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FinalAssignmentforHumanfactors.
25/06/2015
MarkdeBoer
LevinPablo
RobinSchmidt
s1500090
s1470884
s1589873
1. Introduction..3
2. InvestigationofthecurrentSituation
2.1.StateoftheArt.....4
2.2.PACTAnalysis
2.2.1.People.......5
2.2.2.Activities...7
2.2.3.Context..8
2.2.4.Technology......9
3.ConceptualDesignanditsheuristicEvaluation
3.1FirstConceptualDesign10
3.2HeuristicEvaluation.......11
4.InteractionProposal..13
5.InterfaceEvaluationwithrepresentativesoftheusergroup
5.1Testsetup..17
5.2Usabilitytestresults...18
6.ConclusionsandRecommendations20
1.Introduction
The goal of this project is to develop a multifunctional keyfob for remote parking,
which can be used by car rental companies for their rentalcars. There already are
cars, which come with an automatic parking function. This parking automation
process however, stillneedstobecontrolledfromtheinsideofthecar.Ourgoalisto
create a viable product that iseasytouseand can be usedbothin,and outside of
the car.The most importantfeaturesthat wehave toincludeareautomatedparking,
unlockingand locking of thedoorsand regulatingof the air conditioning.Safetyand
userfriendliness are both aspects that we have to keep in mind during our design
process.
Ananalysis,investigationof the situation andthedesired future userscenarioletus
come upwith a conceptualmodel.Afteritsheuristicevaluationandexpertreviewwe
improveditwhere neededand formed an interactionproposal,whichwethentested
in an extensiveusabilitytest.Based on the results ofthat testweiteratedandcame
upwiththefinaldesignforourkeyfob.
2.Investigatingofthecurrentsituation
2.1Stateoftheart
Togetabetterunderstandingofthecurrentsituationacoupleofcurrentstateofthe
artparkingsolution/technologieshavebeenexamined:
Figure1BMWnewkeyfobpresentedatCES15
Figure2BMWnewkeyfobinuse
Figure3VWnormalkeyfob
Figure4Volvokeyfob
Figure5Boschparkingassistant
Figure6RangeRoverkeyfobapplication
Also an extensive PACT analysis has been conducted. It consists of four parts
People, Activities, Context and Technology. All the four aspectsarecoveredin the
analysiswedid:
2.2PACTAnalysis
2.2.1People
Togetabetterunderstandingofthepeople/usersofourdesign,wecameupwith
thefollowing4personas:
Mr.Charles
58yearsold
highincomebusinessman
ownsseveralcars
lotsofdrivingexperience
Anna
23yearsold
psychologystudent
studentjob+littlesupportbyparents
JasmijnVanDijk
36yearsold
Worksasasecretary.
HuangFuDeJong
68yearsold
mediumincomethroughretirement
retired,modest,friendly
2.2.2.Activities:
Our keyfob needs to accomplish a wide variety of tasks. Here are all the tasks in
orderoffrequency(mostfrequenttoleastfrequent):
1.(un)lockingvehicle
2.(un)parkvehicle
3.(un)lockingtrunk
4.opening/closingtrunk
5.controllingtheA/C
The time available to automatically park the car is within a couple of minutes. In
comparison to manually parking the car, the automated process with the keyfob
should be shorter or the same but not longer. Because of safety reasons the
responsetime of thevehicle needs to be very fast (almostinstant).Eventhoughthe
sensor system of the car is supposed to sense the environment and as soon as
there is a possible danger (other car, pedestrian, bicycle etc.) the carstops, but in
addition to that theuserneedstocheckthesurroundingsandinterveneifnecessary.
This intervention is also done with the keyfob and needs to be very quick and
precise.
2.2.3.Context:
The keyfob will be used by a car rental company. This means thatlotsof different
people will be interactingwith ourproduct.Theproductshouldbeintuitiveandeasily
understandable by people of all ages and technical skills. To define some of the
contextsin which the keyfob willbe used, we came upwith fourdifferentscenarios,
oneforeachofourpersonas:
ScenarioMrCharles:
Mr. Charles has apartnershipwithacompanyinBerlin.He visitstheirofficeinBerlin
regularly. Everytime he is in Berlin he goes to the same car renatl company. He
values that the process ofrenting one of theircarsis shortanduncomplicated.Hes
familiarwith the rental cars and doesntwantand needto spendalotoftimetoget
to know the car and its features. Heis technically skilledand usually doesnthave
troublesunderstandingnewtechnologies.
ScenarioAnna:
Anna lives with three of her close friends in a flat, she doesntown acar andonly
drives one occasionally. She lives on the money she gets from her parents in
combination withherstudy finance. Together withherthreeroommatestheyhaveto
take care of themselves, they do the larger groceries once a week usually on a
sunday, for that they use the carof Jenny, one of theroommates. Once every four
weeks its Annas turn. Thats usually the only time she drives a car. However this
summersheplansondoingaroadtripwithher boyfriendthroughEurope.Therefore,
they decide torent a car.She thinks she still needssomepracticesince she willbe
drivinglongsessions.Annaisstillyoungandanearlyadopterofnewtechnologies.
ScenarioMr.DeJong:
Mr. De Jong lives with his wife in Hengelo. Both are modest and downtoearth
people. They decided to do their daily lifewithoutacar,tosavemoney.Onceayear
they visitanother countryby airplane.Whentheytravel,theyalwaysdrivefirsttothe
Amsterdam airport. They are both not very confident drivers, due to their lack of
practice. But thecomfort of a caris of highvalue forthem.Thereforetheyrentacar
for their commute to the airport every year. Since they are both not that skilled in
driving,theylikethe optionto press some buttonsand thecarisparkingonitsown,
buttheyareworriedthattheywillnotknowhowtousethisnewtechnology.
ScenarioMrs.VanDijk:
Mrs. Van Dijk lives withherhusband inDen Haag.He works abitoutside thetown
so he has to use their car on a regular basis. At the moment their car is at the
service station and cannot be used for the next week. That iswhy they rentacar.
Theytookoneoftheselfparkingones,whichcanberemotecontrolled.
Mrs. Van Dijk feels uneasy driving other cars and she also does not want to learn
how todrive withthem.Whentheyhavetopayfor anothercar, she doesnotliketo
be bothered around by difficult interactions with the car. She values simplicity and
intuitivity. If she doesnt understand how to work with something new, she gets
frustrated.
Shedriveswiththecartothegrocerystoreandhastoparkinatightparkinggarage.
2.2.4.Technology:
Figure7:Overviewofthekeyfobsystem
3.ConceptualDesignanditsheuristicevaluation
3.1Firstconceptualdesign
After defining the situation of use and the functionalities that the keyfob needs to
have, wecameup with afirstconceptual design.Themainideaisthatthedesignof
the keyfob willbe simplistic and intuitive.Weinclude one buttonin the back, for the
index finger, and one joystick in the front, that is controlled with the thumb. This
joystick also includes a finger scanner to make sure only obligated people can
accessthekeyfob.
Figure8Paperprototypeoftheconceptualmodel
The evidence that we used to base our conceptual model on is based on natural
instincts and intuitivebehaviour of people.First, thedesignof the keyfob is inspired
of the shape of a video game controller. And although a lotof elderly people have
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never played video games withacontroller, video game controllers are made tobe
understoodandpickedupbytheuseronfirstuse.
Weuseclearandlogicalcolorsfordecisionmaking,alsoweusedcolourmappingso
that the user could make quick and easy actions using physical controls to scroll
through the graphical user interface. If a function is highlighted in green on the
screen, it willbe activatedbythegreenbutton. Theseusecuesensureintuitivityand
userfriendliness.
3.2Heuristicevaluation
Hereisashortsummaryofthefeedbackwegotintheheuristicevaluation:
The status of which thesystem is in is clearly visible. Thescreenis not over
packed with information, so its always easyto see whatstep of theprocess
yourein.
The system gives a clear indicationof the real world,especially because the
systemuses a display thatcangivearealtimesatelliteimageofthecarwhile
performingtheparkingaction
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The user control and freedom is somewhat limited. Theuser cannot choose
between different options for the parking, like for example forward or
backwardsparking.
The paper prototype gives clear indication of the actions that can be
performed. The colors are consistent and bright, every menu has the same
styleandtypeofoperation.
Since there is one button in the back, which is used to scroll through the
interface withcolour mapping, it might notbe clear to theuserthatthebutton
in the back is connected to the color red if they have not turned the keyfob
aroundyet.Thiscouldbeconfusingandcosttheusertime.
There is no real error prevention included. Once you have chosen for the
unparkingortheunlockingmenu,thereisnowaytogoback.
Thefact that youusecolor mappingcould mean thatitwould taketheusera
couple of tries to get around this concept. Other than that the controls are
clear.
Because the options are limited and the product is heavily constrained, the
efficiency of useis high, which consequently alsomeansthat theflexibility of
theproductisalsoverylimited
The design is minimalistic but not very aesthetic. The sharp edges might
bother theuserifhe/sheis caringthe keyfob inapantspocket. The factthat
thekeyfobstillhasthebasicshapeofanoldfashionedkeyisinteresting.
The keyfob has the size of a smartphone. The user could be annoyed by
anotherdeviceofsuchsizetocarryaroundinhispocket.
Thesystem as it isrightnow doesnotgiveanyfeedbackorrecognitiontothe
useratall.
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4.Interactionproposal
In order to create viable and meaningful interaction with our designated users it is
importantto get thefirstlookoftheproductby creatingclearillustrations,photosand
sketches of the product. While shaping our version of the keyfob we should keep
aspects like designing for pleasure, ambiguity, usecues, constraints and different
interactionstylesinmind.
https://vimeo.com/131758992
Figure9InteractivePrototype
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Figure10Iterationsketches
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Figure113DMayamodeliterationprocess
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5.Interfaceevaluationwithrepresentativesofthe
usergroup
5.1Testsetup
Thetestsetupwasthefollowing:
Figure12usabilitytestsetup
Thetestpersonwasseatedinfrontofacomputer,onwhichourinteractiveprototype
was set up. The movements of the car weresimply played outby one of us witha
toycaronthedesk.
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The test person was given different scenarios which they had to play out. We
carefullywatched the participants and timed the process. Afterwards theyhadto fill
outanonlinesurvey.
Foramoredetailedtestplanpleaselookintheappendix.
5.2Usabilitytestresults
All in all, we can say that theconductedusability tests wereasuccess. Allthe test
persons seemed to grasp the concept of our keyfob quickly and had little to no
problemsplaying throughthescenarios.Wedidkeeptheconfidencelevelvariablein
mind. However once we did find people with different confidence levels we soon
noticed that the variable had very little to no effect on the usersbehaviour towards
the keyfob. Thats why we decided to leave that variable out when drawing our
conclusion.
We compared the measured times our test persons needed to complete the
automated parking process to the time people usually take to manually park their
car.Even though wecannotstate thatyousaveasignificantamountoftime,wecan
saythattheautomatedprocessisatleastequallyefficient.
Here are some results from the questionnaire weasked each test personto fill out.
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Figure13resultsoftheusabilitytestquestionnaire
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6.Conclusionsandrecommendations
Ergonomically we set out to create a product that people could operate intuitively.
Thats why we chose to do the connection between the buttons and the digital
interface withcolour mapping. This allowedusto guide the user throughthe flow of
GUI. In theory however, we found out that putting a color indicated button on the
backof the keyfobwas not ideal.Thepeoplecouldnotonlynotseethecolour,even
if they didtheyhadtoremindthemselvesmultipletimesthatthecolourofthebutton
on the backof the devicewas infact red. Unfortunately this issue had not come up
during our expert review sincetheexpert understood thecolor mappingrightaway.
Thats why the problem came up in the final test which did not allow us to make
iterations. However now that we are wiser, we conclude that we should have not
placed a button on the back but on the side and if we did put itonthebackthere
should have been a clear indication from the start thatthebutton on the back isin
factred.
One of the most important goals we had, was to design a keyfob, that guides the
user through a completelysafe parking process. This pointis mainlycoveredbythe
dead man switch, a switch which when released, immediately triggers a safety
system, which will bring the vehicle to a safe stop. Especially when doing off hand
controls with a vehicle of size it iscritically important thatthe car shuts downwhen
the users loses control or panics. When we would create an actual product, the
deadmans switch would be a top priority. Besides the kill switch the system also
uses a finger scanner which wont allow strangers to operatethekeyfob. The main
user can however, give certain people specific rights, such as only being able to
access the unlock/lock function. This provedeffective inthe past and isdefinitelya
featureinhighdemand.Wecanstatehavingcreatedanoverallsafeproduct.
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We also wanted to achieve that the user can remote control the carfromtheinside
aswell as from theoutside ofthecaritself.Tomakeourproductcapableofthat,we
gave it multiple remote features such as the function to (un)park, (un)lock, air
conditionandwegaveitalittlescreen.Nowtheusercaneasilybeoutsidethecar.
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7.Appendix
7.1References
Figure1:
http://cdn.bmwblog.com/wpcontent/uploads/bmwi8keyfobimages01.jpg
Figure2:
http://i4.mirror.co.uk/incoming/article5555158.ece/ALTERNATES/s615/BMW7serie
s.jpg
FIgure3:
http://jimdickins.com/coursework/desi1183webpagedesign/class3xhtmlthestruct
urallayer/carkeyfob/carkeyfob.jpg
Figure4:
http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/gadgetlab/images/2007/06/05/volvo_s80_pcc.jp
g
Figure5:
http://images.gizmag.com/hero/6605_141206123455.jpg
Figure6:
http://cdn.psfk.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/06/land_rover_remote_control_smartp
hone_5.jpg
7.2Testplan:
FocusPointsand
variablefocuspoints
Themainpointsoffocusareuserfriendliness,efficiencyandUX
1
Theusershouldbeabletointuitivelynavigatethroughthekeyfobsmenu
theiconsandsymbolsshouldbeclearandimmediatelyunderstood
navigatingthroughscreensshouldbefastandefficient
Thekeyfobshouldbeappealingtotheuser
Thebuttonsshouldbewellintegratedandpleasanttopress
The keyfobshouldbebothaestheticallyandphysicallypleasing tothe
user.
Thekeyfobshouldfeelnaturalintheusershands
It should be satisfying enough to the user to operate the carwith the
keyfobinsteadofusingtheregularcontrols.
Theoperationsshouldbesmoothandcannotbelaggyatanytimes.
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Theparkingfeatureshouldbeveryeasytouseandidiotproof.
Both operating and the actions that come with the operating should have
constraints.
Children cannot use the keyfob and will be filtered out by the finger
scanner that wont allow them to control thecarbut will (iftheparents
approveit)allowthemtoopenthetrunk
the parking feature should have all the constraints that modern cars
already have in their auto and manual parking.
automatic stop,
warnings,automaticadjustmentstothemovement.etc.
Variablesonthefocuspoints
Thetimethattheuserneedstounderstandtheworkingofthekeyfob(knowswhich
buttoncorrespondstowhichfunction)(15).
Thetimeinwhichthecarrespondstothekeyfob(3).
Thetimetheuserneedstooperatethekeyfob(1,3,4).
Thenumberofstepsneededtoexecuteacertainfunction(1,3,4).
Thenumberoferrorsinoperatingthekeyfob(3,4).
Methods
Comparison
Thecomparison that will provideuswiththemostvaluabledataisonewherepeople
with different levels of driving experience will be tested on the way and efficiency
with which theyoperatethe keyfob.Alsoin that way thean insightwillbegainedin
the different age groups and how age might influence theway one operates within
the navigation ofthekeyfob.Weplantomaketwogroups,onewithpeoplethathave
significant driving experienceand one with peoplethatarestillquitenewtodrivinga
car
Independentvariables,thevariablesthatwillvary:
Thelevelofdrivingskills
Theamountofexperience(hoursspentdriving)
Theamountofyearsthatthetestpersonownsalicence
Age
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Confoundingvariables,variablethatwontvary
Theproduct
Thetimethetestpersonwillhavetooperatethekeyfob
Thesituationpressure(iftherewillbeany)
Thelocationandsetup
Activity,sametaskforeveryone
Thesubjectsetup
The exact same experiment will be conducted foreach participant,allthat will vary
are the participants themselves. The team will not be present in the room, the
participant will have to figure everythingout the first time sinceeach participant will
onlydotheexperimentonce,sonolearningcurve.
1. ScenarioTestedFocusPoints
The user should be able to intuitively navigate the car, since it ispossiblehedoesnothave
much experience with cars. That means,theparkingfeatureshouldbeveryeasytouseand
idiotproof. The operations should be smooth and cannot be laggyat anytimes,otherwiseit
couldbedangerousforthechild.
1. ScenarioTestedFocusPoints
Theusershouldbeabletointuitivelynavigatethroughthekeyfobsmenu.
1. ScenarioTestedFocusPoints
Both operating and the actions that come with the operating should have constraints. So
childrencanonlyusethewhattheirparentsallowthemto.
Participants
We conduct the test with 6 people, which all have a different amount of driving experience.
Togetanideaaboutit,weaskthemtoratetheirdrivingskillsonascalefrom1to10.
Theproductprototyperemainsthesameforeverysingletest.
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Figure11Testsituation
Script
This script functions as a recipe for the test. Use it for every test subject. The test subjects
havetobecarefullyselected,inordertohavetherightrepresentatives.
1. Each participant gets a hard copy of the three scenarios. He sits in front of a
computer with the screen visible for him and the testers. On the computer is the
interactiveprototypeoftheproduct.
2. Each scenario needs to be completely processed by the participant. The testers
gonna give a starting sign and the participants have to indicate when they are done
with the actual scenario. Meanwhile the testers stop the time on every time the
participantachievessomething.
3. Afterthetestsituation,therewillbealittlequestionnaireaboutthetest.
NeededMaterial
Fourtimes:Allthreescenariosandthequestionnaire.
Thesketchofthetestsetup.
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Atabletofillinthetestingtimes.(Tobefilledinbytheobservers).
Detailedlistofparticipants.
Camera
TheQuestionnaire
1.Howconfidentareyouwithdriving.(0=Notatall10Veryconfident).
2.Doyouthinkthekeyfobisappealingtotheuser?(0=Notatall10Veryappealing).
3.Istheproducteasytouse?(0=Notusable10Veryeasy)
5. What would you pay additionally per day for a rental car to get this keyfob and its
functionalityinsteadofanormalone?
6.Doyouthinkthekeyfobhastherightsize?
7.Doesthecolormappinghelptheusertointeractmoreintuitive?
8. How much time to spend is okay for you in order to understand how this new system
works?
Filledinquestionnaire:
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7.2ExpertReviewForm
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