NB. The distance moved must be along the same line (parallel) as the force. \ ‘The unit of eat therefore the | { Newton-meire (Nm). 1 is usually called i Motim™ — Pallet : a Joule, J. M/ Motion | 2 ' > | ! Push ' 1 1 ~ Work done X Work not done | Work done on the object. Ronco and Ma op in Sami ication, Force and distance are opposite Distance <— Bow does work on the arrow a Kinetic Fuel loses chemical energy, \\ Gains energy ' Loses energy Energy conservation ’ Sar Shots See pia eS atta grote energy eatin Golf club Fuel doeslwork on ow fie le \ the rocket Kinet Golf ball gains some Elastic potential IM] | Gravitational potential energy aw 9 Goll ba es energy lest by yy st hy mass the bow Weight Mass does work on spring Club does work on the ballInvisible gravitational field - lines show direction the force on a mass acts A gravitational field is a region of space where objects ‘Near the surface of the Earth, the \ Earth's gravitational field exerts \ about 9.8 N (often rounded to 10 N) ‘ilogram of mass. ‘Weight always acts_7 = towards the centre of the Earth. The force per kilogram of mass is a good way of measuring the strength of the Earth's gravitational field. If an object is in free fall, the only Applying Newton's force on it is second law weight (difficult in practice because of air resistance). ay W=mg 10 mys? ¥ g= 10 Nikg oe ‘The mass of an object is the same everywhere. The weight depends on the gravitational field strength, Hence. acceleration due to free fall is equivalent to gravitational field strength. Masses i Goo an oy ys m/s? an 16y Moon \1.6 ms? . yo towards the centre of the Earth. / muesli.) bat this above Gravitational field strength g, defined as the force per kilogram of mass placed at the point of interest, gravitational field gets weakef, not significant unfil you hayp gone about 20 e surface. Resultant force = mass x acceleration => Then acceleration (m/s?) = weight (N)/ mass (kg). You can think of this as the weight increasing to compensate for the increased mass 50 all objects fall at the same rate, independent of their mass. JagENERGY Powe Slow conversion of electrical ar ae to heat and light energy. Walking Dim [A __ Slow gain in gravitational 4K potontial enorgy. Low rate of doing work. Low power Electrical energy Heat and light energy Rapid rate of doing work sd sonvorson of eloceicg Ray to heat and light energy. Rapid gain in gravitational potential energy. Power is the number of Joules transferred each second. ‘The unit of power is the Joule per second, called the Watt, W. Rentigavanangy ‘Rate’ means how quickly something happens. Energy transferred = work done, so Find out total (heat, ight, electrical) energy transferred + Find out how long the energy transfer took Use the formula above Mechanical: (Le. where a force moves through a distance) Calculating power. Non-mechanical: Power = energy transferred ime taken Electrical = foites Caleulate the work done = force (N) x distance (m) energy '* Find out how long the work took to be done 1200 J = 6OW ¢ Use the formula above jm Work done = 300.N'x 0.5 m 0.5m = 150 J per lift 20x 1505 Bulb is switched on for 20s. Total work don: Compare these: imagine how Soe tired you would get if you personally had to do all the 300 N Power = workdone = 3000J ‘work necessary to generate 20 lifts in 60 s ia ee all the electrical power your ‘house uses. = > = 50WWork done Gravitational Work done by against potential Only changes in Gravitational gravitational gravitational energy gravitational potential potential energy force (weight) for gained energy are calculated A take (weight) from changes in height Gravitational potential energy transferred (J) (= mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) g x change in height (m) on Doubling the mass doubles ae the kinetic energy; doubling eS fhe Mes enemy ch POE 0 cts kinetic energy. ‘oa Barth ‘Work done = Speeding, even a litle bit, force x distance “+ in'a car is vory dangorous (sh Weight = ‘Kinetic energy (Joules) = Ye mass of object (kg) x [speed (mvs)? Work done = weight change in height Weight and height along the same line as, required by the definition of work. Gravitational potential energy depends on: * Acceleration of free fall *Mass ——_______—1 oi | Unbalanced force does work —t4 og the object and the kinetic energy increases. ‘fe mo® If no resultant force acts No work is done It depends on the object’s mass and speed tinetg eboney Velocity Increases (ie. acceleration) No change in velocity 4 Hence, unbalanced ¥ forces cause Newton's acceleration, waich is Ne First consistent with tev Friction Newton's Second Law.