Gopyrighted material CONTENTS Acknowledgements iESiaa Seon : = % iti Table of Abbreviations + ‘ a eb Preface to the Trinity Press: Edition “ a . oxi Purpose and Agenda Sera Reception and Qualification... a = oxi Implications for Understanding Jesus of Nazareth . . . . xviii Introduction .. 2 : : ene. <1) Rationale and Purposes xxiii Methods and Limitations XXX Chapter One—Historical Background 4 Israel's Origins as a Free Peasantry in Covenant with God... S Establishment of the Monarchy over Isracl and Prophetic Protest. exeeg hh Judea under the Persian Empire: The Establishment of the Priestly Aristecracy at the Head of the Temple-Community .. 8 Hellenistic Rule: Political Subjection, Cultural Imperialism, and Popular Rebellion... A 10 Hellenistic “Reform” by the Jewish Aristocracy . 12 Popular Resistance and the Program to Suppress the Jewish Law 3 ‘The Resurgence of Apocalypticism The Popular Revolt and the Rise of the Hasmonean Dynasty . . . 20 ‘Origins of the Qumran € Community (Kssenes) and the Pharisees: “ one BE Roman Domination: Oppression and Revolt. st ciara Roman Conquest and Herod's Regime ’ ¢ a0 ‘Client Kings, Roman Governors, and Popular Protests (4 BCEG6 CE) 34 The Great Revolt (66-70) 43Gopyrighted material Chapter Two—Anclent Jewish Social Banditry .... The Characteristics and Conditions of Social Banditry . eee e cece ere reece eenne The Socioeconomic Conditions of Jewish Social Banditry and Other Popular Movements... . Social Banditry in Palestine... 40s ee ee eee Relations between Brigands and Peasants . Jewish Banditry and the Revolt against Rome ...... Chapter Three—Royal Pretenders and Popular Messianic Movements ....... The Tradition of Popular Kingship ..... Popular Kingship in Ancient Israel... . . The Official Royal ideology and Its Unpopularity . . “Messianic” Memories and Expectations ....... Conditions of the Revival of the Tradition of Popular Kingship . . Resurgence of Messianic Expectations among Learned Groups 2.2.0 cee ees Sociohistorical Conditions and Popular EXPOCtatiOns: ... ss esc eee ewe eee Popular Kings and Their Movements ......---++ Popular Messianic Uprisings at the Death of Herod sc cece eee ene eee eens Royal Pretenders ‘and Messianic Movements sn the Jewish Revolt (66-70) ...... The Bar Kochba Revolt (132-135 CE): The inal Messianic Movement in Jewish Antiquity . . . Chapter Four—Prophets and Prophetic Movements Traditions of Two Types of Popular Prophets and Prophetic Expectations... 6-1 e esse The Prototypical Charismatic Leadets of Early Israel: The Judges, Moses, and Joshua .........- Prophets as Both Messengers and Leaders of Movements... 25.440 e ee fae eee The Classical Oraculat Prophets... ee eee ee Postexilic Prophets and Prophetic Expectations . . . The Continued Appearance of Oracular PeOphets oo esis apace ess ora wie siw we ee Expectation of a Future Prophet. .......+++ Memory of Yahweh's Great Acts of Deliverance through the Leadership of a Prophet . The Relation of Prophets and Apocalypticism . . . 102 102 110 146, 147 148 150 151The Absence of the Two Types of Populer’ Prophers among the Literate Groups... . oe 153 Seers and Scriptural Interpretation among the Essenes ..., mo peteneeeenene ISR The Relative Lack of Prophecy among the Pharksees 0 .01 aie s sing se ace alee 157 Two Types of Popular Prophets at the Time of Jesus . 160 Popular Prophetic Movements... ........ » 161 Oracular Prophets, .. . saratrayepenmeaie, RE! ‘Chapter Five—Fourth Philosophy, Sicarli, Zealots .. 190 The Fourth Philosophy . . 190 The Sicaril. ... 5-444. 200 The New Strategy of the Sicaril . a oe 202 Effects of Agitation by the Sicarli.... 6s eee ee 208 The Brief and Limited Role of the Sicaril in the PEASE RECON ia 5 ycaseca io ete ave ers eee 211 THe: CMOS oo, ws acece a co ap sin ew aie geese 216 The Sequence of Events Involving the Zealots . . 2 Zealot Origins: A Product of the Roman Reconquest OR JUdeR pistes ise diaace bce etek = 220 Zealot Attacks on the Herodian Nobility 223 The Zealots’ Election of New High Priests: An Egalitarian Theocracy......... 229 The High Priests’ Assault on the Zealots ....... 237 ‘Conclusion—A Typology of Popular Movements and Their Implications ... . 244 Chronological Chart ........ Ser rertieateee 260 Mager ra cannnceawe are an sa os 262 Index of Citations... 1... ees 263 Index of Modern Authors ......... emma 370 Copyrighted material