Manual For Highway Earthworks in Japan PDF

PAINT {A nea Manual for Highway Earthworks in Japan January, 2004 Public Works Research Institute‘Copygh © 2009 by BERL Alli red. No part of hs bok my be repro hy ay ean, ‘or weet sor malate ints & machin angus wit the we peminic fe he Bron oF PWR SOMONE, RETRRALATRAABROABEA CHILES OHS, URHoT, AMEROABLE-ORG, MBI, MIT OEALATRN ROL ABORT LCN OTHE a0Technical Memorandum ‘of PWRINo.3824-2 Manual for Highway Earthworks: in Japan Synopsis el “The highway earthworks technologies in Japan have scheved an extemal ih lve throug long years of research and development and numerous projects uncetaken to cevercome Jepa's harsh natural condos: Frequent earthquakes, heavy rantal, ‘mowntanousopography, fap geology and st ground. However, covelopng countries, where cevecping the road network the too pony to achieve ezanome growth, ee agpresshly consbucthg new road. On the thot hand, due tothe rural isesers caused by rafal, ef, tho rapid deterioration of Structures and function of roads forces tesa cours to spand lage pat of te bagel to rp damages rads. A mar factor corrbuting to this cle the fact thatthe wraelr of tecneloges fr road eartwork has bean delayed end smost no Progress hss 2een made " esabising sandards or eathworks In order to cortiouto to the provelen of high quay kitatctu In developing e counties by dssemiaing and Yanstening Japan's earthworks techogis, we have Hl propared a manual contaning tectnologis concerning everthing for survey. design | ‘Sculon ard malntnance in dapar, and hava ranted tino English. Keywords eathwork survey, design, execution. meintenance, slope protection, | tribankment ranage, so groundPreface Chienginzsng technologies in Japan have achieved an extremely ih evel throvgh long yer ofeach and development and numerous projets undertaken to overcome hah esta, meter, topeprapicl, and gil conttons This is particulary tue fr toed earthwodk tehulogis tht ae exzemaly high ler ‘ecto reflecting Jpa's harsh condons fequent earthquakes, hey rail and owl, moussinas topoaapy, fale geology, and so pound. Since the fist publeaion ofthe Highway Earthwork Guietne ‘ipa Road Associa) in 1956, we have revised und published separ volumes ofthis ude to keep op ‘wih technological progres, prepared adoa! elued manuals, and daseninsed thse road eatwock ‘ectolgie o ngivesthoughoat Japan thoagh thee vais tacia sidtines and mals. weve developing counties, wher developing he ea ator i the tap prosty to achlew economic growth suc aggresive contig pew road. Butte inereas inte volumes hat scompasis economic promt nd sata sare eased by rifle eu i the extemely rapid detection ofthe structs snd fro of oud, forciag thse cote lo spend Ire pat of thr bet to epi esting oad. A sor facor combating this problem i the fat tha eps of progres hatte counts have achieved trusting technologies cosceming lganeat nd ter spect of wad vse ad extabihing sandr such thnlogis ough the proces of improving ther road networs, be tater of tchlopes for rad -crthvek thane slope poten, ewbunkent, Sf rou ematennesus, reaang wll, dnage md sounhas been delayed an almost no progres has beea made In eabihing sandarsfor ich earwos “In det contibue tthe provision high quality infaseuctue in developing counties by diseminting nd ‘waafing Jp’ 0nd earthwork echnologis, we have prepara mane! cnnng tecnololes concen ‘evening fom he oud eanhwork survey 1 its esgn execution, and masse in Japan an have tans so English, This English guideline conan the technologies and concepts widely pi in Japan but dee ot inte the mos advanced technologies and concepts that re pully apie. Plt refer o eat _mieies,dcomens, and papct conceming hese advanced techaoiogier. “Inconcasin, we with to exes our healt raitede to the Commitee to Stly the Overseas Transfer f Crit [Engsering Technology (arhwort) (Caiman: SHIMAZU ARlomi, Secreta: Intesrcture Devlopnent “Instat apn fo tec geoerous avian titan wth he prspanion of tis English pee."The Bagldh manual wat prepared by talang celted pases fom the follwing pieines and manals (apanese langage) “Manual for Highway Rarthworks Japan Road Association, 1990 “Highway Barthvork Series ~ Manual for Survey’; Japan Road Association, 1985 “Highway Earthwork Series ~ Manual for Execution"; Japan Roed Associaton, 1986 “Highway Barthwork Seren ~ Manual for Countermeatares for Soft Gracad”; Japan Road Association, 196 “Highway Earthwork Series - Manual for Drainage; Japan Road Assocation, 1967 "Highway Barthwork Series - Manual fr Slope Protection”; Jepan Road Assiation, 1999, “Highway Barthvork Series - Manual for Retaining Wall’ Japan Road Assocation, 1900 “Design Manual Part 1 Barthwork? Japan Highway Public Corperation, 198 “Method of Sil Tavetigations”; The Japanese Geotechnical Society, 1995 ‘Method of Sit est and Rxplanation; The Japanese Geotechnical Society, 2000 “Design and Execution Manual for Countermeasures for Liquefiction (raf; Public Works ‘Research Insti, 199 (© ‘Maat for River Werks in Jopan Design 17 Japan River Assocation, 2000Manual for Highway Earthworks in Japan CONTENTS: 1. General LA ntroduetion LAL Basie Concept of Highway Rarthwork 112. Earthwork Panaing 1.2: Important Points for Earthwork Panaing 122, Proceetigs of Kartowork 13 Explanation of Tehalal Terms 2. Surveys 21 Introduction ‘2.141 Relationship Debreen Procedure of Read Canstructon and Sll Investigation 212 Survey Method 22 Survey 0a Cat Slope 22.1. Checkpoints of Survey 222 Cat Slope and Natu! Slope Fallures 223. Survey 0 Cut Slope Stability 224 Survey on Cut Slope Requiring Extra Precautions 225 Survgs for Planting 23. Survey on Embunkment 231 Checkpoints of Survey 232 Slope Falure of nbenkment 233. Investigation of Banking Material 234. Survey on Rebaskment Slope Stbilty 235. Survey on Hmanment Requiring Esra Precauons 2.4 Survey on Drainage Systems BAL Checkpoints of srvey 242. Sarvey on Drainage System for Surface Water 2243. Survey om Drainage System for Seepage Water 25. Survey on Soft Groond 251 Checkpints of Survey 252. Sorvey om Setdement and Staity BESRRRNESEST EERE Fennune aeseess283. Survey for Judgment on Liquefaction 126 Survey on Rockall 261 Checkpoints of Survey 262. Survey on Recall Requiring Hata Prcantions 427 Survey on Landalide 271, Checkpalns af Surry 272. Survey on Staiity of Lande 2213 Survey on Contributory Factors of Landslide 274 Survey on Extent and Movement of Landslide 28 Survey on Debts Flow 281. Checkpoints of Survey 282. Survey om Occurrence of Debris Flow 283. Survey on Ratimation of Sal, Character and Inundation Are of Debris Flow 29 Survey o Retaning Wall and Culvert 29.1 Checkpoints of Survey 292 Survey on Retaining Wall 2933 Survey on Culvert 210 Sei Investigation 2.40.1 Soil Invetgnon, Tet Methods and Relevant Standards 2.102 Interpretation nnd Uueaon of Rests 22103 Clacton of Rocks and Se 2 Survey om Other tues 2H Survey on Weather Condit 2112 Sorvey on Euvirenmeat 2113 Survey on Cultura Ase 2MA Other Sarveys 3. Design Introduction SLA Base Principles 31.2. Important Pont for Design 32 CatSepee 21 Stundard CresSetion of Cot Slopes 3122 Cuts Requiring Extra Precautions 13 Rnbenkments 22M Foundation Ground REazezononnanessuneneesaes sageerese‘332 Banking Materate ” 333. Compaction of Embankments Pa 334 Stndard Cross-Section of Embankments 103 335 Stbiity of Embankiments 104 336 EnbeskmentsRequring Special Precautions 0 2A. Stops Protection 6 ‘341 Seectn of Slope Protection Works 6 3.42 Important Points for Introduction of Slope Protection Works ry 343. Planting oy {AAA Slope Protection Works with Structures ry SAS. River Revetment Works 151 35 Drainage 1 ‘AS1. Read Drainage 1st 382. Surface Drainage 156 353. Slope Dranage 1 ASA. Subeurtace Drainage 6s SSS Transverse Drange across Road 16 35 Drainage during Construction Work a0 6 Countermeasures for Soft Ground m Seement and Stab of Foundation Ground fr Embankment m ast ‘362 Determination of Desig Conditions ‘363. Setement Calculation of Embankment n Sft Ground ‘364 Stability Analysis for mbanknent on Soft Ground 365 366 367 Supplementary Matters fr Analysis of Setement and Stab Analysis for Earthquake CCountermearures for Soft Ground 137 Countermeasures for Rock Fall 174. Seton of Countrmensre for Rock Fall 1172 Important Pint fr Appiaton of Countermeasures fo Rock Fall 38 Countermeasure fr Landes 381 Judgment on Degre of Landslide Risk 382. Stblity Analysis for Landes ‘383 Countermeasures for Landsider 39 Countermeasures fr Debts Flow 394. Seton of Countermensres for Debris Flow ‘392 Important Ponts for Coontermearues fr Debris Flow‘MMO Retaining Wall una ua amos sins suns au07 aus Selection of Structural and Foundation Types Determization of Design Conditions arth Presore ‘Stailty Analysis for Retaining Wall ‘Deen of Varoue Type of Concerts Retaining Wa Design of Foundations Design of Drainage asin of Relnfored Soll Wal ‘ut Calvert eo sua ama aa Selection of Stractrel Type ‘ads Used fr Desig of Culvert Important Pont for Design of Various Types of Calvert Design of Foundations 4. Execution 4a Introduction 42 escation Plan an 422 a3 Preparaien of Execution Pan ‘Scheme of Hast ‘Excavation and Transportation 43 Banking Work aaa aaa aaa aaa as 43s az aan Basls of Banking Wore ‘Treatment of Foundation Ground Banking Materials Stabilization ‘Spreading aed Adjostment of Water Content Compaction ‘Subgrade Work ‘Bxaction of Connecting Section between Cut Slope and Embenkment | 44 Countermeasures foe Soft Ground aan aaa ‘Various Countermeasure fr Soft Ground Setement and Stblity Control of Embankment on Soft Ground 45 Slope Work asi asa ‘Cut Slope Work mbaskment Slope Work BESEEREERZERER REESUSESER PRESS R RB EL453. Slope Protection Work 46 Countermeasures for Rofl, Lands and Debris Flom 461. Countermeasures for Rockfall 462 Countermeasures fo: Landslide 463 Countermeasures fr Debts Flow 47 Contrwcton of Realing Wall nd Culver, te 471. Constrocton of Rtaaing Wall 472 Construction of Caert 473. Execution of Backfling and Approsch Cushion 448. Special Matter Retatiogto Execaon 481 Pot Coastrvcton 482 Staged Construction Work ‘5. Work Management and Inspection ‘1 Introduction ‘52 Execution Management ‘521 Schedule Control 522 Qualty and Flashed Work Control '523 Enviroomental Conervaton Mesures 53 Work Inspection 3: Fnkhea Work Inprdon Methods 532 Qulity Inspection Methods 533 Acceptance Judgment 6 Maintenance of Karth Structures 61 troduction G11. Necenity for and Components of Malatnance 612 Important Foot for Maatenance 613 Disater Retoraton Measures 62 Maintenance of Sper 621. Impection of lope {622 Maintenance and Ripa of Slopes 623 Countermeatures for Pet Completion Abnormalities 63 Maintenance of Drainage Facies ‘631 Inspection of Draeage Falites 682 Maintennce and Ripa of Drainage Facies SESS RPP ERE Re 0 mm on a3 ais 216 a7 a a9 2” 39 m1 m1 ReeeeE64 Malotennce of Retaining Walls and Culverts A. Inspection of Retaining Walle nd Calvert 642 Countermeasures fr Distortion of Retalaing Walls and Culvert “45. Matntenance in Areas wide Special Condens 65.1 Countermeasure for Soft Ground 652 Countermeasure for Landslides 653, Countermeasure fr Debs Flow ‘66 Jodgment of Degree of Stbity Seeggegee1, se 1 RES BAROLTRA, AMER, GSM LORE. ROCK, KAMMIORIT DMR LURES Se. Rich bk SUM MRE O70 27 EBT. RARER AWE TOS, —F, RB LMC, AMOR DIA RBM C83, AE RBROMIO ATG O IRIE ED . TOL ROL <, RAMMMMOM LID CHS, COELSRMO—ELTIL 09 GRRL, KAMAN, HATSOLIAWATHCRRL THOT, SION ROBLCORWE LRT ENS, LORD, BRS LNORORVERR AMM EARS SIME LC, RABOL TEE HOR BAS MUTSLAAGHS, LOL, MPMORREAMLT IE, B BRORME HORRY SHY CH, BRMEAR - GMM ESRONS. CORRS Line, AVR CHAR IE RIC DIROICETRMOWR -BEEHS<< ARELOOLTICMT SRA MMA, SEAR - SR MOI MORE AIC se RL, Marit, FOR BI OU CRRLEL © 1 CABMRAOLINMORK- MMA ST oy HE WeasR: ERSEICMEREN Ts JICA RMR Ob) REAR: LTO. 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AROSE, 3~2.0) Di SERHEA) @ [=—xS mt 18~22) RUT IHIO.D), MEER EMRE) (LT PD FURBO), SURES NEI.) © @ ° On 9a EOL SIC, MRBLTOM MIC UCHR, SICA MME, SORE HE BRUNO 2 MALU, RAMEE CHS MELTS, Eh, OMT SMRTET RHE), RON NRIGBIG.O), LMHS, Mae 966, ZT, MATA SHEA 2) METAR AO=—x HHO AIOE ERS.10, 29.11 SOREDUTOS EHD, — OSCE) Ch OOO MIST» AGEN LUNAR, RAR RT 27 ACR UR OTRMR, RA RMON RENTS AR Rb Dah? his, LOLRERL TEE, Meo CRM ) cern ) No 8 AACS CURETCRT SRMEMOMMODRIN DT ETN? You DBI, OIGENCEL 77 (MORRIE EWAF EN, Nomwecens, LOMALORATEV, Ye No (ms ) #12fi) 20th 9 RNR SR, SIE, IRON, SASS RE GLANS EC — RAE ONES Ba MERE ~ He aes A) REE RINK NOC BALA Cre ~) FAIRER PEROT Lamm ORES + HSC IhiE SeINOTSET Memes RY RIVA I UE SAREE FORAGE ERE (oR ESA) ARSLITEREA JOKER SABIE SHEE 2 MSTA DAIS POMRREER I 7 HEEB PRES A) YATRA ERIE, HNMR A —7 REE cemiaeaa~ HEETEA GIANNIS SRST MIRA SEIREA HURRAH TTR — HS LACS HERA MIRREN HINTS, TESA AST tteAGRA TV7— bEta942ue =aEMR: OR EOI 4 SRK BT s+ tponmcrome — fas|z| 9] [ere pmmy Ee aaron q manrrecrons as[z] | fl Soa rH + q {i 4 | oH| Hes cee Pe etaseat fn men Coo50eile e SFleeeee #1510ry ey ie. a im i tonTechnical Memorandum ‘of PWRI No.3924-2 Manual for Highway Earthworks in Japan ‘The sighway eathworstecheloges in Japan have acioved an extremal igh ov! ‘trough tng years of researc and development and munerous projects undertaken to ‘overcane Japan's harsh natural conaons; frequent earthquakes, hewy ranfl, ‘mountanovs topography, ragle geology and sof grou, However, developing countries, where developing the road networks th too priosty to achive econome growin, are aggresiely consrctng new roads. On the other hand, de fo tho natural deastrs caused by rafal, ef, tho rapid detroration of ‘uetue and fonctions of road frees these counts 'o spend a lage pat of tet budget to ropir damaged reads. A major factor contreung te this problem Iso fact ‘hat Ihe transfor of tachraogies fer rad earthwork hes ean delayed and almost no progress has boon made in esabshing sanders or eartworks. In order to controut to the proven of high quay inrastctue in developing ‘countres by daseminaing ans Warfarin span's earthworks technologies, wo have Prepared a manual contaring temotogls conceming everfning fom suey, Ses ‘xecuten and mabterance in pan, end hav ransiated to EngichPreface ‘Goi eninesicgecholoies in apn ave sieved an extremely high eel ough og yeas of esearch nd developmen eumerous poets undenaken to overcome hash natal, metercopeal, topopmphia, ad ological condins. Ths is particularly tue fer road cathwork technologies that ae extremely igh level “ecologies rfetng Spans har condone: quent eahqukes, hey fll and snow fl,mountsnos ‘opogaphy, fap geology, ad sft ground, Since the fst pubicacn ofthe Highway Bankok Guideline (QapanRoal Asosiion) in 1956, we have revised and poled separate voles of tis pie to kep ap “with techalogeal promes, prepared addtional eaed anal, and dseminaed these rad eariwcke ‘enol ogee houghot Japan thoogh these varius echnical iden and mana “However, evebpng counties, where developing the oud network i te top pitt cher economic growth, se apgesvly contri ne oa, But the Increase inti volumes ht acompaies economic rorh and trl iutert canted by rfl, resin the extemely pid detedorton of the erect snd functions of ote, forcing these comnts o spend large pt of hr budget orp exiting roads. Amor factor contibutng to his problem isthe fc that regal of progress tat these comes have achieved in tensfeing ectolopie conceming alignment anther spect of road races and establishing standards oe such techaolgks trough the process of ineovng thelr oad networks, te transfer of technologies for rod cartoeadk atinlodes lope protection, nhainen, ot ground counenmewutes ealnng wall, eiage ad se onhas ben delayed and mest no rogess has ben male in esablishing sand fr sch earwoks In enchant bye md (reer gS a eee et eee ee ane) 1h Bg Tt pin ses chlg ed cgty oped npe t e a ee a rage an ei ale ta ese a al pe eee ree ee In concason, ve wish to expres or heal ate tothe Commitee lo Sly he Overen Trader of Chit ngacedog Tchology Eartwost) (Chiman: SHIMAZU Aion, Sect Infasruense Development lett Japn for thei generous vce and asitance wih the pepaon of his Enplish pune“The English maval was prepared by tansangcelted passages fom the flloving guidlines and mana apaese arpa “Manual for Highway Earthwork”; Japan Road Assocation, 1960 “Highway Barthwork Series - Manual for Survey’ Japan Road Associaton, 1988 “Highway arthwork Series ~ Manual for Execution”; Japan Road Assocation, 1988 “Highway Earthwork Series - Manual for Countermeasures for Sift Ground”; Japan Roed ‘Assosiatin, 1986 “Highway Barthwork Seria - Manual for Drainage"; Jepan Rood Association, 1087 “Highway Barthwork Series - Manual fr Slope Protoction’; Japan Reed Aswociation, 1999 “Highway Barthwork Serio - Manual fr Rtaining Wall” Japan Rod Ascociaton, 1900 way Barthwork Series - Manual for Culver Japan Road Astoation, 1989 “Design Manual Part 1 Barthwork?; Japan Highway Public Corporation, 1998 “Mevbod st Sel Invetigations; The Japanese Geotechnical Socket, 1995 “Method st Sil Test and Explanation The Japanese Geotechnical Seciey, 2000 “Design and Execution Manual for Countermeasures for Liquefaction (draft Public Works ‘esearch Intute, 1999 '© “Manual for Rivor Works in Japan (Dosign 1 Japan River Association, 2000,Manual for Highway Earthworks in Japan CONTENTS 1. General 11 Introduction 1.1.1 Basle Concept of Highway Barthwork 12 Rarthwork Panning 1.2.1 Important Pont for Earthwork Plansing 122, Procedings of Barthmork 13 Rsplanain of Teche Terms 2, Surveys 21 Introduction 2.41 Relationship between Procedure of Road Construction and Soll Investigation 212 Survey Method 22. Survey on Cot Steps 221 Checkpoints of Survey 222 Cat Slope and Natural lope Futures 223 Survey on Cat Slope Stab 224 Survey on Cut Slope Requiring Brra Precatons 225 Survey for Planting 23. Survey oa Kabankient 231. Checkpoints of Surrey 232 Slope Falure of Embankment 233 Invetgation of Banking Material 234 Survey on Embualaent Slope Staity 235. survey on Hmbankment Requiring Esra Precautions 214. Survey on Drainage Systems BAL Checkpeats of survey 242. Survey on Drainage Sytem for Surface Water 243. Sorvey on Drainage System for Sespage Water 25. Survey on Soft Ground 251 Checkpoints of Survey 252 Survey on Setdement and Staity Sasa BSSESEHERUEREN ERE SEE253. Survey for Judgment on Ligutaction 26. Survey on Rockall, 261. Checkpolts of Survey 262. Survey on Rectal! Reqoting tra Precautions 27° Survey om Landaite 27 Checkpolts of Sorvey 272. Survey on Stablty of Lande 213. Suey on Contibutry Factors of Landtide 274 Survey on Extent snd Movement of Lande 28. Survey on Debts Flow 281 Checkpolats of Survey 282. Suey on Occurence of Debits Flow 283. survey on Estimation of Sete, Character and Inundaion Area of Debris Flow 29. Sorvey on Retaining Wal and Culvert 294 Checkpolns of Survey 292. Survey on Retaining Wall 293 Survey on Covert, 210 Soll Kvertignon 210: Si Iavestpton, Txt Methods and Relevant Standards 2102 uterpreaion and Ualeaton of Resets 2103 Casincaton of Rocks and ll 211 Survey on Other laaee 211.1. Servey on Weather Condon 211. Servey on Eaviconment 2113. Survey on Calta Assets 2MA. Ot Sarvs 3 Design SM Induction MLL Base Penepe 342. Taportant Points for Design 32 Catsupes 321 Studard Cross-Section of Cot Slope 322 Cuts Requiring Extra Precautions 3. Rimbarkmente AL Femdaton Groond REEBERReoRAeAseNAKBeesseeE saucaraaeBanking Materials Compaction of embankments Standard Cros Section of Embankments Stability of Embankments “Embankiments Requiring Special Prectatins 34 Slope Protection 341 Selection of Slope Protection Works ‘342 Important Points for Introduction of Slope Protection Works 343, Planting 4 34a EEEEE BEEEEREe ‘Slope Protection Works with Stractres w 35 Drainage 351 Rood Draaage 352. Sorface Drainage 353 Slope Drainage 354. Subeurtace Drainage 355 Transverse Drainage ares Rend 356 Drainage during Construction Work 26 Countermensres for Soft Ground m ‘361 Setdement and Stability of Foundation Grund for Embaakment m ‘362 Determination of Degn Conditions m N63. Setement Calcsation of Embankment on Soft Ground 16 ‘M64 Slablity Anlyss for Embankment on Soft Groond 11 ‘365. Supplementary Matters for Analysis of Selement and Sabilty| a 366 Anus for Earthquake 18s ‘367 Coumtermearees for Soft Grow 137 Countermeasures for Rack Fs ‘374. Selection of Countermeasures for Rock Ful ‘372 Important Polat for Applcatian of Countermeasure for Rock Fall 38. Countermeasures for Landslides 210 381 Judgment on Degree of Landslide Rik 210 382 Stabitty Analysis for Landes a1 ‘383 Countermeasures for Landlides a 39 Countermearores for Debris Flow 28 9. Selection of Countermensre for Debi low a8 1392 Important Pont for Countermeasures for Debs Blow 2 SEREREES wees310 Retaining Wall una sua aus una suns suns 3107 anos Selection of Structral and Foundation Types Determination of Design Conditions arth Pressure ‘Stabilty Analysis fer Retaining Wall sign of Various Types of Concrete Reailag Walle Design of Foundations Design of Drainage Design of Retfored ll Wal u1 Calvert ama sua ama ‘Selecta of Stractral Type ‘Loads Use fr Design of Culvert ‘important Font for Deg o Varin Typer of Cavers Design of Foundations 4. Execution, “44 Introdvcton 42 Rscaton Pas an 422 423 Prparaton of Execution Plan Scheme of Haat ‘cavatonand"Transportaton 43. Banking Work GeGceee ass Basis of Banking Work ‘Treatnet of Foundation Ground Banking Materials Stabilization ‘Spreading and Adjstment of Water Content Compaction Subgrade Work “cation of Connecting Section between Cat Slope snd Embankment 44 Countermearures for Soft Ground aan 4a ‘Various Countermeasures for Sft Ground Setdement and Stailty Control of Embankment on Soft Ground. 45. Slope Work 4st asa Cat Stope Wor Embankment Slope Work BERUHSRSERERESECRRRER RESERSRS SERRE453. Slope Frotetion Work 46 Ceuntersuasres fr Rocfall, Landslide and Debris Flow 461 Comntermeacures for Rockall 462 Coontermearures for Landslide 463 Comntermearores for Debris Flow 47° Construction of Retaining Wall nd Calvert, te. 474. Construction of Retaining Wall 472 Construction of Calvert 473 Eecuton of Backfling and Approach Cushion 48 Special Matters Rating wo Execution 481 Pot Construction 482 Staged Construction Work ‘5. Work Management and Inspection ‘51 Inteduetion 52 Rrecation Management ‘521. Schedule Contot 522 Quality and Finished Work Contra {523 Raviroumental Conservation Measures 53. Work Inspection ‘S31. Flked Work Inspection Methods 532 Quy Impection Methods 533 Acceptance Judgment 6 Maintenance of Karth Structures 61 Introduction (611 Necenity for and Component of Maintenance 612 Important Plas for Matenance 613 Disaster Restoration Mesures 62 Maintenance o Slopes 62.1. Inspection of Stopes 6622 Maiotenance and Repair of Slopes 623 Countermeasure for Post Completion Abaormalies 63. Maintenance of Drange Fults 631. Inpection of Drainage Faiites (632 Maintenance and Repair of Drainage Facies SSSR SRE 8R8 8 0 mm au ERERESE64. Malatenance of Retaaing Wall and Culverts GAL Inspection of Rtaalng Walls and Calvert 642 Couateramarures fer Distortion of Relalning Walls and Carers (65 Maintenance a Ares wits Specal Condens 651. Coontermearue for Soft Ground (652 Countermeasures for Landslides (653 Countermeasure for Debris Flow 66 Judgment of Degre of Stabiity eeugeeee?1. General 14 Introduction LA Basie Concept of Highway Earthwork (0) Unique Character of Sai as Construction Material “The subject for eathwork the stra gound sed the main mates fo be banded are natu sland rocks. Asthe properties f sch so and oes vary depending onthe anata codos and pasing of ‘ine, engineers involved in artwork ar regued to belie ia he alectin of appre means to deal ith pci te condons Compared tthe mat typical onsrscton ae, uch steal and conte, tere ae dllerence as debe below and these difereces must Ye property recognised for acute derstanding of road earthwork. (xe large handing vosme foil and rocks 184s common forthe earthwodk costo account for alge proportion ofthe ‘ol constuction cot even ‘hough he unit cout feathwodki lively Iw. (Great variety of si popes depeatng on area ‘Accurate juigement of he properties of cl slo employ te type of work which appropiate fr these eopecies realy determines the quality ofan cath race adi costrcon cst. Accordingly, thee is sigh epee of ele a the expeence and proper judgement of egies iy Dominance of weather conions ‘Changs of he water ene of i in pric conldrbly deter he work conditions. Moreover, the Impacts ofthe water content ar sony elt in regard to the salty and tering capacity of che embankment mde. (Gv) Progressive detsiraton of suength with exposed si an rocks ‘is common for nowy expoed sil and rck ar elt of et ope t undergo a propretive dteoaon of theie engi with the patsing of time due 1 the rlete of sues and wesbang. Accordingly, the tality of ut slope tends 0 den ta speed which is deteied by complex interactions involving the ‘rock popes, smn of ai seimenation and weather condtns,(0) Relatively low sng of nd ecoty of sll by water {eis aveldsbe fr small se flrs to occur with anwar. However, one characte of oil that patel reps or reinforcement cn be coudocted a almost any ine. Given th vantage of sl elately large Meili, eat scree are repued a stctes of wich the fusions a the ine of eit casa cn be improved trough aed repr andor eiafcemeat during he ped of heir acta we (Diff ofqomiive rauton of incl aity ‘eis sot easy to quniely evaluate he sablty of cath structure wit soil and rocks buted on survey ‘andor st results notes wor, verfenion again pas pefomance or experience i tongly seqed ‘compe to other constuction mates because the terete eiidaon of sll mechanics is sil Progestin. 2) Baste Concent “The principal mision of such earth stuctes as cut slope embankment, reining wally and cavers cosactd by oad carter iso pet the func of «relable foundation forthe pavemet tease the smooth and slo tlc by witstnding the tac Toad dung the service fe, In non, thse soructues ae require to piso the 1 of minnisng damage to rads, oman lives and ass wound roads by date of vasous wales cased by natural pheomen, sucha nfl and argues fra eng ‘tod of Hie from consructon and touphout the service Me. Moreover, harmony betwees earth smeuret andthe suroonding cavironest isan important eauaton item spa fim the necetsy to ‘cotider the mana sd sci envirnent in neighbouring as during the road costuron prod ‘Buse on the chances of wl and rcks as constuction mately, there we many important isses hl orn the tai for judge by egies invlved in oa eartwock as sted blow. (One ting which mst nt Ye forgot ia the survey and deg ofan earth suet i a macesopi ‘erauaton fom the viewpoint ofthe wide ara topogapty an geology pir toa mcracopic sey, lating and saity analyse focusng only on the rachis popes of he so ie comm for factors relating othe working of natu ely dominate the sabi fet ope and mtr ops. (4) Ther has been growing emphasis og emp echnologies for he design of eathstuctes. Examples se standard slope great for embarknant snd ut Hope. These standart for spe gaint avid eos anion to rod tfc uaerthe naira envramentin Japan ae nodsce foreach ype af sil, ‘oc golf aed on pst pecooance, Therefor, hee sundaes dame have comideret tte effect ofthe anil and eartbuake apart from exraodinary level. While ite obvious ut theiy ow o wo pletion of emis technologies within the scope of tr appicaity would be ceptable it mus ot be frgten that th social an echnical demands fr roads toy are quite ferent from those at he ‘ine ofthe developmen of sack nial tchnlols. Tobe sie preci, thr ze many iatnces of embaskinent or ct slope whee the heights beyond the application ints of convention, ie emi, ‘ecologies and the numberof cases wher uniform julgemet ofthe rave inportance of weary facies is imposible hasten nseasng Altough tee are many uncertain rearing the stability snulys of cath truss in extrordinary canon, the maim effons mst be made wo exane slope stabity incase whee the conveational aplication coeiions we ere ded ‘Theres conventional ea a he gradual facto! improvement of cath strctres by means of ‘mnerance snd repair work while eonomising on the nil enstracton cons a good poly becase of ‘he reine case of conducting the post compleon suc reinforcement of hse sractues Hower, ‘tee i much srongrawarnss in een yea han was prevoul the ae ofthe nee to eae 2 igh evel of road structures rom the begining to secure the networking fncsion of wads. Labour saving andthe cost seduction of rou mltenance ad eat work wl become navidal issn the ening yar, Becaoe ofthis pomp i exe to make roads eaersestan with ew w red ‘maineeance an epi work a he consecton stage of earth sacar inthe fare ‘Wen embankment i ontted on sf grosnd tlement anor defermaion may ocurandcotinse for a lng pesiod of time. Ben tough dese changes canbe citer accelerated of alleviated by the mplementiton of couctermensrs, te expense wil be aly large, Adusment between the wok pid (ie) an cont is particu important fo eats on sft grand. "The consideration of water ithe mat impotn amex of earthwork. It sno exaggeration oy tha the ‘woailly and salty of enburkneat as well as ut slope ae deine by water Much effort to lowe tbe poundwater level sede the wale content ofthe sia a worksite at much a possible it eure ination 1 the danas of rinwae, surface water and Spring water fom the id te, Moreover, at seme to reduce he sis water content in sumer when there ae high ements, schedng ofthe pk ano period in sommeris eee must aot be forge ta the acamuaion of rotne work, such as deling of water and adeque ‘compaction, andthe sccumalaton of detled eae are the kes to determing the quay of carts or the proper implemetation of sch week, te metal atate of vas lata iy work she cesetl and his aude wil ea to the preven of scents or dates which ofen occur st actor sites(i) At the connecting sons Hetveen sgl souctue, sch as abvtmens, calves nd retising wall, and embankment, cael work patty required to ede the defeat of backing part to shieve vod cont to gid ect, Asthe work mace at ch etn tend te limited, cre planning ofthe constoction metod a well a the mates to be uses iB Inthe case of culver, the employment of «typeof fundeion which undegaes deformation in won with he dfomnaton of he cataakanent soa be actively considered if suche of fonds scaly permis. (tl) During eartwoc, an encounter with a station which he not ben pred at he suey age oft occ, Inch acts the new round continent be throughly sreyed ad th survey eu mast ‘reflected on the revs deen. Information onthe sl ropes xbihe a the servey snd desen stages of eartwork should not be tested as beng pect. ned, is ifomaton should te teed at Impetect information which este to farter improvement by reewig the conto a the design stage ated on clote observation athe constucton sage. This idea nde the mead by which the ed observations in cuthworks on sf ground ae fed bak othe desgs in ert ens work sty sd eter cnt (Gx) Sten if eatwodk is very carefully planed, thee ia possibility of te callape of earth stctrs ender sn unexpcte!stanon ding the wok pero, Such sees tod ocr wit tempor sacs of ich he design sft factor ted. Design consent locals possible damage ad measures 0 dea wih damage shal, therefore, be examine in sane, asuning cases wher clipe and other ‘ype of disaster occur de to snextaprdinarystuaton 1.2 Earthwork Planning 41.2.1 Important Points for Earthwork Planning. () Retaionsip between Road Planing and Earthwork Planaing ‘Wen planning the const of new on, he inl focus i placed on the examination of theese sad fonctions, 1 means of ranspr and transportation, However, the mult factd fonctions and rls of rad mean tha there are may vere eee ives fo be surveyed and lye adhe eguied rey ad analy levels ave become mich iherin recent er@ ‘What i patil imporant fr the prepartion of good raed planing i integration of al of he ‘required road funcions wile well balancing those condions which may be contctary “The fice stage of planning the formu fs road pj plen Atle age, hres hee major jest be exanines: © road foncon, © sci coors aed @ const posed by eocsmton {echoloic. The comprbenive examination and corlnton of these sues we tempted at hs tage ‘An earthwork pling is cloaly elated to ll tee ius. Parcualy in resent yar, earthwork bas ‘become mh ager and speeder while eguing new ideas an ecnlgis I rlain to environments consaion, ise prventon sess ad safe work exciton. MUI fact! examinton whe age {scr to detrine he ireton othe planing sahwer “The mzond stage ste inal poet plaming ithe deerminaion of te conren constuction maiiod, At ‘sage, be most ronal road pani prepared by srg out he preconditions and esicve conditions ‘2nd examining te concrete design and work execidon metho wich confoms to te dsgn and work ‘execu stands nd ots, When planing sch suc ies and umes which arent subject sl necenary forthe plnsing to py proper seo to catwodk of prose ral, At ‘he cart coe account fra lars proportion of theft ad constuction ct, careful examination of the catwerk pling tent o ensue leat project execution mst be carly noted ht the ‘reas of earwoihave a major inact nthe quality of woe ead pln. to carer ‘Wen snow rots to be const t ston with age scale lope fale, rockin debi fw, ee. where onary cnt! estas maybe inmucin ii deste o change th ou of opt fer sch steer a mel or beige atthe planing stage arthork at Each Stage of Road Constraction ‘he presets to contuct and pera a road can be divided oto the surveydesin, consonant ‘maintenance stg. An earthwork planing mst be prepared to ensure th toa md noah progress of the work intended at ach of hese ges. SueveiDein Soge ‘Atte tgs, holon of xing ts and it ecomsanc, i condicted obi infomaon snd dats esi for poet exces. Using och nformiton ne af plan aan erave a) ae pepe fer cmpaion om be mc, i nd even Wewoi 1 ame the prec ei. The ra pln gadly Beco more lore suey re ed in ie wih bemain ofthe plan At thi stage, negations with elated pale bodies sed local communities ae canccenty taking pce to prepare rough plan, At the dein tag, be rough plan is elaborated to the led dsien sad quantity aeulton and cost etinaton ae conduce,leaiing © te placement (exp) ofa weak ender. At thin stage, the scuston of rightf.way and vious compensations an lmporantelemert and the establishment of clear prospects fr thes ses i sen fo ensue smooth ‘wok progress. The rough plan prepare athe previous sage oid to eect he el condos and propre consructon methods and work process are detemined for preparation of the sgn document Constetion Stage ‘As the consttic sap itis extent forthe desigoed work tobe eect ms lame by the contact 9 ‘thatthe target opts are contrstedin the right places with the pede mine funton() and eaty. The ‘onaclarin chug of cenatucton work mus prepa = oplnal cnsoucton flan emmenc the wos Inthe sof eathwor, a its mot ary fll understand the il comions witha preliiary uvey alos, its ot uss or unexpected cecumsunes, inclu weather contest ws. Ia th ae, he Inuedicton of expedient mentee including addon eaveye and mceuary change of desi, ie aralary important [ection management tan important eqiemen! forthe costctr to canine! he obec) demanded by te owner ad the contactor conduts thereat various et and maarienents, Although exstion smaragemen ceca by the contactor to ensue the cles cosrcn of the obec) demande the ower, th emtnctr oe cons withthe owner on th work execution meted ad ther eset for tte lates poral. Meurile,the owner canucs supervision an inspection tense ib constuction ote obec) “There are import pins to notin elton to execution for eonstrcton wor, neudingeathwock. Oe 1s the socal o-te production of 2 sage product, La the contruion of speci jot) specif ea, lie the prodvton of items st onfeay Fc Ancter ithe ically of exerion ‘management as constuction wad is Habe to impacts onthe mtr and soc envirnments, fe of| ‘contruction wok, God exzetlon of the wok is oaly possible when spevision by the owner aa ‘execution mangement by the contactor ae mutually complementary trough he cooperation of te two ass, Maintennce StaFinally, afer th completion of contreton work; the omer onduets an ispeton 0 eon tht te specified objet has teen constructed snd sistas the cjat afer its handing over by the contacter Maitnance oust enue tht the object fly perfoos its cons safely for 3 ng pedo of ine and cscrves its tabiiy asx strate. For hs purpose, regular inspection and monitoring ae essen to check the behavior ad deforaton of the scr, requietirodoeconecive mene. Conisteacy from Panag to Managemeot ‘Taafomation ofthe Ind de wo development actives an he changing sense of values ofthe gree abl fave been steily increasing and dvesiyng the scl demands for sande The elective evelopment of ral nework under thse cumstances ries a consistent view of planning though ‘managemeatin al rod selved fel ncutngeathwork. For example te plonng contents ora ead tobe consraedby cating open a mountain aan the ee where the earthwork pln is prepared based on the astumed development ofthe sencunting ae inthe fur cleat ifr fom the ease where such development snot taken nto consideron, In son to nsierion ofthe Indies, ich ifeeces iacade he lyout of drage facies. Regarding conan wot te absence of he comtrction of appropiate dings faces has averse impacts on 0 only the work schedule bu sion he sblty of sopes ouside the woxk area. Consistency is also ‘eure for pos-completon maitennce, There have been cae where the lack of appecpitepaslng aad eign of eatwoet has made maltnanc very ical even fit has noted toa ner Disses cased by downpours in movntin ares ae ofr sete othe xl planang. While ot ‘sy to into safe preventive eames Rete af cms on the inal invesimest for ond cans, there 18 powing need for earthwork plas wich caetily ake Improved sABIMY sag evisnmentalcoseraon at consideration, 1s pated out that the sabiity of earth scr is geen iafsor wo that of tidps and tel COouy, he presence of weak pot in par ofa oud a cotneus structures undesiable an well ‘nlasced sailty uoughout ruts crucial For this etn, entra cae is required to ensue he sey of ‘ear cues, Given the nd for abou ving in ute rosd malatnance wos, he conscton feat sectors which are sf enough nt 1 rege uch mltesnce work except at mes of »Gowmpour or ‘eartiguat volving extaedinary force shold be predIn amas which ae important for conservation ofthe aaa envionment i ¢ impodant (9 minimise sleraton of the environment by 4 ead concn. For his pepo, proper conldeaon sould be piven 1 the sleon of 4 rowe which avids satin ated of preeetion of convsion and t the ‘oidaneminimisaton of pose aero owgh the sil we of toms a igen. In regard to Aloe protection work, he option of ppropein tecbigns depending on the suroundng codons ofthe sl is nectar while cnsing the sabilty of slopes, These technique ince cralnent of the cath ‘lume and slope ae by means of eel examination ofthe harizol and vere amen, rounding pes, modfston of the slope dint ad he adaption of revegetation wot to harmonise with the ‘Road planing in Japan wich has many mountainous areas oe aviv he cretion of slopes. must be ‘ed hat consideration fh landcap invelves not only the appearance of apes ut i he spearnce fonds ad the view fom rads, The hamonisaon of road scree withthe surocning envionment trough revegetation work ofthe Riding of mich smut by revegetation won ae eflactve messies ‘opstier with the carl design ofthe shape nd surice of suctues, However, the adoption of such ‘echigus ashe mvelng and palaing of sctues should be carly analysed asthe evaluation resus oft vl tnd vay 122 Proceedings of Earthwork “The prosetings of oad consrction have been dst wo fa ia emf the sages fvaved In this econ, (he acta! procetigs ae arly futher detail a tee connecue wt artwork we deste, Nez to ay, hee is ost formal ete proceedings of oud construction andthe sta proceedings vary depending ‘ee owner, ype of project see of project and ae, ig 12 shows he pial ow of mana! oad enstucion ‘workin apa, tne aches ob conte a each age are descies BOW naecortance Wins Wand ith spacial emphasis on eave (1) Planning Survey [A planing suey is condo to daw many stenaive rots while meting the rood seve cei at termine by he characte of nd relevant sundats othe proposed rod anda ane sng oe ‘Matificeted examisaton i conde in view ofthe soil, topographical and slg contins of ses along the proposed tot. i, herefoe, necessary to suey the stun of land we, presence of calles, related pub works in progress an enveonmenal sues toga wth full heaing oftheMain Adis al ar ‘anny any ool my ein ayer, it) ‘Shtesccymumanl cme, nner ae naam Samui, spermine eyo { Seo ahem ae Og pepe sent 10 on mem) Sao — “rear ses oe) See 1 Seagate inner moecng decal & strain) ‘ating aban fe Simp 250 oa Sed abr eb towne 7 Solivaips ang ne meme | = ae ec a + TE Lee pyre tein pepo mia a) a Semaine z Re harewwe 7 lima oe ming meng i) Sony dei ae ve yea gr or Dae is gil sone an peg aa Sete ae + Sebel: ten emia tt ey = ‘prt once dp atten = Dniefonscmn aha grb tea pesopinions el by local public bodes as wl socal sides and conslatons with bodies felted tthe anzed road constuction. Information ofthe acl sl eguled to pote a ough sect dsgn afte road. The ws felsing ‘mae and sit reconnalsance ue he main cvs at this tage an fl scale ol survey is ot sly condiced ‘The carweck planing ais sage otines the basic crosesetn,eawork sections and appropriate ‘ating an banking volumes andthe bai role fr road consrction work log the fut enabled ‘Accordingly, any problem reliing tthe topography or pslogy i etd. What is important her voiding places where constuction work is expect to be fiat. The fre incon f these places in the plan canied dit problems frvaré tothe postcompleton maintenance stg. Pascua tection ‘ould, therefor, be pid mountinous aes wit a tgp gael areas and tas topography ‘hich for be cout points for route selection fom he viewpoint of euthwor Planing. Resnton Servey ‘An execton survey it intended to give concrete frm tthe plan ant nar he survey cng into ‘smal poet component As such hs isthe mos anporant wor tthe survey sage However, fen theca that the topographical and soli daa equa for oad designe ficult to obi by meas of sureyng and ecg sorvey onsite becuse ofthe crwumsanessuroundng the Jed commnies ‘Which wil be affected by a proposed oud and other reasons. I oder to produce a pelisary desgn of ‘Which the accuracy i higher thn hat prepared at the shovementioed planing survey sage, eising ‘masa and maps base on nc photographs, re wsed fo this survey together wih efforts 0 bain ss cuch delle information as pou, ocladng ste recoonassnce rem and somding esi, if posible, At this sags, itis sl not posible to formulate x etl earhwerk plana the main ait is examination of he wack dif and lee of aiity dating the work and afer completion tom the ‘viwpinsofenginesiog an eovienmeetl conservation, Oue eel tak for hs exanioaton ito at least ensue thatthe problens idenifed by the exaninaon will not become fa shorcomings which amps theprogiss of roud contusion. Even menue to ec these problems se arabe, they mst ‘economia vial. Special atenson shoul be pu tothe need oexanie (the stable crosesection {ormsjo co slope nd ebaken, the dvnage sytem icing wat water poate en, i) ‘he sbily of large-scale slopes and he stabi of protection works for sch slopes an Gv) the approach ‘0 eh srctues ae bdge a nee at problems end o ocr with thse apect of aad cantstion i‘wok, The exeato rey athe followed by snacunceren fhe prpsed route base onthe dings of ‘his surey and hesng foe opinion. ) Survey for Detaled Design Announces ofthe proposed out ie una fllowed by cneliatns wih local communis andthe commencemet of suneying and wil nvesgton slog the ous, Ali stage, ene pegs af aligament placed, longi! eveling and cront-nconed sey are conduc ed an oil nvestigations involving ‘ost bving sll sampling an insta tet is conducted. The deed dsgn shen conducted based on the Sndigs of thee activites and concrete dats on the conection als, bomow pts and spol wees. AS the exe design egulred wo have sufleraccracy atthe Yass forthe placing of with pegs, land suision or oder placement for consraion work (cost eatin is esenal 10 oan al of te necessary dat and reference mates in advance. Given the fct hat an earthwork planing is often severly resid cause of lure to scare pol se, careful exannaton in this gai extent at is stage, Detaled Desin tthe eae desig tage, counemestre fr sf round, ers vtnal configrtion of cot slope nd embankment sich srr a ein wal, clr, vadut and bes and slope protectin, eee eigned bated on the sil aviation res, Ingato earvak, an appropiate design inves & ‘lance between cating and embankment Ylume and exunloaton ofthe sabiity and wok of cut ‘slope and emburkest in view ofthe site topography and geology. As eathwork is sony aed by wae, nln suace water and poundvac, a deinage plan for ing and ar the work should be carefully prepares, Une eecily srporast potter Is ive wasvese changes a sumceaty lage ‘rotten sea to avoid insfciosy in the fare due to an increas ofthe dachrge withthe. evelopment ofthe deanage basin It is lo necessary to examine ible constaeton roads fom torow ‘its nto spol ares, temporary roads rng he wor and a empocy wok pln fo earth etal and cofferdams, ee, ‘Awoterkapotat pot or he design wok at ths tage 1 make ic enty wo inpet and rep al of the structures entre easy road miner. ©) Cont Bstination eneo Atte cost esinationsagehe rues iid imo work scons nd cot estimation is onde foreach wrk secton based on the dele design fer the placement ofan ore er contraction wok. Fly, the ‘cholo foreach ype of wok i detemied based the sl ivesigation rents and other mera infomation while euisingite content of he consaction pln, incldng scheme of hal elector fhe ‘contredon machinery ob wed, callin ofthe work eapaiy ae prepartry work The cot foreach ‘ype of wekis the estimated and avd. Construction Work ‘As eatwodk voles many acon, such a the goog contions which ae wrceain and which ae tcl to estab i ade it is import to introduce eg under whlch the Ste conn ae ont monitored witha view to condotng survey ono analysis of any problem which is encoueed so thats apyropie fgament ca be mie an remota meaurs canbe ley implemented fore & robiemis beyond remedy Por the commencement of consrction work the eign documents, drawings nd specications sould ‘cally examined and he ste condition shold be accu dete, In dition, he evan at sm ofomationpofuced bythe survey implemented fa ante local station ec shoulé be cacy snalysed to bil up a preci undentantng ofthe concepts haboured bythe designer, Forcoting or banking wo) it is extn to ly investigate the relionship between groundwsentace wale asthe sal prope, As the wokabiy nd work quality cn be iguana bythe work ining doe to abr ise ofthe groundwater level snd nl, the timing of order pace for ‘conecon wok anf hs conto esod mast be prope aang. Inthe at of road constion ‘wor at owntnoas an ily area teat peng ates fc pes andthe Toundabon ground ot sructes suchas retning walls may not ncesaly be as previoulyancpated. The encoutsing of problematic eco! feats, including kip slopes, int ara occurence. A flexible stance ode with ‘these problems as hey ass requlrd and he implementation of si iaveigaion inding boring and et pling, with lew wo xaniing possible counemeasue is parcalary importa! o ens the 6 progres fhe wot Inspection Inspection is conduced to check whether onthe eately oe parlly completed wodk met tbe contact, ous forthe purpose of deiing th pss o allure ofthe wot in queso. Inspection may ao be =mcindoted ata cnn tgeof the woe to determine whather or soit juste to advance tothe nox tage rin he cave where vericaton ofthe work qulty afte the compledon of the works ficult Jeet ‘on paso fle i ond for bth the Sished work qulity md the quality ofthe completed wrote, ere, he ised wck qty means the loeton, mension ed quuss ofa eat stucte() created ty th work while quit of he completed sroctures mean the dee of compaction and stengih of te seilasa mat nspecton usualy ties the form of sampling, supplemented by visual obseraton and the meant. The Inspection method w te atop must be simple, effective and highly accu, aking the work contents, ‘reqred time and cst into consider, For example the numberof inspection fr the ished work ‘eat ms be ined in places where the croet-cton sgn change. When vss! obevaon ‘de paces where e omit ofthe work i poor, sponte memures,induing adonl mensuig, ‘ould be implemented In regard to he weston the depee of compaction as pat of the quay inspection. ‘seca tetion shal be aldo those places which ar Ukly weak poo th earhwork, uch a ear the slopes of an enbuineat or near sterres tens eet nspestion. (nce competed ad wid its rere Mande overt the owner, Howerer, adequate maintenance is eure fr this road o subsequently performs specified functions fr along fer of ine, “The monitoring epe and method to constanly mala te rad in god candtion may be éescribed in ‘hepa idines prepared bythe oad adie fn the eae of nana ral for example, these re subject to evel yes of pals: otine pols (a east once day) net parol (at lens once a month, side patos (tet once a yur) and emergecy patrols Fo euthstuce, ne patos and pee paola equied inspect the etn wall clverts, ope and Ganage cites. | downpour or earaquke may cast slope fle, si outiow de to clogsing of he dn ches, the ‘collapse ofan embuskment or etinng wal do ocr dlnege, coun ofthe wig walls the ith or ua sections of i wansveredainage chanel andor element at the cava setns of roa. Moreover, scaring os rod often takes place de to the manne overflow of anwar from dinage ches or teow of age volume of wits an sees onde. n avery shot pod of ins, tun used bythe iaeficen capacity ofthe danas sytem. Sof ground secon and ccmnecting sections ‘between et les debated to suffer fom fauing orien teem with the passingof ane even if work cally executed reang maintenance prolems fr x long tine to come. At {oft ground sections where resval seemeat often occur it may be neces to change the pavement composition, fcusng the inradacton of proviso! paving, and to real te ning of paving work. “White some of th problems mentioned sbove caso be pected in vance oes may be prevent ith tiple of appropiate mene using consrocion wok. Whats requires conieraion ofthe longterm maintenance requirements a te survey, psting and design stge, Wook records, dein eoings for conrston work and si survey atc sus be rouiely ed and kept a they are fal ‘ox the maltenare and repair of earth sees and also forthe planing of postin rehabilitation 1.3. Explanation of Technical Terms ‘The names ofthe vanes compontas of earthwork andthe defnon ofthe iin cial ems nied in the preset Galelins ar ven blow ie Fg. 13-1 a Fig 13-2) (1 Banking Seeion ‘A toad section ceed by banking on te erga ground because ofthe higher ubgrade lve than the ginal round loli ale» banking section. (2) Cutting Section ‘A road section ented by cuting the epinal round becaose of the higher onal ground level tan the subgrade evel scaled cat (3) Embankment ‘The part of baking sen whee the rl rom he etng grovel level othe sara vel banked it called an embarnest. (#) CutStope ‘The pao cating section where beeing grout is excaated dows the sibgrade eels clled x cat Slope. Even fhe sujet roan ens frock instead of oi te uifrm desiption of ut slope is sed4) Filed Up Ground ‘These pat of nembankment oer than be bra called filed up groan ©) Sobgrate ‘The ssbpade isn sno ufo earth ayer of depth of approximately 1m below the pavement and ‘Provides the bit fo the decison on he paving iskness, This yee eomeponds othe per prt in the ‘cas of a banking soon othe sme 1m dep si yer below the og ground excavated ta specied Ive in the oe of ctng ton, The lcd part wher the aba sli eplce to obtain = ssbgrade ayer with onifor bang capacity andthe backfilled rnin ps ofthe conmetng ston tewen et slope and a embancmen sented in subgrade ) Pavement “The pavement she pst am hc once pavement la sre fo the bse ours in he case of a coment anerete paved oa or the prt fom he surface couse to he base cour in the ens fan asphal paved reed ®) Shope ‘A slope may mean a acl cred slope by road earthwork, Lex et lope ofa enbunkment slope, ted may also nie, in» broader sani, 8 stl lope ofthe est goued. In normal cicumstancs, « lope ere meant culo as wl as an embasnent slope. Mesnwie, slope protection work means the covering of a slope by vegetation or structure fr the _revention of erosion, wearing othe slope flue, Rockil reeetion wok, howe, snot inca in ope prsecton work &) Retaining Wat ‘A cetining wall «typeof strstr to soporte sci to prevetcllp of the sl ands consuted ‘when ei sloce cannot provide te required sly fr eanhwodk because of onton fight of way or topogmphy. Ther ate several feet types of retnng walls, fcuting concrete Mock retin wal, avy taining wal, cantlevereanng wal nd elafrcemet sal wall ao(40) Culvert ‘calves a ype of srctre which is crested hough emtankznent othe cxgnal ground to secure the ‘pre for x roa oc water ehanel whch crosses under a road. Based on the mechanical chances, ‘alerts are casi aster igi calves or leible cues. There ae many spe of gi cule, Teclaing tox culver, port calves, ach calves and pipe calves, while the types of Bexble certs ‘eclade comugned mel elves and iid polyvinyl hr pie cavers. (1 Temporary Structures “Temporary strc we suctes which ae temporal ball lo conc he yeenaentsuvces of 2 ‘oud sn lncldeeah enn, colferdams ud tempor per, (12) Drainage Drainage fom a road tales many forms, nctulng sutacecanage, sabe dninage, slope dalage, Anas fromthe bak of ceo fom nid a sructie and anv rinage of road sch a 2 alert depending on the age water fo ings 3) $00 Ground Soft rounds «ype of ground which oct of sl fomaton made vp of such at ul as clay st ih abigh peopoton ff pariles, nga oo pet with Ire Voie or lack send an ie pone to obems of ably asocited with a gener high groundwater lvls stlement i ky to ost de ‘the lon of an embankment or stuetie. (04) Rock fa ck ills phenomenon whec lated oes and gravel du fo enlarged cracks (ase by oats, oaton 10d satcaon deeaped in the Bede) in the Yedock or oueopped sucks, boulders and grave vigil cova in ulus mate, prota tsi o gravel be with ow dese of compaction start fall dowa a ope. (49) Landslide a‘A land is 8 phenomenon where te sil mass sbove x bounday dep inte round gradually shite downwac, Landslde ses ond to be concentra in aes with specie geology of gelopclstuctue. compared tofu of cut slope ors etl op, the gear slope mores ona lrpescale fring specie opograpy anti tepogzby) (26) Debris Flow Debris low is phenomenon wheres nd Baler ae que by surface water groundwatr and end to low downward thovgh a movtsin treat It usally bas huge eneey and destotive fre. Dees ow tend to acer places whether isa masive sediment of uate debi dong» step fonet or when ‘tee large ik of soe fiers deo heavy an inthe eathnetbasin. L ner Lint ot andhese Set ed etl oe ss a ti any i a AO aba ha Bs Ra meme Mm Haken tm ; emma ah mann tian et tn span ng a trae em a So od ean pans le en Apa bem ah eT Ste rs eG ws mR te + it eeepene pe e mea ren a2, Surveys 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Relatioship between Procedure of Road Construction and Sol Investigation Fig, 121 indies the Now of road consoucion andthe survey required atte vtiow stages of such ‘onsston, Aaa be sen from hie Sigare the types andthe ele accuncy ofthe suey derby th sage ofthe ccasrton sd Ht i necessry to undecake appropiate surveys using sppropite matods with considertin given tothe oa conions and characteris ofthe onda quon ‘Survéys hat ate considered lotely inked ora eartwork may be eategned i sl nvetgaon icoag ‘epogrphic mary and geologic survey) sn other surveys (suey ofthe weather. evionment. te) and the ‘cil investigation i the most important from the engnering view. Far this reas, the basic pois in undertaking such surveys wil be delle ncladng poate and mater ote noe in uc actors ca lope, ‘embankment, riage sof pound, ecfal nds, debs ow, retaig wal md elven. Only single explanation i provided on sey oer tan sl investiga, Denil ofthe method of investigation and teste refered ond standard, 2.1.2 Survey Method (0) Prtinioary Survey Cotlesson of erat existing data (opographic mas, psp mays, gecogal an sil imestpnion repos feet contraction works in te vic, conseton rods, ater reads, interpretation of sia photograph nd site reconnaissance ar the principal sets undertaken a pelinnuy suey Hover, for aes that may etertsgsiiant impact on the rote pling. the oad secre and canstvetion cost et atch Facto, flr and Inde prone seas, sft round es wher larg scale rnd cating is expected, bye or uel constuction sites and acas where significant drying up _rovnd water though ground cating i expected, geophysical exploration, sounding or bring ugh tobe ndetaken oh extent posible, (2) Main Survey 18-‘The mala survey i underaen without al ie wo detailed design and in ition to perforing an oven sscy ofthe i and geological conon of he ene ote, he purpose af the srvey ito ley identity he sil and gesogcl conditions of reas that may preset problems a the oud constion, The main survey is uneraen ote rot of he rod. in selecting conrte points which he surveys implemented ts desinble to proiize secon that eed aru evi fom the permpective of the rad srr and topography. Homeves snes ical to tsn al information concening mil and peli propre ough angle savey aa sac the road tucson dteminad atthe tine the survey is vageaken, the sol and geological conditions shoul be identified in ptr manerby fit wndertaking sounding ing, surpling and teting of sil sad rk popes a appopite latervls long the rou. Moreover, in the evet the road sacar is changed as dil design of the road ropes, farther pind survey should be undenaken with reves to plceswhare the land geolgia contions othe topogaphiccontons ae comple, paces where large or pci dete re expected. ‘The main srvey generally ivaves boing a the pimary mehed. In principle, the depth of the baring ervey is pt depth whee he basing satus eid to thickness of S meen soem laces. However i lotions wher grand cating i tobe implemented, boring is performed oa depth of 2 meters ‘low he oa surface ba astons prone to lands, boring i performed tthe deeper ofthe scum ‘ding sroe or $ moter teow the desenied wbgade sudace, Moreover, for the foundations of sucases te than ides, heN vale sal be 13 or more and forthe foundation of ridges, bring shal be ‘elomed nil adequate hte in the erng statu equi forthe asumed scree confirmed, ‘Clayey round wih N vale of 4 oles shold be considered soft goed and nvetgued. Sandy grond wih valu baween 10a 1S oles should do be investigated with spect to posible ligation. 2.2 Survey on Cut Slope 2.2.1 Checkpoints of Survey General, the gelolealstcae nd properties of sil change considerably for ground which hs been et 1 foxm the spes und 0 tis exten flo detemine the dtd properties and chris pie othe execution of work adit sepa otheorecally review he saity of ut slopes rom the esas of the wil and esiogialsaeys Neves, tt required to determine the properice af sl and ck, thresence or absence of ite nd slope fale hysteresis andthe influence of root by performing sil investiga ad gealagical rey at some peal pts inthe econo Be worked ou Eigcily, the design of lage ct slope In pustular, gay ffs nt only the consnstion cot bu may also Frequently use slope woubes ring consti maintenance, Therefor, ppopieseys ie the orpse most be selected and pcfrmed Is rege to survey and et he ext sii iio Be ‘tanking mtr ‘The min checkpoints of ves forest ope ae Webi oc stope © Sebi of sjacen satura slope (26260 2.8 forrack fal ani nd det ow) @bitcaty in excavation Dans of groundwater even adjacent round ue to excavation (ee 24) @ Sol propey a the banking materi (16 2:3) -Appropsite surveys soul be plane fr puting ses on hens which tae sme problem and taking set ofthe ecooomic spect in sch a manne tha the pups of the marvey canbe aso. 2.2.2 Cat Slope and Natural Slope Failures (Cut slope and ea slope fires have diferent ses based onthe principe condos ie. il, gol stucureand groundwater onions and oth ad the secondary conitions, La agate of eating, shape of ope an rif and fork. Slope flaws canbe ought sified inthe folowing types shown in Table 221 2.23 Survey on Cut Slope Stability nthe cae of eat slopes, theory rarvey shoal bepn with the prelininay survey dessin 2-1-2, This proiminary survey is peconmel to say th ata condition of he exiting slopes, to judge he presence oe sence of lands, dees Now and oc al ysteress ad ato to determine the soundwate onions tse ponte rough survey on palogy sis and ther suctues. The eas of he sre a ed for dteminng ie ational survey plan othe main vey tobe performed nthe next stage.‘carey | Descion | Seton wing | DRL GROUT! ae [ay Bia 1 aon ot "Yae | Oe rr Cae ely a epsoe isng weno ‘neve ae 2 cotape ot temce panel; | tate oocert eng ton eswatsts | aml operat ata slope 4 pyroclastic ‘also occurs when baer) ‘elowerpamot fon 2) Cape otrens ei mt Sabeyont Prcomie ‘dor jon rts {eos ee , sud ot cen ‘sical, ewily wee erect. mato Site td adie, 2) sign of sartice oe aye ‘rearing, Matstone, and base ad sstere e edi e- Speci aac i rogue eat toes sri wenbering kes ice2) Siping oft song ip done 1 Largest spin Futures | dopeformesy Tonle | and ot wel tle ‘radope whan Seater ‘creo ekg rca ductoa Beet (ponder (0) Lage | mis pe tre Sea te een ‘he quay ot 1) Lngenale Rocks wi ap pasate | dope nacre sek wtih (aeons, tare ‘yale sch oto ‘ta can oscar asa dip cer wich lone ile Taree rocks (eece neo Ape | teas gure este Be Mewonocant | Asnatbsate Poa fare isco fermions | ssamuice fale reise: ‘ape ook erent 13) Reena colpe stasippo nee pe ‘resope wh Sel erp crake ne pe soot bee ‘aoe agit“The ain survey epson for tlle design of he lope and may be made in wo o moe see egued, “The main survey ist be permed in ation tthe ree ofthe peliniaary survey to Find the eed ‘condion of eats an te vacou pramees ae iformtion required for desiring ad eiewing the paces ‘dar ay cree sbi pealems ‘The survey onthe natural spe above th ut slope is ho prom in acordance with he survey procedbe fer ut sop. “Table 222 indicts the mlnondipBerveen the main pats of he survey and the sey method athe cut slopes. a 1 : 1) sled lili [is Fer lel a veneer ETHIE Seam ea ato ale=Iora ee eal also aba [eee ee ate atte es ices toletct tettepotaiar pom eee ee = ee ae 4 ‘Staten of Grete Spring Wan | CO) 10 | jo}s oO} ——— ets ‘3S pmpin me tet i i of inn cg nee te ll aspen sagopa owns ann pet eeae Careful sought equi o determi the boing sts and boing shu be condo at problemas tes fom the viewpoint of slope silty at found by the site econmalsac, Ta the min suey, boring should be candice slang the cette Hine ofthe rat at tee where the topographical or geological fextes change. ei eile to conduct at east aol Brags srs the oad at ies, wich ae fund to be problema a terms of ope ality, oa tas wth a luge-seale slope scoring to the resus fhe pelininary and min ervey. At ses wher ae wave exploration conducted it deine fer boxing ake place ate crsing oat of he nes. 22.4 Survey on Cut Slope Requiring Extra Precautions (A) Cots tn Cellar Deposits nd Henviy- Weathered Slope Inthe ate ofcoting unstable grou sch tus conauich his alow dere of sification, weathers loge, vleale midflow, and previous dope fire sone, the ate ecomnaisance shoul be perme in ‘heft place Ii eq a detain the groundwater eve nd th N-rales rom he eas of boing. the prin sae detain (condion of main rom he eas esl est, and the tate of acon as deena trom he elasic wave exploration. In aio, its equi to fly survey the main factors ‘which my gover he ality of dope such the elaon betwen the depth of cut and rounder ee, the degree of alison of matt sad grading, ip of teil, and he presence or absence of hysesis of lope furs inthe ps Thereof ti rervy hole lected inthe den, (2) Cuts tn Hasty Broce Sols suchas Sandy Sol ‘Sandy il ae ealy eroded bythe sce water, and sometimes recog in eck fils ope fabs oF outow of ol In oer ods he operates fo sch wale to ag lope pron wees x necessary to mike a comprehensive revew ofthe dee of ldifeaton ani the erosion resistance by conidia the Nv, and the sand and it content by gin size umlyis and the eas of he sexu ‘resistance eng andthe sey of he act condone the exiting ope. (2) Catt in Quickly Weathered Reck suchas Mudstone snd Serpentnite Forsloes ct in rocks wih ow degre of endurance agin weaning the pope grit ope ‘at shouldbe dternined after compre evaluating he voy of elastic waves hough ke goad, ‘he unconfied compresive strength of sampled cores, nd the rlaontetween the thickness of weatheredtone fein slopes andthe prado ie wich ha lee aftr thet was mad swells he ets ofthe dye pening test 0 Cuts in Rocks with Numerous Fissure “The nailty of slopes ut ino rock manly governed bythe fal or he dere of face aswell as by ‘conditions of Sars having cata regulary, such as bedlag sasfcaton, fliion and joints. The rope of ck snd the condone of fis shold ily sted through the deed aberration of {heen lope nd ostrops, and comprehensive engineering even shld be made based wpa the ‘are covery (RQD), al elclaion of index of degree of Basing in aon to the ease wave ‘explo. the dracon of er incision at elt in nti rn acini with the deen of te slope incinaion (af there dp slope, he an extremely unstable lope may have fomed, ecesuing crf pcormanc of he vey (5) Cuts tn Ground w Large Amount of Groundwater 1 cam be sid that most cts of soe flues se sled day o¢ Indecy to goandwate. The ‘ound canbe detemined by vicious methods each a bongs, lectc prospecting snd pompig es dhs n apport type of srvey shouldbe elected and prfonmed taking acount of eld conditions, (6 Cate wits Large Slope Large slope ently compote of wifrm and cid oil hroupheot he lope ad mere fe i compa of we ayer sch at westerly, felts nd sled ayes. Ia pil, when eating thragh cl ince cla ae fen fat ecard sees, the degree and direction of he fact shoal be confirmed trough bering ola wave explonion. ‘Moreosesrck consningslrge amount of moninoat ht si tobe expansive rock my often be Judged to be elavely had ook trough in st ese (andar peasant elas wave explontion) a Points wher he depth ofthe sil overng the eck large. However. in large sone, lage amount of esi eon and significa ncoadary dene of sregth cour afer he pound cating, 1 parla, for age slope, sce changes of contgaraion Of Hope recung) dang te cane daa atgeout form the perpesive of conaticton cost nd ecency of wok, dalled suey of he sl propery an onion of god wate equ, 25-Cat Stop prone o Damage by Earthquake ooking a tbe damage of cat slopes and ata slopes cased by the catch, incidences of sutice ‘re and ockfallae extemely numerous. Tn parol, in the tal ick slope with overhanging potions, cu slope or natura slope composed frock with eumerousfsses au slope with tale stones ‘wich isnot ily embeded in the rnd ck fl a prone to acu, The incidence fre fl of slope hgh when the longi eos son of lope fos prosons lg. 2-2-1), Moreove, tere tendecy forthe hed of he fre neo each he ie. rtemor, dep fre of ct lps and fac lure of tural lope alo oat caning stone dag. ‘Such facta the igh he slope grit, presence o uence of vera, cogil condone of the oe, icknes of te topsl, presence or beac of sing wae, quency crock fal and flu, hae of the ope, presence or absence of sy unsoundoes of deformation ie te slope and ye of existing preventive work impact the eailty of he ci and ntl lope nd teen! damage in event of catgut. Fo thi eso, in ero lnveigae the sublty of ca and naa slop in the event of en canbanke, careful examin of sal photographs and she recoenassance eo to be weak and ‘erg nd sounding ob pcormad a eed in order review counemexss, ee vie ote ramgueee nes : vette FZ \Z (ete Vera Fe bya ite Fig 2.21 Slpe Shape Vsierateo Fail by Earhgsike —(@) Rocktls nd Slope Fallres from Area ove the Cut Slope 1 over to prevet the rok fall snd slope fall from te ae above the cut slop, i is request ‘evens theeratim, nenbedded snd bose toces wih the potent slope fre rock fll The intory of such incidence sould be underood fom 8 ste rconitance, loporaple mp of arial ptotgaphs and appropeit countermeasures be taken agent pole ncldence should be ed in vase, 2.25 Surveys for Planting ‘he falowing survey shald be onduted to meth recndios fr the omlaon af lanng. © Obeerain ofthe lel enronment and survey onthe serounding vegan ‘When a revegetation tae: as been esublsbed, the pssible impacts f planing woxk and the planed species on sary plans a examind to achieve continity and harmony between he slop in question and ‘x saronding environmen, © Suey onthe weater “The tempers, nfl, vind and sunshine ec a surveyed to examine the sulube selection of plans, “imig of plang and pining method Survey onthe slope athe tine of exting (9 Surey on te slope stape and ters “The sap, sie, eight, Being, gracent oan of rng wate, degree of win and locations of damage dices nd stucses ae surveyed athe slope in question forthe selection of site plans nd the exaiation of worabiiy, (©) Invesgniono he sl charcterios ‘The soi hardness, sol extend sil acy, ec ae vestige forthe section of utube plans snute examination coher evant mater @ Viaaton of te survey reais‘As planing involves ive mately these conditions significant afc he success rile of he work ‘porta piets for ulaton ofthe survey rests fo the design aad excton of planing weld in Tables 223 and 224, ‘Teble 223. Gradient nd Stat of Plat Growth + Resonant vgn donated ty wees pose 1 Lea specs deat invade fom he uounaig wen 1 Phat pow ery wel One vegan ver eed sare son ena doops +A pce fs han’ egued To lw maalinvaton os he ‘atoning ren fxm plan commons” whe tenet ma Medi figh wes ad srs are dni ad or reno of plat comanlee shee eos pa cover evo oraz pose + Tie cnn of ov eli pan comes ees of DIST BERROSOT pais posse + Telnet frees may debit fouros ine fre 1 rcs pe eon works ert fg eee Piet Comma A guy a pl wise aly alo pence mpc chase oc ih nd dat aici afr vegion, I eet Clan, eying tpt ex ch community tp and ped edt Table 22-4 Soll Hardoss and tte oft Growth Sai roe Sa of Fan Got Taare + Geran por bore of ces. 1 Taelnd a arb made ae pinned te sg of pore. | Grow of eet sons poodle of rons pans eS ‘hye St 10-28 man Siodysol :10-27mm |, Bribe fet, + Thera saab for me plating LaPE Boe [+ crows or tesco syem ishanpwed exer fr sme wooly pei. [Hise a8 30a = Grow afte estan iaimar ingot ee Rak | Goh fe oot sae of woody pti posaie Wine Be ok as 2.3 Survey on Embankment 23.1 Checkpoints of Survey Surveys of embaninent canbe rough vied nt foundation round suey and baking teal investigation. ‘The foundation groan shuld te ale o support he weight of he embankment nd sia saces witht casing any barn etlement cael survey therefore, neces in ean stabity and seleent ithe foandation round i fount tobe sf. The sey on sf ground i deed in moe dtalin 2.5.Banking materi investigsions ae conducted ndeterine te sibility of sil for basking ard alo to obtain ‘ho si parameter gue forthe analysis of embusknet aii The tet items ae allows (© Sob ofthe soit ar banking mate (sie mal jdged rom the casificaton test) @ Seengie of te compacted soll (CBR test forte mbps, unconfined compressive strenght! for craton ofthe ability of igh embankmert, te) 2.32 Slope Failure of Embankment “Type of failure of embankment ie nd lope ile with he onion of foundtion ground, the popes of tng ater, se shape an exceton method of embankment and sf conitons Slope flrs can be roughly cased shown in Table 2341 2.33 Investigation of the Banking Material _Atcatingeton or ort, whether o not he equed galt and volume of banking atrial may be squid shoul be reviewed and athe sme Sine, te potonin te embankment where he mati ito be wed should ao te eviews “Te desl cndtons for baking meals we lied belo. © High deny and sear sengh to cor the sabity ofthe enburknest ® Bae of compaction @ Notable o sweling or nkage which damage th bly fhe eankmen @ _Awence of any gti mater which changes the physical proper of th material © Lite oosrence of ore water pesare during the wrk © Teltcaity ‘Nonna, slow any ype of meal may be vsed as banking medal but since the swelling property ant compressibility of highly organic soil bentont hight alee eck ant enily weathered serpentinite high, hese meri ae ot appropri as Baking mse Ia afore following examination is required depending on he peo materia to be wed () Cobesve soit with water contest aSpeci sentiont gui for any fu nd yey ei perccalty Sh SC ma MC, ss seoet| Atos scouring eres hte sion wi aking eral, aie taert ns ted te astoten(0) Fatme | 1) Ocrence of Involving | easing Z| Sot roms Funan | volving he round : nbanknent i nonce ove Bey low ‘sont gromd 2) Occence os | twats nie Chayey sol with high water contest suchas voles cohesive scl tecones sa when kneaded with consctonmaclary. Ares, he ength of uch materi low nd compres ie high tag conse snd afer consrtion. For thi reason, ch mat ce ot pope fr high ewhankneat Inthe even high embusknent mst be onstuted wing eh eatesive si wih hich wer content, review i equied on improving the mute! through sabilcon, wining with good quliy eas rb insaling 2 Hraton aye. G_ Stones prove to saking “Among mod sve, le, mf nd seh, there se weak rocks ta stow sgifcant king o fait, ‘When sch meals are wid as banking meal, ese granulate dung the contucton proces of ually grant as time pases afer construction and cans consldin setement oer lang peso ser he embankment is completed, Fo this eto, slakng test or ching tt ofthe rocks shuld te efomed to confi whee o¢ lth matali roe to aking i) Sandy si -a-1 embankment wing sandy sl such ine sand decomposed ate ail sce geen the viconiy ‘of thee materia low, the hope may be reed due onl lope fle may be generated, Fo this reaton i cey 1 conf wheter or nthe engi fhe materi hae spiny depending ‘on the water coset. Go) Siy sand 1 be exarknat sing si such ay snd tht belongs tothe SM or SC elegy nde he Spans ied sl lsifcaton system, hgh one wae presse may be pneaed wii the embankment. For ‘hs ean, f ph emaskent are planed sng he typeof il eiew shold e given to nealing 3 ‘luaon ayer wihin he ebunest (0), Rockies {in toe eve mata with ising gin sie enibution so be wed forthe per ae ofan embark ‘sng rock masse, boulders or coblestne, see tees the posit th such upper mates wil cave 4 between the ck mates casing ferential cetlement, review soa beget the inatllaon of an ntex ayes for sjsig the eiereneof yin se Wit note made ofthe above issues, review should be gven te pefoming aot oly tests for phys ‘ropecies bar alo tes or mechanical proper and alo to eanining example of construction wing the sane yp of malin oder to denfy appropri measures hat ought o be ken 234 Survey on Embankment Slope Stability "The foal pias and arey method for at nbarknet ae shown in Table 23-2 The base pci forthe stblity asso enbanknent hopes is to conduct strenght wing a tet sample which the water ote td dere of compscton te amos ential othe costo condions In this cs te water content ofthe ‘samples so th wae cont of the rg oun ets the wate conent ding cntaton which takes te eather condiins atthe tine of banking werk ino consideration, Ue Japan, it mat be noted tat the water cnteat dung constneion Is some S ~ 10% Ngher than the water cantet of te agina ground because of soft 23.5 Survey on Embankment Requiring Extra Precautions ‘The salty ofthe spe nd the main body of eankzt i manly feed by sping we ao all, nd cexteaprecantons shoud be ken othe wate.(0) Rmbankent on Indineé Ground 1 cae of embankment on inline ground, embaskment in valley, half‘ 2d alfa o tansion ‘boundary of ct and emtankmets, sing water fom grudtequeny pene no embankment, and consequently mikes enbikment unable, Therefor, the seal codons of grounder should te fly Javestigated parca. The main tm ob clsied with sept o groundwater a: © Dissibuion of pounewae, of woundwaterpesre @ Extentofemmeabe ler or agile, or ext of perme ayer @ iret of groundwater ow, water vt, ware ouce “These items ad grounder condos cannot be terined rom the els fa sel survey and souls thus be comprehensively ered tom heres of many srveysintoing ste econnsstance, beg, sounding and vo fh, ‘Alea, senonal changes it grounder ste often remaable in many casts andi steer desire to derstand thee changes (2) Presence of tt Gromd [At pay feds and wetand, he aft surface layer tends to be fund. This ef ayer bas the potlems desebed below itis tot asthe foundation ground for an embankment. eis iat to secretin rng the constuction af the fst ye of m embankment. Inthe ns of ‘low embankient the lfc loud afer completion cul fet the sf yer, casing deformation of he ‘oad suace aed the eval destoction of the pavemest. snags of he fundaion sound a shown in Pig. 2.3-1isiomportat nti ese, ‘Given the kehond fe above problems with pay Seles wetland, he tines and sibuton of the sft ayer shoul be cocked by means of he Swedish welght sounding es the Duch cone peneesin tertr sma, (9) Embankment at Landse Site‘apne ordain hn fob iho rd ig 25.1. Danae fom Foundation Ground or Eabankmet at Paddy Fel ot Swamp “The constrain of sn embankment a nde sit is exemsly dangerous and hoe cot is incu by he coustermeasrs require to ens its taiy. ‘A lanes ed o oor a tes with special geology an opogrphy Yo a cerain extent, the same or sil type of aad is ikely to aca nares with sini gelogy and topography. Accordingly it ‘eeonmended (conduc savey bated on docamenied recor af the cal geclogy and tpogrpty, econd of nds innighbourng reas ad the memories of loel eles ae Fig. 23-2, ig.232 Bmbenkment at Forme Lande Ste (4), Bubankment prove to Damage by Earthquake ‘Viewing pas demages an condions under which sch ame i prone to occr a rest of eats, cel, setlement an ile oat when he foundation is weak othe Ievel ofthe ground waters high ‘cnsog liqutacion of loo sandy sol, when he dip ofthe ground is step o atthe oeton of tanson boundary of cus and embaskmest in moussaous regions, whan the water drainage Fy sf at loctions that ae prone fo concentting seepage water at al times or when the water content in the 6‘mba igh due to nil pro te eathgaske, ‘Such factors athe gt ofthe embenkmet, the grant ofthe slope the banking mati the ype ofthe satu, the ip ofthe ground, he N vale ofthe foudon the satu of water catchment andthe ip of csising preventive measures impact sability and ext of damage of wn embankment in the evet of a ahaa, Accortingy it is necesary to review the sabiy ofan embankment ding an expe in ‘he event thatthe impact of fie is expected to te sinitcant. In mich ees, he codon of he ‘embankment andthe foundation ground need to be investigated though boring, sounding and laortory fexing ofthe si. 2.4 Survey on Drainage Systems 2.4.1 Checkpoints of survey ‘A deinage fcty my befor te purpose of enscog be sail ofthe earth suc sch at an embuskment ‘er enouig the gait of subgrade and base coune forthe prose of essing te eicent consmction work oF for he purpose of ns sooth af ‘A survey on dainage faites undertaken withthe above hecpois ken no consiteraion and on he ems ‘town in Tale 24-1. The following point need be tein pcormig the atl sve, “Loctionswher the surface water flows in alocly concetted manoer ‘ecations with arg amount of ing wate sepage water Ground wae codon ‘Condon of downsteam for sche of he ealeted watee eeee estat stare ofthe foundation ground sl properties and ote ch facta elute tthe low of secpage water in he grounds a complex mane, fc ensure acer understanding reugh ely the prelininry suey. Fo thi eso, n many chet he exitence of groundwater or page ware discovered uring the constroction work. Therefor, is import vay to observe sufice water td seepage water dng {he consnction werk ‘Morenita also eure atthe level ofthe ground water may decrease hu impacng the pound water condo inthe Vico eau of uting.‘able 2-4-1 Survey for Drainage Sysem Ten ofSeney | Purpose of Suey T | Masato Deemnaio of runt Design for riage dang execution | Topography andi coverage of groan Dserinaion of -otf race (Groundwater few elcalton [Sol nd elo cis grondinter | Design fo drag Gvngexrvion Determination f ope das 1) Thi canna age capacity of 5 | Deerinaon off exsing damage canals, which belong 10 | Plan of ew deinage system fe same ranape se andthe uainage sem andthe manage of anals 242 Survey on Drainage System for Surface Water Inde cae of danage facies target sufce water a ae of laf or water that ows from the vicinity tue, the major fact be inveripated are the meteorology an the cachent area le lvesigaing the seterloy, econ test ls 10 yous should be cols fom he meteorlgial oberon o efemnce howl be made to ote constuction werk undeiaken Jvc ofthe contruction sit. With epect the atcha the ae shouldbe clit by te eich pe of sie for both the poten of he consrcton se sed dace! aren paral, since mountainous ses bee sumerus slopes ant in many cases te catch ais ot let its Ssiable hat ail photographs be wed to deriae he cahent area, a he ewe of ringe on ope sae, the objec so prevent erelon and soning of he ope surface ‘et te flow ofscce water, in dition to materi for op si adequate survey ofthe topogenhy the succe condos, sil prope, round water conden existing deiage systems and other sch ite is rured. In pirical, locations that are prone to concentration of suze water or in ter words, valleys, hatow, emai of ave ny, eine of ml sae Indes, planta wil become arg lope and places th wi nvlve sharply cored cant embankments ead wo be lvesigned cafly. Mowove, slop suis comprise primal of snd sl sch fin san, decomposed granite wor eac ad and gravels prone tw erotion by sufce waver an parclarcr is eure 243 Survey on Drainage System for Seepage Water 1m planing subst drinage fies geting seepage wae, te strum srt of te foundation pound dhe round wae condon shoul be creflyiavesae in conseaton ofthe oad uct Fins, exising data should be calle, seal photopnphs willed, st econmulsance undertaken, beings aelimpleneated to obuin comprehensive ifoension onthe grou water a he planed st, Basa on sch Information, in consideration ofthe ground water system and wat balance wher oc ot be round wate wll ‘et a an impediment should be reviewed When the topography i divided into such categories as pleas, alluvial cone, il sand dane o lowland, since ground water bat sie progres for each ype of topography, these uielines should be referenced to undenake preliminary suey. Mowcoves, io general whee ground water seopst he sac, thee is» gravel bao fcr mone bore the impermeable stratum sod plants 0 the uci ifr trom those inthe vic. Thete pins shoud te erfly noted ding site rconnletce ‘owns covery of spring wer and wean. ‘owerng the ground wate velo drsning th pound waters cemed necessary a aes ofthe pinay survey, the msn survey should be unde. 1a te main rare, dele review Ss made onthe satu composton of he, ground and the ground water omdon trough deasing changes inthe water gay and ola t pia wells and pings, mesuing the water flow at major svers and ober water chanel, investgang geological tatum hough bag st pial locations. elecee protecting and nt pemestlty ves in sccdanee wih the ston of the siete arcu, slopes coniting of tlt material, fas, fact rene, and erat combining hard ad sf sit ‘en hve highly pemeabl ata such as those composed f glo and bed, These tats omprie agier providing sepage water or ground water an ths pnerting file ofthe dope suace. For this son, equa sure of the eonposon ofthe vious ert, pomeabity and changes inthe ground wate ondion sree, 2.8 Survey on Soft Ground 25.1 Checkpoints of Survey Sof round i compsze of sf si with lg contro very fine paises ach as clay ot, ogaic ol wth lage pores such as peat, or loose sand, Inger he level of he ground wari igh and such foundation ound sees or causes problems init at esl ofthe load of embankets orcs, ‘The sniiation and sil poperies of sft round normally fer widely by the environment of generion eqendng on te topography. Wren ctegong te lacton of of gound fo a toporapicprpete, the ‘rough soups ae brane valley, back marth, mle drove valley, at et, oat elie ground ‘ad eas slong natural levee and coat a. Typical aston and propre of ground teach of thes eas ‘ae showa in Table 2-5-1, Moreve, Table 251 shows typi vie of ata wale content, itu void 0io 4, anconSced compinson stength gad the N alas otune from te stndad pena tet tegen it eaty pound yey pound snd any ground, which ae oben the past consiacton work ‘Acordaly, with th peo! groan, review hold be made pose sof goad Tite 25-1 Classification of oft Ground and Type Soll Property Gear oo dl ‘Secon sym | ug] | Vine yt | 13 | Unter | Ute woe pTses) | 1 Smale eter | ter Someday mye 250 nna en eo Leomotne J ie ‘When contrasting + rat on so grind, tee i he dings nat oly of damage to the road lf diet Inaiy ofthe enbakent ox excessive setdement bt ale of damage ia ajeeat aca of he ond. Foes reason, thorough examinsion in the design and consction of road structure is neces. andthe sil Invesigaon neds be putea detailed ‘The objecve of sol ivegaion of sof ground io cud dhe extent of sft ground (pth nd exes), ‘composdon of ei srstum and its enpeerng properies(sear stent, ae of srengih increase, lactis ‘of considation, nit weigh, water content, nae mater content, te) ofthe wsous saa in ore examine ‘estat and eemestof ground de tthe Jou feng ado eet be counermeae Concrely, sounding ud boring ofthe soft vad is undetakea ad samples of undisturbed si are taken as ‘cesar opcorm soi ss and in sitet as par of he investigation. 0"The following ae pint tht endo be noe in investigating sot round. (When focus placed pray on sft road the procedures for od constuction are shown in Fig2- 5-1, lnpevorming he suey, hte proces on tf round shoud Ye kpt in mind and methods, see and deed cantons ofthe survey tht ae Ia coufoonance with he accuracy requirements ofthe vocoas ape shoald be derma (Gt genet, based on the existing dats at se called and the ets of preiminry survey with aniular emphasis on si reconnasance, sounding, bring, sapling and sol est are implanted “The gtr the volume of pertinent information collated ding the peliinary survey sag, the Bess asi wl be the Ir survey and he mice appropiate survey pan can be made For thls eason, prtiminry sey iindisgenabe, (Gi) At he nae of the main sey, 2 dtd suey with respect osabity and setemen is requ tic te flowing canon and uplementry survey it performed as requ. (© When the requd sft ri nt obtained trough approinat cleans o tail, @ When s spifcnty le setlomen Ie expeted fom approximate calculation or wen secomiry consolidation stlement tht comiaus over log pods expected © When te change ia the wf tum in the logit! nd tansveedeton ofthe roots isc: sch sin a aso vale @ When the foundation pond forms complex sera stata or when tere i a satu with age comaldaion: © When there a atom ati paca weak or igen eonslaton i expected, © When itis expected tat he stmt or iin flor of he embankment wil ius impact tbe vin are © Whenthe founds grand cons of snd with possi of eaton (0) Te popes of sof grond are complex and ot wifrm and normally involve significant changes of staffction end si pops in bth the plane irecton ad depth rein. Foe ths eso, tempting ‘fo jadge the overall sitaton fom theres of x single srvey my lead 1 lnappopite concusons. Acortoly, iti import to jdge the rest of the survey fom a comprehensive pespecive ant twas his, echfctor ld be let ed snd the appropratenes ofthe vrons vale should be judged in consiertin ofthe nteraonip among terest of he sl es otained a the vaousekg eons] (ces setdement, | setlemen Desi icin [Lat ati Desa calelton Ta ‘conicertonof groin strength net) Fig 25:1 Procedis fer Stay on Sof Ground‘oat invesimed. The vos values forthe fondo ground tht needa be ued in the dasign sould selected sng these alos 4) Poco te cntrction wort, real sale tet taking shouldbe undetken and setemen and stability ‘ould be messed wing solement ples, dspaceent sakes insta sala mee, ezometer and tet such devices. The mathod of comping herecally estimated values t aul measred vies ‘fen wed inthe survey on soft round. 252. Survey on Settlement and Stability “Thefollowing isthe standard concept coneming the objectives, sae und detailed coins ofeach vey () Sounding In oder wiavestiate the contin of he staication of sof ground, sch mtd of sounding a Swedish ‘wept sounding, Dutch cone pene sand standard peneraon tt ae agpropite, Moroves,thse sounding mebodsallow eximation ofthe approximate value of soll modus fo: the penetration resanc. ‘Te depth of invesitin in sounding i, pencil, up to pin below ke sf round wher aid ownaion pounds conSed and te interval between polis investgned shal be every 20 100 mates ‘ong the cetera of he oad penn onthe extent of change the tpogeny ot sestum. Where ‘he changs in the topopphy ae le or wher the sft ground saifeation in the trnsverse deton of ‘he road s compl, sounding soul be undeaen on toh de of the dahtof way as well oder 19 ocdte the changes in thsi satu inthe tances etn, 2) Sampling 1 oer invents sll modal in deta, ¢necesay to clletundsuced sample wing the hin alle sample ofl sampler ano perform vious oles of sch samples. "he leans fr sampling shuld be determined using he results ofthe sounding and boring as reference pois a which te soft suatum is hick or the engi sparc weak shold be selected, kn inp, th sampting pints shall be along the ceater ine of he planed road, The sna inevl for ‘ampling slong longtime rein ofthe rad all be 50 0 100 mets but any event, ling ‘hall be unde at lana 2 pot ia each secns of sft ground. Nowove, he depth of the© © ‘mping tal in rine rach how the sf sound to the beating stat. The interval nthe gh Sretion of sampingwlzng te thin walled angler hall ens that samples we collected from at ast 1 point of si aun tats deemed o be uifrm nd if the ticknes ofthe rat ag, itis date to aller samples fe 23 pois ofthe same si seam, Moreover, wl thismy eer anda, t ‘is practical to uncertake sampling ting the hin walled sampler a ltrs of 0 2 meters Un the depth asia Tet “The vane et maybe wed 8 test Sotto olin he shear ena of volt round es. Tis et it parca eectve for Sbrousergaic sol of which undisturbed smpllag a sol ests ae fc and ith giant acto in zen Soil Tet ‘Values from ol ts that red tobe obtained for we a referece in cago the sl stratum of sf ound a ast water conte, specie gravity of roll parile,tigid lim, plac limit, gran sie ‘Gzsibuon snd cpnle mater content (i the case of pear ound). Its dstable wo obtain conto url water cotnt ditiboton in the depth dieion and cher valee may be obtained atte representative polit nthe sl stern, ‘As shear scent fo th sability analysis of embankment, te general maths oobi the consi ‘ompresive eng considering saity curing the pid banking, In the eve! esgn aking into acount the ineente of sengh of fondion pound i tobe unde, in ether wel if staged cosruein it pln conde dined tial ompraon tt old Be performed “The vconined compression est shold te uadersken with 24 sumples pr sige hin walled be or per cer offi tamler The taal compro et requires at eat 4 apecinen o obi he seat parameters yf oad in pincple the tt involves changing the consolidation pres for the A speciness. Next, contldtn text needs to be perfored oon the consolidator pope ofthe sla rer to ‘acl the sctlensat. The umber of samples equited is between 2103 specineas pr single thin walle ‘ube or pr meter filsumpler ae(6) Arvamgemant ofthe Sarvey Rests “The res of survey on sft round bane from he above es shoud be compiled forts depth econ forthe sounding, nse tet, Dvng log sl test nd ote sch test by each pint and proce sl est overview diagram, Moreover, bated thse rls, sil pole nals to be produced ant compiled ‘ogee with plan fgue on which te rove points are marked, Examples of sitet overview dsgam nd sil poi aeshownin Fig. 25.2 ad ig, 253 eesqetely Souq = = ee fee Lifts neal? Fig. 25.3 Example of Soi Prose25.3 Survey for Judgement on Liquefaction JodgementonLiqufion is ually bated onthe slid method wing the qufaion resin fcr of ‘Fis simpli method requires the vais parmutert ised teow, As the vats of thes premsers Frequently vary depending onthe horizon psitons a wll relative pskns tothe depthdection even ie ‘ata whlch ae judged tobe ulfrm, an investiga wth areavely high fegoeney is ued. © otolopelcomposon roundwae level © Vsitweght ofthe gromd above th grouse level (© Usit weight ofthe ground blow he groundwater evel @N vad as determined by he tad penton te) @ Pasi inden 0 deterined by the consistency te) (© Fine fraction content (as eterna by ein ie say) (1) Sandy Sot Stratum in Need of Judgement on Liquefaction ‘A saute nd oat of suv o which af the flowing tre coaies apy as poiect ‘ef iguefacon a he tne ofan cage and href, judgement on qulctn mat in pci, be mae in accordance with the method descibedin (2) bean, (© Surat satu win 20 m ofthe exiginal groand surface when the goundwite lvl is within 10 m ofthe nt oun sree @ Swarm of which te fne-acdon content F,ssng pecet weight of sll pales with sizeof 75 um or les is 35% or lessor statu of which the plasticity index Tis 15 «less een ifthe F, ie shove 55% @ Swarum of wich the mean parle ne Dy s 10 mm ores and of which he 1% parle see Dy it 1mm ores (@) Liquetacton Judgement Method‘Using Fapression (25.1), the liquefaction resistance factor Fi excalated for aan sed of judgement on the lquefaon prospect based on (1 above sd seats of whch the vale of F, i 1.0 o¢ lower ae ceased to some ligated as esa Lenek0,/0, easy 1-10-0015" aso 6.210 tah) asy 8, muha 7 neh.) 256) (cases of medium sal arthuake meson ad iterate ype large-scale earthquake mss) 10 asp (ln case of ret hsp largesse eland earthquake aon) { 0 (R, <0) 33K, 4067 (01<, <04) esp 20 4eR,) Fy, getcon sites fet Rs dymaic he eg ao 1. ome shering see 6, :coneion ator by erhuake motion chance R, sepia rego 1 rtacon cote ste eag Ses ato song eden aseton 1, sii iteasty for adgenet on etaon ©, total op oa 4) ©, :ffextive tp oud Nin) 2 depth fom he ground ce) Ya wight oft i above he ounce Nn?) ‘Yn ‘it weight ofthe il bow th goendvner vd Nn) ig lev ot weet ft sal slow te ponder level (NI) 1 depth oft pounder (n) ‘The plc anal suegih ao R,icalelted by Expression (2.59). a0882 WT (w, <14) 239) 0.0882 /N,fIF +1.6x10*.(W, 14)" 4s.) Where (aca of sandy sid NaN, +e, 810) 1, =170W/(¢; +70) QS) 1 OSE, <10%) {vey 0% '@ Presence of exiting feces forerosion cont oferty poco and its catguaton and stenthe event a planned rod wosld cots oer # mountain steam by Iie o culvert where the eecrsce of deus fw i expected, he peak anoust of ache, he Now veloc, maximum wave height aed maximum gavel ameter ofthe debs fw should Yeinvestgnted as mei fo reviewing wheter oreo the deseo wil pas without damaging the bir or cer. 28.2 Survey on Occurrence of Debris Flow (2) entation of Locations where Delt Flow may oecar 1 depressed topography 10 which ran water gh, n mourn seams where wat fw exists ding ‘nfl, for mount seams with 1S ogres or mae gad of the sive bed and mre thn Sha of ‘chet ares vpcam fom the pint at which the grant of the siver be is 15 degrees, with ‘cotsideronfouted on cases i which thei sedimet a the sver bed that could become debi flow, Yocaton a which such des ow may occur ned to beinve aed Moreover athe set of le thn Sh param from apa at which the gaat of he rte ie 1S epees where elavely large failure a a mourns can be expected ue to the sil rope ing water erbistay of ule maybe consred as aeas where debs ow can be expected. The above suey shouldbe undertaken tough rough iverettion of opognphic map and aerial photographs fry and ‘ould be revised though ste econsisance, (@) stinaton of Froquency of Debris Fb [ising matron ester cords, hearings and se eecomalsance should be willed to dete he ines an egneny of occuroce af cnt ei flowin ert moti ream, (©) estimation of Rafal Condens Crasing Debris Flow ‘cas should be divided based on sini of nfl conions, and maison anal hat crased bis ‘ow in the past, heavy ans tht id ead och occurence shoal be clleted in nero drm the dancin between rif condos hated to such debs ow and hese that do at ado such des few. Inthe een tee has benno fl at as cused dees fow nthe relvant we, he masini oust of nal wich ch debs fw ot cer sl te wed a th eporay rfl condone on the —s-‘ccurencs of debs flow, and ther information sch topography andl prope should lo be used inthe detention 28.3 Survey on Estimation of Seale, Character and Inundation Area of Debis Flow (2) sation of Seale and Charster of Debris Flow In order to sevew he ele and posioning of exsternestres fo des ow, te sale of the debs ow (Gscharged sol ylume), peak amount of daca, the low velocy and ober mch factors ned 0 be ett Esimaton of th charged acl volume ad th matimum pri sz of debi ow may te undertaken by ‘nvestgntng he volume of cvr bed seinentaon and gain sz dstibtion tough ste ecoanatanc, ‘ut the peak chars, the flow vocty and unit weight fds low ae estimated wth ference ven > ‘xpesimenal and thera resewch on dbs ow and empl formule bine from fd beevaon of debi fom ‘The flow wloiy of x debs flow ranges from serra mers o 10 meters pe second in the ease of ow ‘ving large gravel conte (gave pe debi lw). ln debris ow in volcanic asm ow type dees flow), depuing on water content, the velo may range fom small p to 15 0 20 ters pr cod. ‘Moreover, with respect tothe wave eight of dees ow, the height is peer 3 meters ores, hee: ae records of debris low that have ocued closet the targeted mountia steam, 2h ates shoul be eda efcence in making eximaton fer confmsing he nity ofthe opgrapy aad pecogy -G) timation of inundation Area of Debris Flom “Th debe Dow avast inde aren tam fon th oit at wich sch low may coca stinsted. Debs lows ae asumed o becom sefimentaon coved the at and te botom of alleys nd alia fans in the pesent topography. While in geen he pat at which sdizeatston bein ie sesumed to be the et ofthe valley, patel sediestton may aio begin where he width of the Now seni increases andthe grat ofa siver beds 15 deres ores, where the wid of he Now becomes surower rere the rain of iver bed sdteny becomes eneln general most mountain steam has cxpesencod debs ow inthe past. Fortis eto, when the eit of valley ievetigted ti pestle o know what sale dee low wih what lancer f gravel and wha ‘ext of scare and sedimentation have occured inthe pas. 2.9 Survey on Retaining Wall and Culvert 29.1 Checkpoints of Survey Struc onstrate in ond eh wok include taining will, certs “Te xg ground that forms te foundaon ofa structures general comples an in parla in eet yrs ‘thas neeased vo onset sutures on places In infor condons sock a exemely sft ground or places ‘with numer ndulons rich at mowntioat aes, Moreover: in contrcon wok in bn area. inst on ‘the vit roan or ajcentsoctures ote ase of ian nes tobe taken ino consideration a not few “or tis eso, in constructing suctues, aviation nods to be undetahcn onthe pac tothe Wcnityin sin to sry fs and geology i order 1 ensue design and constcton of teres cnforing 1 the onions of teste “The following represent the ites tht need to be investigated with rept to the design and constuction of sets and bir major checkpoints. For iavestgaion of src in the ity and coostnction contin, fer 021 (Survey on Topography and Geslogy ta. googie surveys and bering anderen athe icity ofthe cnsracton ate sou be cll, ste rcoenizance shold Se anderen, andthe dp ofthe geloicl seam an earae, ference in levation,unulton, he existence of ping wae sytem, econ and volute of rant water nee to be reviewed ) ‘avestigation on Sil Properties ‘The cmporon ofthe stray, ol pene and condo of he round water a te cosrcton se not tobe grasped, and in ede oobtan mate eure for eemleing the typeof osndtion 1 be wed for athe snetre, sl ext ned tobe pefomed with respect tthe flowing factor depending on the type of © Investigation for sil parameters reed for caksaing etemal force (exh pressue) (unconfined ‘compression and axial compression et, mt weight tte.) © Investigation for sil parameters required for silty aay (onconfined compreison and wax ‘corpreion test, unit weight tet, andar penention tt) {@ vestigation fr sl partes equ for calulsing the tering cpa af hallow foundation ad ‘desig of pile foundation ian compression est, andar peta es, plate ening tet.) @ toverigaton for sl parmses requ for eleliing conssinsefcment (aural water content ‘et, contd ese.) (© Inveiaion conceming the ground wate (Dorng sey, ns permeability tet) ‘The above investigation items sould be aed to general ruts a inthe event athe suctieis of @ lunge sale or lvolves special constuction, the ground is extenly so, oer tet sould be added as ‘required to obtain sol parmeters needed fr he exgn work 292 Survey on Retaining Wall ‘Te scr design ofa retaining wall ier bythe topography, sl geloial ropes, inact oa sucues Inthe vy, contacto conditions and height ofthe retsning wal, Moreover wid eapect to resing walle ‘ mvntainos areas, retsnng wall uit on sof ground or reg walls bull n confined pace, ther ae cases in which pil scr design nea to be oped. Forth stn, concen the saney on eting alla iti eportant to ie conideraton to tht points Moreover, nthe eve reli walt contrcedon aft goundo icin rod it i neces ta ete ‘ater movement rough embankment lingo lsplacemeat or overuing ofthe etining wal. Fartermor, 4s ncesary to cre Moting vp of U shaped esnng walle wedi open-it oud. In uch cate, aegte Invest o sil properties need to be undertaken with espet tie sl proper, sche ofthe ta, lnclinon of tek, conion of ground wate and ofthe och all andthe stability ofthe retaing wal eos tobe tid based on sch rex. 2.9.3. Survey on Culvert Jn the design and constuction of a calves neces 1 tke int sosieron not nly pect a culver. aStel ot othe impact on the fest ofthe road surface nd the behavior of embankment both ier ofthe ‘cave. nthe creat of common groan, thae isa very rare case ofthe culvert eing damaged or having 2 lage Aeretelstoment the ain point othe embaskaat a a elt f the ctlement and deformation of {he ground, However, inte evet of oft ground rin locas whee the al properties fer sigiScay, ‘Steel settement dt the load fhe embankment may occur and which causes ifereace in oad level ‘or cacs inthe culvert or damage ofthe cle. For his reason, wih is typeof ground is neces to Invenigmte the ei properties sd the sztacompoion node wo design the calves foundation, Inthe ever he miter isnappopin othe constrain wack spor with eset tothe Foundation o buf ‘of acer, the culvert ay sete loc rte backlink wnt of he caler may ee the nepsvely afecing the fines of te rad ure, For his eon, he qulty of th bck mates wed needs obo ‘vaunted though tet fr etegrzing the sil or oh compacting et. 2.10 Soil Investigation 2.10.1 Sol Investigation, Test Methods and Relevant Standards “The al nvestiguon and et mets nd he relevant standards which ae commonly we er investigaton for road earthwork at presenta sted in Append. ‘Ax row techwologies, metods and eqipment are constantly being developed forte si invesgaton and es, the slstin ofthe mort appropiate methods is meceiry taking the objeces,requlved infomation and secures, elabity an et ofthe investigation ad test methdsintoconierion 2.402 Interpretation and Uiliston of Results (1) Geophysical Eploration (Blase Wave Exploration lee wave explonton ext he sl popes based on the vlc ofthe sian wave waveling through he ground, Vibaon pick-up aisle oa oes to observe he uneling dine of the ibn ‘caused by dynamite explosion to vib each pick ap and the vndegroond contions ae anand ated on te obtained recordstn gererl he harder a substance ithe fs the velocity ofthe elas wae ofthat substances. Using ‘this prope, elatc wave splorion used to analy thesia of sian of si, sof rocks an har socks arate data to examine the workability of cut section, texan testability ofa eat ope sat ‘jae the mutability of ola a Danking mate, The genera ect of the P wave ofthe ground it shownin Fig 2.104 ig 2104 b-Sin Blane Wave Bxplorion of Major Formation nd Rocks 1Hectic Pospecing “The resatiy mead judges te geological conions bad cn the corded ele ressviy to an lial cameat set to the ground. Albogh the resisiviy f the ground i tet by many tor, Inclung he parle sn, porosity and water cote! of the sll and roeks foning the ground tie arialilyalfeced by the water content. As a genera tendency, cen depress of colton eset ‘owen the pelo and ressiy a eerie below: © athe eae of edmentnry layers, the esivty increases fom a clayey layer fo a sandy lyerand relly layeri hat ode. Te acta valu considerably vais fom several Q-m for acealndayey layerto several ten thousands of -m fore a and coe Berk @ The esi in gnarl higher for dry si than we sil. a gud to water il, th esiity Increased fom confined (Sep) groundwater to fee (halon) groundwater and surface wate in that os. @ Theresisivity of eemeale ayer the aguiirous state tens to bein te range of 100 ~ 1,000.0-m. excopt for gael ayers an alli fn, @) Sounding (Sandal Penuntion Tot ‘The relate deny of snd an degre of conden of cay canbe clasied bused onthe N values sow: {Table 2104, Meanwhile, the elasonlip between the N valve and the cabesion of clayey sl, the ‘era feton angle f sandy sll and te tearing capacity ofthe round ae shown in Figs. 2102 snd 2- wa, “Table2-1041_Relaton enweenN Vale and Relive Density of Sand, Consistency of ly Sd ‘Gar Vase Rea Bea [ Be Vie O-4 | Vayleoe | 00-02 ven oh | =i0 ‘Dos —| oa Si io= [weds —| Medi 305 base —| oso | — 19-2 $50 [Wey dese | 08-10 | atest | ~20=40 Said $a -e-costes che pnt te eeseeusstg ie ers ig 2103. Relonslp between N ve and nel Fiction Angle ¢,Cosfeea of Beaing Capacity —6—In the stndard penrion text, he rao einen the potential energy of the hammer andthe enerry ‘conveyed to the od immeinly after inpatiealld the pecan ecency. This pecusonefclency ‘ries depending onthe tet appar tert metho 2 considerably fet the N value, Proper tein mast pad ote percussion fficieny, therefore, when wing the testes, (G_PWRI(Pebtic Woks Reseach Ini) Type Cane Penton Tet “This tests nil wed for surveys on westerly at slope fle sites Decan (he lately light ‘eight et pps allows age somber of ponents on # ope ia soe pesod of ne and (8) ‘he small mact nergy enables te deterion of mite change of he pensation ressunce of the seam, ase én the mb of porcusionsreured to penete by 10 em (N,) te liye canbe ened: sur ol ayer, <5), weathre ayer (5 < 9, <30) and bekoek(N, > 30). (8) Swen Weigh Somting Test In the Sweih weight wounding tet, he esse vale sates resis expres by the weight lad ‘eed for sac penton (W,,) andthe number of smirettons converted per Im of penetaton en pensation i achieved by rotating te sre aftr he end ofthe static peetaton proces (,.)A stratum of which the elsance canbe enpesied by W., oct of very soft o soft clayey slo very loose sandy si in mot tes. The ratoes between, andthe NY vale ofthe standard pesetration ts sad betwen W,, 1, ad the vaconfed cmpesive strength of lye soi are shown in Figs, 2-104 0210-5 rexpectnty. Fig. 2-04. Relionsipbaweea Ny abe and vane a16) 4] 13] 19] 03} 05 oa 02 OS BOTS 100255075100 125 150-175 Wath) Naas) (tem?) =0.0045 W,, kg 40.0075 Ny (times) Cpe" Fig 2.105 Relacahip berween Wo Nya G0) uch Cone Penetson Test ‘THe rcaon between the con peneraon tune g, nd the N vl for snd an rvel and the slit bermeen 4, ad thN valve fo cay are shown n Fig. 2-0-6 and 2-107 respec 4, emery bas the folowing relon wi te unconfined compres stength 4, a, = (W0~15)4, = (20~30)-, 201) 7 I they . y Jt v IA 3 \Semcncoms 2 ol ca pet 1 ig. 2.10.6. Relionshipbewaen qv sn vale for Sand ad Gravel ee“acer | = rae y { s = A = > ol A * os ‘of Bae sh ‘ ef oo | s 6 o ™ lg 210-7 Relsionsipbewoenq ve and ale for Clay (9), Ponable one Peotnton Test athe portable cose peettion efor clayey sol, he cone peaczaton restnce 4, sd tbe unconfined 2102) ©) Loading Tet ©) ote Lowtng Tot ‘The mod of dfrmaton Bobi by he bro hrta laig et and he valued by te sand peneon tse following ean aan spon mane eee fhe ound mt, E=T00N iN) e103)oy ‘The modulus of deformasion obiained by the borehole nizoral loading test is roughly deaoal ote modus of deeraon obtained by We Gla compeesion test andthe wzonied compression tet sepa ofthe ound mae, ‘Meanie, he efficent of haat brad esction ky wed for fourdaton sign can be caleld ‘ing the modu of deformation obtained by he brchlehoszoet loading, Plat Loading Test for Groen “The late loading test rents seo caine setement nd bering cpa ofthe earings Sor the foundation fused onthe relation beeen the londng press of th plate and seement, Home, setdemeat andthe beang capa of he funtion I tected by many fc, acuing te depth of emkenent, shape, sine an ity of he foundation, ground compostin,grundwater lve, surcharge sad duration of batlog ig. 21038 is a conceal deaving isting te spe of iaene of te loud ependng on he dierent area of loading Its eset to propery undestant thatthe pa lndig tt ‘eas show te carcino the bearing cpa ofthe gourd comesponiing othe sz ofthe pla. Fig 2108 Relaiouship of Sas betwee Foundations for Suucave andLaning Pate Pine Loading Test fr Road “Won the bate cou thickness i alcatel using the herng capacity cocticient Ky (ouch of ssbgrade react for apie of 30m in iter) forte design ofthe cement costes pavement, he ‘required thickness of mae t seer the necessary teatng capacity coefciet ofthe base course K, i 21010) wher, (© :consat (100-150 (em - see) D,, :etectve zs (em) ‘This expresionis sud woe applicable o snd of which he presi is eave fom, {gid Lint and Pai iit Tets is known tat te eaineeing roperies of Sine ganed sol, inching cay sipiicanly change depending on thsi stroctr and consseny. Fine rie wl excepting highly onic ol i catiied ‘sed on is Tocnion on the plasty chat (se Fg. 2-101), in tam baal on the consistency tracts ‘When te snl water coment, of ol ge than the gl iit ws bosoms my, making ‘he caefu selection of constcton machinery and constuction ath neces ‘Te comsseacy index (1 = (7, ~W, fw, )) east relaive hardness sity of cobesive sol In he case of 21, the saul wae core i ear he pase iit w, a lowe inating relsively tile sat, Wien [, =0, the nit waer cont is set th tld tnt, meaning hat Scubnc ol cold ado getcon. “Test on Chemical Propet Problema sl rm the chemical pont of vow ie gece engl a callie sl, higly organic soi and choo ich oi, Ths wal hat he following ington oad eatwor, © Stoney ac si: Special ateton shoal be pa to si of which tbe pH va is 4 or lower sit ‘usable for slope revegetin. Sci contining oleae pea oul cote such sel mae 5 Hel ples ad comet ips a© _Swongly esis: Special ateton shoul be pid tel of which pH woe ic oe ier a ‘ei unitable for slope revegetation Ts type of wl ould estoy the pint cost © Wighy orcs: i sd that whe th organi content is higher thin 2 4% the spect ai, conser and compesivelsher sag effected, @ Coie sat Thiel fittest corosion of el mati busied inthe ground, 4) Compaction Tet “The compaction tert rau is wed a th ference vale to dete the degree of compaction aswell at the water content dar the eonstreon on embanknst Refer to (4) n-Sita Density Test forthe es esha, ‘i CBR Tex “Tis tests conducted to dete the aig apa nde of the abate solo ase cours mates csinly granslar Sate conc mater) and i widely oko to decide the iclness af vaoas ges of psveent a aot jogs the tay ofa at a base our maa for ferent types of pavement “The design CBR forte mrad sued deid he pavemes hicks wil the modified CBR forthe base couse mater i sed ode the siaity of ol base couse mati for a ferent ype of (i) Unconfined Conpresion Test “Tee unconfined competion ete mnly wed (a) estimate th nding sea strengh of sl sample ‘whichis collected from ntl ground and whch it sat sued atts ginal postion tased onthe nconfnes compre tng fhe ad sgl and (tie he inprovement effets and 0 eal te sail of he improved pound by caying the compreivesreagth of soil which is aria improved by means cf nit conptcion or chanical weston. This test an be conducted with sl opoce sol samp, As the eng sopra ser to eperat, tise sable forthe testing of many samples Using the unconfined compressive tength qth ndminedeaexon of clayey ei ¢ ean be determined byron 21010. ema)? e101 () Teal Comprsion Tet —1—4, snd 9, deserted by the unconsdattandrined (UU) tet me wed to exes the saity of sonyated cobesve sl ground and apd banking work. a canta, c! and at, deine’ by the contd unrsned (CU) tet re wnt examine the sailty of embankments ad ot pee ted alu to examine the sailty of sect let the pore water pressure of pag water nd sepage “The rte of srengh incteae mi wed to canine he eabilty of embankments and earth snes ‘consucte on soft round ding or afi constuction work This miscalculated by Expres (210.12) singh g, obtained bythe CU eat whee he consoded sues p saved ma ZontOOh sag) 11030 Whee, + cobesoo aking he rng ines conan nto consierion q 2nd obtained by the consolidated dined (CD) est we used to examine he saiy of cu lopes ‘made up of andy sci or and with a igh permet (2) Consolidation Test, ‘The rts of he conan tt re wd to estimate th wtnt andthe conan velody of ‘sruted fine grid sil by loading hey ae alo used examin the cnsaldaon secleraon det ofthe countermeasures sain sft ground. The calelton and examination methods of this te ae esrb in 3.6 (98) Lebortry Permeability Test ‘The permeates scondced to calelas the pli ssa on srctarestelow the groundwater lee 6 selet an appropiate drnage method for excvaon an otc types of work to selet a cfm ‘onstruction method and filing mateal, wo design suburtace dinage facie and 0 calcula the cotfcint of th prmeaiity of sin elon to adgeeat on the ati of mins wed fr sad cing and sand mats However, a8 exinaon ofthe coefficient of permeability foe natal round is ‘roblemiic based on the resus of his test ts appropiate to coder this eta ing ume © ‘measure the coefficient ofthe permealty of te ground, Latortory tet cet for gravely oi in ural shoud te ueated simple ards, 2.10. Classification of Rocks and Soil ="“The clasifcaon of ks nd sl Is pcesary to esalch rough ideas about rock and sol popes forthe utpse of design and ceasmctor work, Sandton of th ames frocks and soi sed ‘lows scuatevndectangng of contents on omanen grou. © newton fit investpson res (reparation of sil and geloical prose ad sl propety chat) (@ Judgement on stant slope rien for at slopes an exbanknents @ _Dadgeret on mute utility dpement on spel and slecton of subgrade i and backil sl) @ Judgement on btkngfatorof si © Seketon of contncton mod ad constuction machinery (lect of excavation method and planing forexcanton) Caleulton of working copay of constrcion machinery Planing of ope protection dela walls. ee (1) Clasiieaion of Rech (@)vesgaio for Csiaton of Rocks Many methods ae usd to datty rocks and there isn wife clasfieaon muha. Inthe case of sch road cariork a slope encavton, he deny of excaation ie generally wd at cites for rk clanxton, “The excivaon diticuly «the bediock Is etemined by the degre of sich bresking Joacs a¢ the compressive tel and serng loads ppd hy machinary tothe bedrock an th strength of the bedrock to resist tebe forces, Accwangly, A 8 lead tat te wordy of exevaton Work 1S manly eed byte sents che bade, La, Badass frocks, andthe sate of fase, soc as isin the bedrock Ingenta te follwing methods are wed o investigate te hanes of rocks sd he ste of farce inthe bedack Invesigaion of wok nerds Field ary Basing ase wave exploration Comreson est on sles Meaning of clase wave veloc wih samples eo0e8e ne

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