had tld the Venezuelan authorities shat their ‘acing produced no rash, they stuck o thee story o tenaciously that hey ppacenty believed i, The expedition physician Will Centerall looked the tama inthe eye and sui, "Ths kin of meases, expec the vaccine. is ‘ve unlikely to case any rouble. Okay?" “This was 2 confasingreimonial, What “king of measles” was he taking about Execily che ovine? Asch cath, along wit the fact that Cente dnl decided not to vaccinate pregnant women, "Aaah Let's pu it che way. thik sisi the leser ofthe evi” "Then give he the vaccination” "think so. us give her evo, cre, T give er three ee of gamma labulin, which means that if meals does hi heel be moderat.""" Some doctor fel twas beter to suspend vaccinating nthe middle ofan cpdemic and so provide gamma globulin coverage only. But NeeTs deci= Sons were increasingly driven by the logic ofthe fil rather shan by sale medial practice. He was rapped by promises to vaccinate“ rng around the cpidemic™ and bythe pretense thatthe vaccine was hares, The film be Came defense agaist he unraveling of Nees story. way of enonizing the cnet’ version of aly By ming the Patanowa-tri being inoculated, ‘Ned usted his exler vaccinations a+ wel as his decision to leave the sick ax Mavaca behind. "This ilage was fortuna inated in ime." Teas not. Ne dd not have nes enough gamma globulin co vacinae the whole village of Patanowa-o. In the ouakes, Chagnon is heard ad- 2 Neel narated. “Te was vac ‘ming that they had been unable ro Sash the job. Wase,Yanomami e pose to meade rom Mara trek through the forestry tej the Expeiin. Only one of therm made i Pranows-teri The others ere 00 Sick-they dropped off inthe forest. By rio, Chagnon tol she misionar iestha he was tying to quarantine the Patanowa-tti from the ick man who ha rive fm Mavis, “Well have vo ry andi hem ast we “Manile,ve gone ahead and vacsinatall ofthe est ofthe Patanowa to sha we had vaccine fe Tm fact they had enough vaccine, but no enough gars paul. They never amined thisin opted rao conferences, however, pethaps 0 keep ‘the Veneroeans ad isonarics rom realizing thar the expedition i= ing ont an antiquated vaccine. ren a poor :oumry like Venezuela had by then svitched othe Schwein which du nor require nsnaelbuln vith vaccination, The expedition simulancousy exposed the Paamoveatert wo mali, tonchopneumonia and, depenling upon sich group they were either the Flmonston lve ius or the perms of caer for Mavac. Asie went ths more and more people started coughing, None ofthis was showa, pee Net insuctions Instead the Yamomami were presented a pictures of exuberant health. ‘This isthe chit here” Centerll gushed. He eral safe specimen ofa man. (Acruly, be weigh 108 pounds, ba he was bg by Yanomam standards) Cenerwal was cally enthusiast about Yanomami rine, “You know these urine specimens, hy Tim, area heal assortment f yellows and ambers. 1" Ned found the fel amples "emarkable” Chale Brever, a dents, pris the naive’ eth. “They are perfet. No deeay at accumulation of debi.” Brewer aebute thee gond health oa high-fiber, sup fce de. Yc Nel warned thatthe Vanomam’s il ws ending "Each Te als of pie ‘man usually quickly deteorates inthe cour of acculturation yearestend farther the tentacles of evan. Ar Patanove-teri acculturation and deteioraton were well underway “The expedition had srouble simply Fedig he Taian from ane day eo she nex. By moving toward che Orinoco, re Patanosatr ee chee ro Along gandens fr behind, Their eats ne was a ehece hour walk a2! “They could not Fed hems. much less upply «feast fr 125 ues ‘Although Chagoo had promised vo provide al rhe meat for he feast ves not an es tisk, even with the AEC wo shonguns. "Look at this, (Chale Brewer complained on retrning fom one hone. “have bven out since sx ocloc this morning ove thy donc know wha tie gop. ‘An! have wo do so many work abou the et and about teblod.Al his fay took me for a five-minute ride do some Busing. and cove Lam get fing up acone o'clock now. Well, you know I went tao some hunting or ther besase they were relly huner:"And Igo several candies” Brewer added in disgust, refering co the ex pesion’s sweets, which were ov icered all ver she place "They asked me to pick them up afer [point chem. and here they are" “Thousands of candies were being paid out 0 Yanomam women and chile aren, One ofthe women tasks wast collec beetles forthe expedition’ bi- logis, who soon fund hits inundaed withthe sme species and unable ‘pay them the elipops they were demanding, "You told them if they brought in beees youd give them candy (Chagnon sid sticking up foe dhe Women. "Tal hem there must be some adjustmen” the biologi insisted. “Ifthe ‘beetle snot the kind I want, shen I cannot pay chem Fr... Come to my rescue. Tell hem a this pine I would sce for something diferent and big fe Ba can take any more ofthese beetles My bores ae all ull” “Unless we change this inca bonafide beele hun. theres no way of topping the ow once youve asked frit” ‘Chagnon replied." Te was hand to sop, Everything wat filling apart. The scieniss were also nung. "Buc theres i we have toe ako in pte a al the scientific work we hive ro do,” Brews sid."™ Their shorgus quickly drove off game hey Fila ew bts and Finally pregnant monkey. which Brewer would never trae shor had game not been in shor supp Not surprisingly. he Patanowa ters feast suffered from a lace of meat—jus ke the improvised feast at Reyabobows-er Inthe film, Chagnon blamed the village eadman. "His hunters hve done x0 poorly shat he must make the mea go further than i Shou.” Bar he cies hunters were Chagnon and Brewer. “Befce apologizing for his, 1am noe to blame, you know” Brewe began ~Yoire not” Neel asked, who sounded amused. He had a soft spor for Brewer, but he was rougher on Chagnon. He complained that Chagnon ado ic anything with ix shotgun dhe whole expedition, “Youle a ad crew, you guys” Ach ad! nal fires, both Chagnon and Brewer were overburdened with other tasks. Chagnon supersised the making ofthe ceremonial plantain soup that nas the main beverage atthe fest. This meane hauling ton of plantains fiom a distant garden, thanks tsk cha would never have been necessary at normal fast held at the harvest season near a prodcing garden. ‘Acording to the lm, che Futanow-ter headman was Kumaieva. "Hes the big man.” However, the Pstanawntr elders told me ee real village headman ws an olde shaman, Shamave, eho was ls pliable vo Chagnon desires chan the younger Kumaiewa. The competion over Chagnon’ vor vs evidently a source of internal confit a Paanows-teiaithad been at Biased This could be seen from a brief conversation herween Chagnon and ‘Yanomami woman As raslted in The Fest dhe woman asks, "Shakis are you my older brother Tell me you are my fd." Now, cis would bea “Surprisingly forward thing for aYanomam womaa te do, publely asking uch to be her “rend” and “older broes.” Quite afew eyebrows would hve shot up around the campfire “The Yanomami text is quite diferent, however. Shaki wt wohima ye inewe rally means, “Shaki, do you Tove your brother?" Whar she waned to know was whether Chagnon would fvor her husband, Hothewe, when the anuheopologise distributed trade goods he dion a regular bass, ‘marking the Yanomami with diferent colors once chey had been paid for ‘heir atious tasks and bodily ids “ade goods played 2 key role inthe im asessment of Yanomamipli= vis. “The eae goods help bind the alliance by creating obligations which the visors muse lischarge aca eturn feast." Tis was cerainly tue ofthe [AEC goods, the tue basis of the alliance. Chagnon skilflly lid! she Panows-tci with presents andthe promises of presents to ep chem work ing, While hauling plantains vom people sen to question making he film and Chagnon apparenly temps them with the vision of madebe oie, “heal ade goods” Bus ere 00, pis proved inadequate co the sin ofthe projet. When his rade goods an out, Chagnon radioed fora ‘othe planeoad. ‘Asch vas surprised when, en route get ood ar another garden, the ‘Yanomami burst into ened dance, "szeaning at the top oftheir lungs, waving branches of lees the ai" Asch fled them, believing ic was “3 farden situa” When the exhausted, sweating Yanomam fnally stopped Chagnon asked them, "What ws that al about “They were mystified, “Tut that wha you jst asked us ro do?™™* “Thete was a question of how much Chagaoa was ally abe to commu cae with the Yanomarni. He had spent stl of fifteen months in the Feld, and no one has become proficient in Yanomami in sue shor time. [Ac one point he sid to Asch, *Shoor that scene over with me in it. My Yanomamo sali sy.” That was kind of masty and not relly calle or, you know.” Nee inte rupted “IF your Yanomamo is rasty no, yeu ought co be shoul be (i ashamed of yours”“The Yanomam’ understood that Chagnon wanted scene of woence Asch also got that message. Chagnons preference was the subject ofan article ‘Ach wrote, "Bias i Ethnographic Reporting,” excerpted inthe April 1995 memorial isue ofthe American File Quarters Asch said Chagaon became “ier if Asch waned his camera on anything but aggressive behavior. Chagnon thought nonviolent episodes were a waste of valuable im, When “Ast urged Chagnon oil womer’s ates, Chon “whipped around” “ind wked, "What makes you think there ate any women's ative?" ‘Chagnon, who narrated TBe Fast explained, “Women ae rather incon spicuousa political events such as thse"! This was rue tthe AFC's Feast, bur it was ot ue for Yanomam feasting in general, Normally, women begin the fesivities with marathon, call and-response chanting called ramon This often becomes long eendly compeston berween the ‘women hess and vistors.” Late, the women from the vitor fen danced ‘sith che men ffom the boss, in a spectacular performance, haktmow, chat ‘Dhnetimes ended in sexual dalliance,” But the women of Patanowa-ter Revered chat enemies might atc them at any moment (a fee that had Tse them to move away From this), In fact, Dr Cenerwal noted chat the lovely colors of dhe women’ utine were eaused by dehydration —they tne aad o venture dow othe meaty eee co drink” Towa iolenee andthe expectation of violence that appealed o film j= ries and students and that gave The Fest sedge “The Patanowa-eri have ‘pen ded wenty-fie snes inthe previous sixteen months, with ator oF ten death,” Chagnon narrated. Actually, the Patanowa-tri had been raided oveny-ive times during Chagnorseldwork, from November 1964 til January 1965, witha otal of en deaths. Buc there hal been no deaths since Chagnon lef se eld ‘Nevertheless, Chagoon was right when he a “Many ofthe Putanowa- teri sil regu the Mahekoto teri as enemies. They ae en sae thet tues, because they know she any feast an end in wolence."" ‘Any feat can ten vient. Very few atally do. In this case, the atmos phere was sertined Because neither group wanted 0 be there inthe fist lice With the AEC sponsorship and Chagnon’ shorguns howe there vhas mo danger of violence acutring ding the feast The Ril achieved the ion of immediate confit by mistaslaton In che fl lead dancer for the Mahekotote entered the Patanows-cer plaza dancing cstatically and Shouting, “Fight! Fight Fight" e That wth non. Acmalyh haewa, it minh cl Lsk™ He was oxen yon Teel dige ey deh: Ne ead why: Ee asl he co cain jit id on encry ilies. Someine ip wil ui a 1 ea dik the creado of core endo lee in was tnd leg nds tl ee. Tl presly wen prelate fining Te fur Th ene ond abhor tied anche ig Yin he hy ld an ld wom, tm nua evn in Yano wai. Bs sce is whole tw ‘pled, ad fo proviso and ange bythe play ofthe AEC Chis hi tthe eign and deci bough leigh we hea gr eo bing rou ogee and mate pes he minony Mike Doon, ho a ed fo ove fy eae Erong the Ynormami. “Buse Yanoma dor wage war tat eget, tnd hr nay faring wat io move pt oho have ay mare Contac wit hci enmie. When outright i an a= Tene yout ural gong mabe tere poupe rebel i previa beri nt ps shout the nw they anche hat io Tecan ack gaint hil ru. And hs a appened mre an nce ae ing "Andie aio, Aso ol me, went on joa a My ese shar h young we pd baker stand a nerds theca weet only papa vain of iwc aps hc oui ays rg, pemering orth bee they hd mated in ikl dons. Glen theif the sated by 340 idle nora ding pry wold ave ee age oc 80" Ad Se hia wane lle, shed allen wold ve ben i Ay oligo pape song th eye ee. Buch een id totic Nor di hectic ila perform ny of then prion ic a sich emt onthe hating of fn athe trl el. The rome esp hae pros es sean ony they allowed tie ates na plantain soup. bee hears depres ao his sorry el hat shamans alge a vin the pele Cr whom th or shoul atk, Alngh the id wich lowed The does appenohave hd purely ose motes bu on ae vantage was et lance une sy be dered in the ene1 Theta was, lke the feast, an event without sacra Yanomami terre ‘mental cener, andi happened just afer the mmakers lef Chagnon appeared disappointed wich dhe ims weak Finale. “Come on, ve pleaded with you to purthefacking ecorder on,” Asch snapped. “There vasa lovely ee kd ust standing there lounging” “Look, Tim, Tm ina bad mood.” Chagnon answered daly, “Then youre ina had mood on the nose important dy of the Bling.” “Theres nothing here tha’ hac importa." Afr shooting this ast scene, Chagnon and Asch lef the villge. A hey headed downriver, the raers jogged of int the jungle led hy Asia, son ‘of the Mahekot-ter headman, "We went with the Patanowatr to raid Vbieawa ter, where wekillad an ‘ld woman wit arrows." Asiawe told me when Tinterviwed im at he wile lage of Maton "The nex day we returned ro Patanowa, [ws gine ing to fe ick by then, and 0 were some of the other from my ville, “Then we let the Patanowa-tert and securned to Plana but by that ime many of us wete very sick, Four of my people li, andl Gonciler [the gov {emment nurse] helped me ro hang them up inthe angle.” Asiwe wa re fering othe Yanommamis custom of leaving thei deat inside hammocks, ot baskets, oron top of platforms, igh above the ores floor, when many peo- ple die ar once during an epidemic and no one has the strength to perform the cremation ceremonies. "Then I moved actos the ven” Asawe contin- ued. “And when Twas across the river, more a my people died, We hung he ‘urine jungles here Then I moved dowarivera lit bit and more of my people ie agai, and they kept dying, Then we moved back upriver and we started geting beter. Daring this time, Gonailerbelped us hang our people ‘utin the jungle and gave us medicine, Ther ween very many Shashana¥ ‘er another group the AEC goo blood from bu di not vasinate. hey had ony four leader-—and theyll died of, While [was tying my ded out inthe jungle, chey were ding the same thing they ust ted cei dead up in hammocks inside the sabe... Aer drank my bones hen, we went up there and drank their bones, Shashanaws-ter st cameo our cremations at “Matelaoto; then when they did thie bones, we helped them." Acurding to Chagnon, 25 percent ofthe "PatanalYanomamo” ded of the measles. What he never admit is that dhe Platanal Yanomati ae no ‘other than the Mahekoro-eri and that they died immediatly afer The Feast as filed. Timothy Ach was the only member f the expedition who evenuly acknowledge she sad tuth The death of 20-30 percent of Indian ees a ist contact was normal ‘over the centuries. The fist English colonist at Roanoke, Virginia, noticed thar evey time they entered an Indian comonunity "within afew day afer vr departure. the people gan to die very fst.” This mysterious phe ‘nomeon was iily Mamed on "the Exp ofthe Sun,” but was ltr trhuted to divine providence "* Nobody ok responsibilty fr thee xt oF nature or of God. Thousands died, bur nonody was o blame. Final ie was decided, more oles universal ha he Indians were destined to de oft Bigexpadiion always le the dead behind ss the explores wen on twin nighthoods or esates or PRD. Even when historians or Indians com plained, the real evidence was gone the dead could not speak, hart why Asch unedited footage was invalable Indians about to de ate complaining 0 tape about the vistors nho have come with gets, fun and ste, Ar one point on February 27, jue prior othe Fast, shamany can ‘beard conjuring aay scenes and people are heard coughing ‘Avwoman weeps and shouts, Harint—dieise. Another woman apparently es ot want co jin dhe Rast with the Mahckoro-eri, because they are fete: Mahekot-v iter Meanwhile, poop ate yelling a the camer ‘man Timothy Ach and hurling rocks at him. Asch apparent sponded — have notseen then ouakes—by towing rock back and hiting dog ‘eting off yes fom che dog and a chorusof eis fm the Yanomam.” ‘Asch “Actaly it ine goa.” ‘Chagnon "think that enough, Tim.” [Women are coughing lousy and siting) Asch: Tes mean..." Te was mean, but they had to keep ctorsographing everthing, Asch ‘wanted a shaman o epee somethings" wonder ihe would do chat again swthou tha kid in here | Yanomami man began ro intone Asch ame Ase Ase ‘Asch, tho rook no notes, ad, "Those ae wld sounds ogo withthe co fon scene, but they may bef «noe quite wha, AC one point a man mutered a sentrce inching the word heron, meaning “Iving” of aking" Though checapes ila competent teas lation, hi was the same word dhe Patanowa-tei elders repeated, over and ‘over agai, when they saw a crenngof The Feasin September 1996. They fee che flm was andeubredly «orem,» ike Ie would be an equal deception, hosseve, 0 think that any of us would fave done ching deren I kaow I woul! noc have done things vey different Not atthe age of eveny-nine—as both Chagnon and Asch were— ‘nth new film equipment and orders ro record a mlitary alliance. Maybe 1 ‘would have done ew things otherwise. would have oganiaed a much big ip bates Rinle and made sue that al he raiders went of with an enormons ‘hecing section, I'he Vanomnam men wanted thelr aes they would have fad to put ona fine performance. Bur if he ete film was ahr, che unedited Feely broke new ound, Te brought all the unconscious horrors of contact into che open "The cook fom Caracas pased hi cigarette and shared his food withthe YYanomami possibly sharing respiratory ills. The misionay translator Danny Shvlor contracted malaria on the Osinocos main course and brought ie with him to Patanowa-teri. The doctors applied 2 dangerous vaccine and then abandoned the Indians. An infected man fom Mavaca searching for feel presents stumble out ofthe jungle with measles. umes Nee became jnfurted a filming wasteful ace of alelsm, Meanwhile instal quan tities of blood, beets urine, and plans were collected, miles of film rolled tnd fod ran out. Te sienits had “so many work ro do." as Brewer lamented, and so ile cme, "Al roe studies f fist contact ad been couse Neel pe phase," mor sic of unelated findings. Tn boqueathing the National Archives his take tuts, Asch If the deintve documentary om how disease and acculturation sree intoduced to 2 vulnerable tbe. At Pacanowa-tr all che skeletons From the pas came out and danced for The Fost ‘Shor afer The Fou the surviving Patanowa-tei joined another village, Iwahikoroba-teri, in making an egy of Chagaon. They sett up and shot ‘ef of hee log arrows Both groupe blamed Chagnon for having worked black magic against her; both relocated faraway Fom Mavaca, 1 cape the anthropologist’ deadly powers. Chagnon noted merely that he was “a= foyed tha is former fiends had participated in such ascual—the only time a no«-Yanomami hasbeen targeted inthis way. But when Charon ted co revisit Patents in 1969, his guides freed im co urn back, "His infoumane warned him a hey wenc upriver “We cant goon, doctor. “They going to put an arrow through you. ~ sail Sister Felcta ofthe ‘Ocamo mision. “They had made doll fof Chagnon} out of banana and alin leaves When Chagnon came back ro the mison, he was almost in Chapter? h | ii A Mythical Village as lag Thi ila wn meals Chap ‘ile the Yanomami who had bren filmed in The Fer were Alecing in pane and abandoning thee dead to improvised fi ‘eral platforms in the jungle, and as meases spread co villags ll oer Yanomamiland, Napoleon Chagnon began the mos challenging a ‘eatue of his are. Dating the second week af March 1968, he saved up the Mavaca River to explot ilages that "had never seen a foreigner other than mein ther entre iscon.”* These vlagesbelonged oa Yanomai sub group —the Shamatat, “My subsequent work among the Shamatari would Tead me to describe them asthe Fece’ people"? Tiere father, Chagion was always push himself new limits. going where no osheranthopologiet had gone before Fr the el addict of El Do- ‘adoconguibtadoc or explorer scents ojutnalst—ehe ques never ends though it abway disappoints, Ina sense El Dorado washistry from che be-inning—a history of cations that had ceased to ex. The Spaniards ‘ep looking forthe sme prtine places they had ead eased. EI Dorado, ‘thigh cool cep ruled by a runaway Inc, sounded alr lke Cuzco. where the Spaniards had an unforgetable and unrepeaable looting pary ‘American anthropology was born ofa similar nostalgia. Just as “wild In dans” had ben wiped out o duced to reservations, seientists conceived a deseo seover them, That ee dete was a stampede of publicity and sie ‘nfichoopla when a solitary survivor ofthe Yahi Indians merged in 1911 His ame ws [shi and he had bee hiding for forty years in dhe Sierra Maes ‘of northern California. Cartoons dew Ish asa Stone Age man with ac, ‘apairiag white women and dragging them ofThy che hai (fat, Ishi had been clbacal isi; he had no alerally acceptable partners because vg ints ranchers and government agents had hunted four hundsed members ‘of his rb to extinction) Thi became a living display atthe University of California at Berke’ museum and, areal senses foundation scsi. Thousand lined upto see him every Sunday Ishi was photographed and Filmed so often that he became an exper in posing and iting, able ro sug- ‘get the ight props and angles vo prospective picture takers. Within weeks, he contracted pneumonia. The scientists were aware ofthe tks in 1897, amid exraotinay fant, Admiral erry had brought sx Eskimos ro New York where four fdem di of tuheculass. Inthe ends hi also died fin ing death from cubeteuoss, hastened by deathbed interrogations fom Amie leading linguist Wa singe Yahi Indian afc he turn ofthe ceneury coud launch a major ‘museum and cara his discoverers o national prominence, he scientific potenial of otly uncontacted villages in the lat 1960s was incalculable Foran enerprising man ike Chagnon, it was abo iesitible, He honesty amie shat his motive was “ecient eristy.” Like his predecesors a the University of California, he sw this as 2 fnal opporcuity for scence. “The Yanoiamno, lke all ribesmen, are doomed, and soon they wll be covept aside and decimated by intoduced diseases as Western civilization penecates deeper and deeper inc the remaining coenes ofthe word whete ithas noe extended ise” ‘Chagion had been eying ro contac the Shamatai Yanomari since his Fie monts inthe ld, “These were the people aginst wom Kaobawa and his people had waged ceaseless wa for half» century...” When the Shamatai heard that Chagnon had arsved with his bounty of steel goods. they sent mesengss asking him to com ad ws them ln fact, chey began ‘migrating fiom the Siapa River to che Maraca headwaters shorty after ‘Chagnon se up camp ar Bisasi-teri Although they were sccving handed down anes and machetes, they wanted an un-einted lationship with the anthropologist Chagnon eagerly acepte, The Bsus opposed Chagnon plan with argumenss, delay thts ‘and var. When Chagnon fist atempted to vel up the Mvac, the Bias ‘clined dhe banks and steamed a im note ake his steel presents othe ‘worthless, treacherous Shamarar, who were going eo kil him anyway. Alf Chagnons Bias-eri guides abandoned him ewo days upriver, forcing the angry anthropologist rer Bisaaster lies launched preemprive at tacks athe largest Shamtar village killing ane man, the ise death inthe va berween the evo villages in five years, bu kesping them at bay, When, gins ods, Chagnon tied o contact then on foot, he became violently an mysteriously ick afte eating food his Biaasisr fens gave him." ‘This cash of wills naturally soured Chagnon rations with his hos vil. lage and with is headman, Kaobaw, Chagnon resented the fic hat the Yanomami sw him only ata dispenser of metal gous, nota fiend. But ‘he Biase could not understand the the: going acculturation, hich (Chagnon Rad done so mach to accelerate, made them les valuable to him 2 informants and fln subjects." By 1968, Chagnon had found a ay to move on. He hired a boy: Karina, ‘who had been cased atone ofthe villages Chagnon wanted to visit. Al: ‘hough Karina was now living with one of Bisse ls, he was west 2“am outca” in the village. "The boys oF iage alo tai him mec and che adults ordered him around as iF he wre a recently capeured enemy child," ‘Chagnon repeatedly she hse this journey othe ede ofthe world, (Or soicseemed. No one had traveled the Mavac in seventy-five yeas hs headwaters were off he map. A progres rpriver. Chagnon party found 4 profusion of wild pecares and ttkeys—analmostEdenic ene ofdbun- dance. Aguns this idlic backdrop, however luted the ever presen heat of death fom the terrible Shamatari and from other, mysterious forces, Ki- Fina had eo be reassured against Roars ytiologial serpents tht inka ited unexplored iver. Chagnon combated the Yanomami myth with one of| his own: he old Karina he had ied many Rabats in his youth and hada special wezpon for them. Chagnon demonstrated how he would shove them “Right hee! In the nec” Ar Ls, he reach the “almost legendary village ‘of Mishimishimabowe- tr.” When his pidestle is trae goods and boat,Chagnon hollowed outa canoe and radioed to missionaries for help, The mmission eft Yanomamnivilge aficred by meses onthe Padamo River in oder wo rescue the anehropoogis” Chagnon shrewdly understood the appl of the virgin frontier eo Ame ‘eamaudiences. And he silly turned whats normally along day's un up a deep iver with no rapid int a haerowing thse day tp. (When checked ‘one of Chagnon’ handwriten maps, published in Studying the Yanomam, {saw chat it took him exatlycight hours ro each a pon few miles below Mishimishimabowei-eri bt he had lo stopped For ro hours otal with an informant)" The Mavaca i ach an easy wateray that twas & mao route for rubber taders inthe ninecenth century. They had a poet onthe Upper Mavaca, and hauled rubber oveland to the Siapa River, om its transcontinental journey to Manaus, Bez Thowgh Chagnon claimed tobe the fist co rave the Mavaca Riverina cena, the explorer Carlos Pig ad reached the Mavaca headwaters in 1941. asad the goverment malaria er vice in 1962." CChagnon's most suspensefal drama, making “fie contact with -Mishimishimabowe-e," was alo questionable, Helena Valero the white gi previously mentioned, ved withthe group for mort of 1933. She an away tone oftheealliesburcontinued ro sc them 3 fess for about a decade Accu, while Chagnon and Asch filmed The Fas, the Venezuelan govern- ‘ment nurse Juan Gonsiler tok two Bsss-eri guides up the Mavaca River, whet he lame o ave vaccinated some Shamatai with the governments more benign Schwart vaccine." That enght explain why the vilage that ‘Chagnon conracted was apparently not hit by meals. Whereas Chagnon constant emphasized his own aie and che sk of death the hands of the Shamatari, Giles sid he felt no feat, chough nurse his human ‘arian mision was very diferent from Chagnon, Later the Shama took GGonzile on fot al he way to the Sia Rivet, “There was limited sense in which Chagnon made “rs contact” on the Upper Mavacs. Until his tip, no one had used the name Mishinishi- smaboweiter: Juan Gonziler sid he visited the Mowaraoba-trt in 1968, That was the name tis group had wed for abour hese decades, Ihave not found any reezences to Mishimishimabowe-tei prior co Chagnon 1968, ‘ist I 1967, they ad been ving in wo separate communis in the Sap [iver vlly, By 1968, only eighty of them were ata place called Mishi- rmishimabowe-teri. On hearing that Chagnon had come with ffen ma- ete, sx ane, and twelve pots” and promised co return with gifs for cveyone, other villas fom the Siapa River valley immediately pl up SOs pnd ht coin an ison eco ial dese rededgoe feen iligs” Ale 172 he pe ae Nea fertno ar uneven gee irate ober" una ne fur bund ee at Serhan re Tnomaniappanty csacd oud Chg. Sa emaed inc Tee ip aac fhe ce pri ele tand Roca Marc decd ha cape ony ong Chars enede ts ae 19672 Tecicoiedadaowkage hs wih «mma tue Chagnon ha dene the ewes lage “Mins eaaet a Tae ilies red Gags complies by bering Sere ie mt Tey eed ating Tat Beatin Chan wr “The we e Thos ich sntonorsVnomamo an ioe" tes wu eee Kc ge andthe Mihi patent ne uate egg, Hea Yak wi ened in separa bse uit dade per hewe gout yao ond ey Toi Thang pad ened wh se dr of Muhinticaboce pen age sweet ig he idee Meteoed the US Amy Cor Engine ony io che Ure ‘ncn Sone Buauet anime ween of ne ly Waa areca ifthe Mitimbtimbseee Bamany member be See ne rad shot See pnad wor dlc we we mon of be manent Sein tls Prrctun misinn compe allan of lage Kiel atte beaded eee Ba According Chagnon, ‘Mike xa lg 1980 wee cpl by one Mii sntowe:sit as te the Miimiinatoween heeled ical “Parte en thiolate Based aie et saieay Leas ae ong ont sala vos Teese on he tus oh Ontos Tey lee hin aera pcan Madimiinaboee mae vo epee” poh ake scone Midi an aed y Bia wade hy le wane nen thy eed ihe Spe Tad chr ya opened pring dees Ti po ering Cogn harper ol rst” nde cr 0 mepods than lowland villages.” Typically he Siap vilges were rita, Rk and lost women esource-and meta-ich villages ner dhe rina." Muhimishimalowei eri was no exception sured from “severe short ge of feral and had a patti dearth of meta tols, bot character tic ofthe vulnctable highland villages. Thee known wate from the mid-1930s until 1968 suggested thatthe _Mishimishimabowe'-ter wereone ofthe eas effcienc groups of warsos in “Yanomailand. Against he Namowei-—the group including Wanitama-tei Biss And it was about ogee worse In 1970, Chagnon decided to help foster anew aliancebecwecn Bisasi- teriand Mishimishimabowei-ter. He had some nia misgivings: “This was ak aking spades... vas ako woried might be 3 conrbutor fo an “normous disse.” Nevertheless, he elt he could hep end “wey yeas of Tat" In June 1970, Chagnon fried Kaobawa to Mishimshimabowsi-tr ‘Ghote he winesied "the social and heroi ingredients of Neolithic Peace.” ‘Once again, Chagnon’ 16mm camera and shoegun played Key roles. As Kaobars prepare o meet the Mishimishimabowe-tei, Chagnon was pre pared fens defense, "Trea. he wore, “how dic tis be realy To shoot, but ye ty to look fendly and nonchalant, pretending that your treapons were not cally ead to shooe THEM. ... Kaobawa shoud chat Trea wth him and we wer friendly He wa extorinariy lr ke an an ial who had detected either prey ora predator, his ees dogging rapidly ‘ck nd forth seanning the dim, gay jungle ahead" “Although peace would have appeared out ofthe question, and death ak most cera, what actually append was very similar to che aliance build Ing captured in The Feast, Nt ony id the Misimishimabow-e have 00 problem with welcoming the Bisasi-eri:chey td no problem with being filmed together in a remarkable ritual chat Chagnon made into another ‘swan-winning lm, Magia! Death This rook place in dhe late spring of 1970.*"The Mishimishimabowe-tei "began an elaborate rwo-day shaman Jaicatack onthe souls fchildren in Mabckoto-ter” Thr purpose was "to make fiends by killing enemy babies “and stealing nd eng their souls” “The ritual involved taking hallucinagens, chanting, and enacting a pan- tominne of devouring the hildeen of Mabekoro-ter (the guests at Te Fast, eho lose a quarter of hie people wo messes). "Timothy Asch didnot pariipte inthis film, Indeed, he hated its le begged Chagnon to remove i fom

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