STRUCTURE:

Bonding

S.C. BAYNE,1
J.Y. Thompson2

University of Michigan
School of Dentistry,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078
sbayne@umich.edu
1

Nova Southeastern
College of Dental Medicine,
Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018
jeffthom@nova.edu
2

INTRODUCTION

Quick review of elements and bonding.

SODIUM

3s
2p

AN=11

2s
1s

Atomic Weight = 22.99

PRIMARY BONDING
Types.

IONIC BONDING

COVALENT BONDING

METALLIC BONDING

PRIMARY BONDING
Formation of bonds.

BONDING CHARACTER

Mixed bonding character is the rule rather than the exception.

Theory of Electronegativity

Distinguishing the degree of ionic-covalent bonding character.

Li Be B
1.5 1.5 2.0
Na Mg Al
0.9 1.2 1.5

TABLE OF
ELECTRONEGATIVITIES

C N O F
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Si P
S
Cl
1.5 2.1 2.5 3.0

K
Ca Sc Ti V
Cr Mn Fe Co Na Cu Zn Ga
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6

Ge As Se Br
1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8

Rb Sr Y
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Th Pd Ag Cd In
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7

Sn Sb Te I
1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5

Cs Ba La/Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
Pt Au Hg Tl
0.7 0.9 1.15 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8

Pb Bi Po At
1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2

Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U
Np/No
0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3

BAND STRUCTURE
Energy band types and properties.

3s

EMPTY
3s STATES

2p

3s

2s

FILLED
3s STATES

SODIUM ATOM

ENERGY

ENERGY

1s

2p

Valence Band
FILLED
2d STATES

2s

FILLED
2s STATES

1s

FILLED
1s STATES

FAR

CLOSE

ATOMIC SPACING

BAND THEORY

BAND STRUCTURE
Energy band types and properties.

CONDUCTOR
Conduction Band

SEMI-CONDUCTOR
4

Conduction Band

INSULATOR

Conduction Band

ENERGY GAP

ENERGY GAP
3

3
Valence Band

Valence Band

Valence Band

SECONDARY BONDING

Hydrogen bonding, London disperson forces, and chelation.

A.
H
C
H

H
C

H
O

H
C
H

H
C
H

B.

O
C
H
H

O
O

O
CH2

CHELATION BONDING

Hydrogen bonding, London disperson forces, and chelation.

QUICK REVIEW
Review of bonding types.

Which type of ELEMENT composes most of the periodic table?

METAL
Which PRIMARY BONDING type is involved with polymer?
COVALENT
What BONDING CHARACTER is associated with NiTi?
IONIC, COVALENT, but MOSTLY METALLIC.
How do you characterize a SEMI-CONDUCTOR using band
theory?
VALENCE BAND IS FULL, BUT SMALL ENERGY GAP.
What SECONDARY BONDING type includes ionic and
covalent bonding?
CHELATION

THANK YOU