Chapter 7 Dynamics of Systems of Particles - lye FA From eqn. 7.1.1. fq =— ma (i++ j+k+k) Ba3is2j+k lhe 7.2 (a) From eqn. 7.2.15, T= o> my; [2are(rerer)]a4 (b) From Prob. 7.1, Fen 5 (38423 1 22 (c) From eqn.7.2.8, L = i xii, L=[(i+j)e2i]+[(5+8)< 7] +[he(i+3+8)] i 2k)+(-)+(7 Il T ) IU )=2t sm 2i+ j-2k1A 1.6 3 = iv, cos60' =i Momentum is conserved: inte i(2( ees (ahs Direction: = 26.6" below the horizontal. speed: [2-(3) Fe When a ball reaches the floor, sm v Asa result of the bounce, =e v The height of the first bounce: mgh’ = — zs a2 Wot aS ach 2g 2g Similarly. the height of the second bounce, h” = 7h’ = eh vol? !11 Total distance=h+2e"h+2e*h+...= (> + E2") For the first fall, 3 gt! =h.s0 2h g For the fall from height A’: Accounting for equal rise and fall times: 2h 2 2h <= Total time= [2 (1426+20° +...) = [74[ -14 5526" oat tine= 2 (1420424 +.) P(-14 $20) From eqn. 7.5.5: (mm —em,) %, +(m, tem.) %, m+ my eg = ln bem) (mem); m+ My ' l y, m-—4m |v, +{ dnt —4m | - 4 4 2 mam 1 1 m+—m |v, +[ 4m——m 4 4 2 m+4m Both car and truck are traveling in the initial direction of the truck with speeds “ and . respectively.18 19 7.10 mye From eqn. 7.2.15, T Lyme? my Meanwhile: L (mij tm, mm, inf MAA MR yy Lm m 2m, +m, Sal v2 mtv? + Qmymyi «i + myn m nll nye ts my} 2 Therefore. T From Prob. 7.8, T 2 Q=T-T" andsince v,, Liat Q =< pv? — pv” QO pH oe From eqn. 7.5.4, =~ I 2 Lyw*(I-e') Conservation of momentum: yy, = my may por Conservation of energy: mye + ! my ! MVe = VYV5 a aos ! a shy = SM — hv V> V2 FMV, 2 2 mt, mlm)» Mal 7 |? — yyy =0 2m, : 2my, mm, alg Imm, my)? =A my? =P 2 (mm)TAL 2Az 1A3 2a im 4H line Prom eqn. 7.2.14, L Xn, + LE xy, Lixmys, =F xmi, +x my, From eqn. 7.3.2, & mm) _ m= el Hu my Since from eqn. 7.3.1 ~2 )ems Rew og XMng + RX pa Let m, = mass of Sun and de = semi-major axis of Earth’s orbit then from eqn. 7.3.9¢. 16m, 20 m, ={5.6dax—Z 3 a=0.20a,e44, 5 (Ignore primes in notation) a) (005.572) The coordinates of the two primaries, P1 and P2. are shown at left — along with the coordinates of Ly and L,(7.4.13) Now x=a-0.5at L, and L, also, each bracket term in the denominator equals Lat Ly. L, ov 1-a)(a-0.5-a)+a(a-0.5+1-@)-(a-0.5) a 0.54+0.5a+0.Sa—a+0. ay (ay , ay, ay 2 2 ~ TP CF Again, the denominator in brackets equals | @ L,, Ls So. 3, 3 38 ra Stats : Bee Thus OV (x, a ax 7.14 Conservation of momentum: mi. =m,¥, +4, Vi, cos45° +4yi cos p - ¥, v2 Vo eo 4y,, cos =v, - Vv Conservation of energy: 2g dam y? m,vie amv 2 Subtracting: 0 =~-3v?- V2 v.v, +5v,?TAS p= tan" 1.9134 = 6241 1, =¥, cos = 0.086, vi, = sin g= 0.164 Conservation of energy: Lael eyl eal ‘) m,v, +—4m,v. + | my: ee ee) AeA l6vi? = 3v3 - 4 From the conservation of momentum eqn of Prob. 7.14: 16v,2 = v2 —V2vv, +5 Subiracting: -2v? - V2v,v, +5v, , Viv, +f20? +40 y V2+Va2 ° 10 wal ) Using the positive square root, since v,, > 0: ¥, = 0.7895, ¥, = 0.1780%, From the conservation of momentum eqns of Prob. 7.14: - 7895 u -— ee and" Be, y, 2.7895tan'1,2638 = 51.65 v, cos p= 0.110¥, vy =-¥ sing = -0.140», sind 7+ 00s0 the Lab and C.M. frames respectively. 716 Fromegn.7.6.14, tang, = 1 and @are the scattering angles in From eqn. 7.6.16, for Q= 0. nd 7 sO qteos l <+eos1 4 sind and squaring syd cosa+cos* 0 162 eos" 0+ cos 12 cos? 125+.696 Since o 45°, 20 >90°: 26 =sin' 9091 = 114.62" 0=573° (since sin > cos0. 0 > 45°)7.18 Conservation of momentum: =P cosg+P; cos(y-¢) 0=F' sing-F; sin(yv-4) From Appendix B for sin(a@ +f) and cos(a +f) Py P =P cosp+P; (cosy cosp+siny sing) 0=P' sing— Pi (sinycosé—cosy sing) PB? cos’ $+ P;? (cos” y cos’ d+ 2cosy cospsin dsiny +si 428 P; (cos* pcos y +cosdsin ysing) O= RF? sin” $+? (sin’ y cos” 6 —-2siny cos cosy sing +cos’ ysin’ ¢) -2R P; (sin dsiny cosg —cosysin’ 4) Adding: P? =P? +P? +2P'P, cosy Conservation of energy: ALPE Lo 2m 2m 2m shart cosr} 2m “ (RR? Re 719 T=4m,2 2 where y=cos¢, the center of mass speeds of the incident and % = a from equation 7.6.12 wherea == y mtm, ite ™,Equation 7.6.11 yomtm ee vy, a 1 ay 4 (ray (ray (+a)! Simplifying 2; : = 20 P({E2)-0 l+a l+@ and solving the resulting quadratic for x Squaring i (+a)? [2y'+0°-teay(7's0-1}] a 2 2a? Now <1 = =| 27? +a? =1+27(y? +a? -1)? q wal ( ) And, after a little algebra, we get the desired solution M22 Ty val] lta (Ita) m, ¥% 7.20 From Equation 7.6.15 ... —_— 2 "Zin, +m,) 1m (1+m,]/m,) Now we solve for “+ 2 (2) and now solving for ¥; starting with Equation 7.6.9 . mh ang Fe _ttte Q and using 7 vy, we get m+, ae =my; 2 (Tem Jim) (m,n) zt 2 T : aaa eS 2] Thus, solving for y ...Ww 12 = [mr] ‘The time of flight. r=constant—so r= but from problem 7.19 above % rete [ye Pea 1] +a Asan example. let v,r=1 and we have [rwier3] @=12 a Below is a polar plot of these four curves. From eqn. 7.1.6, F, -F, = 1+ vit since v=constant, ¥=0 Aba ay 4-=mass per unit length F,=(42)8 FE, ~teg (ase ea(e) F, is equal to the weight of a length z+ of chai & u pp scattering p-D p-He p-c 1 01.23 s maze th=darph oo mek where poke ka constant of proportionality rantk From eqn. 7.7.6, mg = i+ vii 4 ed pea g et Sar pg= Zar’ issar’p(ke): ke 1d) eee ane" 1 For nel: na, for n#1 Since n is an integer. a, 127.24 From eqn. 7.7.6. mg = nvi+ vit. where m and v refer to the portion of the chain hanging over the edge of the table. m= Az and w= Az and where d is the mass per unit length of cha Becuuse of the initial condition z, = b # 0 , a normal power series solution to this \s in Prob. 7.22) does not work. Instead, we use the differential equat Method of Frobenius 42) Sa (nes)e" and = 3 Equality can be attained for a, #0 at n= n#0,3 otherwise a, =| Forall n#0.3: 4a,(n-2) a,=0, n#0,3. aztelge W245 8 13125 NG ® ° 1 Initially, the upward buoyancy force balances the weight of the balloon and sand, M+m)g@=0 co) Let m= m/(t)—the mass of sand at time ¢ where 0<1 <1, m=m(1- ‘| Q) 1 The velocity of sand relative to the balloon is zero upon release so 7 =0 in equation 7.7.5 ... there is no upward “rocket-thrust.” As sand is released. the net upward force is the difference between the initial buoyancy force, Fp, and the weight of the balloon and remaining sand. Let y be the subsequent displacement of the balloon, so equation 7.7.5 reduces to F = ma dv F,-(M =(M+m)= (M+m)g=(M+m) 2 and using (1) and (2) above we get de mgt, (Wma dt (M+m)t-mt (M+m,)t—me whose solution is: Digg (Mtm)at fj _ me dt m, (remy m, 1 (M+m) yec- f[erZina-1) a. a dt In(1-&t)-g |—_ in(t-kt)— 8 fe Ls =C-igt- 38 K Integrating by parts=cn Let Hin(t- ha) £ [1+ ! ja lake 1 gt gt =C-5. Cah 1k) += 38 In(I— kt) + In(I-At) aC-ie? ey eon =o so C=0 1 a oo kr)In(1— kr) andat 1 gt M aM 2M (M+m, Jin (a) £{. +m), +2M (M40 mo} (t+ b M+m,)in—" —m () { +m) L () Similarly: he (d) H=321m: v=9.8ms" 7.26 0 rh=—k or m=m,-kt Burn-out oceurs at time 7 = 7 ~ the rocket equation (7.7.7) becomes a A : me =-Vin (since V is oppositely directed to127 Vk mkt Thus vera f— Ge hin, ~kt)+G, where C, isa constant. mkt Now. v=0@r=0s0 C,=!'Inm, m,kt en Hence v= in] =) oss ™m. k Let y be the displacement at the time ¢ so y=-V fin [I +0; Integrating the above expression by parts m. | rf tdt_ 4 -kr wt}, rf aa}ure Mtn =ki)+Cy since y=0 at 1=0. C, = and we have em, Atbum-out so k vo (a) y(e)= =| e+(I-e)In(1-e)] (b) cannot exceed 1,0 although it can approach 1.0 for small payloads. lim THUS Youu, = Prin Since V is opposite in direction from ¥ ky = nit Vii From eqn. 7.7.5, ~Ai = mi = 16vaV =a sna mo wi dm dv v Va dm dv mn ya 1 ( m ) ( ¥ 2) =In| =In| a \m Va 7.28 From eqn. 7.7.5, -mg since Vis opposite in direction from mg = mi+Vin =mgdt = mdy + Vd dm dm so dr=— dt mh mae dn v mg = mdv+Vdm th dvs nin( Ea? ) rm £ ‘m, = payload mass m, = fuel mass1 For V= S es Me exp} From chap. 2, Section 2.3 ve For [ii and exp[4-——28 (4 8,000)(-01) 7.29 We can use Equation 7.7.9 to calculate the final velocity attained by the ion rocket during the 100 hour bum. Assuming the rocket starts from rest (even if the ion rocket is tumed on while in Earth orbit, the initial rocket speed yy =10“e*0. Thus .. veVIn=® and my m, v=VIn3=0.1099c. The final rocket velocity isa litle more than 10% c. ae 4Ly 0.10996 0.1099 L¥/yr np +m, = 2m, +m, =3m, =36.4 yr 7.30. We again use Equation 7.7.9 . mp tm, V,,ln2 for the ion rocket. For the chemical rocket... m,+m, : , = Voseg I Setting these two equations equal... me+m, Vso, I ‘gn In2. Solving for mp my Met My alt, o1cfae) sro! 9 aso eA My nnn) = (01079) _ 10" 105 hich demonstrates the virtue of ejecting mass at high velocity! 18