Giao Trinh Ly Thuyet o To 2 - Dang Quy

TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP.
HO CH MINH
KHOA C KH ONG LC
BO MON KHUNG GAM
*************************
GIAO TRNH
O TO 2
Ngi bien soan: MSc. ang Quy
TP. HO CH MINH, 1 / 2006
LI NOI AU
en cong nghiep che tao o to tren the gii ngay cang phat trien manh me. Viet nam,
trong thi gian khong lau na t tnh trang lap rap xe hien nay, chung ta se tien en t
che tao o to. Bi vay, viec ao tao oi ngu ky s co trnh o ap ng c nhng oi hoi cua nganh
cong nghe va sa cha o to la mot nhiem vu rat quan trong va cap bac h.
e phuc vu cho muc ch lau dai neu tren va trc mat e ap ng cho chng trnh ao tao
theo hng cong nghe o to, khoa C kh ong lc cua trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat a phan cong
can bo giang day bie n soan giao trnh O to 2 dung cho he ai hoc.
Giao trnh nay co 10 chng, bao gom: Khai quat chung ve o to, cac che o tai trong khi xe
hoat ong, he thong truyen lc, cac cau xe, cac he thong treo, lai, phanh va khung vo cua o to.
giao trnh nay se khong e cap nhieu ve cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong cua cac bo phan
tren o to. V phan nay sinh vien a c hoc ky cac mon hoc thc tap xng.
O to 2 la mon hoc chuyen nganh quan trong nam cuoi. Bi vay, trc khi hoc mon nay,
sinh vien phai hoc trc cac mon sau C ly thuyet, Sc ben vat lieu, Cau tao o to, Nguyen ly
ong c ot trong va O to 1.
Giao trnh nay e cap en nhng van e c ban quan trong cua mon hoc, phu hp vi chng
trnh qui nh cua bo Giao duc va ao tao oi vi nganh Cong nghe o to. Noi dung kien thc giao
trnh nay nham trang b cho sinh vien nhng hieu biet c ban ve ac iem cau tao va nguyen ly lam
viec cua cac cum, chi tiet va cac he thong thuoc gam o to, nhng tnh toan c ban ve ong hoc va
ong lc hoc cua cac cum va cac he thong. T o lam c s cho nhng hoat ong nghe nghiep thuoc
lnh vc sa cha, lap rap, kiem nh va thiet ke cai tien nhng mau xe mi.
Do trnh o va thi gian co han, bi vay giao trnh nay chac se co cho cha hoan thien va
thieu sot. Rat mong cac ong ch va ban oc gop y e lan tai ban sau co chat lng tot hn. Toi xin
chan thanh cam n!
Ngi bien soan:

MSc. ang Quy
MUC LUC
Trang
Li noi au ...................................................................................................................................1
Muc luc ........................................................................................................................................2
Ky hieu va n v o c ban ........................................................................................................6
CHNG 1: KHAI QUAT CHUNG VE O TO........................................................................7
Muc tieu .......................................................................................................................................7
1.1. Phan loai o to. .....................................................................................................................8
1.2. Cac yeu cau oi vi o to .....................................................................................................9
1.2.1. Cac yeu cau ve thiet ke, che tao...................................................................................9
1.2.2. Cac yeu cau ve s dung.................................................................................................9
1.2.3. Cac yeu cau ve bao dng, sa cha. ...........................................................................9
1.3. Cac thong so cua o to. .........................................................................................................10
1.3.1. Cac thong so kch thc.................................................................................................10
1.3.2. Cac thong so trong lng. ..............................................................................................11
1.4. Bo tr chung tren o to...........................................................................................................12
1.4.1. Bo tr ong c tren o to. .................................................................................................12
1.4.2. Bo tr he thong truyen lc tren o to. ..............................................................................14
CHNG 2: TAI TRONG TAC DUNG LEN CAC CUM VA CHI TIET CUA O TO.........19
Muc tieu19 ...................................................................................................................................
2.1. Khai niem ve cac loai tai trong...........................................................................................20
2.2. Nh ng trng hp sinh ra tai trong ong. ............................................................................20
2.2.1. ong ly hp ot ngot. ....................................................................................................20
2.2.2. Khong m ly hp khi phanh. ..........................................................................................21
2.2.3. Phanh ot ngot khi xe ang chay bang phanh tay. .........................................................23
2.2.4. Xe chuyen ong tren ng kho ng bang phang. ...........................................................25
2.3. Tai trong dung trong tnh toan cac cum va chi tiet cua gam o to. .......................................26
2.3.1. Tai trong tnh toan dung cho he thong truyen lc..........................................................26
2.3.2. Tai trong tnh toan dung cho he thong phanh. ...............................................................27
2.3.3. Tai trong tnh toan dung cho he thong treo va cau. .......................................................28
2.3.4. Tai trong tnh toan dung cho he thong lai. .....................................................................29
CHNG 3: LY HP ................................................................................................................30
Muc tieu .......................................................................................................................................30
3.1. Cong dung, phan loai, yeu cau............................................................................................31
3.1.1. Cong dung......................................................................................................................31
3.1.2. Phan loai........................................................................................................................31
3.1.3. Yeu cau. ........................................................................................................................31
3.2. S o cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec cua ly hp ma sat. ....................................................31
3.2.1. S o cau tao. ................................................................................................................31
3.2.2. Nguyen ly lam viec cua ly hp ma sat. .........................................................................32
3.3. Anh hng cua ly hp en s gai so. ..................................................................................32
3.4. Tac dung cua ly hp khi phanh............................................................................................36
3.5. Cong trt sinh ra trong qua trnh ong ly hp. ...................................................................38
2
3.5.1. Qua trnh ong ly hp. ...................................................................................................38

3.5.2. Tnh toan xac nh cong trt. .......................................................................................40
3.6. Xac nh kch thc c ban, tnh toan hao mon va nhiet o cua ly hp. .............................41
3.6.1. Xac nh kch thc c ban cua ly hp. .........................................................................41
3.6.2. Tnh toan o hao mon cua ly hp. .................................................................................44
3.6.3. Tnh toan nhiet o cua ly hp. .......................................................................................44
3.7. Ly hp thuy ong.................................................................................................................45
3.7.1.Cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec.........................................................................................45
3.7.2. Tnh toan ly hp thuy ong. ...........................................................................................46
3.7.3. ng ac tnh cua ly hp thuy ong. ...........................................................................48
CHNG 4: HOP SO VA HOP PHAN PHOI ..........................................................................49
Muc tieu .......................................................................................................................................49
4.1. Hop so co cap......................................................................................................................51
4.1.1. Cong dung, yeu cau, phan loai. .....................................................................................51
4.1.2. S o ong hoc va nguyen ly lam viec cua cac loai hop so. .........................................52
4.1.3. Trnh t tnh toan hop so co cap. ...................................................................................53
4.1.4. Xac nh t so truyen cua hop so. ..................................................................................54
4.1.5. Tnh toan cac thong so hnh hoc cua banh rang hop so. ................................................55
4.1.6. Bo ong toc....................................................................................................................58
4.2. Hop so t ong. ..................................................................................................................60
4.2.2. Khai quat ve hop so t ong..........................................................................................61
4.2.3. Bien momen thuy lc. ...................................................................................................68
4.2.4. Hop so hanh tinh............................................................................................................73
4.2.5. He thong ieu khien hop so t ong..............................................................................85
4.3. Hop phan phoi. ....................................................................................................................89
4.3.1. Nguyen tac phan phoi cong suat cho cac cau cua xe nhieu cau chu ong. ...................89
4.3.2. S o ong hoc cua cac loai hop phan phoi. .................................................................94
CHNG 5: TRUYEN ONG CAC ANG............................................................................96
Muc tieu .......................................................................................................................................96
5.1. Cong du ng, yeu cau, phan loai. ...........................................................................................97
5.1.1. Cong dung......................................................................................................................97
5.1.2. Yeu cau. ........................................................................................................................97
5.1.3. Phan loai ........................................................................................................................97
5.2. ong hoc cua c cau cac ang. ...........................................................................................97
5.2.1. C cau cac ang n......................................................................................................97
5.2.2. C cau cac ang kep......................................................................................................100
5.2.3. Khp cac ang kep ong toc. ........................................................................................101
5.2.4. Khp cac ang ong toc loai bi. ....................................................................................101
5.3. ong lc hoc cua c cau cac ang. .....................................................................................105
5.4. So vong quay nguy hiem cua truc cac ang. .......................................................................106
CHNG 6: CAU CHU ONG ................................................................................................109
Muc tieu .......................................................................................................................................109
3
6.1. S o ong hoc cua bo truyen lc trong cau chu ong. .......................................................110
6.1.1 Cau chu ong khong dan hng. ...................................................................................110
6.1.2 Cau chu ong dan hng. ..............................................................................................110
6.2. Truyen lc chnh..................................................................................................................111
6.2.2. Tnh toan kch thc truyen lc chnh............................................................................111
6.2.3. o cng vng va o ben cua truyen lc chnh. .............................................................113
6.2.4. Truyen lc canh. ............................................................................................................115
6.3. Vi sai. ..................................................................................................................................118
6.3.2. ong hoc va ong lc hoc cua vi sai banh rang non. ....................................................119
6.3.3. Anh hng cua vi sai en tnh chat keo cua o to. ..........................................................121
6.3.4. S o ong hoc cua mot so loai vi sai khac...................................................................125
6.4. Ban truc. ..............................................................................................................................127
6.4.2. Xac nh cac lc tac dung len ban truc..........................................................................129
6.4.3. Tnh toan cac ban truc theo ben.....................................................................................133
CHNG 7: HE THONG TREO ..............................................................................................136
Muc tieu .......................................................................................................................................136
7.1.1. Cong dung......................................................................................................................137
7.1.2. Yeu cau. ........................................................................................................................138
7.1.3. Phan loai........................................................................................................................138
7.2. Bo phan dan hng..............................................................................................................138
7.2.1. Cau tao cac c cau hng cua he tho ng treo. ................................................................138
7.2.2. Tnh toan bo phan dan hng. .......................................................................................143
7.3. Bo phan an hoi. .................................................................................................................146
7.3.1. ng ac tnh an hoi cua he thong treo.....................................................................146
7.3.2. Tnh toan phan t an hoi kim loai................................................................................149
7.4. Bo phan giam chan..............................................................................................................162
7.4.2. Nguyen ly lam viec cua cac loai giam chan thuy lc....................................................163
7.4.3. ng ac tnh cua giam chan thuy lc.........................................................................165
7.5. La chon ac tnh cua he thong treo theo quan iem em du va ong lc hoc. ..................167
CHNG 8: HE THONG LAI ..................................................................................................170
Muc tieu .......................................................................................................................................170
8.1. Cong dung, yeu cau, phan loai.............................................................................................171
8.1.1. Cong dung......................................................................................................................171
8.1.2. Yeu cau. ........................................................................................................................171
8.1.3. Phan loai........................................................................................................................171
8.2. S o cau tao he thong lai....................................................................................................172
8.3. Cac t so truyen cua he thong lai..........................................................................................173
8.3.1. T so truyen cua c cau lai i.........................................................................................173
8.3.2. T so truyen cua dan ong lai id .....................................................................................173
4
8.3.3. T so truyen theo goc cua he thong lai ig .......................................................................173

8.3.4. T so truyen lc cua he thong lai il ................................................................................174
8.4. Xac nh lc cc ai tac dung len vo lang. ..........................................................................175
8.5. Tnh toan hnh thang lai........................................................................................................177
8.5.1. ong hoc cua hnh thang lai. .........................................................................................177
8.5.2. Kiem tra hnh thang lai. .................................................................................................177
8.5.3. Tnh toan thiet ke hnh thang lai. ...................................................................................178
8.6. Phoi hp ong hoc gia he thong treo va he thong lai.........................................................181
CHNG 9: HE THONG PHANH ...........................................................................................183
Muc tieu .......................................................................................................................................183
9.1.1. Cong dung......................................................................................................................184
9.1.2. Yeu cau. ........................................................................................................................184
9.1.3. Phan loai........................................................................................................................184
9.2. S o cau tao cac he thong phanh. ......................................................................................185
9.2.1. S o cau tao he thong phanh dau.................................................................................185
9.2.2. S o cau tao he thong phanh kh..................................................................................186
9.2.3 S o cau tao he thong phanh thuy kh..........................................................................189
9.3. Tnh toan mo men phanh can thiet tai cac c cau phanh. ....................................................190
9.4. Tnh toan c cau phanh guoc. ..............................................................................................191
9.4.1. Quy luat phan bo ap suat tren ma phanh. ......................................................................191
9.4.2. Tnh toan c cau phanh. .................................................................................................193
9.4.3. Phanh em du va on nh cua o to khi phanh .................................................................202
9.5. Tnh toan truyen ong phanh...............................................................................................203
9.5.1. Truyen ong phanh bang c kh.....................................................................................203
9.5.2. Truyen ong phanh bang chat long (dau). .....................................................................206
9.5.3. Truyen ong phanh bang kh nen. .................................................................................208
9.6. He thong phanh chong ham cng ABS. ...............................................................................211
9.6.1. Nguyen ly lam viec. ......................................................................................................211
9.6.2. S o cau tao cum van phan phoi ap suat dau...............................................................212
CHNG 10: KHUNG VA VO O TO......................................................................................218
Muc tieu .......................................................................................................................................218
10.1. Cong dung, yeu cau, phan loai. ........................................................................................219
10.1.1. Cong dung...................................................................................................................219
10.1.2. Yeu cau.......................................................................................................................219
10.1.3. Phan loai. ....................................................................................................................219
10.2. Tnh toan khung theo ben. ................................................................................................219
10.3. Tnh toan khung theo xoan. ..............................................................................................221
10.4. Phan tch ket cau vo o to. .................................................................................................222
10.4.1. Vo xe khach. ...............................................................................................................222
10.4.2. Vo xe du lch...............................................................................................................223
10.4.3. Vo xe tai. ....................................................................................................................223
Tai lieu tham khao .......................................................................................................................224
KY HIEU VA N V O C BAN
ai lng
Ky hieu
n v
He so chuyen oi gia n
v c ban va n v cu
Chieu dai
1 inch = 2,54 cm = 0,0254 m
Van toc dai
m/s
1m / s = 3,6 km / h
Van toc goc
rad / s
So vong quay
vg / ph
Gia toc
m / s2
Gia toc goc
rad / s2
Lc
Trong lng
Khoi lng
kg
Ap suat
N / m2
1N / m2 = 1Pa = 10 -5kG / cm2
ng suat
N / m2
1MN / m2 10 kG / cm2
Momen quay
Nm
1Nm 10 kGcm 0,1 kGm
Cong
1J = 1Nm 0,1 kGm
Cong suat
1W = 1J/s 0,1 kGm/s

1W 1/736 m.l (ma lc)
Nhiet o
Nhiet lng
1N 0,1kG
10 3N 10 2kG 0,1tan
T = t + 2730
(T: o Kenvin, t: o Xenxiut)
1J 2,4.10-3 kcal
Nhiet dung rieng
J / kgo
1J/kgo 2,4.10-3 kcal/kgo
Thi gian
CHNG 1
KHAI QUAT CHUNG VE O TO
Muc tieu:
Sau khi hoc xong chng nay cac sinh vien co kha nang:
1. Trnh bay c cac phng an phan loai o to.
2. Neu ra c cac yeu cau oi vi o to.
3. Trnh bay c cac thong so cua o to.
4. anh gia c cac u iem va nhc iem cua tng phng an bo tr ong c.
5. Trnh bay c cac phng an bo tr he thong truyen lc tren o to.
1.1. PHAN LOAI O TO:

Nhu cau ve van chuyen hang hoa va khach hang bang cac phng tien van tai o to rat ln. e
ap ng ay u cac yeu cau van chuyen o, o to co rat nhieu chung loai khac nhau, c tap hp
theo s o phan loai (hnh 1.1).
Hnh 1.1: S o phan loai o to
1.2. CAC YEU CAU OI VI O TO:

1.2.1. Cac yeu cau ve thiet ke, che tao:
- Xe o to phai mang tnh hien ai, cac tong thanh tren xe co ket cau hien ai, kch thc nho
gon, bo tr hp ly phu hp vi cac ieu kien ng xa va kh hau.
- Vo xe phai ep, phu hp vi yeu cau ve tham my cong nghiep.
- Vat lieu che tao cac chi tiet co o ben cao, o chong mon, chong g cao, nham nang cao
tnh tin cay va tuoi tho cua xe. Nen tang loai vat lieu nhe e giam t trong cua xe.
- Ket cau cua cac chi tiet phai co tnh co ng nghe cao, de gia cong, so lng cac nguyen cong
trong qui trnh cong nghe che tao t.
1.2.2. Cac yeu cau ve s dung:
- Xe phai co cac tnh nang ong lc cao nh: toc o trung bnh cao nham quay vong xe nhanh,
nang cao nang suat van chuyen, thi gian gia toc va quang ng gia toc ngan, xe khi ong de
da ng.
- Xe phai co tnh an toan cao, ac biet oi vi he thong phanh va he thong lai.
- Xe phai am bao tnh tien nghi cho lai xe va hanh khach, thao tac nhe va de dang, am bao
tam nhn tot.
- Mc tieu hao nhien lieu, dau m boi trn, sam lop va cac vat lieu chay xe t.
- Kch thc thung xe phai phu hp vi trong tai e nang cao he so s dung trong tai.
- Kch thc va hnh dang xe phai am bao cho cong tac xep d hang hoa c thuan tien va
nhanh chong.
- Xe chay phai em, khong on, giam lng oc hai trong kh thai.
1.2.3. Cac yeu cau ve bao dng, sa cha:
- Gi cong bao dng va sa cha xe so vi che tao rat ln, so vi ca i xe thng gap 30
50 lan gi cong che tao.
- Neu moi chi ph cho i xe t khi che tao en khi thanh ly la 100%, cac phan c phan bo
nh sau (so lieu cua nha may GAZ CHLB Nga):
Thiet ke che tao o to
1,4%
Bao dng o to
45,4%
Sa cha thng xuyen
46,0%
Sa cha ln
7,2%
Qua o, chung ta thay gi cong bao dng, sa cha rat ln. e giam khoi lng cong viec,
keo dai chu ky bao dng, o to phai am bao cac yeu cau sau:
- So lng cac iem boi trn phai t e giam gi cong bm dau m, thay the cac iem boi
trn co vu m bang vat lieu boi trn vnh cu. Cac vu m phai bo tr thang hang, cung pha thuan li
cho cong tac bao dng.
- Giam gi cong kiem tra xiet chat bang cach s dung cac bulong, vt cay, ai oc co tnh t
ham cao, ung tieu chuan va t chung loai e phai thay oi dung cu thao lap.
- Giam gi cong ieu chnh bang cac h thay cac khau ieu chnh bang tay ba ng ieu chnh t
ong, hoac de ieu chnh.
9
- Ket cau cua xe phai am bao cho cong tac thao lap c de dang, thuan tien cho cong tac
sa cha thay the phu tung.
- Ket cau cung nh vat lieu che tao cua cac chi tiet co o hao mon ln phai u ben sau khi
phuc hoi, sa cha. Cac mat chuan (cong nghe, nh v ) cua chi tiet phai c bao toan, tao ieu
kien cho gia cong c kh sa cha ap ng c cac yeu cau ky thuat.
1.3. CAC THONG SO CUA O TO:

1.3.1. Cac thong so kch thc:
Kch thc va hnh dang xe phai phu hp vi chc nang s dung. Theo GOST 9314 - 59 cua
CHLB Nga qui nh chieu rong cua xe khong qua 2,5 m, chieu cao khong qua 3,8 m, dai khong qua
12m, trng hp keo na mooc dai khong qua 20m, keo hai mooc th chieu dai tong cong khong qua
24m (Hnh 1.2).
3,8m
2,5m
12m
24m
20m
Hnh 1.2: Kch thc gii han cua o to (GOST9314 59)
Cac thong so am bao tnh c ong cua xe c the hien bang 1.1.
Bang 1.1: Cac thong so hnh hoc am bao tnh c ong cua o to (hnh 1.3)
1. Xe con
Khoang
sang gam
xe C (mm)
160 210
2. Xe tai: Trong tai 1,5 5 T

Trong tai 8,012 T va co tnh
nang thong qua cao.
3. Xe khach (dai t 7,0 16,5m)
200 260
270 300
250 400
240 270
Loai xe
* Xe co tnh nang thong qua cao.

10
Cac goc vat (o)

Trc 1
Sau 2
30 35
45*
35 65
30 40
40 50
10 20
15 25
35*
20 30
20 35
30 45
8 13
Ban knh
thong qua
doc Rm (m)
2,0 4,5
1,5 3,0
3,0 5,0
1,5 3,5
4,0 8,0
Rm
Hnh 1.3: Cac thong so hnh hoc cua tnh nang c ong
1.3.2. Cac thong so trong lng:
Hoi ong tng tr kinh te gia cac nc xa hoi chu ngha a thong nhat dai trong tai cua xe
tai thung go nh sau: 0,5 T 1 T 1,5 T 3,0 T 5 T 8 T 13 T. Giam t trong cua xe la mot trong
nhng phng hng nghien cu che tao o to. T le gia t trong cua xe va trong tai la he so chat tai
K.
m
K= 0
qh
Trong o: m0 - T trong cua xe.
qh - Trong tai cua xe.
He so K c the hien nh sau:
qh
1,5
3,0
5,0 8,0 12,0
K
1,15
0,8
0,7
0,65
Tai trong cho phep tac dung len cau chu ong cua cac xe do CHLB Nga che tao c qui nh
trong GOST 9314-59 (bang 1.2).
Bang 1.2
Khoang cach gia hai truc (m)

Loai ng
I II
Cac loai xe
>3m
KN
100
60
11
<3m
KN
90
55
1.4. BO TR CHUNG TREN O TO:

Bo tr chung tren o to bao gom bo tr ong c va he thong truyen lc. Tuy thuoc vao muc ch
s dung, cong dung va tnh kinh te ma moi loai xe co cach bo tr rieng. Nhn chung, khi chon phng
phap bo tr chung cho xe, chung ta phai can nhac e chon ra phng an toi u, nham ap ng cac yeu
cau sau ay:
- Kch thc cua xe nho, bo tr hp ly phu hp vi cac ieu kien ng xa va kh hau.
- Xe phai am bao tnh tien nghi cho lai xe va hanh khach, am bao tam nhn thoang va tot.
- Xe phai co tnh kinh te cao, c the hien qua he so s dung chieu dai cua xe.
Khi he so cang ln th tnh kinh te cua xe cang tang.
l
=
L
ay :
l Chieu dai thung cha hang (xe tai) hoac chieu dai buong cha hanh khach (xe ch khach).
L Chieu dai toan bo cua o to.
- am bao khong gian can thiet cho tai xe de thao tac, ieu khien xe va cho ngoi phai am
bao an toan.
- De sa cha, bao dng ong c, he thong truyen lc va cac bo phan con lai.
- am bao s pha n bo tai trong len cac cau xe hp ly, lam tang kha nang keo, bam on nh,
em duv.v cua xe khi chuyen ong.
1.4.1. Bo tr ong c tren o to:
Cac phng an sau ay thng c s dung khi bo tr ong c tren oto:
1.4.1.1. ong c at ang trc:
Phng an nay s dung c cho tat ca cac loai xe. Khi bo tr ong c ang trc chung ta lai
co hai phng phap nh sau:
1.4.1.1.1. ong c at ang trc va nam ngoai buong lai:
Khi ong c at ang trc va nam ngoai buong lai (hnh 1.4a) se tao ieu kien cho cong viec
sa cha, bao dng c thuan tien hn. Khi ong c lam viec, nhiet nang do ong c toa ra va s
rung cua ong c t anh hng en tai xe va hanh khach.
Nhng trong trng hp nay he so s dung chieu dai cua xe se giam xuong. Ngha la the tch
cha hang hoa hoac lng hanh khach se giam. Mat khac, trong trng hp nay tam nhn cua ngi
lai b han che, anh hng xau en o an toan chung.
12
a)
d)
L
l
b)
e)
L
c)
h)
Hnh 1.4: Bo tr ong c tren o to

a Nam trc buong lai.
d Nam ang sau.
b Nam trong buong lai.
e Nam di san xe.
c Nam gia buong lai va thung xe.
h Buong lai lat.
1.4.1.1.2. ong c at ang trc va nam trong buong lai (hnh 1.4b):
Phng an nay a han che va khac phuc c nhng nhc iem cua phng an va neu tren.
Trong trng hp nay he so s dung chieu dai cua xe tang rat ang ke, tam nhn ngi lai c
thoang hn.
Nhng do ong c nam ben trong buong lai, nen the tch buong lai se giam va oi hoi phai co
bien phap cach nhiet va cach am tot, nham han che cac anh hng cua ong c oi vi tai xe va
hanh khach nh nong va tieng on do ong c phat ra.
Khi ong c nam trong buong lai se kho khan cho viec sa cha va bao dng ong c. Bi vay
trong trng hp nay ngi ta thng dung loai buong lai lat (Hnh 1.4h) e de dang cham soc ong
c.
Ngoai ra mot nhc iem can lu y na la phng an nay trong tam cua xe b nang cao, lam
cho o on nh cua xe b giam.
1.4.1.2. ong c at ang sau:
Phng an nay thng s dung xe du lch va xe khach.
Khi ong c at ang sau (hnh 1.4d) th he so s dung chieu dai tang, bi vay the tch phan
cha khach cua xe se ln hn so vi trng hp ong c at ang trc neu cung mot chieu dai L
cua ca hai xe nh nhau, nh vay lng hanh khach se nhieu hn.
13
Neu chung ta chon phng an ong c at ang sau, ong thi cau sau la cau chu ong, cau
trc b ong, th he thong truyen lc se n gian hn v khong can s dung en truyen ong cac
ang.
Ngoai ra, neu ong c nam sau xe, th ngi lai nhn rat thoang, hanh khach va ngi lai hoan
toan khong b anh hng bi tieng on va sc nong cua ong c.
Nhc iem chu yeu cua phng an nay la van e ieu khien ong c, ly hp, ho p so v.vse
phc tap hn v cac bo phan noi tren nam cach xa ngi lai.
1.4.1.3. ong c at gia buong lai va thung xe:
Phng an ong c nam gia buong lai va thung xe (hnh 1.4c) co u iem la the tch buong lai
tang len, ngi lai nhn se thoang va thng ch s dung xe tai va mot so xe chuyen dung trong
nganh xay dng.
Trng hp bo tr nay co nhc iem sau:
No lam giam he so s dung chieu dai va lam cho chieu cao trong tam xe tang len, do o tnh
on nh cua xe giam. e trong tam xe nam v tr thap, bat buoc phai thay oi s bo tr thung xe va
mot so chi tiet khac.
1.4.1.4. ong c at gia san xe:
Phng an nay c s dung xe khach (hnh 1.4e) va no co c nhng u iem nh trng
hp ong c at ang sau.
Nhc iem chnh cua phng an nay la khoang sang gam may b giam, han che pham vi hoat
ong cua xe va kho sa cha, cham soc ong c.
1.4.2. Bo tr he thong truyen lc tren o to:
He thong truyen lc cua oto bao gom cac bo phan va c cau nham thc hien nhiem vu truyen
momen xoan t ong c en cac banh xe chu ong. He thong truyen lc thng bao gom cac bo
phan sau :
Ly hp: ( viet tat LH).
Hop so: (viet tat HS).
Hop phan phoi: (viet tat P).
Truyen ong cac ang : (viet tat C).
Truyen lc chnh: (viet tat TC).
Vi sai : (viet tat VS).
Ban truc (na truc): (viet tat N).
tren xe mot cau chu ong se khong co hop phan phoi. Ngoai ra xe tai vi tai trong ln th
trong he thong truyen lc se co them truyen lc cuoi cung.
Mc o phc tap cua he thong truyen lc mot xe cu the c the hien qua cong thc banh xe.
Cong thc banh xe c ky hieu tong quat nh sau:
a xb
Trong o :
a la so lng banh xe .
b la so lng banh xe chu ong .
14
e n gian va khong b nham lan, vi ky hieu tren chung ta quy c oi vi banh kep cu ng
ch coi la mot banh.
Th du cho cac trng hp sau:
4 x 2 : xe co mot cau chu ong (co 4 banh xe, trong o co 2 banh xe la chu ong).
4 x 4 : xe co hai cau chu ong (co 4 banh xe va ca 4 banh eu chu ong ).
6 x 4 : xe co hai cau chu ong, mot cau b ong (co 6 banh xe, trong o 4 banh xe la chu
ong).
6 x 6 : xe co 3 cau chu ong (co 6 banh xe va ca 6 banh eu chu ong).
8 x 8 : xe co 4 cau chu ong (co 8 banh xe va ca 8 banh eu chu ong).
1.4.2.1. Bo tr he thong truyen lc theo cong thc 4 x 2:
1.4.2.1.1. ong c at trc, cau sau chu ong:
Phng an nay c the hien hnh 1.5, thng c s dung xe du lch va xe tai hang nhe.
Phng an bo tr nay rat c ban va a xuat hien t lau.
LH
HS
TC
VS
N
Hnh 1.5: ong c at trc, cau sau chu ong (4 x 2)

1.4.2.1.2. ong c at sau, cau sau chu ong:
Phng an nay c the hien hnh 1.6 thng c s dung mot so xe du lch va xe khach.
Trong trng hp nay he thong truyen lc se gon va n gian v khong can en truyen ong cac
ang. phng an nay co the bo tr ong c, ly hp, hop so, truyen lc chnh gon thanh mot khoi.
HS
Hnh 1.6: ong c at sau, cau sau chu ong (4 x 2)
15
Mot v du ien hnh cho phng an nay la he thong truyen lc cho xe du lch VW 1200 (cua
CHDC c) hnh 1.7.
Hnh 1.7: He thong truyen lc xe VW 1200

1 Banh rang vanh chau
2 Vo bo vi sai
3 Banh rang ban truc
(Khong ve so lui tren hnh ve)
1.4.2.1.3. ong c at trc, cau trc chu ong:

Phng an nay c the hien hnh 1.8, thng c s dung mot so xe du lch san xuat
trong thi gian gan ay. Cach bo tr nay rat gon va he thong truyen lc n gian v ong c nam
ngang, nen cac banh rang cua truyen lc chnh la cac banh rang tru, che tao n gian hn banh ran g
non cac bo truyen lc chnh tren cac xe khac.
Hnh 1.8: ong c trc, cau trc chu ong
16
Mot v du ien hnh cho phng an nay la cach bo tr he thong truyen lc cua xe du lch
TALBOT SOLARA (CH Phap):
1
2
Hnh 1.9: He thong truyen lc cua xe du lch TALBOT SOLARA

1 va 2 : c cau sang so lui (khong the hien het hnh ve).
Phng an nay c s dung nhieu xe tai va mot so xe du lch. Tren hnh 1.10 trnh bay he
thong truyen lc cua xe du lch VAZ - 2121 (san xuat tai CHLB Nga). ben trong hop phan phoi co
bo vi sai gia hai cau va c cau khoa bo vi sai o khi can thiet.
P
LH
C
HS
C
C
1
Hnh 1.10 : He thong truyen lc cua xe VAZ 2121

1 C cau khoa vi sai gia hai cau.
2 Vi sai gia hai cau.
17
LH
C
TC
HS
TC
Hnh 1.11: He thong truyen lc cua xe KAMAZ 5320

Phng an nay c s dung nhieu cac xe tai co tai trong ln. tren hnh 1.11 la he thong
truyen lc 6 x 4 cua xe tai KAMAZ 5320 (san xuat tai CHLB Nga). ac iem c ban cua cach bo
tr nay la khong s dung hop phan phoi cho hai cau sau chu ong, ma ch dung mot bo vi sai gia hai
cau nen ket cau rat gon.
Hnh 1.12 : He thong truyen lc cua xe URAL 375

Phng an nay c s dung hau het cac xe tai co tai trong ln va rat ln. Mot v du cho trng
hp nay la he thong truyen lc cua xe tai URAL 375 (san xuat tai CHLB Nga) tren hnh 1.12.
ac iem chnh cua he tho ng truyen lc nay la trong hop phan phoi co bo vi sai hnh tru e chia
cong suat en cac cau trc, cau gia va cau sau. Cong suat dan ra cau gia va cau sau c pha n
phoi thong qua bo vi sai hnh non (Nh hnh 1.11) .
Ngoai ra co mot so he thong truyen lc mot so xe lai khong s dung bo vi sai gia cac cau
nh xe ZIL 131 ,ZIL 175 K,
18
CHNG 2
TAI TRONG TAC DUNG LEN CAC CUM

VA CHI TIET CUA O TO
Muc tieu:
1. Phan biet c cac loai tai trong tac dung len cac cum va chi tiet cua o to.
2. Xac nh c cac trng hp sinh ra tai trong ong.
3. Tnh c tai trong tnh toan dung cho he thong truyen lc.
4. Tnh c tai trong tnh toan dung cho he thong phanh.
5. Tnh c tai trong tnh toan dung cho he thong treo va cau.
6. Tnh c tai trong tnh toan dung cho he thong lai.
19
2.1. KHAI NIEM VE CAC LOAI TAI TRONG:

Muc ch cua cong viec tnh toan thiet ke o to la xac nh kch thc toi u cua cac bo phan va
chi tiet cua xe. Trong khi o, kch thc cua mot chi tiet phu thuoc vao o ln va ban chat cua ng
suat sinh ra ben trong chi tiet o khi no lam viec. Ma ng suat sinh ra trong cac chi tiet cua o to lai
phu thuoc vao che o tai trong tac dung len chung trong cac ieu kien s dung khac nhau. Nh vay,
muon xac nh kch thc cua cac chi tiet e u o ben lam viec, can phai xac nh tai trong tac
dung len chung khi xe lam viec.
O to la mot he ong lc hoc rat phc tap, khi chuyen ong vi van toc khac nhau, tren cac loai
ng khac nhau th tnh trang chu tai cua cac chi tiet se thay oi. Khi tnh toan o ben cua cac bo
phan va chi tiet cua o to, ngoai tai trong tnh chung ta phai xet en tai trong ong. Tai trong ong
tac dung len chi tiet trong thi gian ngan, nhng gia tr cua no ln hn tai trong tnh rat nhieu.
Tai trong ong xuat hien trong cac bo phan va chi tiet cua he thong truyen lc khi ong ly hp
ot ngot, khi gai so trong qua trnh tang toc, khi phanh ot ngot bang phanh tay hoac khi phanh gap
ma khong m ly hp Con oi vi cac bo phan khong c treo va he thong lai, tai trong ong se
xuat hien khi xe chuyen ong tren mat ng khong bang phang.
Nh vay, e xac nh c kch thc cua cac chi tiet am bao u o ben lam viec, th chung
ta phai xac nh c tai trong ong tac dung len chi tiet o khi xe chuyen ong .
Xac nh chnh xac gia tr tai trong ong tac dung len cac chi tiet cua xe la mot bai toan rat
phc tap. Bi v, gia tr tai trong ong co the thay oi do ieu kien mat ng va trang thai chuyen
ong cua xe thay oi.
oi vi he thong truyen lc cua o to, tai trong tnh tac dung le n chi tiet c tnh t momen
xoan cc ai cua ong c Memax. Con tai trong ong thng c xac nh theo cong thc kinh
nghiem nhan c t hang loat cac th nghiem .
Thong thng tai trong ong c ac trng bang he so tai trong ong k. He so nay bang t so
cua gia tr tai trong ong tren gia tr tai trong tnh:
k =
gia tr tai trong ong

gia tr tai trong tnh
(2.1)
Thong qua s phan tch va tong hp gia tai trong tnh, he so an toan, thong ke xac suat tai
trong ong, chung ta se chon ra c mot che o tai trong hp ly e a vao tnh toan thiet ke cac
chi tiet cua o to.
Tiep theo sau ay chung ta se nghien cu mot so trng hp sinh ra tai trong ong thng gap.
2.2. NHNG TRNG HP SINH RA TAI TRONG ONG:
2.2.1. ong ly hp ot ngot:
Khi khi ong xe, neu chung ta ong ly hp ot ngot (tha ban ap ly hp qua nhanh) th se
phat sinh tai trong ong rat ln, v van toc goc cua phan b ong tang len rat nhanh va bien thien
theo thi gian, bi vay se xuat hien gia toc goc va momen cua cac lc quan tnh tac dung len truc b
ong cua ly hp va cac chi tiet c noi vi truc b ong. Ket qua cua viec ong ly hp ot ngot la
xe b giat manh hoac ong c se tat may. Hien tai cha co phng phap chnh xac e tnh toan tai
trong ong sinh ra khi ong ly h p ot ngot, nen chung ta chap nhan co ng thc kinh nghiem sau ay
e tnh he so tai trong ong cho trng hp nay:
20
i+8
i
k =
(2.2)
ay : He so d tr cua ly hp (xem chng 3) .

i T so truyen chung cua ca he thong truyen lc ng vi tay so ang tnh toan.
Qua th nghiem, ngi ta nhan thay rang khi ong ly h p ot ngot th momen quay sinh ra tren
truc s cap cua hop so co the ln gap 33,5 lan momen quay cc ai cua ong c va banh xe chu
ong momen xoan co the gap hai lan so vi momen xoan t ong c truyen xuong.
bang 2.1 va 2.2 cho thay he so tai trong ong oi vi he thong truyen lc cua mot so xe
trong cac ieu kien tai trong khac nhau:
Bang 2.1: He so tai trong ong cua he thong truyen lc khi ong ly hp ot ngot
Hieu o to
He so tai
trong ong
GAZ 51
So truyen
mot
1,99
Ly thuyet
2,2
Thc nghiem
ZIN - 150
So lui
1,55
So truyen
mot
1,94
2,75
MAZ 200
So lui
1,78
So truyen
mot
2,17
2,14
So lui
1,97
Bang 2.2: He so tai trong ong oi vi he thong truyen lc cua xe GAZ - 51 cac ieu kien
tai trong khac nhau
Cac thong so
He so tai trong
ong
T so momen ong
tren momen tnh
cua ly hp
Khi ong tai cho

So
truyen 2
3,0
So
truyen 3
3,35
So
truyen 4
0,66
1,67
1,82
2,03
Tha ban ap ly hp e phanh

bang ong c khi chuyen ong
xuong doc.
So
So truyen So truyen
truyen 2
3
4
2,93
3,55
4,05
1,62
1,98
2,25
2.2.2. Khong m ly hp khi phanh:

Khi phanh ma khong m ly hp th cac chi tiet quay cua ong c (ang ke nhat la banh a vi
mo men quan tnh Jb ) phai dng lai trong khoang thi gian rat ngan t va vi gia toc cham dan rat
d b
ln
.
dt
(b - Van toc goc cua banh a).
21
Luc nay momen cac lc quan tnh Mj cua banh a se truyen qua ly hp tac dung len he thong
truyen lc, gay nen tai trong ong theo s o tren hnh 2.1.
M j = J b
(2.3)
dt
Khi cac banh xe a dng han lai th banh a con quay them mot goc b va se lam cho cac truc
cua he thong truyen lc b xoan vi cac goc xoan lien quan vi nhau theo bieu thc sau:
b = c.ih + n.i0.ih
(2.4)
ay :
c Goc xoan cua truc cac ang (rad).
n Goc xoan cua mot ban truc (rad).
Jb
c i h+ n i0 ih
Mj
c + n i0
Ham
M j .i h
ih
n.i0
Jc , l c
i0
n
Mj
Jn,ln
Jc
b
M j .ih.i0
M j .ih .i0
2
M j .ih
lc
Ham
Jn
bx
ln
Hnh 2.1: S o tnh toan tai trong ong khi phanh ma ly hp van ong
Cac goc xoan c, n c tnh theo sach Sc ben vat lieu :
c =
M j.i h .l c
n =
M j.i h .i 0.l n
J c.G
2.J n .G
ay :
lc, ln chieu dai truc cac ang va ban truc (m).
Jc, Jn mo men quan tnh oc cc cua tiet dien truc cac ang va ban truc (m4).
G mouyn an hoi dch chuyen (khi xoan).
G = 8.104 MN/m2
22
Thay cac gia tr c, n vao bieu thc (2.4) ta co:

i 2 .l
i 2 .i 2 .l
b = M j ( h c + 0 h n )
J c .G 2J n .G
Neu chung ta at:
C=
(2.5)
1
i .l c i 20 .i 2h .l n
+
J c .G 2 J n .G
2
h
la o cng chong xoan cua he thong truyen lc (Nmrad-1) khi cac banh xe cu ng b ham, se nhan
c mot bieu thc khac bieu dien momen cac lc quan tnh:
Mj = C.b
(2.6)
T 2 bieu thc (2.3) va (2.6) chung ta co :
d
Jb b = C.b
(2.7)
dt
Mat khac ta co :
d
d
d
d b
J b b = J b b b = J b b
dt d b
dt
d b
Bi vay:
C.b.db = Jb.b.db
(2.8)
Lay tch phan bieu thc (2.8) vi cac gii han sau: khi bat au phanh b = 0 va b = o en
thi iem cuoi cung cua qua trnh phanh b = max va b = 0
max
d b =
J b b .d b
V chung ta can gia tr tuyet oi nen :

J b
C
Sau cung gia tr Mjmax la gia tr chung ta can tm:
Mjmax = C max = o J b .C
C. 2max = Jb.02 va max =
(2.9)
Momen cua cac lc quan tnh tac dung len he thong truyen lc cua xe co gia tr cc ai khi
phanh gap so truyen thang cua hop so ( ih=1 ), v luc o o cng C cua he thong truyen lc se co
gia tr cc ai. Trng hp nay thng xay ra trong thc te.
Neu chung ta phanh gap xe ang chay vi van toc ln (so vong quay truc khuyu khoang
20002500 vong/phut) ma kho ng m ly h p th momen cua cac lc quan tnh M j se ln hn momen
cc ai cua ong c khoa ng 1520 lan. Momen nay se truyen t banh a qua ly hp en he thong
truyen lc. V Mjmax > Ml la momen ma sat cua ly hp, nen luc nay ly hp se trt va momen xoan
ma banh a truyen xuong he thong truyen lc ch co the bang momen xoan cc ai ma ly hp co the
truyen c. Nh vay trong trng hp nay ly hp lam nhiem vu cua c cau an toan, nham giup cho
he thong truyen lc tranh khong b tac dung bi tai trong qua ln.
2.2.3. Phanh ot ngot khi xe ang chay bang phanh tay:
Chung ta xet trng hp c cau phanh tay bo tr truc th cap cua hop so. Khi xe ang chuyen
ong, ngi lai khong s dung phanh chan e dng xe, ma s dung phanh tay cho en luc xe dng
23
han lai. Khi truc th cap cua hop so b ham chat, nhng do quan tnh, banh xe con quay i mot goc
dbx
bx roi mi dng han lai. ay la chuyen ong quay cham dan vi gia toc goc
, bi vay lam
dt
xuat hien momen cua lc quan tnh :
d bx
(2.10)
M j = J bx
dt
Momen nay truyen ngc tr lai tac dung len he thong truyen lc theo s o hnh 2.2 va gay
nen xoan.
Ham
2M j
io
HS
Jc, lc
HS
Jn
Jc
2M j
io
c
io
c
io n
io
Mj
ln
lc
bx
Mj
j bx
BX
J bx
Hnh 2.2 : S o tnh toan tai trong ong khi s dung phanh tay ot ngot
T s o 2.2 chung ta co quan he gia cac goc xoan :
bx =
ay:
c =
n =
c
+ n
io
(2.11)
2M j l c
io J c G
M j ln
Jn G
Thay cac gia tr n , c vao bieu thc (2.11) ta co:
2 lc
l
bx = M j 2
+ n
io J c G Jn G
24
Neu chung ta goi:
C=
1
2 lc
l
+ n
2
io J c G Jn G
la o cng chong xoan cua he thong truyen lc khi phanh ot ngot bang phanh tay, chung ta nhan
c mot bieu thc khac cung bieu th momen cac lc quan tnh:
Mj = C.bx
(2.12)
T bieu thc (2.10) va (2.12) ta nhan c phng trnh vi phan sau ay:
Jbx .
bx
dt
= C.bx
(2.13)
Giai phng trnh nay bang phng phap tng t nh muc (II 2 ) ta co:
J
bx max = bx0 bx
(2.14)
C
Bi vay:
M j max = bx 0 J bx C
(2.15)
ay:
bx0 : van toc goc cua banh xe khi bat au phanh.
Thong thng tai trong tac dung len he thong truyen lc khi phanh bang phanh chan ln hn
khi phanh bang phanh tay. Khi tnh toan momen cac lc quan tnh theo cong thc (2.9) va (2.15) can
chu y rang o cng thc te cua he tho ng truyen lc se nho hn khi tnh toan, bi v khi momen
phanh tac dung th nhp se bien dang, do o vo cau sau cung b quay i mot t.
2.2.4. Xe chuyen ong tren ng khong bang phang:
Khi xe chuyen ong tren mat ng khong bang phang, hien tng dao ong cua xe se lam
xuat hien them tai trong phu. Thng th tai trong ong nay c can nhac va xet en khi tnh toan
bo phan van hanh va he thong lai. tren hnh 2.3 la mot mo hnh n gian ve dao ong cua xe va
phng phap tnh toan tai trong cho trng hp nay.
ay chung ta co the xem toan bo xe nh mot he ong lc hoc va moi thanh phan cua he eu
co gia toc dao ong, do o no se chu them tai trong ong:
P = m.a
Trong o : m - Khoi lng.

a - Gia toc dao ong.
25
..
Xo
M o, J o
..
X1
M2
M1
..
X2
L2
L1
L
Hnh 2.3: Mo hnh dao ong cua o to
&x& Gia toc

- Gia toc goc
M Khoi lng
J Momen quan tnh
Theo (hnh 2.3) th tai trong ong oi vi cac cau xe c tnh nh sau :
L
P1 = M o &x& o 2 + J o + M1&x&1
L
L
L
P2 = M o &x& o 1 + J o + M 2 &x& 2
L
L
ay :
P1 Tai trong ong tac len dung len cau trc.
P2 Tai trong ong tac len dung len cau sau.
2.3. TAI TRONG DUNG TRONG TNH TOAN CAC CUM VA CHI TIET CUA GAM O TO:
2.3.1. Tai trong tnh toan dung cho he thong truyen lc:
Qua phan tch muc 1, chung ta thay rang, e am bao u o ben lam viec, cac bo phan va chi
tiet cua o to phai c tnh toan thiet ke theo che o tai trong ong. Nhng viec tnh toan gia tr tai
trong ong theo ly thuyet la rat phc tap va kho chnh xac, v no thay oi tuy theo ieu kien mat
ng va ieu kien s dung. Bi vay, hien tai cac bo phan va chi tiet cua o to c tnh theo tai
trong tnh va co tnh en tai trong ong bang cach chon he so an toan phu hp hoac a vao he so
tai trong ong c rut ra t thc nghiem. Sau ay se trnh bay phng phap tnh toan sc ben cac
chi tiet cua he thong truyen lc theo tai trong tnh:
Khi tnh toan sc ben cac chi tiet, trc het can tnh momen t ong c va momen theo s bam
gia banh xe va mat ng truyen en cac chi tiet o, sau o lay gia tr momen nho hn t hai gia
tr momen va tm c e a vao tnh toan. Muc ch cua cong viec nay la e cho n ra knh thc
toi u cho chi tiet o, tranh trng hp tha kch thc, ton nhieu vat lieu che tao, khong kinh te.
Neu momen truyen t ong c en chi tiet tnh toan ln hn momen tnh theo ieu
26
kien bam, th chi tiet ay se chu momen co gia tr bang momen tnh theo bam ma thoi, luc nay
momen cua ong c tha ch lam quay trn cac banh xe chu ong, ma khong lam ta ng them gia tr
momen xoan tac dung len chi tiet ay .
Ngc lai, neu momen tnh theo ieu kien bam ln hn momen cua ong c truyen xuong chi
tiet ang tnh toan, th chi tiet ay se chu momen xoan co gia tr bang momen tnh theo momen xoan
cua ong c truyen xuong. Bi v, thc chat cac tai trong sinh ra trong cac chi tiet cua he thong
truyen lc la do momen xoan cua ong c truyen xuong gay nen.
Momen xoan truyen t ong c xuong chi tiet cua he tho ng truyen lc trong trng hp tnh
theo ong c la:
(2.16)
M X = M e max .i.
ay:
Memax Momen xoan cc ai cua ong c (N.m).
i T so truyen t ong c en chi tiet ang tnh toan.
Hieu suat truyen lc t ong c en chi tiet tnh toan .
Momen tnh theo ieu kien bam ngc len chi tiet c xac nh nh sau :
Mb =
ay : x
Zbx
rbx
i
x.Z bx . .rbx
i
(2.17)
So lng cac banh xe chu ong.

Tai trong thang ng tac dung len banh xe chu ong (N).
He so bam ( = 0,7 0,8).
Ban knh lan cua banh xe chu ong (m).
Ty so truyen gia chi tiet ang tnh va banh chu ong.
Hieu suat truyen lc t chi tiet ang tnh en banh xe chu ong.
2.3.2. Tai trong tnh toan dung cho he thon g phanh:

Khi chon che o tnh toa n cho c cau phanh, chung ta phai chon cho trng hp phanh xe vi
cng o phanh va hieu suat cc ai, ngha la lc phanh bang lc bam cc ai cua banh xe vi mat
ng. Luc o momen phanh Mp cua banh xe co gia tr la:
Mp = Zbx . .rbx
Trng hp xe co hai cau va c cau phanh at trc tiep tat ca cac banh xe, luc o momen
phanh moi c cau phanh cua cau trc se co gia tr la Mp1
G
G
M p1 = 1 .m 1p . .rbx =
(b + .hg) .rbx
(2.18)
2
2L
va momen phanh moi c cau cau sau la Mp2 :
G
G
(a - .hg) .rbx
M p2 = 2 .m 2p . .rbx =
2
2L
27
(2.19)
ay:
G
G1,G2
m1p, m2p
a, b
L
Trong lng toan bo cua xe khi ay tai.

Tai trong tac dung len cau trc va sau trang thai tnh tren mat ng
nam ngang.
He so thay oi tai trong len cau trc va cau sau khi phanh.
Khoang cach t trong tam xe en cau trc va sau.
Chieu dai c s cua xe.
He so bam doc gia lop va ng ( = 0,7 0,8).
Cac he so m1p, m2p c xac nh bi ly thuyet oto:

' h g
j h
m1p = 1 + max g = 1 +
gb
b
j h
' h g
m 2p = 1 max g = 1
ga
a
ay:
hg Chieu cao trong tam cua xe.
g Gia toc trong trng.
jmax Gia toc cham dan cc ai khi phanh.
j
He so ac trng cng o phanh ' = max
g
Khi xac nh o ben cac chi tiet cua c cau phanh va dan ong phanh loai khong t ong
thng chon:
Lc ap chan cua ngi lai xe khoang 1500 N, lc tay keo khoang 800 N, oi vi xe du lch ch
nen chon trong khoa ng 40 50% cac gia tr neu tren.
oi vi loai dan ong t ong: lc tac dung len cac chi tiet dan ong chon theo tr so cc ai
tng ng vi ap suat kh nen hoac chat long trong cac xilanh lc.
2.3.3. Tai trong tnh toan dung cho he thon g treo va cau:
Cac chi tiet cua he thong treo va dam cau c tnh toan ben theo tai trong cc ai Pmax khi xe
chuyen ong thong qua tai trong tnh Pt a biet va he so tai trong ong k :
Pmax = k.Pt
Thc nghiem chng to rang k tang khi o cng cua he thong treo va van toc cua xe tang.
Khi xe hoat ong trong eu kien bnh thng th tai trong ong cc ai t khi xuat hien.
Khi xe chuyen ong tren ng bang phang, tai trong tac dung len dam cau va vo cau chu yeu
la t khoi lng c treo. Khi mat ng khong bang phang,tai trong tac dung len dam cau va vo
cau chu yeu la tai trong ong t cac khoi lng khong c treo.
Nham muc ch xac nh tai trong do chnh trong lng ban than cua cau xe sinh ra, chu ng ta
chia cau xe ra lam nhieu phan (thong thng khoang 812 phan) va xac nh khoi lng cua moi
phan. Khi xe dao ong th tai trong ong cua moi phan c xac nh:
Pi = m i
dv
dt
(2.20)
28
ay:
mi Khoi lng cua tng phan.
dv
Gia toc dao ong thang ng cua cau xe.
dt
2.3.4. Tai trong tnh toan dung cho he thong lai:
Khi tnh toan ben cho cac chi tiet cua he thong lai, chung ta co the tnh theo cac che o tai
trong sau:
* Momen cc ai cua ngi lai tac dung len vo lang:
Ml = Plmax .R
ay :
Plmax Lc cc ai tac dung len vo lang, oi vi xe tai nang va trung bnh vao
khoang 400500 N, con oi vi xe du lch vao khoang 150200 N.
R Ban knh cua vo lang.
* Lc phanh cc ai tac dung len hai banh xe dan hng khi phanh xe tren ng co he so
bam =0,8
Cac lc P1, P2 tac dung len cac on dan ong cua he thong lai c xac nh theo s o hnh
2.4.
m
P1 = Z bx
n
m
P2 = Z bx
c
* Tnh theo lc va ap cua mat ng len cac banh xe dan hng khi chuyen ong tren
ng go ghe. Gia tr lc va ap len cac chi tiet cua he thong lai phu thuoc vao van toc cua xe.
Hnh 2.4: S o cac lc tac dung len he thong lai
29
CHNG 3
LY HP
Muc tieu:
1.Ve c s o cau tao va trnh bay c nguyen ly lam viec cua ly hp ma sat.
2.Trnh bay c anh hng cua ly hp ti s gai so.
3.Giai thch c tac dung cua ly hp khi phanh.
4.Tnh c cong trt sinh ra trong qua trnh ong ly hp.
5.Xac nh c kch thc c ban cua ly hp.
6.Tnh toan c hao mon va nhiet o cua ly hp.
7.Ve c s o cau tao va trnh bay c nguyen ly lam viec cua ly hp thuy lc.
8.Trnh bay c ng ac tnh cua ly hp thuy lc.
30
3.1. CONG DUNG, PHAN LOAI, YEU CAU:

3.1.1. Cong dung:
Ly hp dung e noi cot may vi he thong truyen lc, nham e truyen momen quay mot cach
em du va e cat truyen ong en he thong truyen lc c nhanh va dt khoat trong nhng trng
hp can thiet.
3.1.2. Phan loai:
3.1.2.1
Theo cach truyen momen xoan t cot may en truc cua he thong truyen lc:
Ly hp ma sat: loai mot a va nhieu a, loai lo xo nen bien, loai lo xo nen trung tam, loai
cang tach ly tam va na ly tam.
Ly hp thuy lc: loai thuy tnh va thuy ong.
Ly hp nam cham ien.
Ly hp lien hp.
3.1.2.2
Theo cach ieu khien :
ieu khien do lai xe (loai ap chan, loai co tr lc thuy lc hoac kh).

Loai t ong.
Hien nay tren o to c s dung nhieu la loai ly hp ma sat. Ly hp thuy lc cung ang c
phat trien o to, v no co u iem can ban la giam c tai trong va ap len he thong truyen lc.
3.1.3 Yeu cau:
Ly hp phai truyen c momen xoan ln nhat cua ong c ma khong b trt trong moi
ieu kien, bi vay momen ma sat cua ly hp phai ln hn momen xoan cua ong c.
Khi ket noi phai em du e khong gay ra va ap he thong truyen lc.
Khi tach phai nhanh va dt khoat e de gai so va tranh gay tai trong ong cho hop so.
Momen quan tnh cua phan b ong phai nho.
Ly hp phai lam nhiem vu cua bo phan an toan do o he so d tr phai nam trong gii
han.
ieu khien de dang.
Ket cau n gian va gon.
am bao thoat nhiet tot khi ly hp trt.
3.2. S O CAU TAO VA NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC CUA LY HP MA SAT:
3.2.1 S o cau tao:
31
Hnh 3.1: Cau tao ly hp ma sat co lo xo ep trung tam

a - Ly hp ong
b - Ly hp m
1 - a ep
2 - Ban ap
3 - Vo
4 - Cang tach
5 - Lo xo trung tam
6 - Ong trt
7 - Ong co bi t
8 - Lo xo tach dt khoat
9 - a b ong
10 - Banh a
3.2.2 Nguyen ly lam viec cua ly hp ma sat:

Khi ngi tai xe ap chan len ban ap 2, qua he thong on ieu khien, on m t le n ong co bi
t 7 tac dung len ong trt 6 ep len xo xo trung tam 5, lo xo 5 ep len cang tach, lam cho cang tach
ri khoi vau tren a ep va nh lo xo tach dt khoat 8 keo a ep khoi a b ong cung nh khoi
banh a 10.
a b ong quay cu ng vi banh a, co nhiem vu truyen cong suat vao mat ma sat cua a ep,
cho nen no phai noi vi banh a thong qua cac bulong. a ep day, co trong lng ln e nhiet t
cac be mat ma sat truyen nhanh vao trong a ep roi thoat ra khong kh. Tren a ep co g dan
hng e nh v lo xo ep va gi lo xo khong b vang khi quay, gia lo xo ep va a ep co vong cach
nhiet e tang tuoi tho cua lo xo. Trong qua trnh ong, ngat ly hp, cac tam ma sat b bao mon, lam
khoang cach gia vong bi t va au cang tach giam i, hanh trnh t do cua ly hp tang, qua trnh
ong hoc cua ly hp xau i, do o trong ly hp phai co c cau ieu chnh e duy tr khoang cach noi
tren ung qui nh.
3.3. ANH HNG CUA LY HP EN S GAI SO:
Sau ay chung ta xet anh hng cua ly hp en s gai so trong ca hai trng hp : trng h p ly
hp ong va trng hp ly hp m. o to s gai so c thc hien ngay khi xe ang chuyen ong
va ong c van ang lam viec.V vay ma xuat hien lc va ap khi cac banh ra ng khong co
32
cung chung mot van toc goc gai vao nhau. Trang thai ly hp ang noi hoac tach se co anh hng ln
en gia tr lc va ap. e thay ro anh hng cua ly hp en cac lc va ap, chung ta se xet qua trnh
gai so ho p so theo s o n gian nh hnh 3.2. Tren s o nay, cac banh rang khong chu tai
trong se khong c ve.
Jm
M
m
Jl
B
Ja
E
Hnh 3.2 : S o e xet anh hng cua ly hp en s gai so

ay :
Jm Momen quan tnh cua cac chi tiet chuyen ong cua ong c va cua phan chu ong
cua ly hp [Nms2].
Jl Momen quan tnh cua phan b ong cua ly hp va cua cac chi tiet hop so co lien he
ong hoc vi phan b ong cua ly hp c quy dan ve truc cua ly hp [Nms2].
Ja Momen quan tnh cua banh a tng trng at tren truc th cap hop so tng ng
vi trong khoi chuyen ong tnh tien cua xe [Nms2].
Momen quan tnh nay c xac nh theo ieu kien can bang ong nang cua oto chuyen ong
tnh tien va ong nang cua banh a tng trng chuyen ong quay:
G 2 J a 2a
v =
2g
2
v
V
a =
.i o
rbx
Cho nen
Ja =
G rbx2
g i o2
[Nms2]
(3.1)
a Van toc goc cua truc A [rad/s].

G Trong lng toan bo cua xe [N].
v Van toc chuyen ong cua xe [m/s].
io Ty so truyen cua truyen lc chnh.
rbx Ban knh lan cua banh xe [m].
g Gia toc trong trng [9,81 m/s2].
Neu co tnh en anh hng cua trong khoi chuyen ong quay cua cac banh xe th can thay vao
cong thc (3.1) trong lng G bang G(1 + ), vi :
' =
ay :
g J bx
2
G rbx
(3.2)
Jbx Momen quan tnh cua banh xe [Nms2]
33
Trc het ta xet trng hp gai so khi ly hp van ong tc la m = b .

Khi chung ta a banh rang 4 tren truc th cap vao gai vi banh rang 3 truc trung gian, lap
tc gia cac banh rang 3 va 4 se xuat hien lc va ap. Ap dung phng trnh xung lng cua mom en
cho chuyen ong quay cua truc A trong thi gian gai hai banh rang 3 va 4 chung ta co :
(3.3)
P4 .r4 .t = J a .(a a )
ay :
P4 Lc tac dung len ra ng cua banh rang 4 trong thi gian gai so.
r4 Ban knh vong tron lan cua banh rang 4.
t Thi gian lc P4 tac du ng ,trong thi gian o truc A thay oi van toc goc t a en
a .
a Toc o goc cua truc A trc khi gai so.
a Toc o goc cua truc A sau khi gai so.
b Toc o goc cua truc B.
Lap luan tng t, chung ta cung lap c phng trnh xung lng cua momen cho truc trung
gian E:
ay:
r
P3 r3 t = (J m + J l ) 2
r1
(e ' e )
(3.4)
P3 Lc tac dung len rang cua banh rang 3 trong thi gian gai so.
r1, r2, r3 Ban knh vong tron lan cua cac banh rang 1, 2, 3.
e Van toc goc cua truc E trc khi gai so.
e Van toc goc cua truc E sau khi gai so.
Khi thanh lap cac phng trnh (3.3) va (3.4) chung ta a bo qua momen cua ong c va
momen can chuyen ong cua xe la v khi gai cng (khong tach ly hp) cac banh rang th thi gian t
rat nho va momen xung kch rat l n, nen anh hng cua momen ong c va momen can chuyen
ong la khong ang ke.
Phng trnh (3.4) co the viet lai nh sau:
2

r
r
. b 1 a 4
(3.5)
r3
r1 r2
De dang thay rang lc P3, P4 tac dung gia cac rang la bang nhau va thi gian gai so t la thi
gian chung.
Khi gai banh rang 4 vao an khp vi banh rang 3 th ty so truyen cua hop so ih se la:
r
P3 .r3 .t = (J m + J l ). 2
ih =
r2 r4
r1 r3
T hai phng trnh (3.3) va (3.5) chung ta se xac nh c toc o goc a .Trc het ta nhan
r
hai ve phng trnh (3.5) vi 4 :
r3
2

r
r r
. b 1 a 4 . 4
r3 r3
r2
P3 .r4 .t = (J m + J l ). b .i h (J m + J l ).a .i 2h
r
r
P3 .r3 .t 4 = (J m + J l ). 2
r3
r1
(3.6)
V P3 = P4 cho nen P3.r4.t = P4.r4 .t . Bi vay t phng trnh (3.3) va (3.6) ta co:
34
J a ( a
Suy ra :
a =
) = (J m + J l ).
.i h (J m + J l ). a .i 2h
(J m + J l ).b .i h + J a .a
(J m + J l ).i 2h + J a
(3.7)
Thay gia tr a vao (3.3) ta co:
(J + J l ). b .i h + J a .a
P4 .r4 .t = J a m
a
2
(J m + J l ).i h + J a
J a (J m + J l ).i h ( b a .i h )
(3.8)
+ J l ).i 2h + J a
Theo phng trnh (3.8) ta thay lc xung kch tac dung len cap banh rang khi gai so phu thuoc
vao tong so momen quan tnh (Jm + Jl ). Lc nay co the giam bang cach giam tong (Jm + Jl), muon
vay khi gai so ta can m ly hp e gia tr Jm khong con anh hng en o ln cua P4.
V momen quan tnh Jm ln hn Jl rat nhieu, nen khi ly hp tach trong qua trnh gai so th lc P4
se giam rat nhieu.
Bay gi chung ta xet trng hp gai so khi ly hp m. Luc o anh hng cua Jm khong con
na, bi vay Jm se khong xuat hien trong cac phng trnh va phng trnh (3.8) luc nay se nh sau:
J .J .i .( a .i h )
P4 .r4 .t = a l h 2 b
(3.9)
J l .i h + J a
P4 .r4 .t =
(J m
ay :
P4 Lc tac dung len cap banh ra ng c gai khi tach ly hp.
T phng trnh (3.9) chung ta thay rang lc P4 phu thuoc momen quan tnh Jl. e cho P4
giam, can phai giam Jl, bi vay khi thiet ke ly hp can phai giam momen quan tnh phan b ong
xuong mc nho nhat co the c.
T phng trnh (3.8) va (3.9) suy ra rang gia tr P4 hoac P4 ty le thuan vi hieu so (b - a.ih).
Neu trong hop so co at bo ong toc th se tranh c lc va ap gia cac banh rang khi gai so.
e van toc goc co the ong eu nhanh chong th ly hp phai am bao m dt khoat.
So sanh phng trnh (3.8) va (3.9) ta co the ket luan rang khi gai so ma ly hp m th xung
lng cua momen hoac lc xung kch se giam ang ke neu hieu so (b - a.ih) nh nhau. Ty so cac
xung lng cua lc P4 .t va P4.t c xac nh nh sau:
(J m + J l )i 2 h + J a
P4 .t J a J l i h ( b a i h )
=
=
P4 .t
Jli2 h + Ja
J a (J m + J l )i h ( b a i h )
J
J
1 + l i 2 h + a
J
l
Jm
Jm
J (J + J l )i 2 h + J a
= l 2m
=
J l i h + J a (J m + J l )
J
J l i 2 h + J a 1 + l
Jm
(3.10)
V momen quan tnh Jm ln hn Jl rat nhieu, nen co the xem

chu ng ta co:
35
Jl
co gia tr rat nho, luc o
Jm
Ja
Jm
P4 t
=
J
P4 t
i 2h + a
Jl
i 2h +
sau:
(3.11)
Xet trng hp cu the xe URAL 355 khi gai so truyen III vi cac so lieu biet trc nh
ih3 = 1,84
Jm =1,5 Nms2
Ja = 10,2 Nms2
Jl = 0,022 Nms2
Thay cac so lieu tren vao phng trnh (3.11) ta co:
P4 .t
= 0,022
P4 .t
Nh vay nh ly hp trang thai m nen xung lng cua lc va ap giam c gan 50 lan khi
gai so, do o tang c tuoi tho cua banh rang hop so.
3.4. TAC DUNG CUA LY HP KHI PHANH:
Jm
Ml
ih
i0
bx
Hnh 3.3: S o he thong truyen lc e xet tac dung cua ly hp khi phanh
Chung ta se nghien cu tac dung cua ly hp khi phanh xe nh s o hnh 3.3.

Chung ta xet trng hp phanh gap e dng xe ma ly hp van ong.
dv
Khi phanh xe se co gia toc am
va do ly h p ong nen truc khuyu chuyen ong cham dan
dt
d m
vi gia toc goc
dt
Do truc khuyu chuyen ong co gia toc goc, cho nen se xuat hien momen cac lc quan tnh Mj
truyen t ong c qua ly hp:
M j = Jm
d m
dt
(3.12)
Momen nay se tac dung len he thong truyen lc, neu trong qua trnh phanh ma ly hp van
ong va khong b trt, tc la: Mj < Ml
ay:
36
m - Van toc goc cua truc khuyu .

bx - Van toc goc cua banh xe.
v - Van toc cua xe.
i0 - Ty so truyen cua truyen lc chnh.
Ml - Momen ma sat cua ly hp.
Gia toc goc cua truc khuyu ong c c tnh nh sau:
d m d bx
=
ih io
dt
dt
Trong o
d bx
la gia toc goc cua banh xe:
dt
d bx
d v
=
dt
dt rbx
Cuoi cung ta co:
1 dv
=
rbx dt
d m i 0 .i h dv
=
dt
rbx dt
d m
va tm c vao (3.12) ta co :
dt
i .i dv
(3.13)
Mj = Jm 0 h
rbx dt
dv
De dang thay rang Mj phu thuoc vao
, cho nen :
dt
i .i dv
(3.14)
Mj max = Jm 0 h
rbx dt max
Lc phanh cc ai Pp max chung ta co the xac nh theo nh luat Niutn nh sau:
Thay gia tr
Pp max =
ay :
Pp max
G
g
G dv
g dt max
(3.15)
Tong cac lc phanh cc ai cac banh xe.

Trong lng toan bo cua xe.
Gia toc trong trng.
He so tnh en anh hng cua cac trong khoi quay cua xe ( xem Ly thuyet oto).
= 1+
J m i 2h i o2
G rbx2
tl
+ J bx
g
G bx .rbx2
(3.16)
Trong o :
t1
- Hieu suat cua he thong truyen lc.
J bx - Tong so momen quan tnh cua cac banh xe.
Gbx
- Trong lng cua banh xe.
Lc phanh cc ai oi vi xe co bo tr c cau phanh tat ca cac banh xe se bang tch so gia
trong lng toan bo cua xe G vi he so bam .
Pp max = .G
(3.17)
37
T phng trnh (3.15) va (3.17) chung ta co:

.g
dv
(3.18)
=
dt max
dv
Thay gia tr (3.18) vao phng trnh (3.14) chung ta xac nh c momen cc ai
dt max
cua cac lc quan tnh truyen qua ly hp:
i i g
M j max = J m . h 0 .
(3.19)
rbx
Momen nay se truyen qua ly hp, neu momen ma sat M l cua ly hp ln hn no. Neu ngc lai
th ly h p b trt va he tho ng truyen lc se chu tai trong vi gia tr ch bang momen ma sat Ml cua
ly hp.
Neu ly hp co momen ma sat Ml bang hoac ln hn gia tr Mj max, th he thong truyen lc se
chu tai trong co gia tr ung bang Mj max.
Bi vay khi phanh gap, e tranh gay tai trong qua ln cho he thong truyen lc, chung ta can
tach ly hp.
3.5. CONG TRT SINH RA TRONG QUA TRNH ONG LY HP:
3.5.1. Qua trnh ong ly hp:
Qua trnh ong ly hp xay ra khi phan chu ong cua ly hp quay vi van toc goc m,
va phan b ong quay vi van toc goc b. Do co s khac biet ve van toc goc m b nen
gia cac a chu ong va b ong cua ly hp se sinh ra s trt. S trt nay cham dt khi
cac a chu ong va b ong c noi lien thanh mot khoi, tc la m = b. Khi khi ong xe
tai cho, do b =0 nen s trt se rat ln.
S trt se sinh ra cong ma sat, cong nay se bien thanh nhiet nang lam nung nong cac
chi tiet cua ly hp, dan en hau qua la he so ma sat cua ly hp giam va cac lo xo co the mat
kha nang ep.
Qua trnh ong ly hp co the co hai trng hp sau:
3.5.1.1. ong ly hp nhanh:
Luc nay ong c quay vi van toc cao va tai xe ot ngot tha ban ap ly hp. Khi ong nh
vay se co s giat ln, nhat la nhng ly hp co he so d tr ln.
ong ly hp theo phng phap nay khong co li, v no sinh ra tai trong ong ln cho cac chi
tiet cua he thong truyen lc, nhng trong thc te mot vai trng hp ngi ta van s dung.
3.5.1.2. ong ly hp t t:
trng hp nay tai xe tha t t ban ap cua ly hp cho xe chuyen ong t t. Do o thi gian
ong ly hp va cong trt trong trng hp nay se tang.
e xac nh cong trt trong qua trnh ong ly hp, chung ta khao sat o th hnh 3.4:
38

A
m M m
B
Ml
Jm
b J
b
m
b
Mb
to
Trt
ly h p
a)
Tang
toc
Toc o
on nh
b)
Hnh 3.4: S o e tnh toan co ng trt
a - Mo hnh tnh toan.
b - o th bien thien van toc goc.
m, b Van toc goc cua truc khuyu va truc ly hp.

Jm Momen quan tnh cua banh a va cua cac chi tiet ong c quy dan ve banh a.
Jb Momen quan tnh cua xe va rmooc quy dan ve truc cua ly hp.
G + G m r 2 bx
J b = o
.
2
g
(i h i pi o )
ay:
G0 Trong lng toan bo cua xe.
Gm Trong lng toan bo cua rmooc.
ih, ip, io Ty so truyen cua hop so, hop so phu va truyen lc chnh.
Mb Momen can chuyen ong quy dan ve truc ly hp:
rbx
(3.20)
M b = (G o + G m ) + KFv2
i hi piotl
ay :
He so can tong cong cua ng.
K He so can cua khong kh.
tl Hieu suat cua he thong truyen lc.
0 Van toc goc cua khoi lng co momen quan tnh Jm va Jb sau khi ly hp va ket
thuc s trt.
F Dien tch mat chnh dien cua xe.
v Van toc cua xe.
rbx Banh knh lan cua banh xe.
Cong trt cua ly hp c xac nh theo phng trnh :
L = M l d
(3.21)
Trong o: Ml Momen ma sat cua ly hp.

Goc trt cua ly hp.
Do co hai qua trnh ong ly hp khac nhau: ong ly hp nhanh va ong ly hp t t, bi vay se
co hai phng phap khac nhau e xac nh cong trt.
39
3.5.2. Tnh toan xac nh cong trt:

3.5.2.1. Phng phap th nhat:
Chung ta gia thiet qua trnh ong ly hp dien ra rat nhanh ( ot ngot). Bi vay trong thi gian
ong ly hp, cac gia tr Mm, Mb, Ml khong oi va luc o phng trnh cua he chu ong gom ong c,
ly hp (Phan A) la :
(3.22)
J m (m o ) + M m t o M l t o = 0
oi vi phan b ong gom ly hp va he thong truyen lc (Phan B) chung ta co :
M l .t o J b (o b ) M b .t o = 0
(3.23)
T hai phng trnh (3.22) va (3.23) chung ta xac nh c gia tr o cuoi thi ky trt:
J (M M b ) + J b b (M l M m )
o = m m l
(3.24)
J m (M l M b ) + J b (M l M m )
Trong o : m, b, o la cac gia tr van toc goc c trnh bay hnh 3.4b
Cung t hai phng trnh tren ta xac nh c thi gian trt cua ly hp t0 :
J m J b ( m b )
(3.25)
to =
J m (M l M b ) + J b (M l M m )
Goc trt c xac nh :
= tb.to
Trong o :
tb Van toc goc trt trung bnh:
( b ) + 0
tb = m
2
Thay gia tr t0 va tb vao bieu thc ta co :
2
0,5J m J b (m b )
=
J m (M l M b ) + J b (M l M m )
Cong trt sinh ra khi ong ly hp ot ngot la:
2
0,5M l J m J b (m b )
L = Ml =
J m (M l M b ) + J b (M l M m )
(3.26)
(3.27)
Cong trt L va goc trt tnh theo cac cong thc tren se co gia tr nho hn thc te bi v thi
gian trt ly hp khi ong ly hp ot ngot se nho.
3.5.2.2. Phng phap th hai:
phng phap nay ngi ta xet en hai giai oan thc te cua qua trnh ong ly hp t t :
* Giai oan 1: Tang momen ma sat cua ly hp Ml t 0 en gia tr bang Mb. Luc o xe bat
au khi ong tai cho.
* Giai oan 2: Tang momen cua ly hp Ml en gia tr khong con ton tai s trt cua ly
hp.
giai oan 1, ly hp b trt hoan toan, bi vay cong cua ong c giai oan nay vi thi
gian t1 se tieu hao cho s trt va nung nong ly hp. Cong trt cua giai oan nay c tnh:
b
L1 = M l . m
.t 1
2
40
giai oan 2, cong cua ong c vi thi gian t2 dung e tang toc truc b ong cua ly hp va e
thang ca c sc can chuyen ong cua xe.
Gia tr cong trt cua giai oan nay la :
1
2
L 2 = J b ( m b ) 2 + M b ( m b ) t 2
2
3
Cong trt toan bo L cua ly hp la:
t
2 1
(3.28)
L = L1 + L 2 = M b ( m b ) 1 + t 2 + J b ( m b ) 2
t2 3 2
Thi gian t1 va t2 c tnh nh sau:
Mb
k
A
t2 =
k
t1 =
Trong o :
k He so t le, ac trng cho nhp o tang momen cua a ly hp Ml khi ong ly hp.
k = 50 150 Nm/s oi vi xe du lch.
k = 150 750 Nm/s oi vi xe tai.
Lay gia tr k ln oi vi xe co cong suat rieng ln.
Gia tr cua A c xac nh theo cong thc :
A = 2J b ( m b )
Van toc goc cua truc khuyu khi ong ly hp co the coi la khong oi va bang van toc goc ng
vi momen cc ai cua ong c.
Qua cac cong thc tren ta thay rang cong trt se tang, neu gia tr cua hieu so m - b tang. e
giam cong suat trt (ngha la giam s mai mon cua cac tam ma sat cua ly hp), tai xe can giam gia
tr cua hieu so m - b . Hieu so nay ln nhat khi khi ong xe tai cho, luc o b = 0. Neu tang khoi
lng cua xe hoac cua ca oan xe th cong trt cung tang. Khi khi ong xe tai cho, e giam cong
trt tai xe phai khi ong so truyen thap, nh o se giam c gia tr momen can quy dan ve truc
ly hp.
3.6. XAC NH KCH THC C BAN, TNH TOAN HAO MON VA NHIET O CUA LY
HP:
3.6.1. Xac nh kch thc c ban cua ly hp:
C s e xac nh kch thc c ban cua ly hp la ly hp phai co kha nang truyen c momen
xoan ln hn momen xoan cc ai cua ong c mot t.
Momen ma sat cua ly hp phai bang momen xoan ln nhat can truyen qua ly hp :
(3.29)
M l = M e max
ay :
Ml
- Momen ma sat cua ly hp (Nm).
Me max - Momen xoan cc ai cua ong c (Nm).
41

- He so d tr cua ly hp.
Xe du lch : = 1,3 1,75
Xe tai khong co r mooc = 1,6 2,25
Xe tai co r mooc = 2 3.
Phng trnh (3.29) cung co the viet di dang sau :
(3.30)
M l = M e max = P R tb p
ay :
- He so ma sat cua ly hp.
p - So lng oi be mat ma sat:
p = m + n 1
m - So lng a chu ong.
n - So lng a b ong.
P - Lc ep len cac a ma sat.
Rtb - Ban knh ma sat trung bnh (ban knh cua iem at lc ma sat tong hp).
T phng trnh (3.30) xac nh c lc ep can thiet len cac a e truyen c momen Memax
P=
M emax
Ml
=
R tb p R tb p
(3.31)
Ban knh Rtb c xac nh theo cong thc sau :

2 R 3 2 R 31
R tb = 2
3 R 2 R 21
dR
D2
R1
R
O
R2
Hnh 3.5 : S o xac nh Rtb
Gia tr Rtb c xac nh nh sau :
Tren hnh 3.5 la mot tam ma sat cua ly h p. Chung ta xet trng hp ly hp co mot oi be mat
ma sat (p = 1).
Gia thiet co lc P tac dung len tam ma sat vi ban knh trong la R1, ban knh ngoai R2 bi vay
ap suat sinh ra tren be mat tam ma sat se la :
P
P
q= =
2
S R 2 R 21
Bay gi ta hay xet mot vong phan t nam cach tam O mot oan bang ban knh R va co chieu
day dR. Momen do cac lc ma sat tac dung tren vong phan t o la :
dM l = q 2R dR R = 2qR 2 dR
Momen cac lc ma sat tac dung tren toan vong ma sat la:
42
M l = dM l = 2qR 2 dR =
R2
R2
R1
R1
(
(
)
)
(3.32)
2 R 32 R 13
2P R 2 2
R dR = P 2
= 2
3 R 2 R 12
R 2 R 12 R1
Mat khac momen cac lc ma sat tac dung tren toan vong ma sat cung bang lc ma sat tong hp
P nhan vi Rtb, tc la :
M l = P R tb
(3.33)
T cong thc (3.32) va (3.33) ta suy ra ;
2 R 3 R 13
R tb = 22
3 R 2 R 12
(
(
sau:
)
)
(3.34)
Trong trng hp khong can o chnh xac cao th Rtb co the xac nh theo cong thc ga n ung
R1 + R 2
(3.35)
2
ng knh ngoai D2 cua vong ma sat b khong che bi ng knh ngoai cua banh a ong c.
Co the chon ng knh ngoai cua tam ma sat theo cong thc kinh nghiem sau:
M e max
D 2 = 2R 2 = 3,16
(3.36)
C
Trong o :
D2 ng knh ngoai cua tam ma sat (cm).
Me max Momen xoan cc ai cua ong c (Nm).
C He so kinh nghiem:
oi vi xe du lch C = 4,7
oi vi xe tai s dung trong ieu kien bnh thng C = 3,6
oi vi xe tai o hang va xe tai s dung trong ieu kien nang nhoc C = 1,9
Ban knh trong R1 cua tam ma sat co the chon s bo nh sau :
R1 = (0,53 0,75 )R2
Gii han di (0,53 R2 ) dung cho ong c co so vong quay thap. Con gii han tren (0,75R2)
dung cho cac ong c co so vong quay cao.
He so ma sat phu thuoc vao tnh chat vat lieu, tnh tra ng be mat, toc o trt va nhiet o cua
tam ma sat. Khi tnh toan, co the tha nhan he so ma sat ch phu thuoc vao tnh chat vat lieu (xem
bang 3.1).
R tb =
Bang 3.1 : Vat lieu che tao tam ma sat cua ly hp.
Nguyen lieu cua cac be
mat ma sat
Thep vi gang
Thep vi thep
Thep vi pherao
Gang vi pherao
Thep vi pherao caosu
Kho
0,15 0,18
0,15 0,20
0,25 0,35
0,2
0,4 0,5
He so ma sat
Trong dau
0,03 0,07
0,07 0,15
0,07 0,15
Ap suat cho phe p

( kN/m2 )
150 300
250 400
100 250
100 250
100 250
So lng oi be mat ma sat p co the t chon da vao ket cau hien co, sau o tm lc ep P can
thiet theo cong thc (3.31), sau o can kiem tra ap suat len be mat ma sat theo cong thc sau:
43
P
(3.37)
[q]
R R 12
ay : [q] Ap suat cho phep lay theo bang 3.1
Trong trng hp khong the d kien trc c so lng oi be mat ma sat p th co the xac
nh thong qua cong thc sau:
M l = .M e max = 2 R 2tb b..q.p
q=
P
=
S
2
2
Trong o :
Memax Momen xoan cc ai cua ong c (Nm).
b Chieu rong cua tam ma sat : b = R2 R1
q Ap suat cho phep lay theo bang 3.1 (N/m2).
T o co the xac nh so lng oi be mat ma sat:
p=
.M e max
2..q..b.R 2tb
(3.38)
3.6.2. Tnh toan o hao mon cua ly hp :

Hien tng trt cua ly hp khi ong ly hp se lam cho cac tam ma sat b hao mon. Va khi b
trt se xuat hien cong trt. Nhng chung ta khong the anh gia mc o hao mon thong qua cong
trt, bi v neu 2 ly hp co cung gia tr cong trt, nhng ly hp nao co dien tch be mat cac tam ma
sat nho hn se b mon nhieu hn. Cho nen e xet mc o hao mon cua ly hp, chung ta phai tnh
cong trt tren n v dien tch be mat cac tam ma sat. o chnh la cong trt rieng L0:
Lo =
Trong o :
L
[L o ]
S.p
(3.39)
Lo Cong trt rieng (J/m2).

L Cong trt sinh ra khi ly hp trt (J).
S Dien tch be mat tam ma sat (m2), S = . R 22 R 12 .
p So lng oi be mat ma sat.
[Lo] Cong trt rieng cho phep tra theo bang 3.2.
Bang 3.2:
Loai oto
[L0]
O to tai co trong tai en 50 kN

O to tai co trong tai tren 50 kN
O to du lch
150.000 250.000 J/m2

400.000 600.000 J/m2
1.000.000 1.200.000 J/m2
3.6.3. Tnh toan nhiet o cua ly hp:

Moi lan ong ly hp, cong trt sinh ra bien thanh nhiet nang va lam nung nong cac chi tiet
cua ly hp. Bi vay, ngoai viec kiem tra cong trt rieng con can phai kiem tra nhiet o cua cac chi
tiet b nung nong trong qua trnh trt.
Khi khi hanh xe tai cho, cong trt sinh ra se ln nhat. Bi vay, tnh toan nhiet o cua ly hp
can phai kiem tra luc khi ha nh.
44
Nhiet o tang len cua chi tiet tiep xuc trc tiep vi tam ma sat trong thi gian ly hp b trt
c xac nh theo cong thc :
L
(3.40)
T=
cm
ay:
T Nhiet o tang len cua chi tiet (0K).
He so xac nh phan cong trt dung e nung nong chi tiet can tnh, c xac
nh nh sau:
1
=
: oi vi a ep (n so lng a b ong)
2n
1
: oi vi a chu ong trung gian.
=
n
L Cong trt sinh ra toan bo khi ong ly hp (J)
c Nhiet dung rieng cua cac chi tiet b nung nong, oi vi thep va gang c
500J/kg.o
m Khoi lng cua chi tiet b nung nong (kg).
Moi lan khi hanh oto tai cho trong ieu kien s dung ng pho T khong
0
c vt qua 10 K.
3.7. LY HP THUY ONG:
3.7.1. Cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec:
3.7.1.1. Cau tao (hnh 3.6):
Ly hp thuy ong gom a bm 1 va a tuocbin 2. Chu ng c at vao mot vo chung co cha
dau. a B gan tren truc chu ong cua ly hp va noi vi truc ong c, a T gan tren truc b ong cua
ly hp. Gia B va T (cung nh gia truc chu ong va b ong cua ly hp) kho ng co s noi cng nao
ca. Cong suat truyen t B sang T nh nang lng cua dong chat long. Tren B va T co gan cac canh
cong, xep theo chieu hng knh. Cac ca nh nay hp vi cac mat cong trong va ngoai cua a tao
thanh ca c ranh cong. Chat long c tuan hoan trong cac ranh theo hng mui ten hnh 3.6.
M b n b b
t n t M t
Hnh 3.6: Cau tao ly hp thuy ong

45
3.7.1.2. Nguyen ly lam viec:

Xet qua trnh lam viec khi khi ong xe:
Khi ong c lam viec, a B se quay va chat long hai a bat au chuyen ong. Gia cac
canh cua B chat long chuyen ong t trong ra ngoai ra di tac dung cua lc ly tam. Van toc cua
dong chat long khi chuyen ong gia cac canh cua B dan dan tang len do nang lng ma dong chat
long nhan t ong c cung dan dan ta ng len. Khi chuyen ong t cac canh cua B sang cac canh
cuaT, chat long ban vao cac canh cua T, tao thanh lc ep len cac canh cua T. Sau o chat long oi
hng chuyen ong, van toc giam xuong va chuyen ong t ngoai vao tam gia cac canh cua T.
Lc va ap cua chat lo ng tao ra momen quay bat a T phai quay cung chieu vi a B. Sau o
chat long lai t a T tr ve a B va chu ky chuyen ong cua chat long lai lap lai neu ong c van
lam viec.
Khi tang so vong quay cua ong c, lc li tam cua chat long a B cang tang, do o lam tang
lc ep cua chat long len cac canh cua T va lam tang momen quay cua a T. Khi momen quay cua T
bang hoac ln hn momen can chuyen ong cu a ng quy dan ve truc cua a T th xe bat au
chuyen ong.
Khi tai trong len truc cua a T co s thay oi, lap tc van toc goc cua T se thay oi theo, do
o lam thay oi s tuan hoan chat long va ket qua la momen cua T se thay oi can bang vi gia tr
cua momen can chuyen ong. Bi vay, ly hp thuy ong la loai truyen ong t ong ieu chnh
momen xoan.
Cac u iem va nhc iem cua ly hp thuy ong (Xem lai mon Cau tao o to).
3.7.2. Tnh toan ly hp thuy ong:
u2
w2
v1
Mb
w1
v2
u1
r2
r1
Hnh 3.7 : Qu ao chuyen ong
46
Khi chuyen ong gia cac canh cua B va T, cac phan t chat long tham gia ong thi hai
chuyen ong : Chuyen ong tng oi gia cac phan t chat lo ng va cac canh cua B va T, vi van
r
toc tng oi la w .
r
Chuyen ong theo s quay cua B va T vi van toc theo la u .
r
Bi vay, phan t chat long se chuyen ong theo vec t van toc tuyet oi v :
v r r
(3.41)
v=w+u
hnh 3.7 la quy ao chuyen ong cua phan t chat long gia cac canh cua B. iem 1 la iem
phan t chat long i vao cac canh cua B vi van toc tuyet oi v 1 , iem 2 la iem i ra khoi cac canh
cua B vi van toc tuyet oi la v 2 .V khe h gia B va T vo cung nho, nen ton that nang lng cua
dong chay khi i qua khe h nay la khong ang ke.
Bi vay, van toc khi i vao va i ra khoi B cua phan t chat long bang van toc khi i ra va i
vao cua a T. Cho nen ch can xet cac thanh pha n van toc tai iem 1 va 2:
u1 = b.r1
u2 = b.r2
(3.42)
Momen quay cua a bm Mb bang hieu so cua cac momen ong lng trong tng giay cua
chat long khi i ra va i vao a B. Momen M b nam trong mat phang vuong goc vi truc ly hp:
M b = m.(u 2 .r2 u1 .r1 ) =
T hnh (3.7) ta thay:
Cho nen :
Mb=
G
.(u 2 .r2 u1 .r1 )
g
(3.43)
u 2 = v 2 . cos 2
u1 = v1 . cos 1
G
.(r2 .v 2 . cos 2 r1 .v 1 . cos 1 )
g
(3.44)
ay: m Khoi lng cua chat long chay qua cac canh cua B trong mot giay.
Momen quay cua tuoc bin Mt cung c tnh nh tren:
Mt=
G
G
.(u1 .r1 u 2 .r2 ) = .(u 2 .r2 u1 .r1 ) = M b
g
g
(3.45)
Neu ch quan tam en gia tr tuyet oi th:

(3.46)
Mt = Mb
Khi chat long chuyen ong gia cac canh cua ly hp th mot phan cong suat se mat mat do ma
sat trong dong chay, ma sat gia chat long va cac canh va do va ap khi chuyen t B sang T va t T
sang B Bi vay:
Nb = Nt + N r
(3.47)
47
Trong o:
N b Cong suat cua B.

N t Cong suat cua T.
N r Cong suat mat mat do ma sat.
Hieu suat cua ly hp:
Nt
M.
= t
N b M b.
Mt nt
.
Mb n b
(3.48)
nt
n nt
= 1 b
= 1 S
nb
nb
(3.49)
t
b
ay: n b, n t So vong quay cua a B va a T.

V
M t = M b nen :
=
Gia tr S =
nb nt
goi la o trt cua a T so vi a B.
nb
Trong thi gian lay a, so vong quay n t cua a T tang len va tien dan en so vong quay
n b cua a B, do o S cang giam. so vo ng quay ln S= 2 % 3 %, cho nen hieu suat cua ly hp

at ti 98%.
Kch thc cua ly hp thuy ong c tnh toan tren c s xac nh ng knh ln nhat D.
Tren c s cua ly thuyet cac may co canh, ta co moi lien he gia momen quay c truyen bi
ly hp vi cac thong so cua ly hp (Xem lai monThuy lc va may thuy lc ).
3.7.3. ng ac tnh cua ly hp thuy ong:
o th bieu dien s phu thuoc cua momen quay M, hieu suat va o trt S theo t so
nt
nb
(vi nb=const) goi la ng ac tnh ngoai cua ly hp thuy ong.

ng ac tnh theo
nt
.
nb
nt
la ng thang nghieng vi truc hoanh mot goc la 450 do hieu suat
nb
Khi hieu suat at ti max = 98 % th no giam ot ngot theo ng net t va gia tr so

th = 0. Do o hieu suat khong the bang 1.
48
nt
=1
nb
M, S
(%)
98
M
0,75
75
S
0.5
50
0,25
25
450
0
0,25
0.5
0,75
nt
nb
Hnh 3.8 : ng at tnh ngoai cua ly hp vi nb = const

S d co hie n tng nay la do khi nt tang en gia tr gan bang nb th momen quay cua ly hp se
giam nhieu en mc no ch u e thang ma sat c hoc ly hp, do o momen co ch truc b ong
cua ly hp se bang khong va = 0.
ng ac tnh o trt S cung la ng thang va c xay dng theo cong thc:
S = 1 = 1
ng ac tnh momen quay M theo
nt
nb
(3.50)
nt
c xay dng t thc nghiem.
nb
T o th ta thay:
Khi nt giam (va S tang) th M tang. Khi nt = 0 (tc la S = 1) th momen quay truyen bi ly hp
at gia tr cc ai.
Momen quay truyen bi ly hp khi nt = 0 goi la momen quay khi ong.
49
CHNG 4
HOP SO VA HOP PHAN PHOI
Muc tieu:
1. Ve c s o ong hoc va neu c nguyen ly lam viec cua cac loai hop so.
2. Trnh bay c trnh t tnh toan hop so co cap.
3. Xac nh c cac t so truyen cua hop so.
4. Tnh c cac thong so hnh hoc cua banh rang hop so.
5. Trnh bay c cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec cua bo ong toc.
6. Neu c khai quat ve hop so t ong.
7. Trnh bay c s o cau tao , nguyen ly lam viec va cac ng ac tnh cua bien momen
thuy lc.
8. Tnh toan c ong hoc va ong lc hoc cua hop so hanh tinh.
9. Trnh bay c he thong ieu khien hop so t ong.
10. Trnh bay c c nguyen tac phan phoi cong suat cho cac cau cua xe nhieu cau chu
ong.
50
4.1. HOP SO CO CAP:

4.1.1. Cong dung, yeu cau, phan loai:
4.1.1.1. Cong dung:
Nham thay oi ty so truyen va momen xoan t ong c en cac banh xe chu ong phu hp
vi momen can luon thay oi va nham tan dung toi a cong suat cua ong c.
Giup cho xe thay oi c chieu chuyen ong.
am bao cho xe dng tai cho ma khong can tat may hoac khong can tach ly hp.
Dan ong momen xoan ra ngoai cho cac bo phan ac biet oi vi cac xe chuyen dung.
4.1.1.2. Yeu cau:
Co day ty so truyen phu hp nham nang cao tnh nang ong lc hoc va tnh nang kinh te
cua o to.
Phai co hieu suat truyen lc cao, khong co tieng on khi lam viec, sang so nhe nhang, khong
sinh ra lc va ap cac banh rang khi gai so.
Phai co ket cau gon ben chac, de ieu khien , de bao dng hoac kiem tra va sa cha khi
co h hong.
4.1.1.3. Phan loai:
Theo phng phap thay oi ty so truyen, hop so c chia thanh: hop so co cap va hop so vo
cap.
4.1.1.3.1. Hop so co cap c chia theo:
* S o ong hoc gom co:
+ Loai co truc co nh (hop so hai truc, hop so ba truc).
+ Loai co truc khong co nh (hop so hanh tinh mot cap, hai cap).
* Day so truyen gom co:
+ Mot day ty so truyen (3 so, 4 so, 5 so).
+ Hai day ty so truyen.
* Phng phap sang so gom co:
+ Hop so ieu khien bang tay.
+ Hop so t ong.
4.1.1.3.2. Hop so vo cap c chia theo:
*
*
*
Hop so thuy lc (hop so thuy tnh, hop so thuy ong).

Hop so ien.
Hop so ma sat.
51
4.1.2. S o ong hoc va nguyen ly lam viec cua cac loai hop so:
4.1.2.1. Hop so hai truc:
Thanh trt
4
Lui 8
I
II
III
I
Truc s
cap
Truc th
cap
7
2
Hnh 4.1: S o ong hoc hop so hai truc 3 so tien 1 so lui

Nguyen ly lam viec:
Momen xoan t ong c truyen en truc s cap va t truc s cap truyen sang truc th cap c
tien hanh nh sau:
tay so I banh rang 4 se an khp vi banh rang 1. Momen xoan t truc s cap thong qua cap
banh rang 1 va 4 se truyen en truc th cap. Tay so II c gai khi banh rang 5 an khp banh rang 2,
luc o banh rang 4 va 6 phai v tr trung gian nh hnh 4.1. Tay so III se hoat ong khi chung ta
gai banh rang 6 vao an khp vi banh rang 3, luc o banh rang 4 va 5 phai v tr trung gian.
Muon i tay so lui, chung ta phai a banh rang 4 gai vao vi banh rang trung gian so 8 nam ben
52
hong. Luc nay momen xoan i t banh rang 7 qua banh rang 8 roi truyen en banh rang 4. Bi vay
banh rang 4 se oi chieu quay, tc la truc th cap cung se oi chieu quay va xe se chuyen ong lui.
4.1.2.2. Hop so ba truc:
Thanh
trt
Truc
s cap
Gap so
1
III
II
Truc
th cap
Bo ong toc
2
Lui 8
Truc trung
gian tay so lui
Truc
trung gian
7
Hnh 4.2 : S o ong hoc hop so 3 truc 3 so tien 1 so lui.

Nguyen ly lam viec:
Momen xoan t ong c truyen en truc s cap, thong qua cap banh rang 1 va 2 se truyen sang
tr c trung gian. T truc trung gian, thong qua cac cap banh rang tng ng momen xoan se truyen
en truc th cap nh sau:
tay so I banh rang 4 se c gai vi banh rang 3. Momen xoan t truc trung gian thong qua
cap banh rang 3 va 4 se truyen sang truc th cap. Tay so II se hoat ong khi chung ta dung bo
ong toc gai cng banh rang 6 vao vi truc th cap . Luc nay momen xoan t banh rang 5 truyen
qua banh rang 6, t banh rang 6 truyen qua bo ong toc va t bo ong toc momen xoan se truyen
sang truc th cap. Luc nay banh rang 4 phai v tr trung gian nh hnh 4.2. Tay so III se c
thc hien khi ta a bo ong toc ve ben trai e gai cng banh rang 1 vi truc th cap. Luc nay
momen xoan truyen trc tiep t truc s cap sang truc th cap thong qua banh rang 1 va bo ong
toc (so truyen thang). Muon i tay so lui, chung ta phai gai banh rang 4 vao an khp banh rang
trung gian so 8 nam ben hong. Luc nay momen xoan t truc trung gian qua banh rang 7 truyen
en banh rang 8 va t banh rang 8 thong qua banh rang 4 se truyen en truc th cap. Do banh rang
4 oi chieu quay so vi cac tay so va neu tren, nen truc th cap se oi chieu quay va xe se chay
lui.
4.1.3. Trnh t tnh toan hop so co cap:
Cong viec tnh toan thiet ke hop so o to co hai bc chnh nh sau:
* Xac nh ty so truyen am bao tnh chat keo va tnh kinh te theo ieu kien lam viec
a cho trc.
53
* Xac nh kch thc cac chi tiet cua hop so.

Hai bc ln tren c cu the hoa bi cac bc cu the sau:
1. Tren c s cua ieu kien s dung va ieu kien ky thuat cho trc, cung vi ieu kien
che tao, chung ta chon s o ong hoc va d kien so cap cua hop so.
2. Tnh toan lc keo cua oto, xac nh t so truyen chung cua ca he thong truyen lc khi
gai cac so khac nhau.
3. Phan chia phu hp t so truyen cua he thong truyen lc theo tng cum (hop so, hop so
phu, truyen lc chnh, truyen lc cuoi cung).
4. Tnh toan xac nh t so truyen cua hop so .
5. Xac nh kch thc cua cac chi tiet, bo tr cac chi tiet cua hop so va kiem tra s lien
quan lam viec gia cac chi tiet vi nhau.
4.1.4. Xac nh t so truyen cua hop so:
T so truyen cua hop so o to c xac nh tren c s tnh toan lc keo cac tay so. Trong o
quan trong nhat la t so truyen tay so I. T so truyen ih1 c xac nh theo cong thc cua vien s
Chuacop:
G.rbx max
(4.1)
i h1 =
M emax i o tl
ay :
G
Trong lng toan bo cua xe (N).
max He so can chuyen ong ln nhat.
rbx Ban knh lan cua banh xe co tnh en s bien dang cua lop (m).
io
Ty so truyen cua truyen lc chnh.
tl Hieu suat cua he thong truyen lc.
Ty so truyen cua truyen lc chnh c xac nh:
rbx
io =
(4.2)
2,65
ay :
- He so vong quay cua ong c
oi vi xe du lch : = 30 40
oi vi xe tai : = 40 50
Neu hop so co 3 cap vi so III la so truyen thang th :
ih3 =1 ;
ih2 = i h1
Neu hop so co 4 cap vi so IV la so truyen thang th :
ih4 = 1 ; i h 3 = 3 i h1 ; i h2 = 3 i 2 h1
Neu hop so co 5 cap vi so V la so truyen thang th :
ih5 = 1 ; ih4 =
2
i h1 ; ih3 = 4 i h1 ; ih2 =
i h1
Neu hop so co 5 cap vi so V la so truyen tang va so IV la so truyen thang th:

ih5 =
1
; ih4 = 1 ; ih3 =
i hi
i h1 ; ih2 =
54
i h1
So truyen cao nhat cua hop so nen lam so truyen thang hay so truyen tang la tuy thuoc vao thi
gian s dung. Nen chon so truyen lam viec nhieu nhat e lam so truyen thang e giam tieu hao khi
truyen lc va tang tuoi tho cua hop so.
4.1.5. Tnh toan cac thong so hnh hoc cua banh rang hop so:
4.1.5.1. Chon khoang cach gia cac truc cua cac banh rang:
Khoang cach A gia cac truc c chon theo cong thc kinh nghiem sau:
A= C3 M e max
ay :
(mm)
(4.3)
Memax - Momen xoan cc ai cua ong c (Nm)

C - He so kinh nghiem:
oi vi xe du lch : C = 1316
oi vi xe tai : C =1719
oi vi xe dung ong c diezel: C =2021
4.1.5.2. Chon mouyn phap tuyen cua banh rang:

Chung ta co hai phng phap la chon:
Co the chon theo cong thc kinh nghiem sau:
m = (0,0320,040).A
(4.4)
m[mm]
Hoac co the s dung o th kinh nghiem nh hnh 4.3.
a
b
M [kN.m]
Hnh 4.3 : o th e chon mouyn phap tuyen cua banh rang
a - Dung cho banh rang co rang thang.
b - Dung cho banh rang co rang xien.
ay :
m - Mouyn phap tuyen.

M - Momen xoan c tnh :
M= Memax.ih1.0,96
55
4.1.5.3. Xac nh so rang cua cac banh rang:

4.1.5.3.1. oi vi hop so hai truc:
hnh 4.4 la s o hop so hai truc e xac nh so rang. Banh rang lap vi truc bang then hoa
va trt tren truc khi can gai so.
Z1
Z2
Z' 1
Z' 2
Z' i
Hnh 4.4 : S o tnh toan so rang cua banh rang hop so 2 truc
hop so hai truc co the xac nh khoang cach A theo cong thc sau:
m (z + z1 ) m 2 (z 2 + z 2 )
m (z + zi )
A= 1 1
(4.5)
=
= .... = i i
2 cos 1
2 cos 2
2 cos i
z
Sau o thay :
ih1= 1
z1
z
ih2= 2
z2
.
z
ihi= i
zi
vao bieu thc tnh A, chung ta nhan c cong thc tong quat e xac nh zi va zi/:
2Acos i
(4.6)
zi =
m i (1 + i hi )
zi = zi .ihi
ay:
(4.7)
z1,z2, zi So rang cua cac banh rang truc s cap.

z1 , z2 zi So rang cua cac banh rang truc th cap.
A Khoang cach gia 2 truc.
i Goc nghieng cua cap banh rang th i.
mi Mouyn phap tuyen cua cap banh rang th i.
56
4.1.5.3.2. oi vi hop so ba truc:

tren hnh 4.5 la s o hop so ba truc e xac nh so rang
Z'2
Z'1
Za
Z'i
Z'a
Z2
Z1
Zi
Hnh 4.5: S o tnh toan so rang cua banh rang hop so 3 truc
1 - Truc s cap.
2 - Truc trung gian.
3 - Truc th cap .
A- Khoang cach gia cac truc.
za , za So rang cua cap banh rang luon an khp.
z1, z2,, zi So rang cua cac banh rang tren truc trung gian.
z1 , z2 ,, zi So rang cua cac banh rang tren truc th cap.
Khoang cach A c tnh nh sau:
m (z + za ) m a .z a (1 + i a )
A= a a
=
2 cos a
2 cos a
2A. cos a
Bi vay :
ia =
1
m a .z a
(4.8)
(4.9)
ay : ia Ty so truyen cua cap banh rang luon an khp .

ma Mo uyn phap tuyen cua cap banh rang luon an khp.
a Goc nghieng cua rang cua cap banh rang luon an khp.
So rang z a cua banh rang b ong cap banh rang luon an khp se c xac nh:
za = za. ia
Ty so truyen cua cac cap banh rang c gai igi se la:
igi=
i hi
ia
So rang cua cac banh rang tren truc trung gian va th cap c xac nh :
zi =
2A cos i
m i (1 + i gi )
(4.10)
zi = zi .igi
(4.11)
57
Trong o :
zi So rang cua banh rang th i tren truc trung gian.
zi So rang cua banh rang th i tren truc th cap.
i Goc nghieng cua rang cua cap banh rang th i.
mi Mouyn phap tuyen cua cap banh rang th i.
4.1.6. Bo ong toc:
Khi sang so, cho du a tach ly hp , nhng do quan tnh nen cac banh rang van con quay vi
cac van toc goc khac nhau, neu gai vao nhau th sinh lc va ap. e khac phuc hien tng tren va
n gian hoa cac qua trnh thao tac cua tai xe, ngi ta dung bo ong toc.
Xet trng hp chuyen t so cao ve so thap e tm hieu nguyen ly va phan tch lc (hnh 4.6).
1; 4 Banh rang.
2 Chot.
3 Ong rang.
5 Bi.
6 Ong gat.
7 Ong long.
8 Truc.
Hnh 4.6: Cau tao cua bo ong toc

4.1.6.1. Giai oan dch chuyen t do (luc mat con cua ong long 7 cha tiep xuc vi mat con
cua banh rang 4):
V vong gat 6 lien ket cng vi ong rang 3 va ong nay lai lien ket an hoi vi ong long 7, cho
nen khi gat 6 ve pha banh rang 4, ca khoi chi tiet 6-2-3-5-7 eu dch chuyen. Khi hai mat con tiep
xuc vi nhau th tam thi dng lai va bat au giai oan hai.
4.1.6.2. Giai oan cha ong toc:
Do tac dung cua a quan tnh nen ong rang 3 van con quay vi toc o goc cua so cu:
3 =
m
ic
Trong o:
3 Van toc goc cua ong rang.
m Van toc goc cua truc.
ic T so truyen so cao.
Trong khi o banh rang 4 luon luon an khp vi banh rang cua truc trung gian va bi vay:
4 =
m
it
58
4 Van toc goc cua banh rang 4.

it T so truyen so thap.
Bi v:
ic < it nen 3 > 4
Ong long 7 va co lien he vi banh rang 4 va co lien he vi ong rang 3 nen toc o goc cua no
la 7 nam trong gii han:
4 < 7 < 3
Ket qua la chot 2 b ham trong hoc A cua ong 7 va ong rang 3 (hnh 6.7) khong dch chuyen
c na.
Sau ay chung ta phan tch lc e thay c v sao chot 2 b ham:
Di tac dung cua lc ep chieu truc Q1 (lc tac dung cua ngi lai thong qua c cau on bay
chuyen en) tnh trang chu lc cua 3 chi tiet nh hnh 4.7.
Trong giai oan cha ong toc mat con cua ong long 7 trt tren mat con cua banh rang 4, nen
gia chung co lc ma sat .N, trong o:
N=
ay :
Q1
sin
(4.12)
Goc nghieng cua mat con.

N Phan lc.
P
A
Q1
N
r1
Hnh 4.7 : S o chu lc cua cac chi tiet 2,4,7
sau:
Lc ma sat se can bang vi lc vong P tac dung tng ho gia chi tiet 7 va 2 theo ieu kien
P.r1 = .N.r P=
.N.r
r1
Trong o:
He so ma sat
r, r1 Ban knh iem at lc.
59
Thay N bang bieu thc (4.12) ta co:

P=
.Q 1 .r
r1 . sin
(4.13)
Tai mat xien goc cua co vuong chot 2 tac dung mot phan lc Q phan tch t P:
Q=
P
tg
(4.14)
Lc Q chnh la lc ham co vuong B cua chot 2 trong hoc A cua ong long 7, do o Q phai thoa
man ieu kien ham sau ay:
.Q 1 .r
Q > Q1
> Q1
r1 .sin .tg
Tc la :
tg <
.r
r1. sin
(4.15)
Bieu thc (4.15) la c s e thiet ke goc u e ham chot 2 va gi khong cho ong rang 3 dch
chuyen khi cha ong toc.
4.1.6.3. Giai oan ong toc:
Do ma sat nen a quan tnh dan dan b triet tieu va cuoi cung:
3 = 7 = 4
Khi a ong toc th lc ma sat N cung khong con na va do o lc ham bang khong. Tay cua
ngi lai ch tac dung nhe la u e thang nh v lo xo bi 5 va gat ong rang 3 an khp vi vanh rang
cua banh rang 4 mot cach em du v chung a ong eu van toc goc.
Khi thiet ke thng chon he so ma sat = 0,050,1; goc nghieng = 70 120;
Q1=(49).(50100)N; ty so truyen cua can so: 49; lc tac dung len can so: 50100 N.
4.2.
HOP SO T ONG:

4.2.1.1. Cong dung:
Hop so t ong cho phep n gian hoa viec ieu khien hop so. Qua trnh chuyen so em du,
khong can cat cong suat truyen t ong c xuong khi sang so. Hop so t ong t chon t so truyen
phu hp vi ieu kien chuyen ong, do o tao ieu kien s dung gan nh toi u cong suat cua ong
c.
4.2.1.2. Yeu cau:
Hop so t ong phai am bao cac yeu cau sau:
Thao tac ieu khien hop so n gian, nhe nhang.
am bao chat lng ong lc keo cao.
Hieu suat truyen ong phai tng oi ln.
o tin cay ln, t h hong,tuoi tho cao.
Ket cau phai gon, trong lng nho.
60
4.2.1.3. Phan loai:

Hien nay, s dung tren xe co hai loai hop so t ong:
* Hop so t ong co cap.
* Hop so t ong vo cap.
Cho en nay, hop so t ong co cap c s dung rong rai hn nhieu so vi hop so t ong vo
cap. Bi vay, trong chng nay chung ta ch nghien cu ve hop so t ong co cap . Con hop so t
ong vo cap, chung ta tham khao them cac chuyen e.
4.2.2. Khai quat ve hop so t ong:

Qua trnh ieu khien hop so t ong xay ra hoan toan t ong tren c s chon trc che o hoat
ong cua no. Ngi lai co the can thiep bang tay va qua trnh ieu khien nh can chon che o hoat
ong cua hop so. Thong thng can chon che o hoat ong co cac v tr nh sau:
P Parking: o xe (gi cho xe khong b troi t do).
R Reverse: chay lui.
N Neutral: so 0.
D Drive: chuyen ong tien (t ong chuyen oi gia tat ca cac tay so).
L Low: chuyen ong len doc.
oi khi mot so hop so t ong khac cung co cac v tr nh sau:
P Parking: o xe (gi cho xe khong b troi t do).
R Reverse: chay lui.
N Neutral: so 0.
D Drive: chuyen ong tien (t ong chuyen oi gia tat ca cac tay so).
3 Ch i tay so 1 en tay so 3.
2 Ch i tay so 1 en tay so 2.
1 Ch i tay so 1.
4.2.2.1. Hop so t ong co cap:
Trc khi i vao nghien cu cac bo phan chnh cua hop so t ong co cap, chung ta se gii
thieu khai quat ve chung.
tren hnh 4.8 la s o cua mot hop so t ong co cap, no gom co ba bo phan chnh:
Truyen ong thuy ong (ly hp thuy ong hoac bien momen thuy lc).
Hop so hanh tinh.
He thong ieu khien.
61
Hnh 4.8 : S o hop so t ong co cap

Tren hnh 4.9 la ket cau cua hop so t ong co cap trong thc te.
Hnh 4.9 : Ket cau cua hop so t ong co cap

4.2.2.2. Hop so t ong vo cap:
So vi hop so t ong co cap, hop so t ong vo cap co nhieu u iem hn, ac biet la kha
nang tan dung triet e cong suat cua ong c.
Tuy nhien no van b han che bi kha nang truyen momen xoan va cong nghe che tao phc tap.
Hop so t ong vo cap thng co cac bo phan chnh nh sau:
Bien momen thuy lc.
Bo banh rang hanh tinh e oi chieu quay truc s cap.
Truyen ong vo cap nh ma sat.
He thong ieu khien.
62
Sau ay chung ta se tm hieu hai dang hop so t ong vo cap ac trng co phng phap truyen
momen xoan khac nhau.
4.2.2.2.1. Hop so t ong vo cap FORD CTX (Continuously Variable Transaxle):
tren hnh 4.10 la ket cau cua hop so t ong vo cap FORD CTX.
4
2
Hnh 4.10: Ket cau cua hop so

1 Cap be mat ma sat hnh con chu ong.
2 Cap be mat ma sat hnh con b ong.
3 Cac phan t nam ngang cua ai truyen.
4 Cac lp thep mong chay theo chieu doc cua ai truyen.
Hop so gom co hai truc: truc s cap va truc th cap, bo phan quan trong nhat cua hop so Ford
CTX la hai cap be mat ma sat hnh con che tao bang thep. moi cap co mot be mat co nh va mot
be mat di ong theo chieu doc truc, momen xoan c truyen t cap be mat ma sat chu ong sang
cap be mat ma sat b ong nh mot ai truyen deo bang thep c che tao theo mot nguyen ly hoan
toan mi. ai truyen nay gom 320 phan t bang thep c xep canh nhau va at nam ngang so vi
ng truc cua si ai truyen. Momen xoan c truyen t truc chu ong sang truc b ong la nh
ma sat gia cac phan t nam ngang va cac be mat hnh con. Khi lam viec cac phan t nay se chu
mot ap suat rat ln gia be mat cua chung va be mat cua cac a hnh con. Mat khac cac lp thep
chay theo chieu doc lai chu mot sc cang rat ln (moi lp si thep mong co be day 0,1 mm va
c at chong len nhau thanh nhieu lp). He so ma sat gia be mat cua ai truyen va
63
be mat cua tam ma sat tng oi nho, do o e truyen momen xoan ma khong b trt th gia cac
ai truyen va cac be mat ma sat hnh con phai xuat hien mot lc nen rat ln (20.000N).
Theo hng truyen momen xoan t ong c xuong, ngay sau banh a ong c la bo phan giam
chan xoan. No co tac dung gii han cac rung ong khi chay khong tai va lam giam cac tai trong ong
t ong c len he thong truyen lc trong trng hp tai xe tang hoac giam ga ot ngot.
a)
b)
Hnh 4.11: S o truyen momen xoan va nguyen ly oi chieu

quay cac truc cua hop so
a Xe chay theo chieu tien.
b Xe chay lui.
T truc th cap cua giam chan xoan, momen xoan c truyen en can cua bo banh rang hanh
tinh (xem hnh 4.11) cac truc cua banh rang ve tinh mot au c noi vi can (long rang) va au kia
c noi vi ly hp 1 (ly hp cho chuyen ong tien), ly hp nay ong hay m la nh s thay oi ap
suat cua dau thuy lc ieu khien no (ly hp ma sat t). Mat khac banh rang bao cua bo banh rang
hanh tinh c noi vi ly hp 3 (ly hp cho chuyen ong lui) cung la loai ma sat t. Neu ly hp 1
ong va ly hp 3 m, lap tc bo banh rang hanh tinh b ham (cac banh rang ve tinh khong quay) luc
nay cac bo phan cua bo banh rang hanh tinh eu quay nh mot khoi ong hoc lien (khong co s mat
nang lng trong bo banh rang hanh tinh) bi vay momen xoan c truyen trc tiep t can cua bo
banh rang hanh tinh qua cap a ma sat hnh con tren truc chu ong cua hop so. Do o chieu quay
cua truc s cap hop so se cung chieu vi chieu quay cua truc khuyu ong c va luc nay xe chuyen
ong theo chieu tien (xem hnh 4.11a).
Trng hp ngc lai, neu ly hp 1 m va ly hp 3 ong, lap tc bo banh rang hanh tinh tr
lai trang thai lam viec t do (khong b ham) ca c banh rang ve tinh quay theo chieu mui ten (xem
64
hnh 4.11b). Nh vay, truc s cap cua hop so se oi chieu quay va quay ngc vi chieu quay cua
cot may, luc nay chieu quay cua banh xe chu ong cung b oi chieu va xe se chuyen ong lui.
Nguyen ly lam viec cua hop so FORD CTX rat n gian: momen xoan c truyen bi ai
truyen nam gia cac be mat ma sat hnh con. S dch chuyen tng oi gia chung theo chieu truc se
thay oi lien tuc ty so truyen, ieu nay phu thuoc vao v tr tng oi gia ai truyen va truc tng
ng. Khi cac be mat ma sat xa nhau ra tren mot truc nao o th tai truc o khoang cach gia ai
truyen va truc o giam dan, ngc lai neu hai be mat ma sat hnh con tien lai gan nhau th khoang
cach gia ai truyen va truc tng ng se tang len.
Hai qua trnh nay xay ra ong thi tren hai truc va ngc chieu nhau bi vay ty so truyen t
truc chu ong sang truc b ong se tang hoac giam lien tuc do s chuyen ong cua cac be mat ma sat
di ong so vi be mat ma sat co nh la lien tuc. Qua trnh thay oi ty so truyen c tom tat nh
sau:
A
R1
K
2
R2
Hnh 4.12 : Nguyen ly thay oi vo cap ty so truyen

Ty so truyen i12 t truc s cap 1 sang truc th cap 2 c tnh: i12 = R2/R1.
Khi xe dng, do ong c khong lam viec, ap suat dau thuy lc trong buong A va B co gia tr
cc tieu. Luc o lo xo K (co lc ep rat ln) se ay mat ma sat hnh con di ong tren truc 2 en sat
mat ma sat co nh, luc nay R2 = R2max (xem hnh 4.12) va do sc cang cua ai truyen nen be mat
con di ong cua truc 1 thang c ap lc dau, bi vay no b ep ve pha phai en v tr cuoi cung. Nh
vay luc nay R1 = R1min va i12 = R2max /R1min = i12max.
Khi khi ong ong c, can chon che o i phai v tr N (chay khong tai, luc nay ly hp 1 va
3 eu m).
Khi tai xe muon i theo chieu tien, can chon che o i phai a ve v tr D va tang chan ga.
Vi sc can chuyen ong giam dan va ap suat dau trong buong A va B tang dan, ap lc dau B
thang sc ep lo xo K, ay a di ong tren truc 2 ve ben trai ngha la R2 giam dan va R1 tang dan,
luc o ty so truyen: i12=R2 giam dan / R1 tang dan . Do o i12 giam dan.
65
en mot luc nao o, ng vi luc sc can chuyen ong at gia tr cc tieu, tai xe ap chan ga
en v tr sau nhat, so vong quay ong c at gia tr cc ai va ap suat dau trong buong A va B cung
at gia tr cc ai, luc nay hai a di ong tren truc 1 va 2 eu b ep ve v tr tan cung ben trai cho
nen: R1 = R1max, R2=R2min. Luc nay ty so truyen: i12 = R2min / R1max = i12min
Trong qua trnh i12 thay oi t i12max en i12min do cac a di ong b ep lien tuc nen R1 tang
lien tuc va R2 giam xuong lien tuc bi vay i12 cung giam xuong lien tuc t i12max en gia tr i12min.
Neu gap sc can chuyen ong cua mat ng tang (chang han o doc cua mat ng tan g) nh s
ieu khien cua trung tam ieu khien ma ap suat dau trong A va B se giam. Do sc ep cua lo xo K,
a di ong tren truc 2 b ay t trai qua phai cho nen R2 tang dan len. Do ai truyen b keo dch ve
pha truc 2 nen lc ep gia mat ben ai truyen va mat ben cua a di ong tren truc 1 se thang ap lc
dau A va ay a ma sat ve ben phai, bi vay R1 giam xuong. Luc nay ty so truyen la:
i12 = R2 tang dan / R1 giam dan. Do o i12 tang dan.
Neu sc can chuyen ong tang len lien tuc th i12 cung tang len lien tuc.Qua trnh tang hoac giam
ty so truyen la cac qua trnh lien tuc (khong nhay tng bac nh hop so co cap). o la nguyen ly
thay oi vo cap ty so truyen cua hop so FORD CTX.
4.2.2.2.2. Hop so t ong vo cap Extroid CVT (Continuously Variable Automatic
Transmission) cua Nissan.
Hang Nissan va cho ra i hop so t ong vo cap vi mot phng thc truyen ong hoan toan
mi so vi nhng hop so t ong vo cap trc ay. Momen xoan c truyen nh cac be mat ma sat
va hop so nay truyen c mo men xoan co gia tr en 400 Nm.
Tren hnh 4.13 la cau tao cua hop so. T trai sang phai, bo phan th nhat la bien mo thuy lc,
bo phan th 2 la bo banh rang hanh tinh e tao ra so lui cho hop so, bo phan th 3 la truyen ong vo
cap nh ma sat, bo phan th 4 la 2 cap banh rang tru e tan g ty so truyen cho hop so.
Hnh 4.13: Cau tao cua hop so

Bo phan quan trong nhat cua hop so e tao ra ty so truyen vo cap la 2 cap a ma sat hnh con
lom. moi cap a ma sat hnh con lom co 2 a quay c ep t vao e truyen momen xoan t a
chu ong sang a b ong.
cap a ma sat hnh con lom th nhat (cap ben trai): a chu ong ben trai, a b ong
ben phai, con cap a ma sat hnh con lom th 2 th ngc lai. Hai a ma sat hnh con lom chu
66
ong noi cng vi truc s cap, con 2 a b ong th quay trn tren truc, nhng chung lai noi cng vi
banh rang th nhat va banh rang nay cung quay trn tren truc s cap. Momen xoan t truc s cap i
qua 2 a hnh con lom chu ong, sau o no c truyen en 2 a hnh con lom b ong thong qua 4
a ep, t 2 a hnh con lom b ong momen xoan i qua banh rang th nhat, th 2, th 3, th 4 va
sau o i ra ngoai theo truc th cap.
Hnh 4.14: Nguyen ly thay oi vo cap ty so truyen

Nguyen ly thay oi vo cap ty so truyen c ch ro hnh 4.14. Ty so truyen vo cap c tnh :
i = ro / r1
Thong qua he thong ieu khien, neu chung ta thay oi o nghieng cua cac a ep lien tuc th
ban knh r1 se tang (hoac giam) lien tuc va ban knh ro se giam (hoac tang) lien tuc. Bi vay ty so
truyen i se giam (hoac tang) lien tuc.
He thong ieu khien hop so c the hien hnh 4.15. Cac tn hieu t cac bo cam bien c
truyen ve bo phan ieu khien. Bo phan ieu khien x ly cac tn hieu va ieu khien bo phan chap
hanh (van ao chieu) e ong hoac m cac mach dau thch hp en cac bo phan tr lc thuy lc.
Cac bo phan tr lc thuy lc nay co nhiem vu lam xoay cac truc e thay oi o nghieng cua cac a
ep. Qua trnh thay oi o nghieng cua cac a ep xay ra phai rat chnh xac va ong bo gia cac a.
Cac tn hieu ieu khien bao gom : v tr bm ga, so vong quay cua ong c, so vong quay cua
a chu ong va b ong, v tr can chon che o chuyen ong va nhiet o cua dau.
67
Hnh 4.15: He thong ieu khien hop so

4.2.3. Bien momen thuy lc:
4.2.3.1. Cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec:
Bien momen thuy lc co 3 bo phan chnh (hnh 4.16):
a bm (B) c noi vi truc 1 la truc chu ong. Truc nay noi trc tiep vi truc khuyu ong
c.
a tuoc bin (T) c noi vi truc 2 la truc b ong cua bien momen thuy lc.
a phan xa (P) con c goi la bo phan dan hng. a P ong vai tro trong viec lam tang
momen xoan.
tren hnh 4.16 la trng hp a P noi cng vi vo cua bien momen.
nb b M b
nt t M t
2
P
T
Hnh 4.16: Cac bo phan chnh cua bien momen thuy lc
68
Tat ca c at trong vo co nh,ben trong c nap ay chat long.

Gia B, T va P la cac khe h vo cung nho. Tren cac a B, T va P co gan cac canh c uon
cong, tao thanh cac ranh, ma trong chung dong chat long se chuyen ong tuan hoan.
Bien momen thuy lc co hai chc nang: tang momen xoan cua ong c va t ong ieu chnh
momen xoan.
Khi ong c lam viec, a B quay. Chat long gia cac canh cua B nhan c nang lng se
chuyen ong t tam en ra a B, van toc cang ra xa tam can g tang. Khi ri B, dong chat long vi
van toc ln va ap vao cac canh cua T. Cac lc va ap nay tao thanh momen xoan tac dung len a
T, tc la momen Mt .
e momen xoan M t ln hn momen M b cua a B, th phai tang van toc cua dong chat long
khi ra khoi a B va phai hng c cac dong chay vao cac canh cua T vi goc o thch hp e tao
thanh cac lc ep ln.
a phan xa P (hay bo phan dan hng) am nhan nhiem vu quan trong nay:
Khi dong chat long i qua a P, th no nhan momen xoan va truyen en vo co nh (iem ta).
Neu a P quay t do th momen xoan cung khong tang len c. Nh vay ieu quan trong la a
phan xa phai co nh. Van toc dong chat long qua a P se tang dan nh cac can h a P lam hep
dong chay. Hng cua dong chat long cung c thay oi tot hn nh canh cua a P c uon cong
vi goc o yeu cau .
Bi vay, sau khi i qua P dong chat long i vao a T se co van toc ln hn (nen ong nang
tang len) va i vao vi goc o thch hp hn. Nh vay lc ep len a T se tang va ket qua la lam
tang momen xoan cua a T so vi mo men xoan cua a B.
Khi chuyen ong qua P, ong nang cua dong chay tang va ap nang cua dong chay giam nen
tong nang lng cua dong chay van khong oi va bang tong nang lng cua dong chay chuyen ong
a bm.
Kha nang th hai cua bien momen thuy lc la t ong ieu chnh lien tuc momen xoan va so
vong quay cua a T theo gia tr momen can ben ngoai tac dung len truc a T:
che o lam viec on nh: momen xoan M t va momen can tac dung len truc a T luon bang
nhau ve tr so. Khi momen can tang len ln hn M t th a T quay cham lai (ma cong suat tren truc
N= M., do o khi N khong oi th giam dan en M tang). Momen xoan cua T se tang cho en
khi bang momen can, luc o se khong giam na.
Neu momen can giam xuong (tai trong ben ngoai giam), qua trnh se bien oi ngc lai.
4.2.3.2. Tnh toan bien momen thuy lc:
r
Khi cac phan t chat long chuyen ong qua cac cach cua B, T va P van toc tuyet oi v bao
r
r
gom van toc tng oi w va van toc theo u :
r r v
v=w+u
Khi i vao a B, dong chat long co cac van toc vb1, wb1, ub1 ( hnh 4.17). Khi ra khoi a B cac
van toc cua dong chat long la vb2 , wb2, ub2.
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vb2
wb2
u b2
b2
wb1
b2
A
O
b1
b1
v b1
u b1
rb1
rb2
Hnh 4.17: S o van toc cua chat long khi chuyen ong theo canh cua bm (B)
G
Chung ta k hieu m =
la khoi lng cua chat long i qua cac can h a B trong mot giay, th
g
momen xoan cua truc a B se la: (Theo mon May thuy lc")
G
M b = .(v b2 .rb2 . cos b 2 v b1 .rb1 . cos b1 )
g
G
= .(v b2 .OB v b1 .OA )
(4.16)
g
Cac gia tr OA, OB, rb1, rb2, b1, b2 c bieu th tren hnh (4.17).
Dong chat long sau khi i ra khoi B tai iem 2 lap tc i vao T tai iem 1. V khe h gia B va
T vo cung nho nen momen ong lng cua dong chat long ra khoi B bang momen ong lng cua
dong chat long i vao T:
G
G
.v b 2 .OB = .v t1 .OC
(4.17)
g
g
V van toc vt2 ngc chieu quay cua T, nen vt2 co hng am. Bi vay, momen tren truc T se la:
Mt =
G
( v t 2 .OD v t1 .OC)
g
G
(v t 2 .OD + v b 2 .OB)
g
Cac gia tr OC, OD, rt1, rt2, t1, t2 bieu th tren hnh 4.18.
70
(4.18)
u t1
1
t1
C
v t1
wt1
't2
wt2
t2
u t2
vt2
t1
t2
rt1
r t2
t
Hnh 4.18: S o van toc cua chat long khi chuyen ong theo can h cua tuoc bin (T)
Do momen ong lng cua dong chat long ra khoi T bang momen ong lng i vao P va mo
men ong lng ra khoi P bang momen ong lng i vao B, nen momen cua a P la:
G
[v b1 .OA (v t 2 .OD)]
g
G
= (v b1 .OA + v t 2 .OD)
g
Mp =
(4.19)
T cac bieu thc (4.16); (4.18); (4.19) suy ra:

-Mt = Mb + Mp
(4.20)
Dau tr gia tr Mt the hien tuocbin nhan momen cua dong chat long.
Bieu thc (4.20) chng to momen xoan cua tuoc bin tang len c la nh co a phan xa.
e ac trng cho kha nang tang momen xoan cua bien momen thuy lc, ngi ta a ra he so
bien momen K:
K=
Mt
Mb
(4.21)
Kha nang tang momen xoan ln nhat la gia tr K = K0 khi a tuoc bin ng yen:
nt = 0.
Hieu suat cua bien momen thuy lc c tnh:
Mt.
Mb .
t
b
=K
nt
= K.i tb = K(1 S)
nb
71
(4.22)
Trong o:
itb Ty so vong quay cua T so vi B.
S o trt cua a T so vi a B.
S= 1
nt
nb
(4.23)
4.2.3.3. Cac ng ac tnh cua bien momen thuy lc:

So vi ly hp thuy lc, ng ac tnh cua bien momen thuy lc co s khac biet. Bi v, bien
momen thuy lc chat long c nap ay va co mot ap suat d nhat nh, do bien momen thuy lc ch
lam viec on nh trong ieu kien chat long khong co bot kh.
ng ac tnh cua bien mo men thuy lc co a phan xa co nh c xac nh bang thc
nghiem (hnh 4.19).
M,K,
Mt
Mp
K
(+)
C
()
Mb
K=1
n tA
nt
n tC
n tD
Hnh 4.19: ng ac tnh ngoai cua bien momen thuy lc co

a phan xa co nh (khi nb = const)
T ng ac tnh cho thay, khi nt tang dan en gan gia tr nb th Mt va K giam xuong.
ben trai iem C gia tr Mp > 0 nen Mt = Mb + Mp bi vay Mt > Mb va K> 1.
Tai iem C gia tr Mp = 0 nen Mt = Mb va K = 1.
ben phai iem C (ng vi nt> ntc ) a phan xa P tr thanh bo phan ham. Nguyen nhan la t
so vong quay nt > ntc cac phan t chat long b oi hng va ap vao sau lng cac canh cua a P, nen
luc nay momen Mp oi chieu va co gia tr am (xem hnh 4.20), Mp < 0 nen Mt = Mb - Mp va K< 1.
Hieu suat cua bien momen thuy lc b bien thien theo ng cong bac hai va b = bmax tai
iem A ng vi so vong quay nt = ntA. e tien so sanh, tren ng ac tnh co ve them ng hieu
suat cua ly hp thuy lc l. Vi 0 nt ntc th b>t va k>1.
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ng vi ntc < nt ntD do s mat mat trong a P nen b giam nhanh va ket qua lab<l.
T hnh 4.19 chung ta thay: khi a P co nh th t so vong quay nt > ntc tr i Mt < Mb.
ay la nhc iem ln can khac phuc. Bi vay khi at a P tren khp quay mot chieu th se
khac phuc c nhc iem tren (hnh 4.20). Ben di hnh 4.20 bieu dien phng, chieu cua cac
phan t chat long ap vao cac canh cua a P cac thi iem nt khac nhau. Vi so vong quay nt > ntc
tr i cac phan t chat long ap vao sau lng cac canh cua P. Neu luc nay a P quay t do th no
khong con la bo phan ham na. Luc nay bien momen thuy lc lam viec theo nguyen ly cua ly hp
thuy lc.
M,K,
Mt
Mp
K
(+)
M t = Mb
C
Mb
K=1
n tA
nt
ntC
n tD
S thay oi hng va ap cua cac phan t chat long len canh cua a P khi nt thay oi
Hnh 4.20: ng ac tnh ngoai cua bien momen thuy lc co a phan xa at
tren khp quay 1 chieu (khi nb = const)
4.2.4. Hop so hanh tinh:
Hop so hanh tinh c dung hop so t ong co cap va hop so na t ong. No co nhng u
iem chnh sau ay so vi hop so thng:
Lam viec khong on, khong can bo ong toc.
Viec gai so thc hien nh ly hp va phanh, nen tao ieu kien thuan li cho viec t ong qua
trnh gai so.
Ket cau gon gang nh an khp ben trong.
Khi co cung kch thc ng knh banh rang, hop so hanh tinh se co t so truyen ln hn.
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Co the sang so ma khong can cat cong suat truyen t ong c xuong,do o thi gian va hanh
trnh gia toc ngan hn.
Co hieu suat cao hn hop so thng .
Khuyet iem cua hop so hanh tinh la ket cau phc tap, che tao kho, gia thanh cao.
Tren o to thng s dung hop so hanh tinh hai hoac ba cap .
4.2.4.1. Cac s o ong hoc cua hop so hanh tinh:
Hnh 4.21: S o hop so hanh tinh phc tap (2 cap)

Tren hnh 4.21 la hop so hanh tinh phc tap gom co hai cum banh rang hanh tinh n gian. C
cau ieu khien e gai so bao gom hai ly hp ma sat LH1, LH2, ba phanh dai T1, T2, T3, cac khp noi
mot chieu M1, M2.
Hop so nay gom ba so:
Phanh T2 lap trc tiep len truc cua banh rang trung tam1 cua day ben trai, con phanh T3 qua
khp noi mot chieu M2 lien ket vi truc cua banh rang trung tam3.
So 1 c gai bang cach ham hai phanh T2 , T3 e gai cng khp M2 va banh rang 3. Cong suat
c truyen th t qua hai day hanh tinh, nen hieu suat cao (0,97).
So 2 c gai bang cach ong ly hp LH2 roi nha phanh T1, con T2 van b ham. Khp mot
chieu M1 c lap sao cho khong can tr s quay cua truc banh rang1. Do ong ly hp LH2 nen cac
banh rang day trai b gai cng, ch co day phai hoat ong, hieu suat at ti 0,985.
So 3 (truyen thang) c gai bang cach ong ly hp LH1.
So lui c gai bang cach ham phanh T1, banh rang bao 4 an khp trong b gi lai, day trai lam
viec nh mot bo truyen hanh tinh n gian . Cong suat truyen t banh rang 1 qua khp noi M1 en
banh rang trung tam day phai va dan ra ngoai. Hieu suat truyen lc cua so lui kha thap .
Trong thc te co nhieu s o hop so hanh tinh khac nhau. Hop so hanh tinh n gian ch co mot
day banh ran g hanh tinh. Hop so hanh tinh phc tap (nhieu cap) co t hai day banh rang hanh tinh
tr len.
Tren hnh 4.22 la hop so hanh tinh gom bon day banh rang hanh tinh (moi day banh rang hanh
tinh la mot bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian ). v tr so 0 hop so co hai bac t do. e gai so trong
hop so phai s dung bon phanh dai va mot ly hp hnh non (cho so truyen thang). Moi phanh dai
dung e gai mot so. Nh vay hop so nay co bon so tien va mot so lui.
74
LH
C1
1
C3
3
C5
C7
7
Hnh 4.22: S o hop so hanh tinh phc tap (4 cap)

1; 3; 5; 7: cac banh rang trung tam.
2; 4; 6; 8: cac banh rang bao (vong rang).
C1; C3; C5; C7: cac can dan.
T1; T2; T3; T4: cac phanh dai.
LH: ly hp hnh non.
hnh 4.23 la cau tao nhng bo phan chnh cua mot hop so hanh tinh.
7
16
6
10
11
10
11
13
12
14
15
Hnh 4.23: Cac bo phan chnh cua hop so hanh tinh

1 Truc s cap hop so.
2 Tang trong chu ong.
3 a chu ong bang thep.
4 a b ong.
5 Phanh dai trc.
6 Tang trong b ong.
7 Phanh dai sau.
8 Tang trong b ong.
9 Can dan.
10 Banh rang hanh tinh.
11 Truc cua banh rang hanh tinh.
12 Banh rang trung tam .
13; 16 Vong rang .
14 Banh rang trung tam .
15 Truc th cap cua hop so.
75
4.2.4.2. Tnh toan ong hoc va ong lc hoc:

Trc het chung ta khao sat ong hoc va ong lc hoc cua bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian
trong hop so hanh tinh 1 cap.
Bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian gom co cac phan t sau (hnh 4.24):
Banh rang trung tam (C): co so vong quay la nC , van toc goc la C.
Banh rang bao (vong rang) (K): co so vong quay la nK, van toc goc la K.
Cac banh rang hanh tinh (S): co so vong quay la n S, van toc goc la S.
Can dan (U): co so vong quay la nU, van toc goc la U.
Hnh 4.24: S o bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian

Chung ta se xac nh cac quan he ong hoc va ong lc hoc cho bo banh rang hanh tinh n
gian theo hnh 4.25.
T ieu kien can bang banh rang hanh tinh (S) ta co:
r
M
M
Fs = C = K MC = C .M K
(4.24)
rK
rC
rK
Tong momen tren ca 3 phan t co truc i ra ngoai (o la C, U, va K ) phai bang khong (vi gia
thiet hieu suat = 1)
MC + MK MU = 0
(4.25)
ay:
MC Momen banh rang trung tam.
MK Momen banh rang bao.
MU Momen can dan.
76
Hnh 4.25: Quan he cua cac lc va momen trong bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian
Thay gia tr MC t (4.24) vao (4.25) ta co:
M
MU = MC + MK = (1 + K ). MC
MC
M
r
r
= (1 + C ). MK = (1 + K ).MC = (1 + C ).M K
MK
rK
rC
(4.26)
Vi gia thiet = 1 th cong suat au vao PV bang cong suat au ra PR:

PV = PR
Tc la:
MV. V = MR. R
Hoac:
MV.nv = MR.nR
ay:
V Van toc goc au vao.
R Van toc goc au ra.
MV Momen au vao.
MR Momen au ra.
nv So vong quay au vao.
nR So vong quay au ra.
T o chung ta xac nh c ty so truyen:
MR
n
= V
(4.27)
i= V =
R
MV
nR
Nh cac phng trnh tren chung ta co the xac nh c tat ca cac ty so truyen co the xay ra.
Khi ham banh rang bao (nK = 0), au vao c chon la truc cua banh rang trung tam va au ra
la truc cua can dan , ta co:
n V = nC ;
MV = MC
n R = nU ;
MR = MU
Ty so truyen theo (4.27) se la:
n
MU
i= C =
nU
MC
M
r
Va bi v theo (4.26) quan he momen la U = 1 + K nen chung ta nhan c:
MC
rC
77
i=1+
rK
rC
Khi ham ban h rang trung tam (nC = 0), au vao la truc cua can dan, au ra la truc cua banh
rang bao, ta co:
n V = nU ;
MV = MU
n R = nK ;
MR = MK
Ty so truyen trong trng hp nay se la:
n
M
i= U = K
nK
MU
T phng trnh (4.26) suy ra:
M
i= K =
MU
1
r
1+ C
rK
Quan he gia cac van toc tiep tuyen (van toc dai) cua cac phan t trong bo banh rang hanh
tinh n gian c the hien tren hnh (4.26).
Hnh 4.26: Cac van toc tiep tuyen cua cac phan t
Theo cac cong thc c hoc, ta co:
vC = rC. C ; vK = rK. K
1
1
vU = ( vC + vK) = ( rK. K + rC. C)
2
2
Trong o:
vC Van toc tiep tuyen cua banh rang trung tam tai vong tron c s.
vK Van toc tiep tuyen cua banh rang bao tai vong tron c s.
vU Van toc tiep tuyen cua can dan tai tam cua banh rang hanh tinh.
Bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian co the tao ra nhieu t so truyen khac nhau. Trong bang (4.1)
a liet ke tat ca cac trng hp co the gap . Tuy nhien trong so o ch co vai trng hp la co the ng
dung vao thc te cho hop so hanh tinh va hop so t ong co cap.
78
T bang 4.1 cho ta thay mot bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian co the cho ra 7 t so truyen khac
nhau.
Bang 4.1:
nU MC
1
=
=
nC MU 1+ rk
rc
Sau ay chung ta se xet en hop so hanh tinh phc tap (hop so hanh tinh nhieu cap ).
Hop so hanh tinh nhieu cap c ket noi t cac bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian lai vi nhau.
Thong thng so bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian ket hp vi nhau la 2 hoac 3, ac biet co trng
hp la 4 bo.
Xet trng hp ket noi hai bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian (hnh 4.27). Luc nay chung ta co
the nhan c 7 x 7 = 49 t so truyen khac nhau. ang tiec la trong so o ch co vai t so truyen la co
the ng dung trong thc te.
Ty so truyen toan bo c tnh :
i = i1. i2
79
Trong o:
i1 Ty so truyen cua bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian th nhat.
i2 Ty so truyen cua bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian th 2.
Theo trng hp hnh 4.27 va ket hp vi cac t so truyen a tnh c bang 4.1 th t so
truyen toan bo se la:
r
r
i = (1 + C1 ).(1 + C2 )
rK1
rK2
MR, nR
MMV,V,nnV V
Hnh 4.27: S o ket noi 2 bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian thong qua mot truc
Kha nang lien ket th hai la s ket noi gia hai phan t cua bo banh rang hanh tinh th nhat vi
hai phan t cua bo banh rang hanh tinh th hai (ket noi thong qua hai truc). Mot v du cho trng
hp nay la s o tren hnh 4.28.
MV, nV
MR, nR
Hnh 4.28: S o ket noi hai bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian thong qua hai truc
80
Hien nay cac hop so t ong co 3 so tien va 1 so lui thng s dung ben trong no la hop so
hanh tinh Ravigneaux hoac Simpson. Sau ay chung ta se khao sat ca hai loai hop so nay.
Tren hnh 4.29a,b la s o hop so Ravigneaux. No gom co 2 banh rang trung tam C1, C2, hai
nhom banh rang hanh tinh S1, S2, mot can dan U va mot banh rang bao K.
bang 4.2 liet ke tat ca cac t so truyen c ng dung va au vao, au ra cua hop so cac
trng hp cu the.
Hnh 4.29: Hop so hanh tinh Ravigneaux

a, b S o cua hop so.
c Cac lc va momen tac dung tay so 1.
d Cac lc va momen tac dung tay so 2.
e Cac lc va momen tac dung tay so lui.
81
Bang 4.2: Cac ty so truyen cua hop so Ravigneaux
Hop so hanh tinh tiep theo c s dung kha thng xuyen la hop so Simpson (hnh 4.30). Hop
so nay co 2 bo banh rang hanh tinh n gian. Hai ban h rang trung tam C1 va C2 c noi vi nhau
bi mot truc. Hai nhom banh rang hanh tinh S1, S2 co kch thc khac nhau. Hai banh rang bao K1,
K2 cung co kch thc khac nhau. Can dan U2 c noi vi banh ran g bao K1.
Hnh 4.30: S o hop so hanh tinh Simpson.

82
Tat ca cac so lieu quan trong va cac ty so truyen cua hop so hanh tinh Simpson c liet ke
bang 4.3.
Bang 4.3: Cac ty so truyen cua hop so Simpson
4.2.4.3. Phng phap chon so rang cho hop so hanh tinh:

So rang cua hop so hanh tinh c chon theo cong thc sau:
z + z2
z
z
z1 : z h : z 2 : 1
= z 1 : 1 (K 1) : z 1K : 1 (K + 1)
x
z2
x
(4.28)
Trong o:
z1, z2 So rang cua banh rang trung tam va banh rang bao.
zh So rang cua banh rang hanh tinh.
x So lng banh rang hanh tinh.
z
K= 2 Thong so cua c cau (t so truyen ben trong).
z1
Bang cach chon trc so lng rang cua banh rang nho nhat theo kch thc e tranh hien
tng cat chan rang va theo kha nang bo tr tren truc cung nh bang cach chon trc so lng banh
rang hanh tinh va thong so K, chung ta xac nh c so lng rang cua banh rang con lai.
So rang va tnh c phan tren can quy tron thanh so nguyen va kiem tra e am bao ieu
kien ong truc, ieu kien lap ghep va ieu kien ke.
ieu kien ong truc c the hien theo cong thc:
z2 - z1 = 2 zh
(4.29)
e am bao au rang cua banh rang hanh tinh trung vi chan rang cua banh rang trung tam va
banh rang bao, chung ta phai tuan theo ieu kien lap ghep sau:
z1 + z2 = nx
(4.30)
ay:
n So nguyen bat ky.
ieu kien ke am bao co khe h gia cac rang cua cac banh rang lan can. Muon vay phai thoa
man bat phng trnh sau:
83
z h (1 sin ) 0
(4.31)
x
x
Neu so rang nhan c khong thoa man ieu kien ong truc th phai dung phng phap dch
chnh.
z1sin
4.2.4.4. Xac nh ty so truyen theo so rang:
day).
Trc het chung ta xac nh t so truyen cua hop so hanh tinh n gian (c cau hanh tinh mot
Cac phan t cua c cau hanh tinh bao gom:

Banh rang trung tam co van toc goc 1 va so rang z1.
Banh rang bao co van toc goc 2 va so rang z2.
Banh rang hanh tinh co van toc goc h va so rang zh.
Long rang (can dan) co van toc goc c.
Khi mot phan t nao o cua c cau hanh tinh c noi vi truc s cap cua hop so th van toc
goc cua phan t o bang van toc goc au vao v.
Khi mot phan t nao o cua c cau hanh tinh c noi vi truc th cap cua hop so th van toc
goc cua phan t o bang van toc goc au ra R.
Ty so truyen cua hop so mot tay so th i nao o c xac nh bi t so:
i hi =
(4.32)
v
R
e xac nh c t so tren, chung ta phai da vao cong thc Willys:

1 c
z
(4.32)
= 2
z1
2 c
Hoac nh phng trnh ong hoc cua c cau hanh tinh mot day:
1z1 + 2z2 = c(z1 + z2)
(4.33)
Thong thng ch vi phng trnh ong hoc th cha u e tm c ihi. Chung ta phai ket hp
vi cac phng trnh bieu dien moi lien ket gia cac phan t cua c cau hanh tinh vi cac phan t
cua c cau ieu khien (cac ly hp ma sat hoac cac phanh dai).
Cac phng trnh tren lap thanh mot he phng trnh. Giai he phng trnh o, chung ta se xac
nh c t so truyen.
Nguyen tac chung e viet cac phng trnh lien ket:
Khi hai phan t c noi vi nhau th van toc goc cua chung phai bang nhau.
Khi mot phan t b ham lai th van toc goc cua no bang khong.
oi vi hop so hanh tinh phc tap cha n - c cau hanh tinh mot day (n 2) th chung ta se lap
c n phng trnh ong hoc cho tng c cau hanh tinh mot day. Ngoai ra ket hp vi cac phng
trnh bieu dien s lien ket gia cac phan t cua cac c cau hanh tinh vi nhau va gia cac phan t
cua c cau hanh tinh vi cac phan t ieu khien. T o, chung ta se nhan c mot he ph ng trnh.
Giai he phng trnh o, ta nhan c t so truyen hop so hanh tinh phc tap mot tay so nhat nh.
cac tay so khac nhau, chung ta se lap c cac he phng trnh khac nhau.
84
T so truyen cua hop so hanh tinh phc tap tay so th i nao o van c xac nh theo cong
thc (4.32).
Khi i tm t so truyen cua hop so hanh tinh chung ta phai biet trc so rang cua cac banh rang
trung tam va banh rang bao.
Hop so hanh tinh n gian c goi la hop so hanh tinh mot cap.
Hop so hanh tinh phc tap co n - c cau hanh tinh mot day c goi la hop so hanh tinh nhieu
cap.
4.2.5. He thong ieu khien hop so t ong:
4.2.5.1. He thong ieu khien bang thuy lc:
Hop so ieu khien bang thuy lc hoan toan hoat ong bi s bien oi mot cach c kh toc o
cua xe thanh ap suat ly tam va o m bm ga thanh ap suat bm ga roi dung cac ap suat thuy lc
nay e ieu khien hoat ong cua cac ly hp va cac phanh trong cum banh rang hanh tinh, do o ieu
khien thi iem len hoac ve so. No c goi la Phng phap ieu khien bang thuy lc.
He thong ieu khien bang thuy lc bao gom: Bm dau , than van, cac van ien t, cung nh cac
ng dau e noi tat ca nhng chi tiet nay. Da tren ap suat dau c sinh ra bi bm, he thong ieu
khien thuy lc ieu chnh ap suat dau tac dung len bien mo, cac ly hp, cac phanh phu hp vi ieu
kien chuyen ong cua xe.
Co 3 van ien t trong than van. Nhng van ien t nay m va ong bi tn hieu t ECU e
ieu khien cac van gai so. No ong m ng dau en bien mo, cac ly hp va cac phanh e ieu
khien bien mo va cac cum banh rang hanh tinh (lu y: tr van ien, he thong ieu khien thuy lc cua
ECT ve c ban giong nh cua hop so t ong ieu khien thuy lc hoan toan) (hnh 4.31).
HE THONG IEU KHIEN BANG THUY LC
THAN VAN
Bm dau
ieu khien ap suat

thuy lc
Cac phanh
& ly hp
Chuyen ng dau
Bm ga
ECU
Bo banh rang
hanh tinh
Bien mo
Cac van ien t
Hnh 4.31: S o nguyen ly ieu khien bang thuy lc

85
Viec chuyen so hop so t ong ieu khien bang thuy lc hoan toan c thc hien bi bo
ieu khien thuy lc theo cach sau:
VAN LY TAM
Van ly tam sinh ra ap suat dau
ty le vi toc o xe; ap suat nay
(goi la ap suat ly tam) co tac dung
nh tn hieu toc o xe en bo
ieu khien thuy lc.
BM GA
Bm ga trong bo ieu khien
thuy lc sinh ra ap suat thuy lc ty
le vi mc ap chan ga; ap suat
nay (c goi la ap suat bm ga)
co tac dung nh Tn hieu tai
ong c en bo ieu khien thuy
lc.
BO IEU KHIEN THUY LC

Ap suat ly tam va ap suat bm ga
lam cac van chuyen so trong bo ieu
khien thuy lc hoat ong; o ln cac ap
suat nay ieu khien chuyen ong cua
cac van chuyen so, va nhng van nay
lai ieu khien ap suat thuy lc tac dung
len cac ly hp va phanh trong cum banh
ran g hanh tinh e ieu khien viec
chuyen so.
Hnh 4.32: S o khoi hop so t ong ieu khien bang thuy lc
86
4.2.5.2. He thong ieu khien bang ien t ECT (Electronically Controlled Transmission):
ECT la hop so t ong s dung cac cong nghe ieu khien ien t hien ai e ieu khien hop
so. Ban than hop so t ong (tr than van) thc te giong nh hop so ieu khien thuy lc hoan toan,
nhng no con bao gom cac chi tiet ien t, cac cam bien, mot ECU (bo ieu khien ien t) va vai c
cau chap hanh.
Vo hop so ECT co hnh dang c ban giong vi vo hop so ieu khien thuy lc hoan toan nen no
ch co the phan biet bi s co mat cua mot cam bien toc o. (Hop so t ong ieu khien thuy lc
hoan toan co mot van ieu chnh ly tam nhng ECT ngi ta thay van bang mot cam bien toc o)
(hnh 4.33).
hop so ECT cac cam bien phat hien toc o xe va o m bm ga, bien chung thanh tn hieu
ien t gi ve bo ieu khien ien t (sau nay c viet tat la ECU). ECU sau o ieu khien cac hoat
ong cua cac ly hp, phanh tren c s nhng tn hieu nay. V vay ieu khien thi iem chuyen so e
len hoac ve so.
Hnh 4.33: Hop so ECT

Neu khong co ECU e ieu khien viec chuyen so tren c s cac tn hieu ien ve toc o xe va
o m bm ga th ECT ve c ban giong nh hop so t ong ieu khien thuy lc hoan toan.
He thong ieu khien bang ien t cua ECT ieu khien thi iem chuyen so va khoa bien mo
trong ECT, bao gom ba kieu chi tiet: Cac cam bien khac nhau, mot ECU va cac loai van ien t. S
o sau ch ra moi lien he gia cac chi tiet nay (hnh 4.34):
87
CAC VAN IEN T
Hnh 4.34: S o nguyen ly ieu khien bang ien t
Hop so ECT ieu khien viec chuyen so theo phng phap sau (hnh 4.35):
CAM BIEN TOC O XE
Cam bien toc o xe phat hien
toc o cua xe va gi tn hieu nay
nay en ECU di dang cac tn
hieu ien.
ECU
ECU quyet nh thi iem chuyen
so tren c s cac tn hieu ve toc o xe
va goc m bm ga, va ieu khien van
ien trong bo ieu khien thuy lc v vay
ieu khien chuyen ong cua cac van
chuyen so. Nhng van nay lai ieu
khien ap suat thuy lc en cac ly hp va
phanh trong cum banh rang hanh tinh e
ieu khien viec chuyen so.
CAM BIEN V TR BM GA
Goc m bm ga c phat
hien bi cam bien v tr bm ga,
cam bien bien oi cac tn hieu nay
thanh tn hieu ien roi gi en
ECU qua ECU ong c.
88
Hnh 4.35: S o khoi hop so t ong ieu khien bang ien t
4.3
HOP PHAN PHOI:

4.3.1. Nguyen tac phan phoi cong suat cho cac cau cua xe nhieu cau chu ong:
Hien nay tren o to cong suat phan phoi cho cac cau chu ong c thc hien nh hop phan
phoi. Nguyen tac phan phoi cong suat c the hien qua hai phng phap sau:
Phan phoi cong suat cho cac cau chu ong co dung vi sai.
Phan phoi cong suat cho cac cau chu ong khong dung vi sai.
Sau ay chung ta se lan lt khao sat ca hai phng phap va neu:
4.3.1.1. Phan phoi cong suat cho cac cau chu ong co dung vi sai:
Vi sai at hop phan phoi nham phan phoi cong suat va momen xoan cho cac truc theo mot t
le xac nh. Vi sai la mot c cau co t nhat 2 bac t do. Tren xe thng s dung cac loai vi sai sau
(hnh 4.36). hop phan phoi thng bo tr vi sai khong oi xng e phan phoi momen cho cac cau
theo ieu kien bam.
89
Hnh 4.36 : S o ong hoc cac loai vi sai

a Vi sai banh rang non.
b Vi sai banh rang tru.
c Vi sai truc vt.
d Vi sai hanh tinh.
Chung ta k hieu hai truc ra la e va i vi qui c: truc e la truc quay nhanh hn, tc la truc dan
en cau trt quay nhieu hn hoac chuyen ong nhanh hn khi quay vong. Truc i la truc quay cham
hn hay cau trt quay t hn.
Trong trng hp bo qua ton hao nang lng do ma sat trong vi sai, ta co:
Me / Mi = -i ier
Me / Mr = - i ire = -1/(1- i eir )
Mi / Mr = -i eri = -1/(1- i ier )
Neu vi sai la oi xng th:
Va luc o th:
i ier = i eir = ir= -1
Me / Mi = 1
Me / Mr = Mi / Mr = -1/2
ay:
Mr Momen truyen en vo vi sai.
Me Momen truyen en truc e.
Mi Momen truyen en truc i.
i rie ; i eir T so truyen t truc i en truc e va ngc lai khi phan t r (vo vi sai) c gi co
nh.
; Hieu suat truyen ong t truc i en truc e va ngc lai.
r
ie
r
ei
Neu vi sai la vi sai oi xng th:
90
i ier = i eir = ir = -1
rie = eir = r
r Hieu suat rieng cua vi sai.
Nh vay khi bo qua ton hao nang lng trong vi sai (vi sai khong ma sat) th momen xoan phan
bo cho 2 truc luon bang nhau.
Me = Mi = 0,5 Mr
Qui c ve dau cua momen va van toc goc cua cac phan t trong vi sai c ch ro bang 4.4.
Bang 4.4: Qui c dau cua momen va van toc goc cua cac phan t
Cau chu ong
Cau ang phanh
Dau cua
Dau cua Mr
r > 0
Dau cua Mi
i > 0
Dau cua Me
e > 0
Tiep theo la trng hp co tnh en ton hao do ma sat. Chung ta se khao sat trng hp dong
cong suat i t ong c en hop phan phoi va t o c phan bo en cac cau chu ong, sau cung
en cac banh xe.
Xet truyen ong t phan t r (vo vi sai) en cac truc e va i. Theo qui c ban au: truc quay
nhanh la e, truc quay cham la i nen:
e > r > i
Trong o:
e Van toc goc cua truc e.

i Van toc goc cua truc i.
r Van toc goc cua vo vi sai.

Bi vay ta co:
e - r = er > 0
i - r = ir < 0
Do o cong suat the nang cua cac truc e va i se la:
P er = Me. er < 0
do Me < 0 va er > 0
P ir = Mi. ir > 0
do Mi < 0 va ir < 0
Nh vay khi tnh en ton hao do ma sat (ch xuat hien khi co chenh lech van toc goc gia truc
e; i va vo vi sai r) va theo hai bieu thc tren ta thay P ir > P er nen dong cong suat the nang se i t
truc i ti truc e. Ngha la: cong suat tren truc i se ln hn cong suat tren truc e ung bang mot lng
mat mat la (1- r )%.
Ve quan he momen cua cac phan t chung ta co:
r
Me/Mi = - i ier . ie = -ir. r
Va phng trnh can bang momen:
Me + Mi + Mr = 0
T o suy ra cac moi quan he:
Me/ Mr = ir. r /(1- ir. r )
91
Mi/ Mr = 1/( ir. r -1)

Va do o:
Me/ Mi = - ir. r
Neu vi sai la vi sai oi xng th ir= -1 do o:
Me/ Mi = r <1 Me< Mi
Me/ Mr = - r /(1+ r )
Mi/ Mr = -1/(1+ r )
Nh vay khi co tnh en ton hao do ma sat th ty so momen gia truc e va i la khong oi va
bang hieu suat rieng r . vi sai oi xng khong ma sat th r = 1, do o momen se phan phoi eu
cho hai truc.
4.3.1.2. Phan phoi cong suat cho cac cau chu ong khong dung vi sai:
mot so hop phan phoi viec phan bo cong suat cho cac cau chu ong khong dung vi sai ma
thong qua mot lien ket cng (co khi la khp mot chieu). Chung ta se xet trng hp cap banh xe chu
ong hoac cap cau chu ong c noi vi nhau bang mot quan he c hoc cng vi s o phan phoi
nang ln g nh hnh 4.37:
Hnh 4.37: Cac s o phan phoi cong suat khong dung vi sai
Khi khao sat chung ta s dung cac gia thiet sau:
Cac hien tng c khao sat trong he toa cua xe, theo he toa nay th mat ng se chuyen
ong vi van toc v1, v2.
Dong nang lng c noi vi xe ch tai mot v tr o la truc A .
Dong nang lng noi vi mat ng thong qua cac iem 1 va 2.
Trc het chung ta nh ngha mot so t so truyen:
i12 = k1 = i
k 2
92
Thong thng la i = 1, con khi co s khac biet gia cac van toc goc th i 1
i1 =
; i2 =
k1
k 2
Do o: i12 = i2/ i1
Toc o tnh tien v1, v2 se t le vi quang ng tng ng khi quay vong, con khi chuyen ong
thang th v1= v2.
Momen tren truc A c chia thanh MA1 va MA2 va ta co phng trnh can bang momen:
MA= MA1 + MA2
Cac momen nay thong qua cac truyen ong tng ng truyen ti cac truc 1 va 2 cua cac banh
xe:
Mk1= MA1.i1. 1
Mk2= MA2.i2. 2
ay: 1 ; 2 - hieu suat truyen ong t truc 1 va 2 ti cac banh xe.
Luc nay lc keo tiep tuyen tai cac banh xe se la:
Fk1 = Mk1/rd1 ; Fk2 = Mk2/rd2
Trong o:
rd1; rd2 Cac ban knh ong lc hoc cua cac banh xe, co the lay gan bang ban knh tnh
toan r.
Lc keo tiep tuyen cua ca cau c tnh:
Fk = Fk1 + Fk2
Quan he ve phan phoi nang lng c mo ta bang cac phng trnh can bang cong suat nh
sau:
PA = MA. A = PA1 + PA2
Pk1= PA1. 1 = Mk1. k1
Pk2= PA2. 2 = Mk2. k 2
Tai iem tiep xuc 1 va 2 ta co:
P1; 2 = X1; 2 . v1; 2 = Pk1; 2 Pf1; 2 - P 1;2
ay:
P1; 2 Cac cong suat truyen xuong mat ng hay cong suat ay vao khung.
X1; 2 Cac phan lc tiep tuyen: X1; 2 = Fk1; 2 Of1;2
Pk1; 2 Cac cong suat keo tai cac banh xe.
Pf1; 2 Cac cong suat tieu hao cho can lan.
P 1; 2 Cac cong suat tieu hao cho s trt tai cac banh xe.
Fk1; 2 Cac lc keo tiep tuyen cua cac banh xe tai iem 1 va 2.
Of1; 2. Cac lc can lan tac dung len cac banh xe tai iem 1 va 2.
93
4.3.2. S o ong hoc cua cac loai hop phan phoi:
Cau sau
Cau sau
Cau trc
Cau trc
Cau gia
Cau gia
a)
a)
B
Cau sau
Cau gia
A
Cau trc
b)
Hnh 4.38: S o ong hoc cua hop phan phoi.
a) ZIL 157, b) ZIL 131.
A V tr gai so 1.
B V tr gai so 2.
C V tr gai them cau trc.
94
4
Cau trc
Cau sau
Cau sau
Cau gia
Cau trc
5
G
a)
b)
Hnh 4.39: S o ong hoc cua hop phan phoi co lap them bo vi sai gia cac cau.
a) VAZ 2121, b) URAL 375.
A V tr gai so 1.
B V tr gai so 2.
G Khoa vi sai.
1 Truc chu ong, 2 Truc trung gian, 3 Truc ra cau trc
4 Bo vi sai, 5 Truc ra cau sau.
95
CHNG 5
TRUYEN ONG CAC ANG
Muc tieu:
1. Trnh bay c ong hoc cua c cau cac ang n khac toc.
2. Trnh bay c ong hoc cua c cau cac ang kep.
3. Trnh bay c ong hoc cua khp cac ang ong toc.
4. Tnh c ong lc hoc cua c cau cac ang.
5. Xac nh c so vong quay nguy hiem cua truc cac ang.
96
5.1. CONG DUNG, YEU CAU, PHAN LOAI:

5.1.1. Cong dung:
Truyen ong cac ang dung e truyen momen xoan gia cac truc khong thang hang. Cac truc
nay lech nhau mot goc > 00 va gia tr cua thng thay oi.
5.1.2. Yeu cau:
* Vi bat ky so vong quay nao cua truc cac ang khong c phep co cac va ap va dao
ong, khong phat sinh ra tai trong ong qua ln do momen quan tnh gay nen.
* Cac truc cac ang phai quay eu va kho ng xuat hien tai trong ong.
* Ngay ca khi goc lech ln th hieu suat truyen ong van phai bao am ln.
5.1.3. Phan loai:
* Theo cong dung, truyen ong cac ang chia ra 4 loai:
+ Loai truyen momen xoan t hop so hoac hop phan phoi en cac cau chu ong (goc t
o
15 20o).
+ Loai truyen momen xoan en cac banh xe chu ong cau dan hng (max t 30o40o)
hoac he thong treo oc lap (max = 20o).
+ Loai truyen momen xoan en cac bo phan at tren khung (maxt 3o5o).
+ Loai truyen momen xoan en cac cum phu (max t 15o 20o).
*
+
+
+
Theo so khp cac ang chia 3 loai:

Loai n (co 1 khp noi cac ang).
Loai kep (co 2 khp noi cac ang).
Loai nhieu khp cac ang.
* Theo tnh chat ong hoc cua cac ang chia ra:
+ Loai cac ang khac toc.
+ Loai cac ang ong toc.
* Theo ket cau cac ang chia ra:
+ Loai khac toc gom loai cng va loai mem.
+ Loai ong toc gom co: ong toc kep, ong toc cam, ong toc bi vi cac ranh phan chia,
ong toc bi vi on phan chia.
5.2. ONG HOC CUA C CAU CAC ANG:
5.2.1. C cau cac ang n.
Khi can truyen chuyen ong t truc 1 (chu ong) sang truc 2 (b ong) vi goc lech gia hai
truc la > 00 bat buoc phai s dung c cau cac ang.
97
Tren hnh 5.1 la c cau cac ang n khac toc. Khi cac truc quay th chot ch thap se quay luc
lac trong gii han goc . Bi vay se sinh ra s quay khong eu cua truc 2 khi truc 1 quay eu.
giao trnh nguyen ly may a chng minh moi quan he gia 1 va 2 :
tg 1 = tg 2 cos
(5.1)
Trong o: 1 va 2 la cac goc quay cua truc chu ong 1 va truc b ong 2.
Theo (5.1), neu biet gia tr goc th ng vi mot gia tr 1 ta co mot gia tr 2 tng ng.
1
1
Hnh 5.1: C cau cac ang n.

hnh (5.2) cho thay s thay oi hieu so goc ( 1 - 2 ) sau na vong quay cua truc 1. Ba ng
cong ng vi cac goc =10o, =20o, =30o.

T o th bien thien cua hieu ( 1 - 2 ) ta thay sau mot vong quay cua truc 1 se co hai lan truc
2 vt nhanh hn truc 1 va hai lan cham hn truc 1. Neu truc 1 quay eu th van toc goc 1 la hang
so.
1 2 []
4
3
2
1
=30
=20
30
=10
60
-1
-2
-3
-4
90
120
150
180
Hnh 5.2: S thay oi hieu so goc quay gia 1 va 2

e biet c van toc goc 2 cua truc 2 thay oi the nao, ta ao ham bieu thc (5.1):
d 2
d1
= cos .
2
cos 1
cos 2 2
(5.2)
Chia hai ve (5.2) cho dt va lu y:
d 2
d 1
va 2 =
dt
dt
2
2
cos 2
=
1
cos . cos 2 1
1 =
Chung ta co:
98
(5.3)
1 []
T (5.1) chung ta thay co the thay the cos2 2 bang bieu thc co 1 va . Bnh phng 2 ve bieu
thc (5.1) va qua bien oi lng giac ta co:
cos 2 2 =
cos 2
tg 2 1 + cos 2
(5.4)
Ket hp bieu thc (5.4) vi (5.3) ta se co moi quan he gia 1 va 2:

2
cos
= 2
(5.5)
1 sin 1 + cos2 .cos 2 1
V
cos
const cho nen 2 const, trong khi o 1 = const, bi vay suy
2
2
1
sin 1 + cos . cos 1
2
ra 2 const. Nh vay c cau cac ang n nay khong am bao c s ong toc gia truc 1 va truc
2, nen c goi la c cau cac ang n khac toc.
Gia tr ln nhat cua ty so
2
ac trng cho s quay khong eu cua truc 2 se ng vi gia tr
1
nho nhat cua mau so khi 1 = 00, 1800, 3600.. (k). Luc o ta co:
(
Gia tr nho nhat cua
2
1
) max =
1
cos
(5.6)
2
ng vi cac gia tr:
1
1 =900, 2700, (2k+1)
(
2
) min = cos
1
, luc o ta co:
(5.7)
T (5.5) chung ta lap c bieu thc (5.8) sau ay:
1 2 sin 2 1 + cos 2 . cos 2 1 cos

=
1
sin 2 1 + cos 2 cos 2 1
2
oi vi goc quay 1 ng vi =100, =200, =300 c trnh bay
Quan he cua ty so 1
1
hnh (5.3)
1 2
1
Hnh 5.3: o th bien thien cua 2.

99
5.2.2. C cau cac ang kep:
K1
1
1
3
2
K2
Hnh 5.4: C cau cac ang kep.

Xet trng hp chung ta can truyen chuyen ong t truc 1 en truc 2 thong qua truc 3 va goc
lech gia cac truc 1 > 0 va 2> 0. Cac truc c noi vi nhau bi hai kh p cac ang n khac toc
K1 va K2. Truc 1 co goc quay 1 va van toc goc 1. Truc 2 co goc quay 2 va van toc goc 2. Truc 3
co goc quay 3 va van toc goc 3.
Gia thiet khi bat au chuyen ong, nang chu ong (noi vi truc 1) nam trong mat phang thang
ng, neu chung ta ap dung trc tiep cong thc (5.1) cho goc quay 1 va 3:
tg1 = tg3.cos 1
(5.9)
Neu khi bat au chuyen ong, ca hai nang cac ang cua truc 3 cung nam trong mot mat phang
nam ngang th ta khong the ap dung cong thc (5.1) e tm moi quan he gia 3 va 2, v cong thc
nay chng minh cho nang chu ong nam trong mat phang thang ng.
Muon ap dung (5.1) vao khp cac ang K2, ta phai gia thiet ca he thong a quay i mot goc
2
va luc o chung ta co:
tg(3 + ) = tg(2 + ).cos 2

2
2
Qua bien oi tr thanh:
tg2 = tg 3.cos 2 .
(5.10)
T (5.9) va (5.10) chung ta nhan c:
cos 1
tg1 = tg 2
cos 2
(5.11)
T bieu thc (5.11) ta thay ngay:

Neu 1 = 2 th 1=2, tc la 1 =2. Trng hp nay c goi la c cau cac ang kep ong
toc.
Neu 1 2 th 1 2, tc la 1 2. Trng hp nay c goi la c cau cac ang kep khac
toc.
Trng hp th nhat la mot trong cac bien phap e giai quyet van e ong toc truyen ong
cac ang.
Hien nay tren xe co 2 cach bo tr c cau cac ang kep am bao ieu kien ong toc
1 = 2 (hnh 5.5a va 5.5b).
100
K1
K1
a1
a'1
a2
K2
a'2
K2
3
Hnh 5.5a: 1 = 2
Hnh 5.5b: 1 = 2
Phng an a: Truc 1 va truc 3 song song vi nhau.

Phng an b: Truc 1 va truc 3 giao nhau.
Phng an nao lam cho goc lech 1 (2) giam la cach bo tr tot. V khi nho th s quay khong
eu cua truc cac ang trung gian 2 se giam, do o tai trong tac dung len truc giam, ieu o cho phep
tang tuoi tho cua cac truc cac ang.
5.2.3. Khp cac ang kep ong toc:
AB
Hnh 5.6: Khp cac ang kep ong toc.

Tren hnh 5.6 la s o khp cac ang kep ong toc da tren nguyen ly ong toc hnh 5.5. e
co c khp cac ang kep ong toc ngi ta a rut ngan truc 2 thanh oan AB va tong hp hai
nang cac ang cua truc 2 thanh mot nang cac ang kep. Ngoai ra phai them mot c cau chnh tam e
bao am ieu kien 1 = 2.
5.2.4. Khp cac ang ong toc loai bi:
5.2.4.1. ong hoc khp cac ang ong toc loai bi:
Khp cac ang noi gia hai truc va luon am bao 1 = 2 c goi la kh p cac ang ong toc.
Loai nay thng dung cac xe co cau trc va la cau dan hng va la cau chu ong.
Nguyen tac c ban cua no la iem truyen lc luon luon nam tren mat phang phan giac cua goc
giao nhau gia hai truc.
Tren hnh 5.7 la s o ong hoc kh p cac ang loai bi.
101
P1
u1 R
w1
w1 v1
w2
S
u2
P
a
w2
v2
5
Hnh 5.7: S o ong hoc khp cac ang loai bi.

Hai truc cac ang thc te c the hien bi truc 1 va 5, thong qua c cau cac nang va cac vien
bi chung tiep xuc vi nhau tai P (tam vien bi). Khi truc 1 quay mot goc 1 th truc 5 quay mot goc 2,
luc o iem P se chuyen en v tr mi la P1. iem cuoi cua truc 1 la A se ket noi vi nang cac
ang. iem bat au cua truc 5 la C se ket noi vi nang cac ang. Khi tnh toan ta at: AP1 = x, CP1
= y.
T P1 ha ng vuong goc P1Q xuong mat phang APC. T Q ha tiep cac ng vuong goc QR
va QS xuong cac truc 1 va 5.
T cac tam giac vuong tren hnh 5.7:
P1QR suy ra P1Q = P1Rsin 1.
P1QS suy ra P1Q = P1Ssin 2.
AP1R suy ra P1R = xsin 1.
CP1S suy ra P1S = ysin 2.
Bi vay:
P1Q = x sin 1sin 1.
P1Q = y sin 2 sin 2.
Tc la:
sin2 = sin1.
x. sin 1
y. sin 2
(5.12)
at OP1= z, OA = a, OC = b va ap dung nh ly cosin cho cac tam giac AOP1 va COP1 ta co:
z2 = x2 + a2 -2ax cos 1.
z2 = y2 + b2 -2by cos 2.
Giai hai phng trnh bac hai tren e tm x va y ( ay chung ta ch lay gia tr dng v x>0 va
y>0)
x= z 2 a 2 sin 2 1 + a. cos 1
(5.13)
y= z 2 b 2 sin 2 2 + b. cos 2
(5.14)
102
Thay (5.13) va (5.14) vao (5.12) ta co:

sin 2 = sin 1
( z 2 a 2 . sin 2 1 + a. cos 1 ). sin 1

( z 2 b 2 . sin 2 2 + b. cos 2 ) sin 2
Neu 1 = 2 va a = b th sin1 = sin2 1 = 2 tc la 1 = 2, nh vay ieu kien ong toc

gia truc 1 va truc 5 c thc hien.
5.2.4.2. Khp cac ang ong toc loai bi Weiss (Vay x):
n
01
02
n
6
Hnh 5.8: Khp cac ang ong toc loai bi Weiss.

1 va 5: Cac truc cac ang.
2 va 4: Cac ranh.
3 va 6: Cac vien bi.
Truc 1 noi vi truc 5 bang 4 vien bi 3 va mot vien bi 6. Cac vien bi 3 chuyen ong trong cac
ranh cong 2 va 4 nam oi xng trong truc 1, truc 5 va trong cac mat phang vuong goc vi nhau.
ng tam cua cac ranh la vong tron co ban knh bang nhau vi tam O1 va O2. ong thi oan OO1
bang oan OO2. Khi quay, ng tam cua cac ranh tao thanh hai mat cau, co giao tuyen la n n o la
qu ao chuyen ong cua vie n bi 3. Do cac ranh nam oi xng trong hai truc, nen khi cac truc dch
chuyen i mot goc th tam cac vien bi luon nam tren cac mat phang phan giac gia hai truc (am
bao ieu kien 1 = 2).
Ngoai ra ieu kien a = b c am bao bang vien bi 6 co chot ngang luon qua e nh v.
5.2.4.3. Khp cac ang ong toc loai bi Rzepp (Rzipp):
Loai khp cac ang nay c s dung nhieu tren xe v co o ben lau va o tin cay cao. Cau
tao cua no c the hien hnh 5.9.
Nang 5 co ranh a, mui kha 8 co ranh a/, cac hon bi truyen lc 6 c at vao gia hai ranh a
va a/ va c gi bang ong long 7. Lo xo 1, chot 2, chom cau 3, chup 4 la c cau chnh tam. Truc 9
lap vi mui 8 bang then hoa.
103
Hnh 5.9: Khp cac ang ong toc loai bi Rzepp.

1 Lo xo.
2 Chot.
3 Chom cau.
4 Chup.
5 Na ng.
6 Bi.
7 Ong long.
8 Mui kha.
9 Truc.
Tren hnh 5.10 la s o khai quat cua khp cac ang ong toc Rzepp, chung ta s dung no e
khao sat ong hoc cua khp cac ang nay:
P
C
C
A
D
B
D
B
Hnh 5.10: S o khao sat ong hoc.
Hai truc A va B cat nhau tao O, goc AOB > 900, PC va PD la hai ranh cua hai nang A va B oi
xng vi nhau qua OP.
Do tac dung cua c cau chnh tam nen P luon luon nam tren mat phang phan giac cua goc
AOB.
104
DPO.
Khi che tao, ngi ta a tnh toan sao cho goc PCO = PDO ( = ) va OC = OD nen goc CPO =
Ky hieu Q la hnh chieu cua P tren mat phang AOB.

T Q ve cac ng thang QR OC; QS OD, sau o noi PR, PS th ta cung chng minh c
PR OC va PS OD, bi vay goc PRQ va PSQ chnh la goc quay cua A va B. Nh vay, kh p cac
ang nay a thoa man ieu kien ong toc a = b va1 = 2 a noi muc a. Bi the, vi moi thi iem
hai goc quay cua hai truc luon luon bang nhau, tc la khp cac ang Rzepp a am bao c s
ong toc cho hai truc A va B.
5.3. ONG LC HOC CUA C CAU CAC ANG:
Xet trng hp truc 1 va 2 noi bi khp cac ang n khac toc K.
Van toc goc cua cac truc c noi bi khp cac ang khac toc thay oi rat nhanh va lam xuat
hien gia toc goc rat ln. Gia toc goc ln se lam xuat hien lc quan tnh ln. Neu ta coi he thong cac
ang cng tuyet oi th theo phng trnh nang lng co the xac nh momen cua cac lc quan tnh
sinh ra do s quay khong eu cua truc b ong.
1
J1
J2
2
2
Hnh 5.11: S o truyen ong e khao sat ong lc cua c cau cac ang.
Cac momen quan tnh cua cac chi tiet gan lien vi truc 1 va truc 2 c ve tng trng bi J1
d1
d
va J2. Chung ta goi
va 2 la gia toc goc cua truc 1 va truc 2.
dt
dt
Tren c s can bang cac momen cua cac lc quan tnh xuat hien tren truc 1 va truc 2 chung ta
co:
d
d
Mj1 = Mj2 => J 1 . 1 = J 2 . 2
(5.15)
dt
dt
e tm c gia tr momen cua cac lc quan tnh Mj2, ta can tm t so gia toc goc 1 va 2 cua
truc 1 va 2.
ao ham bieu thc (5.5) theo thi gian t nhan c:
d
d 2
cos
=
. 1
2
2
2
dt
sin 1 + cos . cos 1 dt
1 .
cos (2 sin 1 . cos 1 2 cos 1 . sin 1 . cos 2 ) d1

.
dt
(sin 2 1 + cos 2 . cos 2 1 ) 2
Tc la:
2
cos
2 2 sin 1 . cos 1 . cos . sin
.1 1 .
2 =
sin 2 1 + cos 2 . cos 2 1
(sin 2 1 + cos 2 . cos 2 1 ) 2
105
Thay vao bieu thc tren hai bieu thc sau:

1 =
n
J2
2
. 2 va 1 = ( ) 2
30
J1
Chung ta co:
J2
. cos
J1
n 2 2 sin 1 . cos 1 . cos . sin 2 1
) .
)
(
=
2 (1
30
sin 2 1 + cos 2 1 . cos 2
(sin 2 1 + cos 2 . cos 2 1 ) 2
Ket hp phng trnh tren vi bieu thc (5.15) ta co bieu thc e xac nh momen cua cac lc
quan tnh Mj2:
Mj2 = J2. (
ran.
n 2 2 sin 1 . cos 1 . cos . sin 2

1
)
.
2
2
2
J2
30
sin 1 + cos 1 . cos
. cos cos 2 . cos 2 1 sin 2 1
J1
(5.16)
Chung ta tha nhan:

J1 la momen quan tnh cac chi tiet quay cua ong c.
J2 la momen quan tnh tng ng vi ong nang cua xe ang chuyen ong tnh tien.
Khi tnh toan tren chung ta a bo qua sai so he thong truc cac ang va coi khp la tuyet oi
Ham so Mj2 at cc ai khi 1 = 450, 1350, va tr ve tr so 0 khi 1 = 00, 900,
5.4. SO VONG QUAY NGUY HIEM CUA TRUC CAC ANG:

Khi che tao truc cac ang, do sai so va viec can bang thieu chnh xac nen khoi lng cua truc
phan bo khong eu va trong tam cua no b lech i mot oan la e so vi ng tam cua truc. Bi vay
khi truc quay se xuat hien lc ly tam tac dung len truc lam cho truc co o vong y (hnh 5.12). Trong
khi o truc ang quay nen lam phat sinh dao ong ngang cua truc.
PjJ
e
y
l
Hnh 5.12: S o truc khi b vong.
Khi so vong quay cua truc at en mot gia tr nao o th nhng dao ong nay co the cong
hng vi tan so rieng cua he thong .Khi xay ra cong hng th o vong y , cho nen truc se
gay. Gia tr so vong quay cua truc khi xay ra cong hng c goi la so vong quay nguy hiem (hoac
la so vong quay ti han).
Neu ky hieu Pj la lc quan tnh ly tam, ta co:
Pj = m(y+e). 2
(5.17)
ay:
m Khoi lng cua truc cac ang.
Van toc goc cua truc.
106
Lc Pj se c can bang vi lc an hoi P cua truc. Lc P ty le thuan vi o vong y

E.J
P= cy 3
(5.18)
l
Trong o:
E Mouyn an hoi khi keo.
l Chieu dai truc cac ang.
J Momen quan tnh oc cc cua tiet dien truc.
C He so phu thuoc tnh chat tai trong va loai iem ta:
oi vi truc co tai trong phan bo eu tren suot chieu dai va co the bien dang t do trong cac
iem ta th c = 384/5.
oi vi truc khong the bien dang t do trong cac iem ta th c = 384.
T ieu kien can bang he lc suy ra:
Pj = P m ( y + e)2 = cy
Do o:
m 2 e
y=
EJ
c. 3 m2
l
2
Neu m c
EJ
l3
(5.19)
EJ
th y , ngha la xay ra hien tng cong hng, khi o van toc goc cua
l3
truc at en gia tr nguy hiem t:
= t =
CEJ
ml 3
(5.20)
Hoac la luc nay so vong quay n c goi la so vong quay nguy hiem nt:
nt =
30 t 30
=
CEJ
ml 3
(5.21)
e tang gia tr so vong quay nguy hiem, nham tang van toc cc ai cua xe, chung ta can giam
chieu dai l bang cach phan truc dai thanh cac oan cac ang trung gian va cac ang chnh, con truc
cac ang c che tao rong.
oi vi loai truc cac ang h nam t do cac goi ta, chieu dai l c tha nhan la khoang
cach gia cac tam iem cua khp cac a ng.
Khi chon kch thc cua truc cac ang, can tnh en he so d tr theo so vong quay nguy hiem.
nt
= 1,2 2
n max
(5.22)
ay:
nmax so vong quay cc ai cua truc cac ang ng vi van toc ln nhat cua xe.
107
V du: Tm nt cua truc tron ac co ng knh D at t do trong cac goi :

J=
D 4
64
G D4 .l.
=
M=
g
g
2
= 0,78.10 6 N / m 3 (trong lng rieng cua thep)

E = 2,1.1011N/m2
C = 384/5
Thay cac gia tr tren vao (5.21) ta co:
nt =12.104
D
l2
(5.23)
Sau ay chung ta se lap bang tnh nt [v/ph] cho mot so trng hp thng gap:
Bang 5.1: Cong thc tnh so vo ng quay nguy hiem nt
Loai iem ta
1
2
at t do trong cac iem

ta
Ngam cac iem ta
Truc ac D
12.104
27,5.104
108
D
l2
D
l2
Truc rong D va d
4
12.10
27,5.10
D2 + d 2
l2
D2 + d 2
l2
CHNG 6
CAU CHU ONG
Muc tieu:
1. Ve c s o ong hoc bo truyen lc trong cau chu ong.
2. Tnh toan c kch thc cua truyen lc chnh.
3. Trnh bay c o cng vng va o ben cua truyen lc chnh.
4. Tnh c ong hoc va ong lc hoc cua vi sai banh rang non.
5. Giai thch c anh hng cua vi sai en tnh keo cua o to.
6. Ve c s o ong hoc cua mot so loai vi sai khac: vi sai banh rang tru, vi sai truc vt, vi
sai hanh tinh.
7. Xac nh cac lc tac dung len ban truc.
8. Tnh toan c ban truc giam tai.
9. Tnh toan c ban truc giam tai.
10. Tnh toan c ban truc giam tai hoan toa n.
109
6.1. S O ONG HOC CUA BO TRUYEN LC TRONG CAU CHU ONG:

6.1.1. Cau chu ong khong dan hng:
Bo truyen lc trong cau chu ong khong dan hng bao gom: truyen lc chnh, vi sai va cac ban
truc. cac xe tai loai ln con co them tryen lc canh (truyen lc cuoi cung). Cong dung cua tng bo
phan ta se nghien cu k cac phan tiep theo.
Hnh 6.1: S o ong hoc cau chu ong khong dan hng.
1 - Banh xe
2 - Bac an ngoai
3 - Vi sai
4 Truyen lc chnh
5 - Ban truc
6 Bac an trong
6.1.2. Cau chu ong dan hng:

Bo truyen lc trong cau chu ong dan hng bao gom: truyen lc chnh, vi sai va cac ban truc.
Cac ban truc ay chia lam nhieu oan va ket noi vi nhau thong qua cac kh p cac ang, e am
bao cho banh xe chu ong dan hng co the quay quanh tru ng khi he thong lai lam viec.
Hnh 6.2: S o ong hoc cau chu ong dan hng

1 Truyen lc chnh.
2 Vi sai.
3 Ban truc.
110
4 Vo cau.
5 Khp cac ang.
6 C cau hng.
6.2. TRUYEN LC CHNH:

6.2.1.1. Cong dung:
Truyen lc chnh e tang momen xoan va e oi hng truyen momen xoan t chieu doc c a
xe thanh chieu ngang cua cac na truc trong trng hp ong c at doc.
6.2.1.2. Yeu cau:
am bao t so truyen can thiet, kch thc va trong lng nho, khoang sang gam xe at yeu
cau tnh nang thong qua cua xe.
Co hieu suat cao khi van toc goc va nhiet o thay oi.
am bao van hanh em du, khong on, co tuoi tho cao.
6.2.1.3 Phan loai:
*
Da theo loai truyen lc chnh co cac loai sau:
Loai banh ra ng non (banh rang non rang thang, banh ra ng non rang cong, loai hipot).
Loai banh ra ng tru.
Loai truc vt.
*
Da theo so cap banh rang an khp gom co:
Loai n (io = 3 7)
Loai kep (io = 5 12)
*
Da theo so cap truyen gom co:
Loai 1 cap.
Loai 2 cap.
6.2.2. Tnh toan kch thc truyen lc chnh:
6.2.2.1. Chon t so truyen i0:
(Xem lai giao trnh Ly thuyet o to).
6.2.2.2. Can c vao i0 chon z1 va z2 sao cho t so
z2
khong khac biet so vi i0:
z1
Co the chon z1 theo kinh nghiem bang 6.1.

Bang 6.1: Dung e chon z1
i0
2,5
z1
15
3
12
4
9
111
5
7
68
6
6.2.2.3. Tnh ng sinh L theo cong thc kinh nghiem:

L=14 3 M e max .i 0
(6.1)
Trong o:
L Chieu dai ng sinh [mm].
Memax Momen xoan cc ai cua ong c [Nm].
i0 Ty so truyen cua truyen lc chnh.
6.2.2.4. Tnh toan va chon mouyn phap tuyen:
V cac ban knh vong tron c s cua cac banh rang chu ong va b ong ay la:
z1 .m n
2 cos
z .m
r2 = 2 n
2 cos
Cho nen theo kch thc hnh hoc cua banh rang ta co:
L cos
mn =
0,5 z12 + z 22
r1 =
(6.2)
ay:
- Goc nghieng ng xoan cua rang.
z1, z2 - So rang banh rang chu ong va b ong cua truyen lc chnh.
e1
r1
rtb1
1
2
rtb2 r2 Re2
Hnh 6.3: Cac thong so hnh hoc cua cap banh rang non
6.2.2.5. Thng chon:
n = 200 (goc an khp tiet dien pha p tuyen cho xe tai).
= 350 450
n = 17 030 hoac 160 hoac 140 (goc an khp tiet dien phap tuyen cho xe du lch).
112
6.2.2.6. Xac nh mouyn phap tuyen tiet dien trung bnh:

m ntb = m n .
ay:
L 0,5b
L
(6.3)
b - Chieu rong cua rang.

oi vi banh rang chu ong:
b =(0,250,3).L cho xe du lch.
b = (0,30,4).L cho xe tai.
oi vi banh rang b ong cung chon nh oi vi banh rang chu ong hoac ngan hn 34 mm.
Cac thong so con lai cua rang nh: chieu cao rang cua banh rang chu ong (thng la banh rang nho)
va banh rang b ong (thng la banh rang ln), chieu cao nh ra ng, chan ra ng, he so dang ra ng va
cac thong so khac chung ta tra trong cac bang sach Chi tiet may.
Chieu xoan cua banh rang non c chon sao cho e lc chieu truc cua banh rang chu ong
hng t nh xuong ay non e ay banh rang non chu ong ra khoi banh rang b ong (tranh b ket
rang). Muon vay khi xe chuyen ong tien banh rang no n quay theo chieu kim ong ho, neu ng t
pha ong c hay t pha ay ln cua banh rang non chu ong th chieu xoan phai la xoan trai (tc la
rang cang i xa ta cang i ve pha tay trai). Ngha la chieu quay va chieu xoan phai ngc chieu
nhau.
6.2.3. o cng vng va o ben cua truyen lc chnh:
6.2.3.1. Banh rang va truc chu ong:
Thng co hai cach bo tr goi banh ra ng non chu ong: bo tr cong xon (hnh 6.4a) va bo tr
hai pha (hnh 6.4b)
a)
b)
Hnh 6.4: S o o truc chu ong

Phng an bo tr goi hai pha co o cng vng cao nhng cong nghe che tao vo cua truyen
lc chnh se phc tap. Loai nay thng dung trong trng hp momen xoan truyen qua truyen lc
chnh qua ln, co kha nang gay bien dang ang ke.
Phng an bo tr kieu cong xon kha pho bien oto. Trong trng hp nay thng dung bac an
thanh lan non nh quay vao e giam o cong xon a, do o giam c momen uon au cong xon
(hnh 6.5).
113
a)
b)
Q
0
Hnh 6.5: Cach bo tr truc chu ong

a S o bien dang truc chu ong.
b o th bien dang.
1; 2 Cac lo xo.
e tang o cng vng ket cau theo chieu truc, cac bac an thanh lan non c lap ghep vi
ga ng ban au. Thc chat cua o gang ban au la khi ieu chnh o lan khong nhng hoan toan khac
phuc khoang h gia cac vien thanh lan, ma con gay ra s bien dang an hoi nao o trong cac chi tiet
cua o lan. Ban chat cua o gang ban au, the hien bang s o (hnh 6.5) thay o bien dang an hoi
bang hai lo xo 1 va 2. Neu kho ng co o nen
ban au, quan he gia lc chieu truc Q va o nen
cua lo xo la:
Q = c.f [N]
ay:
c o cng cua lo xo.

f o bien dang cua lo xo (tren o th la ng net t).
Neu o nen ban au, lc Q c tnh nh sau:
Q = 2.c.f [N]
Tren o th la ng net lien OA. Nh vay khi co o gang ban au, trong cu ng 1 gia tr lc
chieu truc Q, s bien dang co giam. Do o can phai khac phuc cac khe h trong au bac an.
o gang ban au co anh hng en tuoi tho cua truyen lc chnh, o gang nay tang s an khp
gia cac banh rang non c on nh hn, nhng lam cac chi tiet chong mon.
6.2.3.2. Banh rang va truc b ong:
e tang ty so truyen, banh rang b ong thng co ng knh rat ln so vi banh rang chu
ong. Trong nhieu ket cau co nhng iem ta e gii han s dch chuyen cua banh rang b ong do
lc nhieu truc sinh ra (hnh 6.6).
114
Hnh 6.6: S o cac loai iem ta

Khi at iem ta phai tnh toan sao o e banh rang b ong dch chuyen qua gii han cho phep
(0,25mm) mi cham vao iem ta.
Co loai iem ta khong ieu chnh (hnh 6.6a) mu bang ong thau va loai iem ta con lan (hnh
6.6b) bang cach thay chot 1 bang bulong.
Cac bac an truc b ong la cac o thanh lan non nh quay ve hai pha, muc ch e giam
khoa ng cach a, c do o giam c momen uon, tang o cng vng cho truc b ong (hnh 6.7).
Hnh 6.7
6.2.4. Truyen lc canh:
Truyen lc canh c at trong cac banh xe chu ong. cac xe tai loai ln, nh co truyen lc
canh tang momen xoan cua ong c them mot lan na. Bi vay momen chu ong cac banh xe mi
co the ln hn momen can rat ln cua mat ng. Sau ay chung ta se lam quen vi mot so dang
truyen lc canh tren o to.
115
hnh 6.8 la mot so phng an ket cau truyen lc canh kieu banh rang tru.
2
1
a)
b)
Hnh 6.8: S o ong hoc truyen lc canh kieu banh ra ng tru

a Banh rang an khp ngoai.
b Banh rang an khp trong.
1 Ban truc
2; 3 Banh rang.
Nguyen ly lam viec: Khi ong c hoat ong momen t ong c truyen qua hop so en truyen
lc chnh, sau o truyen ti truyen lc canh, cuoi cung truyen en banh xe. Khi ban truc truyen
momen quay qua banh rang 2 en banh rang 3, v truc banh rang 3 noi vi banh xe, nen momen se
truyen en banh xe.
Tren hnh 6.9 la truyen lc canh kieu bo banh rang hanh tinh xe MAZ 500.
1
2
3
Hnh 6.9: S o ong hoc truyen lc canh kieu bo banh rang hanh tinh
1 Vong ra ng; 2 Banh ra ng hanh tinh; 3 Banh rang trung tam.
116
Nguyen ly lam viec: Vong ra ng ngoai 1 gan lien vi banh xe, con cac truc cua cac banh ra ng
hanh tinh th co nh. Ban truc quay lam cho banh rang trung tam 3 chuyen ong, thong qua cac banh
rang hanh tinh 2 momen quay c truyen en vong ra ng 1 va banh xe.
1
2
3
Hnh 6.10: S o ong hoc truyen lc canh cua xe UD 10T

1 Vong rang; 2 Banh rang hanh tinh; 3 Banh ra ng trung tam.
Nguyen ly lam viec: Ban truc truyen momen xoan en banh rang trung tam 3, sau o en banh
rang hanh tinh 2. V vong ra ng 1 co nh nen truc cua cac banh rang hanh tinh se chay xung quanh
banh rang trung tam va keo banh xe quay theo.
Ngoai ra mot so xe s dung bo banh rang hanh tinh non cho truyen lc canh (hnh 6.11).
Hnh 6.11: S o ong hoc truyen lc canh kieu bo banh rang hanh tinh non
1 Vong ra ng; 2 Banh rang hanh tinh; 3 Banh rang trung tam.
117
Nguyen ly lam viec: Ban truc truyen momen xoan t truyen lc chnh en banh rang 3. Banh
rang 3 quay lam cho cac banh rang hanh tinh 2 quay va do vong rang 1 ng yen nen cac banh rang 2
va quay va lan. Bi vay cac truc cua cac banh rang 2 se quay xung quanh ban truc va keo banh xe
quay theo.
6.3. VI SAI:
6.3.1.1. Cong dung:
Vi sai at gia cac banh xe chu ong cua mot cau nham bao am cho cac banh xe o quay vi
van toc khac nhau khi xe vong, hoac chuyen ong tren ng khong bang phang, hoac co s khac
nhau gia ban knh lan cua hai banh xe, ong thi phan phoi lai momen xoan cho hai na truc trong
cac trng hp neu tren.
Vi sai at gia cac cau chu ong co cong dung phan phoi momen xoan cho cac cau theo yeu
cau thiet ke nham nang cao tnh nang keo cua xe co nhieu cau.
6.3.1.2. Yeu cau:
Phan phoi momen xoan t ong c cho cac banh xe hay cac cau theo t le cho trc, phu hp
vi momen bam cua banh xe (hay cau xe) vi mat ng.
am bao so vong quay khac nhau gia cac banh xe chu ong khi xe quay vong, hoac xe chuyen
ong tren ng kho ng bang phang, hoac khi ban knh lan cua hai banh xe chu ong cung mot cau
khong bang nhau.
6.3.1.3. Phan loai:
*
Theo cong dung chia thanh 3 loai:

Vi sai gia cac banh xe.
Vi sai gia cac cau.
Vi sai gia cac truyen lc canh.
Theo mc o t ong chia thanh 3 loai:

Vi sai khong co ham.
Vi sai co ham bang tay.
Vi sai ham t ong.
Theo ket cau chia thanh:

Vi sai banh rang non.
Vi sai banh rang tru.
Vi sai cam.
Vi sai truc vt.
Vi sai ma sat thuy lc.
Vi sai co t so truyen thay oi.
Vi sai co hanh trnh t do.
118
Theo gia tr he so ham chia thanh:

Vi sai ma sat trong nho (kh = 0 0,2).
Vi sai ma sat trong ln (kh = 0,21 0,7).
Vi sai ham cng (kh > 0,7).
6.3.2. ong hoc va ong lc hoc cua vi sai banh rang non:
Chung ta xet trng hp thng gap o la: Vi sai banh rang non oi xng (hnh 6.12)
Cac bo phan chnh gom co: vo vi sai 1 gan lien vi banh rang b ong 5 cua truyen lc chnh va
luon co van toc goc nh nhau. Cac banh rang hanh tinh 2 co truc gan le n vo vi sai 1. So lng banh
rang hanh tinh phu thuoc o ln momen xoan can truyen.
o no Mo
5
'
n'
"
M'
3
2
2
3
1
n" M"
Hnh 6.12: S o vi sai non at gia cac banh xe chu ong

Thng gap la 2 hoac 3, hoac co khi la 4 banh rang hanh tinh. Cac banh rang hanh tinh quay t
do quanh truc cua no va luon an khp vi cac banh ra ng na truc 3, ong thi cac banh rang 2 cung
quay vi vo 1. Cac banh rang 3 noi cng vi cac na truc 4.
Bi vay khi cac banh rang 3 quay se lam cho cac banh xe quay theo. V cac banh rang 2 co the
tham gia mot luc 2 chuyen ong nen vi sai la c cau hai bac t do.
6.3.2.1. ong hoc cua vi sai:
Trong phan nay chung ta se xet moi quan he gia so vo ng quay (hoac van toc goc) cua na truc
ben trai va ben phai.
Khi xe chuyen ong thang, mat ng bang phang, ban knh lan cua cac banh xe chu ong bang
nhau th sc can tac dung len hai banh xe chu ong bang nhau. Luc nay banh rang hanh tinh khong
quay quanh truc cua no (do tong momen tac dung len truc cua no bang khong), cho nen cac banh
rang na truc co cung so vong quay vi vo vi sai no.
n = n = no
ay:
n; So vong quay va van toc goc na truc ben trai.
n; So vong quay va van toc goc na truc ben phai.
no; o So vong quay va van toc goc cua vo vi sai.
119
Khi xe bat au quay vong va chuyen ong tren ng cong, luc nay sc can tac dung len hai
banh xe chu ong khac nhau, cho nen tong momen tac dung len truc cua cac banh rang hanh tinh
khac khong, bi vay cac banh ra ng hanh tinh se quay.
Gia thiet xe quay vong sang trai th na truc ben trai se giam so vong quay i mot lng la n:
Z
n = n 2 2
Z'
Trong o:
n2 So vong quay cua banh rang hanh tinh.
Z2 So rang cua banh rang hanh tinh.
Z So rang cua banh rang na truc ben trai.
Neu trc khi quay vong n = n = no th khi ang quay vong sang trai so vong quay cua ban truc
ben trai giam i con lai la:
Z
n' = n o n 2 2
(6.4)
Z'
Luc o so vong quay cua na truc ben phai se tang len la:
Z
n" = no+ n 2 2
(6.5)
Z"
Cho trng hp vi sai oi xng th Z/ = Z// va t (6.4) va (6.5) suy ra:
n/ + n// = 2no
(6.6)
Nh vay tong so vong quay cua cac na truc khi xe chay thang cung nh khi xe quay vong eu
bang hai lan so vong quay cua vo vi sai.
T (6.6) ta thay: neu ham hoan toan mot na truc, v du n= 0 th suy ra n// = 2no. Luc nay banh
rang hanh tinh quay xung quanh truc cua no va lan tren banh rang na truc trai ang ng yen.
Trng hp th hai gia thiet vo vi sai ng yen, tc la no = 0 th ta suy ra t (6.6): n/= -n// ngha
la neu quay banh rang trai theo mot chieu va ham vo vi sai lai th banh phai se quay ngc chieu vi
so vong quay bang nhau. Trng hp nay xay ra trong thc te khi phanh ot ngot bang phanh tay (neu
c cau phanh nay nam truc th cap cua hop so). Luc nay truc cac ang dng lai va dan en vo vi
sai cung dng lai. Do hai banh xe co he so bam vi ng khong bang nhau nen co the quay vi va n
toc bang nhau, nhng ve hai hng ngc nhau.
.n
va ket hp vi (6.6) chung ta suy ra:
Nh chung ta a biet =
30
'+" = 2o
(6.7)
6.3.2.2. ong lc hoc cua vi sai:
phan nay chung ta se khao sat viec phan bo momen en cac na truc khi co tnh en ma sat
ben trong c cau vi sai.
Gia thiet xe ang chuyen ong on nh, chung ta se co phng trnh can bang momen:
(6.8)
M o = M'+ M"
ay:
Mo Momen truyen en vo vi sai ang xet.
M/ Momen truyen en na truc ben trai.
M// Momen truyen en na truc ben phai.
120
e tnh en mat mat trong vi sai do ma sat gia cac chi tiet khi vi sai hoat ong, chung ta tha
nhan momen ma sat Mr khi van toc goc cua cac truc khac nhau.
Luc nay gia thiet xe ang quay vong sang phai (' > ") th cong suat mat mat do ma sat Nr se
la:
'"
Nr = M r
(6.9)
2
Trong trng hp nay tong co ng suat truyen en cac na truc phai bang cong suat truyen en
vo vi sai tr i cong suat mat mat Nr :
N + N = No Nr
Tc la:
M/./ + M//.// = Mo.o Nr
(6.10)
Trong o:
N/ cong suat truyen qua na truc trai.
N// cong suat truyen qua na truc phai.
No cong suat truyen qua vo vi sai.
T (6.9) en (6.10) ta co:
'"
M'.'+ M"." = M o o M r
(6.11)
2
Thay (6.7) va (6.8) vao (6.11) ta co:
M/ = 0,5(M0 - Mr)
(6.12)
//
M = 0,5(M0 + Mr)
(6.13)
Lay (6.13) chia cho (6.12) ta c:
M" M o + M r
=
(6.14)
M' M o M r
Bieu thc (6.14) cho thay ty so momen phan bo tren cac na truc phu thuoc vao momen ma sat
Mr ben trong vi sai. De dang thay rang M// > M/ va s phan bo lai momen nay phu hp vi s thay
oi momen can tac dung len hai banh xe trai va phai. Bi v khi xe quay vong sang phai (nh gia
thuyet a neu) th momen can tac dung len banh xe ben phai ln hn momen tac dung len banh xe
ben trai.
Neu xe quay vong sang trai th momen can tac dung len banh xe ben phai se nho hn momen
can tac dung len banh xe ben trai va chng minh tng t nh tren ta lai co M// < M/.
Nh vay khi tnh toan cac na truc va cac banh rang na truc, chung ta phai lay gia tr momen
bang mot na momen truyen en vi sai nhan vi he so d tr k > 1.
6.3.3. Anh hng cua vi sai en tnh chat keo cua o to:
Tnh chat keo cua xe c the hien qua tong lc keo cua cac banh xe chu ong. Nh chung ta
a biet lc keo cua cac banh xe chu ong b gii han bi cac lc bam gia cac banh xe vi mat
ng. Nh vay, cac lc bam gia cac banh xe vi mat ng xac nh tnh chat keo ti han cua xe.
Trong khi o, cac lc bam vi mat ng thay oi ro ret khi trong he tho ng truyen lc co vi sai
hoac khong co vi sai. Va neu co vi sai th mc o hoat ong cua cac vi sai se anh hng en gia tr
cac lc bam, tc la co anh hng en tnh chat keo cua xe.
Vay trc khi xet en anh hng cua vi sai en tnh chat keo cua xe, chung ta phai lam quen
vi hai he so sau ay ac trng cho mc o hoat ong cua vi sai:
121
6.3.3.1. He so ham cua vi sai kh:

kh =
M r M"M '
=
M o M"+ M'
(6.15)
Khi ma sat ben trong vi sai Mr = 0 th kh = 0.

Khi ma sat ben trong tang dan len th gia tr kh cung tang dan len va khi Mr = Mo th kh=1, luc
nay vi sai b ham hoan toan (khong hoat ong c).
Nh vay khi kh nhan mot gia tr bat ky trong khoang [0,1] , th gia tr o cho thay mc o hoat
ong cua vi sai nhieu hay t.
e tang kha nang bam cua cac banh xe chu ong, ngi ta thng ham cac bo vi sai lai.
Tuy nhien e s dung triet e lc bam cua cac banh xe chu ong vi mat ng, ngay ca khi he
so bam di moi banh xe rat khac nhau, cung khong nhat thiet phai ham vi sai hoan toan vi kh = 1.
T (6.15) chung ta co the tm c gia tr toi u cua kh, neu ta thay the M, M bang cac gia tr
khac nhau ln nhat co the co c trong thc te do s khac nhau cua di moi banh xe.
Gia thiet ta co loai xe bo tr theo cong thc 4 x 2, tai trong len hai banh xe chu ong eu bang
nhau.
Trong nhieu trng hp mot trong hai banh xe b trt quay (do he so bam cua ng di hai
banh xe khac nhau) va xe khong chuyen ong c. Gia thiet mot banh xe v tr cua ng co he
so bam max va mot banh xe v tr ng co he so bam min. Luc nay goi 0,5Z2 la phan lc tac dung
len mot banh xe chu ong cau sau va rbx la ban knh lan cua banh xe ,ta co:
M = 0,5.Z2.min.rbx
M = 0,5.Z2.max.rbx
Trng hp xau nhat la khi max = 0,8 va min = 0,1 thay cac gia tr tren vao (6.15) ta co:
0,5.Z 2 .rbx ( max min ) 0,8 0,1
kh =
0,78
=
(6.16)
0,5.Z 2 .rbx ( max + min ) 0,8 + 0,1
Thc te cho thay vi cac gia tr kh > 0,78 khong lam cho tnh chat keo cua xe tot hn.
Thong thng cac gia tr max va min di cac banh xe chenh lech nhau khong nhieu nen kh =
0,30,5.
Neu kh cang ln th xe se rat kho ieu khien, vo xe mon nhanh va khi gap ng trn co the co
hien tng xe trt ngang.
Trong trng hp momen ma sat Mr t sinh ra ben trong vi sai khi vi sai lam viec th kh c goi
la he so t ham.
Trng hp neu momen ma sat Mr sinh ra do c cau ham vi sai th kh c goi la he so ham
cng bc.
oi vi vi sai banh rang non he so t ham kh 0,1.
6.3.3.2. He so gai vi sai kg:
kg la t so gia momen truyen en banh quay cham va banh quay nhanh:
M"
kg =
(6.17)
M'
Trong o:
M/ momen truyen en banh xe quay nhanh.
M// momen truyen en banh xe quay cham.
122
T (6.15) va(6.17) ta co moi quan he gia kh va kg:
kg =
1+ kh
1 kh
(6.18)
Nh vay khi kh thay oi t 0 en 1 th kg se thay oi tng ng t 1 en .

6.3.3.3. Anh hng cua vi sai en tnh chat keo cua xe nhieu cau chu ong:
6.3.3.3.1. Gia thiet xe co n cau chu ong, khong co vi sai gia cac cau (truyen ong
cng) va cac vi sai gia cac banh xe a b ham cng:
Chung ta ky hieu : Z1, Z1, Z2, Z2, , Zn, Zn la cac phan lc thang ng cua ng tac
dung len banh xe chu ong tng ng vi cac cau 1; 2; ; n va 1, 1, 2, 2, , n, n la gia
tr he so bam cua cac banh xe tng ng.
Trong trng hp nay lc keo moi banh xe at gia tr cc ai va bang lc bam cua banh xe
o vi mat ng. Luc nay lc keo gii han cua xe theo ieu kien bam se la:
n
X gh = Z1 ' 1 '+ Z1 ' ' 1 ' '+... + Z n ' n '+ Z n ' ' n ' ' = (Z i ' i '+ Z i ' ' i ' ')
(6.19)
i =1
6.3.3.3.2. Xet trn g hp xe co n cau chu ong nhng luc nay vi sai gia cac banh xe
hoat ong t do (hoan toan khong b ham):
Gia thiet ma sat ben trong cac vi sai vo cu ng nho Mr 0 nen kh coi nh bang khong, luc nay vi
sai se phan bo eu momen cho hai banh xe trai va phai: Mi = Mi
Luc nay lc keo gii han cua xe theo ieu kien bam se la:
n
X gh = Z11 min + Z 2 2 min + ... + Z n n min = Z i i min
(6.20)
i =1
Trong o:
Z1, Z2, , Zn - la phan lc thang ng cua ng len cau th 1; 2; ; n
1min, 2min, , nmin - la he so bam nho chon t hai he so bam cua banh xe trai va phai
cua cau th 1; 2; ; n.
6.3.3.3.3. Xet xe co 2 cau chu ong (4 4), co vi sai gia cac cau va vi sai gia cac
banh xe eu la loai oi xng:
Tat ca cac vi sai eu khong b ham (gia thiet Mr 0 ne n kh 0). Luc nay lc keo gii han cua
xe theo ieu kien bam se la:
X gh = (Z1 + Z 2 ). min
(6.21)
ay:
min He so bam nho nhat trong tat ca cac he so bam cua cac banh xe chu ong vi mat
ng.
123
Nh vay neu trong he thong truyen lc co s dung cac bo vi sai va chung trang thai hoat ong
t do (khong b ham) va neu he so bam di cua cac banh xe khac nhau th tnh chat keo cua xe se
kem i (tc la tong cac lc keo cua cac banh xe chu ong se giam).
6.3.3.3.4. Quan he gia lc keo va he so ham vi sai:
* Trng hp 1: He so bam di 2 banh xe trai va phai chenh lenh nhau khong nhieu.
oi vi banh xe quay nhanh:
X' =
M' 0,5( M o M r ) M o
=
=
(1 k h )
2 rbx
rbx
rbx
(6.22)
oi vi banh xe quay cham:
X" =
M" 0,5(M o + M r ) M o
=
=
(1 + k h )
2 rbx
rbx
rbx
(6.23)
Trong o:
X, X Lc keo cua banh xe quay nhanh va quay cham.
M, M Momen xoan truyen en banh xe quay nhanh va quay cham.
Ta thay X va X la ham so bac nhat cua kh. Khi bieu dien tren o th th:
M
Mo
X + X = o = const . Tai gia tr kh = 0 th X = X =
(hnh 6.13)
rxb
2rxb
Khi kh bien thien t 0 en 1 th X giam dan va X tang dan; Phan ben phai o th ta ve ng
cham cham v oan nay bieu dien cac gia tr cua lc keo vi > 0,75 qua ln.
X' X"
Mo
X'+ X"
rbx
X"
Mo
2rbx
X'
Kh
0,5
0,78
Hnh 6.13: o th bieu dien moi quan he cua X, X vi Kh khi

he so bam chenh lech nhau khong nhieu.
124
* Trng hp 2: He so bam di hai banh xe trai va phai chenh lech nhau rat nhieu (hnh 6.14)
X' X"
X'+ X"
X"
X'
Kh
0
0,5
0,78
Hnh 6.14: Moi quan he cua X, X vi Kh khi he so bam chenh lech nhau rat nhieu.
Theo bieu thc (6.17) ta co:
M"
M" rbx X" 1 + k h
kg =
=
=
=
M ' M' X' 1 k h
rbx
Suy ra:
X = X
1+ kh
1 kh
va X c tnh nh sau : X' =
Z2
. min
2
ay:
min = 0,1; max = 0,75.
Z2 Phan lc thang ng cua ng len cau sau chu ong.
6.3.4. S o ong hoc cua mot so loai vi sai khac:
Tren o to hien nay thng s dung cac loai vi sai sau (hnh 6.15):
Vi sai banh rang non (hnh 6.15a).

Vi sai banh rang tru (hnh 6.15b).
Vi sai truc vt (hnh 6.15c).
Vi sai hanh tinh (hnh 6.15d).
125
(6.24)
Hnh 6.15: S o ong hoc cac loai vi sai

1 Banh rang chu ong cua truyen lc chnh.
2 Banh rang b ong cua truyen lc chnh.
3 Banh rang ban truc.
4 Banh rang hanh tinh.
5 Vo vi sai.
6 Truc vt.
7 Ba nh rang trung tam.
8 Vo ng rang.
9 Can dan.
Vi sai banh rang non, vi sai banh rang tru va vi sai truc vt thuoc loai vi sai oi xng va thng
at trong cau chu ong e phan phoi momen xoan en cac banh xe chu ong.
Vi sai hanh tinh thuoc loai vi sai khong oi xng, no thng at trong hop phan phoi e phan
phoi momen xoan en cac cau chu ong. Thong thng momen xoan phan chia ra cac cau se ty le
vi trong lng bam cua cac cau chu ong.
126
6.4. BAN TRUC:

6.4.1. Cong dung, phan loai, yeu cau:
6.4.1.1. Cong dung:
Dung e truyen momen xoan t truyen lc chnh en cac banh xe chu ong. Neu cau chu ong
la loai cau lien (i kem vi he thong treo phu thuoc) th truyen ong en ca c banh xe nh cac na
truc. Neu cau chu ong la cau ri (i kem vi he thong treo oc lap) hoac truyen momen en cac
banh dan hng la banh chu ong th co them khp cac ang ong toc.
6.4.1.2. Yeu cau:
Vi bat ky loai he thong treo nao, truyen ong en cac banh xe chu ong phai am bao
truyen ket momen xoan.
Khi truyen momen xoan, van toc goc cua cac banh xe chu ong hoac banh xe dan hng
va la chu ong eu khong thay oi.
6.4.1.3. Phan loai:
* Theo ket cau cua cau chia ra 2 loai:
+ Cau lien.
+ Cau ri.
* Theo mc o chu lc hng knh va lc chieu truc chia ra 4 loai:
+ Loai na truc khong giam tai (hnh 6.16-a). loai nay bac an trong va ngoai eu at trc
tiep len na truc. Luc nay na truc chu toan bo cac lc, cac phan lc t pha ng va lc vong cua
banh rang chau.
Loai na truc khong giam tai cac xe hien ai khong dung.
+ Loai na truc giam tai mot na (hnh 6.16-b). loai nay bac an trong at tren vo vi sai,
con bac an ngoai at ngay tren na truc.
+ Loai na truc giam tai ba pha n t (hnh 6.16-c). loai nay bac an trong at len vo vi sai,
con bac an ngoai at tren vo cau va long vao trong moay cua banh xe.
+ Loai na truc giam tai hoan toan (Hnh 6.16-d). loai nay bac an trong at len vo vi sai,
con ben ngoai gom co hai bac an at gan nhau (co the la mot bac an con, mot bac an cau).
Chu ng c at len vo cau va long vao trong moay cua banh xe.
127
a)
m2 G 2
R1
rbx
O
R'1
Y1
B/2
X1p
Z1
X1k
Z1
Y
m2 G 2
b)
hg
rbx
R1
R2
Y1
X1k
X1p
Z1
R'2
R'1
B/2
B/2
Z1
Y2
Z2
Hnh 6.16: S o cac loai na truc va cac lc tac dung

a Na truc khong giam tai.
b Na truc giam tai mot na.
128
m2 G2
c)
c
rbx
R1
hg
R2
a
Y1
R'1
X1p
Z1
X1k
R'2
B/2
B/2
Z1
Y2
Z2
Y
m2 G2
d)
R1
l n
rbx
O
R'1
X1k
X1p
Z1
Y1
Z1
R''1
B/2
Hnh 6.16: S o cac loai na truc va cac lc tac dung

c Na truc giam tai ba phan t.
d Na truc giam tai hoan toan.
6.4.2. Xac nh cac lc tac dung len ban truc:

e tnh toan cac na truc, trc het phai xac nh o ln cua cac lc tac dung len na truc. Tuy
theo tng trng hp, cac na truc co the chu toan bo hay mot phan lc tac dung len cac banh xe cua
cau chu ong.
S o cac lc tac dung len cau sau chu ong tren hnh 6.17. Y ngha cac ky hieu tren hnh ve
nh sau:
Z1, Z2 Phan lc thang ng tac dung len banh xe trai va phai.
Y1,Y2 Phan lc ngang tac dung len banh xe trai va phai.
X1, X2 Phan lc cua lc vong truyen qua cac banh xe chu ong. Lc X1, X2 se thay oi chieu
phu thuoc vao banh xe ang chu lc keo hay lc phanh ( Xk hay Xp). Lc X = Xmax ng vi luc xe
chay thang.
m2G2 Lc thang ng tac dung len cau sau.
129
m2G2
hg
F'
E'
rbx
gbx
Y1
Z1
gbx
B/2
E
B
Y2
F
Z2
X1
X2
Hnh 6.17: S o cac lc tac dung len cau sau chu ong
G2 Phan trong lng cua xe tac dung len cau sau khi xe ng yen tren mat phang nam ngang.
m2 He so thay oi trong lng tac dung len cau sau phu thuoc vao ieu kien chuyen ong.
+ Trng hp ang truyen lc keo: m2 = m2k va co the lay theo gia tr trung bnh sau:
Cho xe du lch: m2k = 1,2 1,4
Cho xe tai: m2k = 1,1 1,2
+ Trng hp xe ang phanh: m2 = m2p va co the lay theo gia tr trung bnh sau :
Cho xe du lch: m2p = 0,8 0,85
Cho xe tai: m2p = 0,9 0,95
Y Lc quan tnh phat sinh khi xe chuyen ong tren ng nghieng hoac ang quay vong. Lc
nay at o cao cua trong tam xe. trang thai can bang ta co:
Y = Y1 + Y 2
Ngoai cac lc ke tren, na truc con chu uon bi lc sinh ra do ma phanh ep len trong phanh.
Khi lc ep trong phanh ben trai va ben phai khong eu nhau se sinh ra lc phu lam tang them (hoac
giam) momen uon phu len na truc. Khi tnh toan ta bo qua lc nay v gia tr nho.
B Chieu rong c s cua xe (m)
gbx Trong lng cua banh xe (N)
hg Chieu cao cua trong tam xe (m)
rbx Ban knh banh xe co tnh ca o bien dang (m)
Khi xe chuyen ong tren ng thang, mat ng khong nghieng va vi gia thiet hang hoa tren
xe chat eu ca ben trai va phai, ta co:
Z1 = Z 2 =
m 2G2
2
(6.25)
Khi xe chuyen ong tren ng cong hoac mat ng nghieng, lap tc xuat hien lc Y va luc
nay Z1 Z2. Theo hnh 6.17, neu viet phng trnh can bang momen tai F va E ta co:
130
hg
m 2G2
+Y
B
2
hg
m G
Z2 = 2 2 Y
2
B
Z1 =
Na truc ben trai tai E ch chu lc:

Na truc ben phai tai F ch chu lc:
(6.26)
Z1t = Z1 - gbx
Z2t = Z2 - gbx
Trong o:
B Chieu rong c s cua xe. Neu banh xe la banh oi 1 ben th B se la khoang cach
gia hai banh xe ngoai.
e tang d tr ben co the tnh gan ung:
Z1t = Z1; Z2t = Z2
(6.27)
Z1 at gia tr cc ai khi Y at gia tr Ymax, tc la khi xe b trt ngang:
Ymax = m2G2 1
(6.28)
Trong o:
1 He so bam ngang gia lop va ng, co the lay 1 = 1 khi tnh toan.
Thay (6.28) vao (6.26) ta co:
2h
1 + g 1
B
2 h g 1
m G
Z 2 = 2 2 1
2
B
Z1 =
m 2G2
2
(6.29)
Khi xuat hien lc Y, ac biet khi Y = Ymax (xe trt ngang) th cac banh xe khong the truyen
c lc vong X ln. S phan bo lai trong lng xe len cac cau theo he so m21 se xay ra khi cac
banh xe co lc vong kha ln. Cho ne n khi Y Ymax chung ta co the tha nhan m2 =1 e tnh Z1 va
Z2 :
2h
1 + g 1
B
G 2h
Z2 = 2 1 g 1
2
B
Z1 =
G2
2
(6.30)
Cac lc Y1, Y2 t le thuan vi Z1, Z2 va phu thuoc vao he so bam ngang 1:
2 h g 1
1 +
2 h g 1
G
Y2 = Z 2 1 = 2 1 1
2
B
Y1 = Z 1 1 =
G 2 1
2
(6.31)
Cac lc vong X1, X2 ch at gia tr cc ai khi Y= 0. Cac lc vong X1, X2 at gia tr X1max, X2max
khi cau ang truyen lc keo hoac ang phanh.
131
Khi ang truyen lc keo ta co:
X 1k max = X 2k max =
M e max i h i 0
2rbx
(6.32)
Khi ang truyen lc phanh:
m 2p G 2
(6.33)
2
Cac gia tr Ximax (6.32) va (6.33) c tnh trong trng hp xe chuyen ong thang va trong
lng phan bo eu tren 2 banh xe.
ng suat cc ai trong cac na truc cua cau chu ong sinh ra do cac lc vong tren cac banh xe
khi truyen lc keo hoac khi phanh.
Khi phanh xe cac phan lc X1p va X2p rat ln. Khi phanh ot ngot banh xe co the b siet cng va
trt let tren ng (luc nay he so bam doc co the coi gan bang 1). Khi truyen lc keo, ca khi
truyen so truyen thap nhat cua hop so chnh va phu lc X1k va X2k van nho hn X1p va X2p. Khi tnh
na truc khi phanh ch tnh vi X1, X2, Z1, Z2.
Sau cung ng suat trong na truc se tang len khi xe i qua cac o ga va khi mat ng loi, lom
khong bang phang. Khi o Z1, Z2 se at gia tr Z1max, Z2.max.
Nh vay, khi xe chuyen ong, cac na truc, dam cau va vo cau co the gap 1 trong 3 che o tai
trong ac biet sau. o la c s e tnh toan cac na truc, dam cau va vo cau:
X 1p max = X 2 p max =
Trng hp 1: Xi = Ximax ; Y=0 ,. Z1 = Z2
Khi truyen lc keo cc ai:

X1 = X 2 =
M e max i h i 0
2rbx
Y1=Y2 = 0
(6.34)
m 2k G 2
Z1 = Z 2 =
2
Khi ang phanh vi lc phanh cc ai:
m 2p G 2
X1 = X 2 =
2
Y1=Y2 = 0
(6.35)
m 2p G 2
Z1 = Z 2 =
2
ay:
He so bam doc : 0,7 0,8
ih T so truyen cua hop so.
Neu xe ch co hop so chnh th: ih = ih1
Neu xe va co hop so chnh va co hop so phu th ih = ih1. ip1
*
Trng hp 2 : Xi= 0 (X1= X2 = 0), Y=Ymax = m2G2 1 ; Z1 Z2 (xe b trt ngang)
2h
1 + g 1
B
G 2 h g 1
Z 2 = 2 1
2
B
Z1 =
G2
2
132
(6.36)
2h
1 + g 1
B
2 h g 1
G
Y2 = 2 1 1
2
B
Y1 =
G 2 1
2
(6.37)
ay:
1 He so bam ngang, co the lay 1 1
m2 =1 khi xe b trt ngang.
*
Trng hp 3: Xi = 0, Y= 0, Zi = Zimax
X1= X2 = 0
Y1=Y2 = 0
Z1 max = Z 2 max = k
Trong o:
G2
2
(6.38)
k He so ong khi xe chuyen ong tren ng loi lom va xe b xoc manh.

Vi xe du lch va xe buyt: k 2
Vi xe tai: k = 34
Tat ca cac lc a neu tren se gay ra ng suat uon, xoan, nen, va cat trong cac na truc. Nhng
v ng suat nen va cat kha nho nen chung ta bo qua khi tnh toan.
6.4.3. Tnh toan cac ban truc theo ben:

6.4.3.1. Tnh toan ban truc giam tai mot na:
S o na truc giam tai mot na hnh 6.16b
* Trng hp 1: Xi = Ximax; Y= 0; Z1 = Z2
Momen uon do X1, X2 gay nen trong mat phang ngang:
Mux 1 = Mux 2 = X1b = X2b
Momen xoan do X1, X2 gay nen:
Mx 1 = Mx 2 = X1rbx = X2rbx
Neu at gia ben ngoai na truc va vo cau khong phai 1 ma la 2 bac an canh nhau th khoang
cach b se lay en gia o bi ngoai.
Momen uon do Z1, Z2 gay len trong mat phang thang ng:
Muz1 = M uz 2 = Z1b = Z2b
+ Khi truyen lc keo cc ai:
ng suat uon tai tiet dien at bac an ngoai vi tac dung ong thi cac lc X1 va Z2 (tng
t nh vay cho na truc ben phai)
133
b X1 + Z 21
b X2 + Z22
M 2 ux1 + M 2 uz1
=
=
Wu
0,1d 3
0,1d 3
u =
(6.39)
Trong o:
d ng knh cua na truc tai tiet dien tnh [m]
X1, X2, Z1, Z2 tnh bang MN
Thay cac gia tr X1, X2, Z1, Z2 t (6.34) vao bieu thc tren ta co :
b
u =
0,2d 3
(m 2k G 2 )
M i i
+ e max h o [MN/m2]
rbx
(6.40)
ng suat tong hp ca uon va xoan la:

th =
M th
1
=
0,1d 3 0,1d 3
b
=
0,2d 3
(m 2 k G 2 )
M ux1 + M uz1 + M k1 =
2
M i i M i i
+ e max h o + e max h o
rbx
b
[MN/m2]
(6.41)
oi vi na truc ben phai cung tnh tng t nh na truc ben trai.

+ Khi truyen lc phanh cc ai:
ng suat uon c xac nh theo phng trnh (6.39). Thay cac gia tr t (6.35) vao (6.39) ta co:
bm 2 p G 2
u =
1+ 2
[MN/m2]
(6.42)
0,2d 3
* Trng hp 2: Xi = 0; Y = Ymax = m2G21 (xe b trt ngang; m2 = 1; 1 1)
Luc nay na truc chu uon, nen va keo. Nhng v ng suat nen, keo tng oi nho, nen khi tnh
toan ta bo qua. Na truc ben phai se chu tong so hai momen uon sinh ra do lc Z2, Y2. Na truc ben
trai se chu hieu so hai momen uon sinh ra do Z1 va Y1
Mu1 = Y1rbx Z1b
(6.43)
Mu2 = Y1rbx + Z2b
(6.44)
Trong o:
Mu1 Momen uon cua na truc ben trai tai v tr at bac an ngoai.
Mu2 Momen uon cua na truc ben phai tai v tr at bac an ngoai.
Thay cac gia tr Y1, Y2, Z1, Z2 t cac bieu thc (6.36) va (6.37) vao (6.43) va (6.44). Sau o lap
t so
M u1
e tm xem Mu1 > Mu2 hay Mu1 < Mu2
M u2
Neu Mu1 > Mu2 th na truc se tnh toan theo Mu1. Ngc lai neu Mu1 < M u2 th na truc se tnh
theo Mu2.
M u1 B + 2 h g 1 1rbx b
=
M u 2 B 2h g 1 1rbx + b
134
V 1 1 nen:
M u1 B + 2 h g rbx b
=
M u 2 B 2 h g rbx + b
Trong thc te b rat nho so vi rbx va hg. Bi vay de dang thay rang:
M
M
u1
>1 M
u2
u1
> M
u2
Cho nen trng h p nay ta tnh theo Mu1:

M
Y r Z b Z ( r b )
u = u1 = 1 bx 3 1 = 1 1 bx3
Wu
0,1d
0,1d
(MN/m2)
2 h g 1
G2
( 1 rbx b )
=
+
1
B
0,2d 3
Trng hp 3: Xi = 0; Y = 0; Zi = Zimax = k
Luc nay cac na truc ch chu uon:

Mu1 = Mu2 = Z1max.b = k
ng suat uon tai tiet dien at bac an ngoai:
u =
(6.45)
G2
2
G2
b
2
M u1
G b
= k 2 3
3
0,2 d
0,1d
[MN/m2]
(6.46)
(6.47)
6.4.3.2 Tnh toan ban truc giam tai hoan toan:

S o na truc giam tai hoan toan hnh 6.16d.
Trng hp nay cac na truc ch chu momen xoan Mk1 = X1krbx va Mk2 = X2krbx
ng suat xoa n se la:
X r
M i io
M
M
= k1 = k 2 = 1k bx3 = e max h max
[MN/m2]
(6.48)
Wx
Wx
0,2d
0,4d 3
He so d tr ben cua cac na truc trong ieu kien chuyen ong tay so 1 va vi M emax cua
ong c lay t 2 en 3.
Cac tnh toan tren ay eu tnh vi ieu kien tai trong tnh kho ng thay oi theo ai lng va
chieu.
Trong thc te ch co momen xoan la ung vi ieu kien tren. Con momen do lc keo Xik va mo
men do lc ngang Yi cung nh do tai trong cua xe gay ra trong na truc ng suat oi chieu. Cho nen,
khi tnh vi momen tnh thng phai lay d tr ben ln.
Ve phng dien thiet ke che tao phai tranh nhng cho co the tap trung ng suat oi chieu.
135
CHNG 7
HE THONG TREO
Muc tieu:
1. Trnh bay c cong dung, yeu cau va phan loai he thong treo.
2. Ve c cau tao cac c cau hng cua he thong treo.
3. Tnh toan c bo phan dan hng.
4. Trnh bay c ng ac tnh an hoi cua he thong treo.
5. Tnh toan c phan t an hoi kim loai.
6. Trnh bay c nguyen ly lam viec cua cac loai giam chan thuy lc.
7. Ve va trnh bay c ng ac tnh cua giam chan thuy lc.
8. Trnh bay c van e la chon ac tnh cua he thong treo.
136

7.1.1. Cong dung:
Cac bo phan cua he thong treo dung e noi khung hay than xe vi cac cau (banh xe) o to va tng
bo phan thc hien cac nhiem vu sau ay:
Bo phan an hoi lam giam nhe cac tai trong ong tac dung t banh xe len khung, am bao o
em du can thiet khi di chuyen va truyen lc, momen t ng len khung xe.
Bo phan dan hng e truyen lc doc, ngang va momen t ng len khung xe. ong hoc cua
bo phan dan hng xac nh tnh chat dch chuyen tng oi cua banh xe oi vi khung.
Bo phan giam chan e dap tat cac dao ong cua phan c treo va khong c treo cua o to.
chng 6 ta a nghien cu lc phat sinh gia banh xe va ng co the gop lai thanh ba phan lc
chnh: lc thang ng Z, lc doc X va lc ngang Y (hnh 7.1).
M1x
bx
bx
Z1
Y
X
M2x
Z2
Y1
Y2
bx
X1
x
a)
M1z M1y
X2
M2z
Y2
Y1
M2y
b)
Hnh 7.1: Lc tac dung len cac banh xe trong mat phang tiep xuc vi mat ta
a Cac phan lc thanh phan tac dung t ng len banh xe.
b Lc va momen truyen t banh xe len khung.
Cac momen do cac lc X, Y, Z gay nen momen MX, MY, MZ, co the co gia tr khac nhau oi vi
banh xe ben trai hoac ben phai. Cac chi tiet cua he thong treo truyen nhng phan lc va momen tren
len khung. ng map mo phat sinh lc ong Z va momen ong MX truyen len thung xe nh bo phan
an hoi cua he thong treo. Lc doc X, lc ngang Y va cac momen MY, MZ truyen qua bo phan dan
hng cua he thong treo.
137
7.1.2. Yeu cau:

o vong tnh ft (o vong sinh ra do tac dung cua tai trong tnh) phai nam trong gii han u am
bao c cac tan so dao ong rieng cua vo xe va o vong ong f (o vong sinh ra khi o to chuyen
ong) phai u e am bao van toc chuyen ong cua o to tren ng xau nam trong gii han cho phep.
gii han nay khong co s va ap len bo phan han che.
ong hoc cua cac banh xe dan hng van gi ung khi cac banh xe dan hng dch chuyen
trong mat phang thang ng (ngha la khoang cach hai vet banh trc va cac goc at tru ng va banh
dan hng khong thay oi).
Dap tat nhanh cac dao ong cua than xe va cac banh xe.
Giam tai trong ong khi o to qua nhng ng go ghe.
7.1.3. Phan loai:
*
Theo bo phan an hoi chia ra:

Loai bang kim loai (gom co nhp la, lo xo xoan oc, thanh xoan).
Loai kh (gom loai boc bang cao su si, loai boc bang mang, loai ong).
Loai thuy lc (loai ong).
Loai cao su (gom loai chu nen va loai chu xoan ).
* Theo s o bo phan dan hng chia ra:

Loai phu thuoc vi cau lien (gom co loai rieng, loai thang bang).
Loai oc lap vi cau cat (gom loai dch chuyen banh xe trong mat phang doc, loai dch chuyen
banh xe trong mat phang ngang, loai nen vi banh xe dch chuyen trong mat phang thang ng).
* Theo phng phap dap tat chan ong chia ra:
Loai giam chan thuy lc (gom loai tac dung mot chieu va loai tac dung hai chieu).
Loai ma sat c (gom ma sat trong bo phan an hoi va trong bo phan dan hng ).
7.2. BO PHAN DAN HNG:
Bo phan dan hng (c cau hng) cua he thong treo nham xac nh tnh chat dch chuyen tng
oi cua banh xe oi vi than xe va gop phan vao viec truyen lc va momen gia banh xe va than xe. C
cau hng tao ra phng phap treo banh xe hoac cau xe vao than (hoac khung) xe.
7.2.1. Cau tao cac c cau hng cua he thong treo:
Cau tao cac c cau hng se quyet nh hng dch chuyen, o nghieng mat phang banh xe va
tam dao ong cua banh xe khi xe chuyen ong tren mat ng khong bang phang. La chon hp ly c
cau hng cho mot he thong treo se lam tang kha nang bam ngang cua cac banh xe, giam c o
nghieng cac mat phang banh xe va giam c dao ong goc (hien tng vay) cua cac banh xe dan
hng xung quanh truc ng. Tc la la chon c cau hng hp ly se lam tang o on nh cua o to khi
chuyen ong tren ng khong bang phang.
138
7.2.1.1. Cau tao cac c cau hng he thong treo oc lap:

he thong treo oc lap, e am bao cho cac banh xe dao ong oc lap vi nhau, cac on cua c
hng mot au se lien ket vi banh xe, au con lai se lien ket vi than xe (hoac khung xe).
Cac phng an bo tr c cau hng c the hien cac hnh sau:
Hnh 7.2: C cau hng mot on vi mot khp tru

cho banh xe khong dan hng
Hnh 7.3: C cau hng hai on vi hai khp

cau cho banh xe khong dan hng
Hnh 7.4: C cau hng mot on vi mot khp

tru cho banh xe dan hng
Hnh 7.5: C cau hng mot on vi mot khp

tru trt cho banh xe dan hng
139
Dang tong quat la c cau hng khong gian tao ra phng phap treo banh xe ma o banh xe co
the thc hien viec dch chuyen trong khong gian (hnh 7.6). iem S la tam cua chuyen ong khong
gian.
Hnh 7.6: C cau hng khong gian

a Phng an c s.
b Phng an cho banh xe dan hng.
c Phng an cho cau sau chu ong.
(A, B la khp cac ang)
Hnh 7.7: C cau hng phang

Dang n gian hn la c cau hng phang tao ra phng phap treo banh xe ma o banh xe ch
co the thc hien viec chuyen dch trong mat phang (hnh 7.7). Trong 6 phng an a ra th phng an a
va d c s dung pho bien nhat tren o to. Trng hp a c goi la c cau hng hnh thang, trng
hp d la c cau hng McPherson.
Trong thc te, neu phng an a va d ch bo tr tren mot on va di mot on th kha nang chu
lc va momen tng oi kem. e tang kha nang chu lc va momen, ngi ta se bo tr tren va di hai
on nh hnh 7.8.
140
Hnh 7.8: C cau hng phang trong thc te

a C cau hng hnh thang cho banh xe dan hng.
b C cau hng McPherson cho banh xe dan hng.
7.2.1.2. Cau tao cac c cau hng he thong treo phu thuoc:
he thong treo phu thuoc, cac on cua c cau hng mot au se lien ket vi cau xe, au con
lai se lien ket vi than xe hoac khung xe. Cau xe trong trng hp nay la cau lien.
Cac phng an bo tr c cau hng c the hien cac hnh sau:
Hnh 7.9: Cac trng hp c s cua c cau hng bon on

vi tam khp cau (c goi la: treo bon iem)
Hnh 7.10: C cau hng bon on vi on th t

at ngang (goi la on Panhard)
141
Hnh 7.11 : C cau hng ba on vi on th ba hnh tam giac
Hnh 7.12 : C cau hng bon on vi cau dang ong long vao nhau
Hnh 7.13: C cau hng hai on vi cau hnh tam giac
Hnh 7.14: C cau hng vi on dan hng la cau xe

a Cau xe ket noi vi than xe bang hai khp tru.
b Cau xe ket noi vi than xe bang hai khp cau.
142
7.2.2. Tnh toan b ph n d n hng:

phan ln ket cau cua he thong treo oc lap, bo phan an hoi ch chu tai trong thang ng con
lc ben va tiep tuyen la do cac chi tiet cua bo phan dan hng chu.
Khi tnh o ben cac chi tiet cua bo phan dan hng co the lay he so ong tng ng nh khi tnh
toan cau o to.
He thong treo oc lap vi c cau hng hai on c s dung o to du lch va o to tai nhieu cau
co tnh nang thong qua cao.
e xac nh cac kch thc c ban cua bo phan dan hng ta tnh toan tai trong theo ba trng hp
a tnh vi na truc va cau chu ong.
* Trng hp 1: Lc keo hay lc phanh cc ai: Xi = Xi max = Z1.
= 0,7 0,8 He so bam doc. Lc ngang Y = 0
* Trng hp 2: Lc ngang cc ai: Y= Ymax = m1 G1 1
1 = 1 He so bam ngang, he so m1 = 1. Lc doc Xi = 0
* Trng hp 3: Lc thang ng cc ai : Zi = Zi max = K
K He so tai trong ong.
K = 2 3 oi vi o to co tnh nang thong qua thap.
K = 3 4 oi vi o to co tnh nang thong qua cao.
G1
2
Sau ay la tnh toan cac trng hp cu the:

*
Trng hp 1:
Co tac dung ong thi cua cac lc: Z1p = Z1t = Z1 va X1p = X1t = X1 (hnh 7.15)
Z1 =
m1P .G 1
m .G .
m .G
g bx ; X1 = 1P 1 ; co the tnh Z1 = 1P 1
2
2
2
Z1 t cam cua tru quay tac dung len thanh ng cua bo phan dan hng (hnh 7.15a). Tren oan
canh tay on (b1 r1) lc nay se gay ra momen Z1 (b1 r1) can bang vi momen Fr2.
Lay momen oi vi iem A 1, ta co Fr2 = Z1 (b1 r1)
b r
Do o: F = Z1 1 1
r2
Lc phanh X1 gay nen tai trong len khp tren va di: Xt va Xd
b
a
X t = X1
va X d = X 1
r2
r2
Momen phanh Mp = X1rbx qua a t cua phanh co khuynh hng quay thanh ng cua bo phan dan
hng. Trong mat phang cha banh xe Mp can bang vi momen Sr2. Nh o ta tnh c gia tr cua S:
r
S = X1 bx
r2
143
Do o hp lc cua khp quay tren va khp quay di ta co:
S X t = X1
Lc U = X 1
rbx b
;
r2
S + X d = X1
rbx + a
r2
l
do lc X1 gay ra trong thanh keo ngang cua hnh thang lai (hnh 7.15a)
l1
l Khoang cach t gia vet banh xe en tru ng;

l1 Khoang cach t co ngong quay en truc thanh keo ngang.
U sinh ra cac lc Ut va Ud ; bang cach lan lt lay momen vi iem A1 va B1 cua lc U ta co:
U t = X1
l b
l a
.
; U d = X1 .
l1 r2
l1 r2
Nh vay trong trng hp nay on tren chu nen hay keo do lc (F -Ut ) va uon do lc (S Xt).
on di chu uon trong mat phang vuong goc vi truc doc cua o to do lc Z2, Z1 (Z2 phan lc cua lo xo
r
pha trai: Z 2 = Z1 1 ) va uon trong mat phang nam song song vi khung do lc (S+Xd) cung nh chu
a1
keo do cac lc (F + Ud).
* Trng hp 2:
Tren hnh 7.15b cac lc Z1p va Z1t c tnh theo cac cong thc:
Z1t =
G1 2h g 1
g bx
1 +
2
B
Z1p =
G1 2h g1
g bx
1
2
B
e tang o d tr ben, co the tnh Z1p , Z1t khong tr i trong lng gbx:
G 2h
Z1t = 1 1 + g 1
2
B
Z1p =
G1 2h g 1
1
2
B
Y1t =
G1 2h g 1
1
1 +
2
B
Y1p =
G1 2h g 1
1
1
2
B
Con cac lc:
144
T1
m1G1
Ut A1 F
C r2
Ud F
B1 r 1
Z1
E
Xt
X1
b B1
a
Z1
Xd
S
Z2
hg
rbx
X1
b1
Z1
X1
S A1
Z1
a)
l1
Hnh thang la i
Y
T1
m1G1
Qt
F1 t
F1 p
Qp
hg
Qt
Y1t F1t
rbx-b
Z1t
Z1t
Y1t
F1 p
Z2p
Z 2t
Qp Y1p
Z 1p
B/2
B
Y1p
Z 1p
b)
Hnh 7.15: S o tnh toan e chon cac kch thc c ban cua bo
phan dan hng he thong treo oc lap.
Phan lc trt ngang Y1 tac dung len canh tay on (rbx b) sinh ra momen Y1(rbx b) can bang vi
mo men do lc Q tac dung len on di cua bo phan hng. ay la lc ch chung cho ca hai ben trai
va phai. Do o:
r b
r b
Q t = Y1t bx
; Q p = Y1p bx
r2
r2
Trong trng hp 2, tai trong tac dung len on tren cua ngong quay ben phai lam on tren chu
nen hay uon doc do lc (F1p+Qp). on di ngong quay phai chu uon do lc Z1p, Z2p va chu keo do lc
(F1p+Qp+Y1p).
on tren cua ngong quay ben trai chu nen hay chu keo do lc (F1t Qt). on di ngong quay
trai chu nen hay chu keo do lc (Y1t + Qt F1t ) va b uon do lc Z1t, Z2t .
145
* Trng hp 3:
Lc F1t = F1p = F c xac nh khi:
G
G r
Z1t = Z1p = K 1 Z2t =Z2p = K 1 . 1
2
2 a1
G (b r )
Do o: F = K 1 1 1
2
r2
Lc Z1t = Z1p nen lo xo va neu trong trng hp 3. on tren trong trng hp nay chu nen hay
uon doc do lc F. on di ben trai chu uon do lc Z2t, on di ben phai chu uon do Z2p; ca hai on
chu keo do lc F.
Trng hp cac on cua he thong treo at nghieng theo mat phang ngang hay mat phang doc khi
tnh phai ke en cac goc nghieng.
7.3. BO PHAN AN HOI:
7.3.1 ng ac tnh an hoi cua he thong treo:
Nh ng ac tnh an hoi ta anh gia c bo phan an hoi cua he thong treo. ng ac tnh
an hoi bieu th quan he gia lc Z thang ng tac dung len banh xe va o bien dang cua he thong treo
f o ngay tren truc banh xe.
Tren hnh 7.16 trnh bay hai loai ng ac tnh cua he thong treo: ng thang 1 ng vi he
thong treo co o cng khong oi con ng cong 2 ng vi loai he thong treo co o cng thay oi. Truc
hoanh bieu dien o vong f, truc tung bieu dien lc Z thang ng tac dung len banh xe. Muon co o vong
ft cua mot iem bat ky tren ng cong (v du iem D) ta ve ng tiep tuyen tai iem o (iem D)
va ha ng thang goc vi truc hoanh.
Hoanh o AB la o vong tnh ft cua he thong treo co o cng thay oi (ng cong 2) va hoanh o
OB se la o vong tnh cua he thong treo co o cng khong oi (ng thang 1).
Tan so dao ong rieng cac bien o be c xac nh bang o vong hieu dung (hay o vong tnh)
ng vi tai trong tnh Zt = G. Tuy cung mot o vong tong quat OC nhng he thong treo co o cng thay
oi co o vong hieu dung AB ln hn o vong hieu dung cua he thong treo co o cng khong thay oi
(oan OB).
Tai trong
Zmax
E
The tch
o ng nang
Zt
1
A
Hnh 7.16: Cac dang ng ac tnh cua he thong treo.

146
The tch ong nang goi tat la the ong, ngha la the nang ln nhat cua he thong treo khi o to i qua
cho loi lom c bieu th bang dien tch co gach EKD ng vi he thong treo co o cng thay oi va bieu
th bang dien tch HKD ng vi he thong treo co o cng khong oi. Vi nhng o vong han che the
ong can thiet cua he thong treo co ng ac tnh phi tuyen co the the hien bang he so ong
K
Zmax
=
ma ta se khao sat ky hn sau ay.
G
Zmax
cha t ta i
0
ft
f1
iem t a cu a
u cao su tren
Z1
co tai
f2
giam tai
L Ga i bo phan ha n che
f d
B
Tra
M C
f t
iem ta cua bo phan ha n che tre n
ie m ta cu a u cao su d i
ie m ta cua bo phan han che di
Ta i tro ng
f
o vo ng
Ne n
Hnh 7.17: ng ac tnh an hoi cua he thong treo.

Tren hnh 7.17 la dang ng ac tnh an hoi cua he thong treo khi chat tai va khi giam tai. Tren
truc hoanh ta co iem O la iem ta cua bo phan han che di, iem C la iem ta cua bo phan han che
tren, nen ta goi BO la gia tr cua o vong ong di fd, BC la gia tr cua o vong ong tren ft. Ngoai ra
ta con co iem L la iem ta cua u cao su pha di, iem M la iem ta cua u cao su pha tren va
tng ng vi hai iem L, M ta co o vong f1, f2 . Khi chat tai va giam tai cac thong so cua bo phan an
hoi la o vong tnh ft , o vong ong tren ft va o vong ong di fd ng vi hanh trnh ong en gii
han cua bo phan han che pha tren va bo phan han che pha di, o cng Ct cua he thong treo, he so
ong K va lc ma sat 2F. ng cong chat tai va giam tai khong trung nhau do ma sat trong he thong
treo. Ngi ta qui c lay ng ac tnh an hoi cua nhp la ng trung bnh (ng net t) (ngha la
co tnh en lc ma sat 2F).
Khi tnh o em du chuyen ong (cac dao ong) tan so dao ong rieng can thiet n phai do o vong
tnh ft quyet nh. Quan he gia ft va n theo cong thc tan so dao ong rieng cua he thong treo
300
n
c the hien tren gian o (hnh 7.18).
ft
147
Hnh 7.18: Quan he cua tan so dao ong rieng cua phan
c treo n vi o vong tnh ft
Nh vay co the xac nh o vong tnh theo tan so dao ong rieng n cua he thong treo. o vong
tnh ft ve gia tr khac vi o vong ong di fd.
Noi chung ft khong nen t hn 150300mm oi vi oto du lch va ft khong nho hn 100200mm
oi vi oto buyt.
Ca hai loai nay co tan so dao ong rieng n = 6085 lan/ph. Trong oto tai ft khong nen nho hn
60120mm ng vi tan so dao ong rieng n = 80100 lan/ph.
e am bao o em du chuyen ong th t so o vong tnh fts cua he thong treo sau va o vong
tnh ftt cua he thong treo trc phai nam trong cac gii han sau:
f
Trong o to du lch ts = 0,8 0,9
f tt
f
Trong o to tai va o to buyt ts = 1 1,2 .
f tt
o cng Ct cua he thong treo bang tang goc nghieng cua tiep tuyen cua ng trung bnh (ng
net t) Ct = tg. Trng hp tong quat ng ac tnh cua he thong treo khong phai la ng thang va
o cng Ct thay oi.
dz
Ct =
df
e anh gia s bo ngi ta thng tnh o cng he thong treo chu tai trong tnh:
G Z
Ct = = t
ft ft
T ay ta thay o cng va o vong tnh la cac ai lng co quan he vi nhau, nhng o vong tnh
cho ta hnh dung ay u ve he thong treo hn la o cng v no noi len tai trong tnh Zt = G tac dung len
he thong treo.
He so ong lc hoc goi tat la he so ong la ty so gia tai trong ln nhat Zmax co the truyen qua he
thong treo vi tai trong tnh.
Z
Z
K = max = max
G
Zt
148
Khi K be th se co s va ap lien tuc len bo phan han che cua nhp, lam cho nhp b uon ngc lai
va b go. Khi K qua ln, trong trng hp dao ong vi bien o ln va gii han gia tr f, he thong
treo se rat cng. Thc te chng to rang chon K thch hp th khi oto chuyen ong tren ng khong
bang phang, tai trong ong truyen qua he thong treo se gay va ap rat t len bo phan han che. Khi tnh
he thong treo co the chon K = 1,71,8. CHLB Nga vi cac o to co kha nang thong qua thap chon
K=23 va oto co kha nang thong qua cao chon K = 34.
o vong ong f cua he thong treo (gom ca o bien dang cua cac u cao su) phu thuoc vao ng
ac tnh cua he thong treo va vao o vong tnh ft.
Trong o to du lch: f = (0,50,6).ft
Trong o to buyt: f = (0,70,8).ft
Trong o to tai:
f = 1,0.ft
o vong ong f quan he chat che vi he so ong K. o vong ong f cang ln th o em du
chuyen ong tang va de phoi hp vi he so ong K ln, am bao s tiep xuc cua lop vi mat ng tot.
Tuy nhien luc ay o dch chuyen tng oi cua thung xe vi lop lai ln lam cho tnh on nh kem, va
yeu cau oi vi bo phan hng cua he thong treo co chat lng cao hn, lam phc tap them dan ong
lai cac banh trc, va tang gii han khoang sang gam xe trong he thong treo oc lap.
ng cang map mo va van toc cang ln th hanh trnh ong cua he thong treo cang phai ln. oi
vi o to co kha nang thong qua thap th o cng cua he thong treo thay oi t ft = 70140mm. oi vi o
to co kha nang thong qua cao ft = 120160mm.
7.3.2. Tnh toan phan t an hoi kim loai:
7.3.2.1. Tnh toan nhp at doc:
Khi tnh toan nhp ta phan biet ra hai trng hp:
Tnh toan kiem tra:
Trong tnh toan kiem tra ta a biet tat ca kch thc cua nhp can phai tm ng suat va o vong
xem co phu hp vi ng suat va o vong cho phep hay khong.
Tnh toan thiet ke:
Khi can phai chon cac kch thc cua nhp v du nh so la nhp, o day cua la va va cac thong so
khac e am bao cac gia tr cua o vong va ng suat a cho.
Chon cac kch thc cua nhp xuat phat t o vong tnh ft va ng suat tnh t (o vong va ng suat
ng vi tai trong tnh) vi o vong ong f va ng suat ong (o vong va ng suat ng vi tai trong
ong). Nhp co the coi gan ung la mot cai dam co tnh chong uon eu. Thc ra muon dam co tnh
b
chong uon eu phai cat la nhp thanh cac mau co chieu rong , chieu cao h va sap xep nh hnh
2
7.19a,b. Nhng nh vay th la nhp chnh se co au hnh tam giac ma khong co tai nhp e truyen lc len
khung. V the e am bao truyen c lc len khung, am bao o ben cua tai khi la nhp chnh co o
vong tnh cc ai phai lam la nhp chnh kha day va mot so lng ln cac la co chieu cao h giam dan khi
cang xa la nhp chnh.
149
l1
Z /2
l2
Z /2
Z
1 2
c)
5 6
34
B
b/2
1 2 3
45
5
34
12
1 2 3
45
d)
a)
6
h
6
b)
Hnh 7.19: Nhp c coi nh mot dam co tnh choeng uon eu:
a, b Loai na elp.
c, d, e S o cac au la nhp.
Khi tnh toan o ben cac la nhp thong thng ngi ta tnh uon cho gan chat nhp. ay rat kho
tnh chnh xac v khi siet chat cac la nhp lai vi nhau va lap vao o to th trong nhp a phat sinh cac ng
suat ban au. La nhp chnh nam tren cung chu lc uon s bo be nhat, cac la nhp th hai, th ba do c
ngan dan nen chu uon cang ln. Co khi tren mot la nhp ngi ta che tao co nhng cung cong khac
nhau.
Khi nhp b keo cang cac la nhp se b uon thang ra. Luc ay la nhp tren chu ng suat s bo ngc
lai vi ng suat luc la nhp lam viec chu tai. Cac ban knh cong cua tng la nhp rieng re can chon the
nao o e ng suat trong cac la nhp gan bang nhau khi nhp chu tai trong.
e n gian trong tnh toan ngi ta gia thiet la momen uon se phan phoi eu theo cac la nhp neu
chieu cao cac la nhp bang nhau.
Di ay ta se khao sat quan he gia o vong tnh cua nhp va lc tac dung len nhp.
Lc tac dung len nhp Zn bang hieu so cua lc tac dung len cac banh xe Zbx va trong lng phan
khong c treo g gom co cau va cac banh xe.
g
Z n = Z bx
2
Di tac dung cua lc Zn hai chot nhp se phat sinh hai phan lc NB hng theo chieu moc treo
nhp va NA theo hng AO e am bao a giac lc ong qui (ieu kien he lc can bang, hnh 7.20a).
Muon he lc can bang th X = 0 ngha la XA =XB. Z = 0 ngha la ZA + ZB = Zn. Moc nhp sinh ra lc
doc X B = Z B tg (: goc nghieng cua moc nhp). Muon cho lc doc ban au XB khong ln th phai
chon nho, nhng nho qua se de lam cho moc nhp quay theo chieu ngc lai khi o to chuyen ong
khong tai, v luc ay o to b xoc nhieu hn. V vay khong chon nho hn 5o.
au la nhp thng lam theo goc vuong (hnh 7.19c), hnh thang (hnh 7.19d) va theo hnh trai
xoan (hnh 7.19e).
e tang o an hoi au la nhp thng lam mong hn than. Nh vay ng suat trong nhp se phan
bo eu hn va ma sat gia cac la nhp t i. La nhp lam theo au vuong de san xuat nhng ng suat tiep
au se rat ln. Khi tnh toan nhp ngi ta bo qua anh hng cua lc doc XA , XB.
150
Theo cong thc cua sc ben vat lieu, trong trng hp nhp la khong oi xng di tac dung cua
lc Zn, o vong tnh ft se c tnh gan ung theo cong thc:
Z n .l12h .l 22 h
(7.1)
ft =
3EJ 0 l h
Trong o:
l h = l lo Chieu dai hieu dung cua nhp (m).
l Chieu dai toan bo cua nhp (m).
lo Khoang cach gia cac quang nhp (m).
E = 2,15.105 MN/m2 Moun an hoi theo chieu doc.
l1h ,l2h Chieu dai hieu dung tnh t hai quang nhp en chot nhp (m).
Hnh 7.20: S o cac loai nhp

a Nhp na elp; b Nhp cong xon; c Nhp mot phan t elp.
d Nhp at ngang; e Nhp na elp vi nhp phu.
151
Jo =
b
b
h 3i =
( h 13 + h 32 + ... + h 3m )
12
12
(7.2)
Trong o:
Jo Tong so momen quan tnh cua nhp tiet dien trung bnh nam sat ben tiet dien bat
quang nhp (m4).
h1 Chieu day cua la nhp th nhat (m).
h2 Chieu day cua la nhp th hai (m).
hm Chieu day cua la nhp th m (m).
b Chieu rong cua la nhp. Chieu rong cua la nhp thng chon theo chieu rong b cua
cac la nhp co ban tren th trng (m).
He so bien dang cua la nhp.
Thng nhp c chia nhom theo chieu day va so nhom khong qua ba. T so cua chieu rong la
b
nhp b tren chieu day h tot nhat nam trong gii han 6 <
< 10. La nhp co chieu rong ln qua khong li
h
v luc thung xe b nghieng ng suat xoan la nhp chnh va mot so la nhp tiep theo se tang len.
He so bien dang oi vi nhp co tnh chong uon eu (nhp ly tng) = 1,5. Trong thc te
=1,451,25 phu thuoc theo dang au la nhp va so la nhp co cung o dai. Khi au nhp c cat theo
hnh thang (hnh 7.19d) va la nhp th hai ngan hn la nhp chnh nhieu (hnh 7.21a) ta lay =1,4, khi la
th hai dung e cng hoa la nhp chnh (hnh 7.21b,c) ta lay = 1,2.
a)
c)
b)
Hnh 7.21: S o cac tai nhp.
Khi dat mong au nhp va cat au nhp theo hnh trai xoan (hnh 7.19e) nhp se mem hn v vay
se tang. Ngoai ra he so se phu thuoc ket cau cua quang nhp va khoang cach gia cac quang nhp.
l
Trong trng hp ac biet l1h = l 2h = h nhp oi xng th cong thc (7.1) se co dang:
2
3
Z l
(7.3)
ft = n h
48EJ 0
oi vi nhp loai congxon (hnh 7.20b).
2
l l
l
l1 o + 1 l 2 o
4 l2
4
f t = Z n
3EJ o
3
(7.4)
152
oi vi nhp loai mot phan t elip (hnh 7.20c).

l
l1 o
4
f t = Z n
3EJ o
(7.5)
Chieu dai cua cac la nhp phu thuoc chieu dai c s L cua o to. oi vi o to du lch
lh=(0,350,5)L, oto tai lh =(0,250,3)L.
T cong thc (7.1), (7.3), (7.4), (7.5) ta co the tm c momen quan tnh Jo cua tiet dien nam tai
quang nhp sat ben tiet dien gia nhp:
Vi nhp na elip khong oi xng:
Z l2 l2
(7.6)
J o = n 1h 2 h
3El h f t
Vi nhp na elip oi xng:
Jo =
Z n l 3h
48Ef t
(7.7)
Vi nhp loai congxon:

2
l l
l
l1 o + 1 l 2 0
4 l2
4
J o = Z n
3Ef t
3
(7.8)
Vi nhp loai mot phan t elip

l
l1 o
4
J o = Z n
3Ef t
f
l1
(7.9)
l2
l
a)
l2
l1
f
Z
b)
l
c)
Hnh 7.22: S o cac loai nhp

a S o loai nhp 1/2 elp.
b S o loai nhp congxon.
c S o loai nhp 1/4 elp.
153
e so sanh o cng cua cac loai nhp co ket cau khac nhau thng ngi ta khong phai qua lc Zn
ma qua ng suat cc ai trong cac la nhp, v nh the co the va anh gia anh hng cua Zn va cua ket
cau nhp.
oi vi la nhp chnh co chieu rong b va chieu cao hc th:
M h
uc = u c
(7.10)
2J c
Trng hp nhp na elip khong oi xng ta co:
Mu =
M u = Z A l1 = Z B l 2
Z n l1h l 2 h
thay vao phng trnh 7.1 ta co:
l1h + l 2 h
3f EJ
M uc = c c
l1h l 2 h
(7.11)
Thay the gia tr Muc vao (7.10) ta co ng vi trng hp nhp khong oi xng la nhp chnh ng
suat uon tnh se la:
3f Eh
utc = tc c
(7.12)
2l1h l 2 h
Vi trng hp nhp oi xng, la nhp chnh ta co ng suat uon tnh la:
6Eh c f tc
utc =
(7.13)
l 2h
Cung tng t nh vay oi vi o vong ong f ta co the xac nh ng suat uon trong trng hp
ong vi nhp na elip khong oi xng:
3 Eh f
u = . c c
(7.14)
2 l1h l 2h
Vi nhp na elip loai oi xng:
6Eh c f c
u =
l 2h
(7.15)
Vi loai nhp congxon:

ut
3 Eh c l o f t
4
=
3
3
l
l
l
2 l 1 0 + 1 l 2 0
4
4
l 2

3 Eh c l o f
4
=
3
3
l
l
l
2 l 1 0 + 1 l 2 0
4
4
l 2

(7.16)
(7.17)
Vi loai nhp mot phan t elip:
ut =
u =
(7.18)
3 Ef t h c
l
2 l1 0
4
(7.19)
3 Ef h c
l
2 l1 0
4
154
Nh vay ng suat trong la nhp chnh (t o suy ra cac la nhp khac) t le vi o day va o vong (o
vong tnh va ong noi chung). Khi chat cac loai hang ri len oto trong nhp thng phat sinh tai trong
ong. e e phong hong nhp, trong trng hp nay ngi ta thng lam c cau ham nhp luc chat tai.
Trong la nhp chnh ng suat ln thng la hanh trnh tra cua nhp vi tai trong ong. Neu hanh
trnh tra khong c han che th thng e giam tai cho la nhp chnh ngi ta at mot la ngc tren la
nhp chnh.
Theo Packhilopxki quan he ve l thuyet gia trong lng can thiet cua nhp gn va ng suat tnh t
cua nhp co the bieu th nh sau:
Zf
g n = 5,0.10 4 t 2 t
(7.20)
t
ay:
Zt Tai trong tnh thang ng (G) tac dung len nhp (MN).
ft o vong tnh cua nhp ( m) di tac dung cua trong tai tnh Zt.
t ng suat uon tnh tng ng trong nhp (MN/m2).
Nh vay ng suat tnh cua nhp cang ln th trong lng cua nhp cang be i.
ng suat ng vi tai trong tnh cho phep bang 7.1:
Bang 7.1
ft (mm) be hn
t (MN/m2) be hn
80
400
80150
400 500
150250
500 700
Ngoai ra phai kiem tra ng suat trong nhp oi vi o vong ong f (khi ca u nhp bang cao
su cung hoan toan bien dang). Luc ay khong c ln hn 1000MN/m2.
oi vi toan bo cac la nhp ke ca la nhp chnh ta co ng suat uon va o vong trong bang (7.2).
* Chu y:
Trong bang 7.2 tha nhan cac ky hieu sau:
lh = llo Chieu dai lam viec co ch cua la nhp (m).
b
Chieu rong cua la nhp (m).
hi
Tong so chieu day cua cac la nhp phu (m).
ho
Tong so chieu day cua la nhp chnh va cac la co chieu dai bang la nhp chnh (m).
He so bien dang cua la nhp.

Khi thiet ke nhp chung ta chon trc cac ai lng (ft +ft), umax, cac kch thc l1h, l2h, l, b
(chieu rong la nhp) va chon K e co Zmax = K G.
Nh vay co the tm c h2 t cong thc tnh u va h3 t cong thc tnh o vong f va t o suy
ra o day cac la nhp.
Chon trc o day cua cac la nhp chnh ta co the tnh c o day cua cac la nhp con lai. e ke
en anh hng cua la chnh va la nhp phu kem theo la nhp chnh trong khi tnh Jo, e ngh thay:
(7.29)
hi3 =hi3 + 0,5 ho3
Trong o : hi Tong so o day cua tat ca cac la nhp (cm).
ho Tong so o day la nhp chnh va chieu day la nhp phu co chieu dai bang la nhp
chnh (cm).
155
Bang 7.2: Cac cong thc e tnh nhp

ng suat(MN/m2)
S o
l 1h
XA
l1
l2
l2 h
lo
ho
XB
hi
Bien dang (m)
0,04.Z n .l12h .l 22 h
f =
b.lE ( h 3i + 0,5. h 30 )
0,6.Z n .l1h .l 2 h
bl. h i2
(7.21)
(7.25)
Zn
l 1h
XA
l1
l2
l 2h
lo
ho
XB
hi
Zn
0,15.Z n .l1h
bl h 2i
f =
0,04.Z n .l1h
b.E( h 3i + 0,5. h 30 )
(7.26)
(7.22)
Zn
Zn
l1
0,6.Z n (l1
bl h 3i
l0
l0
)
4
l0 3
)
4
f =
b.E( h 3i + 0,5. h 30 )
0,04.Z n (l1
(7.23)
l1
2
Zn 1+
l2
l2
XB
0,6.Z n (l1
l0
l
Zn l 1
l2
bl h i2
l0
)
4
(7.24)
XB
Zn
(7.27)
l0 3
l
l
) + ( 1 ) 2 (l 2 0 ) 3 ]
4
l2
4
3
3
b.E( h i + 0,5. h 0 )
0,04.Z n [(l1
f =
(7.28)
Khi tnh Jo sau khi a thay hi3 theo (7.29) va trong cac cong thc (7.3), (7.4), (7.5) can chu y chon
so la nhp nh the nao o e thoa man cac ieu kien sau:
o day cua la nhp chon theo loai nhp a phan loai theo tieu chuan.
So nhom cac la nhp (ke ca la nhp chnh) co chieu day khac nhau phai khong vt qua ba.
Chieu day cua cac la nhp phai khac nhau rat t. Thng lay t so chieu day cua hai la nhp tren
cung va di cung khong c vt qua 1,5.
156
Khi tang o dai hieu dung lh co the tang chieu day cua cac la h va giam so la nhp n. Nh vay co
the bt gi cong lao ong che tao nhp va lam giam ma sat gia cac la nhp.
Trong o to du lch loai nhp ch gom mot la c ng dung rong rai. Trong ieu kien co o ben
eu t au en cuoi, loai nhp ch gom mot la phai co tiet dien thay oi.
b 2x
h x = h0 0
b x lh
Trong o:
ho va bo Chieu day va chieu rong cua tiet dien trung bnh cua la nhp.
hx va bx Chieu day va chieu rong cua tiet dien la nhp cach tiet dien trung bnh mot
khoang cach x.
Theo ung ieu kien nay nhp se la mot dam co tnh chong uon eu va co trong lng be nhat.
Loai nhp gom mot la co o dai ln hn loai nhp nhieu la.
Khi khong co em gia cac la nhp th khi lap ghep la nhp nay e len la nhp khac thng
phan gia va phan cuoi la.
Trong thc te tnh toan ngi ta gia thiet la nhp cong eu va tiep xuc nhau t au en cuoi nen
tai trong phan bo tren toan bo chieu dai la nhp. Tha nhan gia thiet nay th momen tac dung len la nhp
bat ky th i se la:
1
1
(7.30)
M i = J i
R
R
i
o
ay:
Ji Momen quan tnh la nhp th i.
Ri Ban knh cong cua la nhp th i trang thai t do.
Ro Ban knh cong cua la nhp sau khi a ghep vao nhp.
ng suat do nhp b siet chat vao nhau se la:
Eh i 1
1
is =
2 R 0 R i
(7.31)
N h o m la
n hp III
[ M N /m ]
1 2 -1 3
9-11
87
6
5
3
4
2
800
700
600
500
N h o m la
nh p II
1 L a chnh
400
300
200
N ho m la n hp I
100
0
-1 0 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
p [N ]
25000
-2 0 0
Hnh 7.23: S phan bo ng suat trong cac la nhp.

157
Tren hnh 7.23 trnh bay tnh chat phan bo ng suat trong cac la nhp cua nhp co ba nhom co o
day khac nhau. Chieu dai cua cac la nhp c xac nh bang phng phap o th (hnh 7.24).
l1.
n
l2.
m
l/2.
X
D
Z2
Z1
C
n
Zbx
.rbx
m
Xk
Hnh 7.24: S o xac nh chieu

dai cac la nhp
Hnh 7.25: Tai trong tac dung len

nhp khi nhp truyen lc keo
Chon truc tung nn la truc cua bulong bat chat nhp gia cac la nhp. Tren truc tung at th t cac
gia tr chieu day la nhp a tnh c theo th t la nhp chnh tren cung roi t cac iem ng vi o day
cac la ta ve cac ng song song vi truc hoanh.
oan BD bang na chieu dai nhp, mm la truc cua quang nhp, AC la mot na chieu dai la nhp
di cung. ng CD xac nh chieu dai cua cac la con lai (khi ta a biet chieu dai la chnh l, biet c
chieu day cac la nhp h va lo co the ve c CD). Chieu dai l thuyet cua nhp l tng (nhp co tnh
chong uon eu) se la ng CD.
Khi nhp truyen lc keo ta co s o tren (hnh 7.25).
Gia tr cac lc c xac nh theo cac phng trnh hnh chieu va momen am bao cho he lc
can bang.
X = Xk
g
( Z bx ).l 2 + X k .d 1
Z .l + X k .d 1
2
=
Z1 = n 2
l1 + l 2
l1 + l 2
(7.32)
g
( Z bx ).l1 X k .d1
Z .l X k .d 1
2
=
Z2 = n 1
l1 + l 2
l1 + l 2
Dung cac phng trnh (7.32) co the xac nh kch thc la nhp chnh, tai nhp va chi tiet cap
cac la nhp. Khi nhp truyen lc phanh Xk se mang dau ngc lai trong cac phng trnh tren. Momen
phan lc Xk.d1 se gay ra ng suat phu trong cac la nhp. Theo phng trnh (7.21) ta se tnh ng suat phu
trong cac la nhp.
158
ui =
6X k d 1
i=n
b h
i =0
Hoac :
ui =
(7.33)
2
i
6X k d 1 h i
i=n
b h
i =0
(7.34)
3
i
Tren ay ta mi tnh toan khi nhp truyen lc keo hay lc phanh cc ai. Ngoai ra phai tnh khi
nhp chu lc thang ng rat ln luc o to b trt ngang (Ymax). Tren hnh 7.26 ta thay nhp ben trai chu
lc thang ng rat ln. Hn na co the xac nh lc S1 theo phng trnh can bang momen oi vi iem
ta cua nhp phai (iem C ).
B
S1B1 m i G i 1 Yd = 0
(7.35)
2
Trong o:
B1
Khoang cach gia hai nhp.
d
La khoang cach thang ng t trong tam oto en mat phang ta cua nhp.
mi Gi Trong lng oto tac dung len cau tng ng ang tnh.
V Y =1Gi (mi=1), s dung phng trnh (7.35) ta co:
G 2 d
(7.36)
S1 = i 1 + 1
2
B1
ng suat trong cac la nhp phan gia se la:
l1 l 2
G 2 d
l1 l 2
' = S1
= i 1 + 1
( l1 + l 2 ) W
2
B1 (l1 + l 2 )W
(7.37)
Trong o:
W Tong so momen chong uon cua cac la nhp.
1
He so bam ngang.
l1, l2 Cac kch thc cua nhp hnh 7.20a.
S1
Lc thang ng tac dung len nhp trai.
S2
Lc thang ng tac dung len nhp phai.
Vi chieu cua lc Y tren hnh 7.26 th S 1 > S2
Y
m iG i
S1
C
A
Z1
Y1
S2
B1
Z2
Y2
Hnh 7.26: Lc thang ng tac dung len nhp S1, S2 khi oto b trt ngang
159
7.3.2.2. Tnh toan nhp at ngang:

Nhp at ngang khong truyen c lc keo va lc phanh ma ch truyen c lc thang ng.
Khi tnh toan nhp at ngang ta cung tnh nh nhp at doc nhng can phai chu y nhieu en goc
nghieng cua moc nhp , nhat la luc o to b trt ngang.
S o lc tac dung len nhp na elip at ngang (hnh 7.27).
Y
m1G1
Z2
f
Z1
l/2
Y1
Y2
Hnh 7.27: S o lc tac dung len nhp at ngang.

* Trng hp 1: Khi khong co lc ngang Y tac dung len xe:
Ta ky hieu cac goc nghieng cua moc nhp oi vi mat phang thang ng la 1 va 2. Khi o to
khong trt ngang (Y=0) th hai goc nay bang nhau (1 = 2 =o) va la nhp chnh co the tnh theo ng
suat tong hp nh sau:
th =
m1G 1 1
m1G 1 tg 0
+ ftg 0 +
2Wu 2
2bh
Trong o:
b Chieu rong la nhp.
h Chieu cao la nhp.
m1 He so phan bo lai tai trong.
f o vong tnh cua nhp.
V f thng rat nho nen co the bo qua (f.tgo) va ta co:
tg 0
mG l
th = 1 1
+
2 2Wu
bh
* Trng hp 2: Khi co lc ngang Y=Ymax th m1 =1 va ta co:
l
Z 2 l + Yd - G 1 = 0
2
l
Z1 l - Yd - G 1 = 0
2
V Ymax =G1 nen ta co:
160
(7.38)
(7.39)
Z2 =
G 1 21d
1
2
l
Z1 =
G 1 21d
1 +
2
l
Lc ngang Y1 va Y2 xac nh theo phng trnh:

Y1=Z 1 tg1 , Y2=Z 2 tg2
ng suat tong hp trong la nhp chnh se la:
Na nhp trai:
Z1 l
Y
G 2 d l
tg 1
'th =
+ 1 = 1 1 + 1
+
2Wu bh
2
l 2Wu
bh
Na nhp phai:
Z2l
Y
G 2 d 1
tg 2
"th =
+ 2 = 1 1 1
+
2Wu bh
2
l 2Wu
bh
(7.40)
(7.41)
7.3.2.3. Tnh cac chi tiet cua nhp:

* Tai nhp:
Tai nhp thng c tnh theo ng suat tong hp gom ng suat uon, nen (hay keo). ng suat uon
tai nhp se la:
M
u = u
Wu
u = X k max
D + h c bh c2
D + hc
:
= 3X k max
2
6
bh 2c
Trong o:
Xkmax Lc keo tiep tuyen cc ai hay lc phanh cc ai tac dung len tai nhp (MN)
(Xkmax Xpmax = .Zbx), lay = 0,7
hc
Chieu day la nhp chnh (m).
D
ng knh trong cua tai nhp (m) (hnh 7.28).
B
Chieu rong la nhp (m).
D
Xk
hc
Hnh 7.28: S o tnh tai nhp
ng suat nen tai nhp se la:
n =
X k max
bh c
(MN/m2)
ng suat tong hp tai nhp se tnh theo:

161
D + hc
1
(MN/m2)
(7.42)
th = X k max 3
+
2
bh
c
bh c
ng suat tong hp cho phep [th] =350(MN/m2).
Thc nghiem chng to rang ch khi th at en gii han chay cua kim loai th tai nhp mi b
doang ra. Lc ay hay lc phanh truyen len tai nhp thng b han che bi lc bam vi ng. Tuy
nhien khi oto chuyen ong tren ng go ghe, khi banh xe chu lc va ap, lc X co the at gia tr cc
ai. V vay ngi ta tnh Xkmax = Gbx. = 0,7.Gbx = 0,7.Zbx,
Trong o:
Gbx Tai trong tac dung len banh xe.
Zbx Phan lc cua at len banh xe.
* Chot nhp:
Chot nhp c kiem tra theo ng suat chen dap.
Z
Z
1cd = 1 (MN/m2) ; 2cd = 2 (MN/m2)
Db
Db
Chot nhp c che tao bang thep cacbon xianuya hoa loai 30 hay 40 vi ng suat chen dap cho
phep [cd] = 34 (MN/m2) hay bang thep hp kim xemangtit hoa loai 20 hay 20X vi
[cd]=7,59(MN/m2).
Bac nhp c kiem tra theo ng suat chen dap.
Bac nhp c che tao bang ong thanh, chat deo, thep mem. Bac che tao bang thep mem chu
c ap suat chen dap en 7 MN/m2.
7.4. BO PHAN GIAM CHAN:
7.4.1.
Cong dung, yeu cau, phan loai:
7.4.1.1.
Cong dung:
Giam chan e dap tat cac dao ong cua than xe va banh xe bang cach chuyen c nang cua cac dao
ong thanh nhiet nang. Giam chan hien nay chu yeu la giam chan thuy lc (hnh 7.29) nen ma sat gia
chat long va cac lo tiet lu la ma sat chu yeu e dap tat chan ong.
7.4.1.2.
Yeu cau:
Cac yeu cau c ban oi vi giam chan:

* am bao giam tr so va s thay oi ng at tnh cua cac dao ong. at biet la:
Dap tat cang nhanh cac dao ong neu tan so dao ong cang ln. Muc ch e tranh cho thung xe
khoi b lac qua khi qua ng map mo ln.
Dap tat cham cac dao ong neu o to chay tren ng t map mo (o loi lom cua ng cang nho
va cang day).
Han che cac lc truyen qua giam chan len thung xe.
* Lam viec on nh khi o to chuyen ong trong cac ieu kien ng xa khac nhau va nhiet o
khong kh khac nhau.
* Co tuoi tho cao.
* Trong lng va kch thc nho, gia thanh ha.
162
7.4.1.3. Phan loai:

Ngi ta phan biet giam chan theo cac ac iem sau:
* Theo quan he gia he so can Kn trong hanh trnh nen (luc banh xe tien en gan khung) va
he so can Kt trong hanh trnh tra (luc banh xe i xa khung):
Theo ac iem nay giam chan thuy lc c chia thanh loai tac dung hai chieu co ng at tnh
oi xng (Kn=Kt) va ng ac tnh khong oi xng (Kn < Kt) va loai tac dung mot chieu Kn0.
* Theo ket cau chia thanh: giam chan on va giam chan ong.
* Theo ac iem ben trong cua giam chan chia thanh:
Loai co van giam tai va loai khong co van giam tai.
Pho bien nhat hien nay la loai giam chan hai chieu co ng ac tnh khong oi xng va co van
giam tai. Trng hp nay lc can giam chan trong hanh trnh nen tang cham hn trong hanh trnh tra.
Trong cac giam chan hien nay Kt = (25)Kn. o loi lom cua ng cang nho va cang day (o loi
khong cao va lom khong sau ) th he so Kt va Kn cang phai khac nhau.
Khi banh xe qua cho loi (hnh 7.29) th van toc khoi lng khong c treo se ln (tr phan t an
hoi ra) lc truyen qua giam chan se ln.
Co the giam lc nay bang cach ha thap he so Kn. Khi oto qua cho lom th va ap truyen len banh
xe t hn i qua cho loi.
Tren cac ng co o loi va lom dai va ng ln gia cho loi vi cho lom tng oi em du th
khong can co Kt va Kn that khac nhau. V khi o to qua cho lom co the lam banh xe khong tiep xuc vi
ng.
7.4.2.
Nguyen ly lam viec cua cac loai giam chan thuy lc:
Nguyen ly lam viec cua tat ca cac loai giam chan thuy lc la: chat long b don t buong cha nay
sang buong cha khac qua nhng van tiet lu rat nho nen chat long chu sc can chuyen ong rat ln.
Sc can lam dap tat nhanh cac chan ong va nang lng cua dao ong b bien thanh nhiet nang nung
nong chat long cha trong giam chan.
7.4.2.1. Giam chan on:
Trong giam chan on hai chieu (hnh 7.29) co pittong kep 2. Trong o co at cac van ngc. Van
ngc lam cho cac dau bau giam chan luon luon chay vao lam ay buong cha 1 va 3. Pittong kep
ngan xylanh ra lam hai buong cha 1 va 3. The tch cua buong cha 1 va 3 thay oi khi pittong kep dch
chuyen ve pha trai hay phai. Pittong kep dch chuyen c nh cam quay 4 at vao gia pittong kep.
Xylanh cha ay chat long.
Trong hanh trnh nen nhe (a) pittong kep i ve pha phai, chat long b don t buong 3 en buong 1
qua lo rat be thanh van 5 va khe h van 6 nh thang c sc can cua lo xo mem pha trong. Neu b
nen manh (b) ap suat cua chat long tang len u sc thang ca lc can cua lo xo cng pha ngoai cua van
6. Ca van 6 b m ot ngot va chat long i qua van 6 d dang.
163
Trong hanh trnh tra nhe (c) chat long t buong 1 chay qua buong 3 qua lo rat be thanh van 5,
con van 6 luc o van ong.
Neu b tra manh ap suat chat long tang len (d) thang c lc lo xo cua van 5, van 5 m rong ra
chat long i qua de dang hn.
4 2
3
1
Nen
TrTra
Hnh 7.29: S o lam viec cua giam chan on tac dung hai chieu
164
7.4.2.2. Giam chan ong:

Cac chi tiet cua giam chan ong c neu hnh 7.30. hanh trnh nen, dam cau va tai 6 dao
ong len pha tren nen pttong b ay sau vao long cua xi lanh, lap tc ap suat dau buong A tang len
ln hn ap suat dau cac buong B. Dau se chuyen ong t buong A sang cac buong B qua cac lo tiet
lu rat nho. Do ma sat gia cac phan t dau vi cac lo tiet lu rat ln cho nen nang lng cua dao ong
t mat ng truyen len a b mat i mot phan chuyen thanh nhiet nang nung nong dau trong giam
chan. Khi b nen manh, ap suat dau buong A tang cao, cac van giam tai 4 se m ra, luc nay tiet dien
cho dau i qua tang len, nen sc can dao ong cua giam chan co giam xuong.
hanh trnh tra, dam cau cung vi tai 6 dao ong xuong pha di nen pttong chuyen ong i len
so vi ay cua xi lanh. Bi vay the tch buong A tang len lam cho ap suat dau buong A giam xuong
nho hn ap suat dau cac buong B. Lap tc dau cac buong B chuyen ong qua buong A thong qua
cac lo tiet lu. Khi ap suat dau buong A giam ot ngot (do cau xe dao ong manh ve pha di) cac
van giam tai 5 se m ra, nen sc can dao ong cua giam chan se giam xuong, cho phep cau xe dao ong
nhanh hn ve pha di, ay banh xe tiep xuc nhanh tr lai vi mat ng, han che c thi gian banh
xe tach khoi mat ng, bi vay tang c o on nh chuyen ong cua o to.
1 Can cua pttong.

2 Lp ao trong cua xy lanh hai lp.
3 Buong ien ay (cha kh nen).
4; 5 Van giam tai (co cac lo tiet lu).
6 Tai noi vi dam cau.
7 e cua pttong.
8 Dau thuy lc.
9 Lp ao ngoai cua xylanh.
10 Lo e boi trn can pttong.
11 em lam kn.
12 Tai noi vi than xe.
A; B Cac buong cha dau.
Hnh7.30 : Ket cau cua giam chan ong

7.4.3. ng ac tnh cua giam chan thuy lc:
Lc can chan ong Zg do giam chan sinh ra phu thuoc vao van toc tng oi cua cac dao ong
thung xe oi vi banh xe.
Zg=K n
(7.43)
ay:
K He so can cua giam chan.
165
Zg
Z2
2
Z1
Z3
1
Hnh 7.31: ng ac tnh cua giam chan thuy lc

Ham so: Zg = f( ) bieu dien ng ac tnh cua giam chan. Tuy theo gia tr so mu n ma ng
ac tnh cua giam chan co the la tuyen tnh (ng thang) hoac ng cong. Neu:
n=1 : ng ac tnh la ng thang 1 (hnh 7.31).
n>1 : ng ac tnh la ng cong lom 2.
n<1 : ng ac tnh la ng cong loi 3.
ng cong co dang nay hay dang khac phu thuoc trc tien kch thc lo thong qua roi en
o nht cua chat long va ket cau cua van. Chu y la vi cac ng ac tnh tren hnh 7.31 ta thay tai gia
tr ln nhat cua van toc tng oi, gia tr cong suat tieu hao (t le vi dien tch nam di ng ac tnh)
bang nhau. Thong thng n dao ong trong khoang 1,52,5.
Tren hnh 7.32 ta thay tai hai iem 1 va 2 ng bieu dien hoac la i thang (ng net t) hoac
la gay khuc (ng lien). Trng hp co van giam tai ng bieu dien se la ng gay khuc va iem 1,
iem 2 la iem m van giam tai nen dien tch cho chat long i qua tang len.
Trong cac o to hien ai n va t nam trong gii han (3050)cm/s. Neu o to s dung kh hau on
i co the khong at van giam tai e n gian bt ket cau.
Zg
Znmax
Zn
zt
Tra
Manh
2
zn
Nen
0
Nhe
Nhe
Manh
Zt
Zt max
Hnh 7.32: ng ac tnh khong oi xng cua giam chan

tac dung hai chieu vi van giam tai.
166
7.5. LA CHON AC TNH CUA HE THONG TREO THEO QUAN IEM EM DU VA ONG
LC HOC:
He thong treo tren o to phai thc hien c hai yeu cau c ban quan trong sau ay:
* Co o em du tot khi chuyen ong, cu the la:
Gia toc dao ong cua thung xe (than xe) phai nho.
Tan so dao ong rieng cua than xe nho va khong phu thuoc vao tai trong tac dung len he thong
treo.
Qua trnh dap tat dao ong khong phu thuoc vao trang thai chuyen ong.
*
Co o an toan chuyen ong va dan hng cao, cu the la:

S thay oi tai trong t banh xe truyen len phai nho.
ong hoc cua cau khong phu thuoc vao tai trong.
Han che toi a thi gian banh xe nay khoi mat ng.
V tr trong tam xe thay oi t khi tai trong thung xe thay oi.
o nghieng cua than xe nho khi quay vong hoac chuyen ong tren mat ng nghieng.
Van e at ra cho ngi thiet ke la phai la chon ac tnh cua he thong treo nh the nao e thoa
man c ca hai yeu cau c ban neu tren.
Khi o to chuyen ong tren ng khong bang phang, cau xe va banh xe se dao ong lien tuc. Neu
tan so cua lc kch thch t mat ng trung vi tan so rieng cua khoi lng khong c treo th lap tc
xay ra cong hng lam cho banh xe nay khoi mat ng. Khi co hien tng nay banh xe, qua trnh bam
gia banh xe vi mat ng b gian oan, lam gian oan s truyen lc gia banh xe vi mat ng, cho
nen kha nang chuyen ong cua xe se b giam. Neu banh xe nay len la banh xe chu ong th se lam
giam lc keo banh xe o. Neu banh xe nay len la banh xe dan hng th se lam mat tnh on nh
hng va kha nang ieu khien xe. V tan so cong hng lam nay banh xe cao hn nhieu so vi tan so
cong hng oi vi khoi lng c treo, nen khi xe chuyen ong vi van toc nho, do khoi lng c
treo ln hn nhieu dan len khoi lng khong c treo, nen hien tng nay banh xe rat kho xay ra cho
du mat ng khong bang phang. Khi mat ng nhap nho vi bien o nho va day, ong thi toc o xe
ln th hien tng cong hng nay banh xe rat de xay ra, v luc nay tan so lc kch thch t mat ng
len khoi lng khong c treo co tan so cao de trung vi tan so rieng cua banh xe va cau.
Khi la chon ac tnh cua he thong treo, chung ta phai chon o cng cua he thong treo va u ln
e cong hng nay banh xe ch xay ra tan so cao. Trong khi o nhiem vu cua bo phan giam hng la
phai dap tat nhanh cac dao ong co tan so cao nay. e at c yeu cau o, chung ta phai chon he so
can cua giam chan phu hp.
Mat khac van e ong lc hoc an toan chuyen ong cua o to con b anh hng bi he thong treo
thong qua he so ong lc hoc K. Neu he so K ln, th o cng cua he thong treo se tang va hien tng
cong hng nay banh xe kho xay ra, tc la cai thien c van e ong lc hoc an toan chuyen ong.
Nhng neu he so K ln th o em du cua he thong treo lai giam. Neu he so K nho, o cng cua he
thong treo giam th o nghieng cua than xe se tang khi quay vong, lam cho o an toan chuyen ong se
giam.
Khi tnh toan tan so cong hng nay banh xe, ngi ta thng s dung cong thc sau:
f ch = 0,159 (C t + C l )g / G c
167
ay:
fch Tan so cong hng nay banh xe (Hz).
Ct o cng cua he thong treo (N/m).
Cl o cng cua lop (N/m).
Gc Trong lng cua cau xe (N).
g Gia toc trong trng (9,81 m/s2).
Khi thiet ke he thong treo, ngi ta muon a tan so cong hng nay banh xe len cao. T bieu
thc tnh fch tren, e tang fch ta co the tang o cng cua he thong treo va lop, hoac giam trong lng
cau xe. Nhng do tang o cng cua he thong treo se lam giam o em du, nen ngi ta chon cach giam
trong lng cau xe. Phng an toi u nhat la ieu chnh o cng cua he thong treo linh hoat, ieu nay
ch thc hien c he thong treo t ong ieu khien.
Than xe c at tren he thong treo co ac tnh mem se am bao c o em du tot khi xe
chuyen ong, a en cam giac de chu cho hanh khach, tai xe va bao ve c hang hoa tren thung xe.
ac tnh mem cua he thong treo con co u iem cach ly tot tan so kch thch cua mat ng vung tan
so cong hng cua cau xe va thung xe. Mat khac no con lam giam tai trong cua xe tac dung len be mat
cua ng, tc la gop phan bao ve mat ng.
Qua cac phan tch tren chung ta thay rang:
e xe chuyen ong em du th o cng cua he thong treo phai giam, nhng khi o cng giam lam
cong hng nay banh xe xay ra tan so thap. He so ong lc hoc nho lam kha nang dan ong cua xe se
kem. Vi he thong treo mem se tao ra s cach ly tot, v vay lc kch thch t mat ng truyen len ch
gay ra banh xe va truyen rat t len than xe. Neu o vong ong cang ln th tnh em du cua xe cang
tang, nhng ong thi cung lam tang s mat on nh va giam o an toan khi o to quay vong.
Ngc lai, neu tang o cng cua he thong treo dan en o em du chuyen ong cua xe se giam.
o la tnh mau thuan ln nhat cua he thong treo b ong. Tnh mau thuan o c the hien ro o th
tren hnh 7..33.
..
Chieu tang tnh em du
Gia toc hieu dung cua than xe
He thong treo b
ong
He thong treo tch

cc
Gia tr hieu dung cua s thay oi tai trong
Trang thai
ly tng
Fd

Ft Hieu dung
Chieu tang tnh an toan
Hnh 7.33 : Tnh mau thuan gia gia toc cua than xe (tnh em du) vi s thay oi tai trong tac
dung len banh xe (quan iem ong lc hoc)
168
tren o th: F la tai trong ong, lc nay xuat hien khi xe chuyen ong, banh xe tng tac vi
mat ng gay ra va truyen len tac dung vao he thong treo. Ft la lc au ra cua he thong treo tac dung
len than xe. Neu t so F/Ft cang ln th tnh em du cang tang va lc tac ong t mat ng cang b cach
ly vi than xe. Nguyen nhan la do he thong treo co tnh mem ln, lam cho mc o dao ong cua cau xe
tang. ieu nay khong nhng lam giam o an toan cua xe ma con lam giam sc keo cua xe. Ngoai ra gia
toc cua than xe cang ln th tnh em du lai cang giam. Nh vay vi he thong treo b ong khong the tm
c iem thiet ke thoa man s hai hoa gia tnh em du va tnh ong lc hoc cua xe. Nguyen nhan la
do he thong treo b ong mien thiet ke toi u b chan bi ng cong bien hnh 7.33 .
Ngc lai he thong treo tch cc th mien thiet ke vt khoi ng cong bien va hng en trang
thai ly tng. V nhng ly do neu tren ma he thong treo can c ieu khien linh hoat nham giai quyet
cac mau thuan he thong treo b ong. ieu khien he thong treo la nham ieu chnh o cng cua bo
phan an hoi va thay oi he so can cua bo phan giam chan khi tai trong tren thung xe thay oi va khi xe
chay vi van toc khac nhau tren cac loai ng khac nhau.
169
CHNG 8
HE THONG LAI
Muc tieu:
1. Ve c s o cau tao va neu c cac bo phan va chi tiet cua he thong lai.
2. nh ngha c cac ty so truyen cua he thong lai.
3. Xac nh c lc cc ai tac dung len vo lang.
4. Tnh toan c hnh thang lai.
5. Trnh bay c van e phoi hp ong hoc gia he thong treo va he thong lai.
170

8.1.1 Cong dung:
He thong lai dung e thay oi phng chuyen ong cua o to nh quay cac banh dan hng
cung nh e gi phng chuyen ong thang hay chuyen ong cong cua o to khi can thiet.
Muon quay vong o to phai co momen quay vong. Momen nay co the phat sinh nh cac phan
lc ben khi quay banh dan hng.
8.1.2. Yeu cau:
Yeu cau oi vi he thong lai la :
Quay vong o to that ngoat trong mot thi gian rat ngan tren mot dien tch rat be.
Lai nhe, tc la lc can thiet e quay vanh tay lai phai nho.
ong hoc quay vong ung, cac banh xe cua tat ca cac cau phai lan theo nhng vong tron
ong tam (neu ieu kien nay khong am bao lop se trt tren ng nen chong mon va cong suat se
mat mat e tieu hao cho lc ma sat trt).
Ngi lai t ton sc, u cam giac e quay vong tay lai va he thong lai u sc ngan can va
ap cua cac banh dan hng len vanh tay lai (ngi lai met).
O to chuyen ong thang phai on nh.
at c cau lai tren phan c treo (e ket cau cua he thong treo banh trc khong anh
hng en ong hoc cua c cau lai).
8.1.3. Phan loai:
* Theo cach bo tr vo lang chia ra:
He thong lai vi vo lang bo tr ben trai (khi chieu thuan chuyen ong theo luat i ng la
chieu phai nh cac nc trong phe xa hoi chu ngha, cac nc Phap, My v.v)
He thong lai vi vo lang at ben phai (khi chieu thuan chuyen ong la chieu trai nh cac
nc Anh, Nhat, Thuy ien).
*
Theo ket cau cua c cau lai chia ra:
Loai c kh gom co:

Truc vt banh vt (vi hnh re quat rang hay con lan).
Truc vt on quay (vi mot hay hai chot tren on quay).
Thanh kha.
Lien hp (truc vt ecu va on quay hay truc vt ecu va thanh kha re quat rang).
Loai thuy lc.
Theo ket cau va nguyen ly lam viec cua bo tr lc chia ra:

Loai tr lc thuy lc.
Loai tr lc kh (gom ca cng hoa chan khong).
Loai tr lc ien.
Loai tr lc c kh.
171
8.2. S O CAU TAO HE THONG LAI:

Trong trng hp tong quat he thong lai gom co: c cau lai, truyen ong lai va bo phan tr lc.
Tren mot so o to (o to tai co tai trong be, o to du lch co cong suat lt nho va cong suat lt trung bnh)
co the khong at bo tr lc lai.
Hnh 8.1: S o he thong lai o to

Tren hnh 8.1 trnh bay s o n gian nhat cua he thong lai. Vanh tay lai 1 c gan tren mot
au truc lai 2. au kia co at truc vt 3. Truc vt 3 an khp vi banh vt 4 (banh vt 4 nam tren truc
14). Bo truc vt banh vt 3, 4 va vo cha bo truc vt, banh vt la c cau lai. Truyen ong lai gom on
quay ng 13, thanh keo doc 12, on quay ngang 7, hnh thang lai gom ba thanh 6, 10, 11 va cac
cam quay ben trai va ben phai 5, 9.
Vanh tay lai co nhiem vu tao ra momen quay can thiet khi ngi lai tac dung vao. Vanh tay lai
co dang vanh tron co nan hoa bo tr eu hay khong eu quanh vanh trong cua banh lai. Momen lai la
tch so cua lc lai tren vanh tay lai nhan vi ban knh cua vanh tay lai.
Truc lai thng la mot on dai ac hoac rong. Truc lai co nhiem vu truyen momen lai xuong c
cau lai.
C cau lai co nhiem vu bien chuyen ong quay tron thanh chuyen ong goc trong mat phang
thang ng cua on quay ng va giam ty so truyen theo yeu cau can thiet.
Hnh 8.2: S o he thong lai cua o to co mot cau dan

hng va he thong treo oc lap.
172
Tren hnh 8.2 trnh bay s o kieu dan ong lai mau cua cau trc dan hng he thong treo
oc lap.
ac iem chnh ay la on keo ngang cua hnh thang lai lam ri thanh hai oan. Ket cau nh
vay ngan nga c anh hng cua s dch chuyen banh xe dan hng nay len banh xe dan hng
khac, cac khp 1 va 2 nam tren ng keo dai cua truc dao ong cac banh xe. on 3 va on keo
ngang va cung vi on quay ng xac nh ong hoc dch chuyen cua thanh keo ngang.
8.3. CAC TY SO TRUYEN CUA HE THONG LAI:
Trong he thong lai co cac t so truyen sau:
T so truyen cua c cau lai i.
T so truyen cua dan ong lai id.
T so truyen theo goc cua he thong lai ig.
T so truyen lc cua he thong lai il.
8.3.1. T so truyen cua c cau lai i.:
i la t so cua goc quay cua vo lang chia cho goc quay cua on quay ng. Tuy theo c cau lai
i co the khong oi hoac thay oi. loai c cau lai co t so truyen thay oi, t so truyen co the tang
hay giam khi quay vanh tay lai ra khoi v tr trung gian.
oi vi o to du lch can ng dung loai c cau lai co t so truyen thay oi. T so truyen nay co
gia tr cc ai khi vanh tay lai v tr trung gian. Nh vay am bao c o to chuyen ong van toc
cao an toan hn, v khi vanh tay lai quay i mot goc be se lam cho banh dan hng quay t. Ngoai ra
khi o to chay toc o cao, s on nh cua banh dan hng anh hng en he thong lai cao, t so
truyen thay oi se lam cho tay lai nhe ngi lai met.
cac o to co kha nang thong qua ln cung s dung c cau lai co t so truyen thay oi nhng
gia tr cc tieu cua t so truyen lai ng vi v tr trung gian cua vanh tay lai. Bo tr t so truyen nh
vay la hp ly nhat v no am bao cho tay lai nhe khi o to can chuyen ong linh hoat.
8.3.2. T so truyen cua dan ong lai id:
id phu thuoc vao kch thc va quan he cua cac canh tay on. Trong qua trnh banh dan hng
quay vong gia tr canh tay on cua cac on dan ong se thay oi. Trong cac ket cau hien nay id thay
oi khong nhieu lam.
id = 0,85 1,1
8.3.3. T so truyen theo goc cua he thong lai ig:
ig la ty so cua goc quay vanh tay lai len goc quay cua banh dan hng. T so truyen nay bang
tch so cua t so truyen cua c cau lai i vi t so truyen dan cua ong lai.
ig = i. id
(8.1)
173
8.3.4. T so truyen lc cua he thong lai il:
l
rbx
rl
Hnh 8.3: S o tru ng nghieng trong mat phang ngang.

il la ty so cua tong lc can khi o to quay vong chia cho lc at tren vanh tay lai can thiet e
khac phuc c lc can quay vong.
il =
Pc
Pl
Pc =
Mc
;
c
Pl =
Ml
r
o:
Mc Momen can quay vong cua banh xe.
c Canh tay on quay vong, tc la khoang cach t tam mat ta cua lop en ng truc ng
keo dai (hnh 8.3).
Ml Momen lai at tren vanh tay lai.
r Ban knh vanh tay lai.
M r
Nh vay :
il = c
cM l
Mc
= i g va do o
Ml
r
il = i g
c
Bo qua cac lc ma sat ta co
(8.2)
Ban knh vanh tay lai a so o to hien nay la 200 250mm va t so truyen goc ig khong vt qua
25 v vay il khong c chon ln qua. Canh tay on cung khong nen giam nhieu v giam nhieu se
lam cho o to chuyen ong khong on nh v banh xe nghieng trong mat phang ngang nhieu qua, il
hien nay chon trong khoang t 100 300.
Neu t so truyen il oi hoi phai ln hn th can thiet phai at bo tr lc tay lai trong he thong lai.
174
8.4. XAC NH LC CC AI TAC DUN G LEN VO LANG:

Tren hnh 8.5 trnh bay s o lc tac dung len he thong lai. Lc tac dung len vanh tay lai cua o
to se at gia tr cc ai khi ta quay vong o to tai cho. Luc ay momen can quay vong tren mot banh
xe dan hng Mc se bang tong so cua momen can chuyen ong M1, momen can do cac banh xe
trt le tren ng M2 va momen can can thiet e lam on nh dan hng M3 do canh tay on c
(hnh 8.3). Khi xac nh gia tr lc cc ai tac dung len vanh tay lai Pl max, th M3 co the bo qua. Khi
can o chnh xac cao th phai tnh ca M3 .
Momen can chuyen ong : M1 = Gbx fc
Trong o:
Gbx Trong lng tac dung len mot banh xe dan hng,
f
He so can lan : f = 0,015,
c
Chieu dai canh tay on (hnh 8.5).
Khi co lc ngang Y tac dung len banh xe, do s an hoi ben cua lop, dien tch tiep xuc gia lop
vi ng se b quay tng oi so vi mat phang banh xe. iem at cua lc ngang Y se dch chuyen
mot oan x nao o ve pha sau oi vi truc banh xe. oan x c tha nhan bang mot phan t chieu
dai cua be mat tiep xuc gia lop vi ng. Nh vay theo hnh 8.4 ta co :
x = 0,5 r 2 rbx2
ay: r Ban knh t do cua banh xe.
rbx
Hnh 8.4: ac iem lc ngang tac dung len banh xe khi quay vong
Neu tha nhan rbx = 0,96r ta co x = 0,14r th :
M2 = Yx = 0,14Gbx 1r
ay: 1 He so bam ngang, lay 1 = 0,85
Tong momen can quay vong ca hai banh dan hng la:
Mc = 2(M1 + M2) = 2Gbx(fc + 0,14 1.r)
175
(8.3)
Hnh 8.5: S o lc tac dung len he thong lai

Suy ra :
Plmax =
Mc
Ri i d t
(8.4)
1
ay :
He so tnh en anh hng cua M3 sinh ra do cau trc o to b nang len, khi xe quay vong.
= 1,07 1,15
1 Hieu suat tnh en tieu hao do ma sat cam quay va cac khp noi trong truyen ong lai,
vi o to ch co cau trc dan hng 1 =0,50 0,70
t Hieu suat thuan cua c cau lai.
Canh tay on cmin thng xac nh theo thc nghiem, vi o to tai loai thng cmin = 30 60mm,
o to tai loai ln cmin = 60 100mm.
R Ban knh cua vanh tay lai trong khoang t 0,19m (oi vi o to co cong suat be) en
0,275m (oi vi o to tai nang va o to buyt) khi tnh toan vi o to tai nang va o to buyt
(khong co cng hoa) lay Plmax = 500N.
176
oi vi o to du lch, t so truyen i lay t 12 20 va o to tai lay t 16 32. Muon giam Plmax th

tang i, nhng goc quay banh dan hng se giam neu cung mot goc quay cua vanh tay lai. Nh vay
thi gian quay vong cua o to se tang. Nh vay oi vi xe cao toc can quay vong nhanh phai chon i
be. Neu chon i tren c s ng vi goc quay banh dan hng 350 400 t v tr trung gian th vanh
tay lai se quay t 1,0 en 1,75 vong (nhng khong ln hn 2,0 vong) oi vi v tr trung gian luc o to
chay thang.
8.5. TNH TOAN HNH THANG LAI:
8.5.1. ong hoc cua hnh thang lai:
Khi tnh toan thiet ke ong hoc cua hnh thang lai, ngi ta xac nh cac kch thc cua hnh
thang lai, cac goc nghieng cua cac on ben cua hnh thang lai oi vi truc doc cua o to va chon t so
truyen can thiet cua cac on dan ong lai.
Khi tnh toan kiem tra ong hoc cua hnh thang lai ngi ta xac nh quan he thc te cua cac
goc quay cac banh dan hng oi vi mot o to cu the va so sanh no vi quan he ly thuyet (khong ke
en o bien dang cua lop).
Muon o to quay vong khong b trt th ieu kien can va u la cac banh xe phai cung quay
quanh mot tam quay O.
Khi quay vong, cac banh dan hng quay cung vi ngong quay, nhng do ngong quay nam
trong dam cau trc nen ch quay quanh truc cua no ma khong di chuyen v tr. Quan he gia cac
ngong quay nh hnh thang lai ma ta goi la hnh thang lai anto. Tren hnh 8.6 theo ly thuyet o to ta
co goc > . Hnh thang lai co nhiem vu am bao cho hai banh dan hng quay vi cac goc va
theo quan he khong oi am bao ieu kien quay khong trt nh sau:
OD
OC
cotg =
, cotg =
L
L
OD OC b
Vay:
cotg - cotg =
=
(8.5)
L
L
ay :
O tam quay vong.
L Khoang cach gia hai cau o to hay la chieu dai c s cua o to.
b Khoang cach gia tam cua cac ngong quay.
(tam cua ngong quay la giao iem cua truc ngong quay va truc cua tru ng).
Phng trnh (8.5) cha ke en o bien dang ben cua cac banh xe. e khi o to quay vong vi
cac ban knh quay vong khac nhau ma quan he gia va van gi c nh cong thc (8.5) th
dang hnh thang lai anto phai hoan toan xac nh. Hnh thang lai anto khong the hoan toan thoa
man quan he trong cong thc (8.5) nhng co the chon mot quan he c cau hnh thang lai cho ta sai
lech vi quan he ly thuyet mot t.
8.5.2. Kiem tra hnh thang lai:
Phng trnh (8.5) co the giai quyet theo phng phap hnh hoc nh sau : tren hnh 8.6 ta noi
iem gia G cua cau trc vi iem C nam tren cau sau. Khoang cach t C en iem gia cau sau
177
G bang
AB
. Noi iem E la giao iem cua truc banh xe ngoai (banh xe xa tam quay vong) keo dai
2
vi oan GC, vi iem B (la tam quay cua banh xe trong). Ta se chng minh goc GBE = .
Muon vay ta ha EF vuong goc vi cau trc AB.
b
GF
BF 2
Ta se co : cotg GBE = cotg FBE =
=
EF
EF
b
+ GF
AF 2
=
Trong EFA ta co : cotg =
EF
EF
Hai GEF va GCB ong dang cho ta quan he gia hai goc cotg va cotg GBE :
cotg - cotg GBE =
2GF b
=
EF L
(8.6)
So sanh hai cong thc (8.6) va (8.5) ta thay GBE = .
A
G
G'
Hnh 8.6: S o xac nh quan he gia goc quay cua cac banh xe dan hng
Cach chng minh theo phng phap hnh hoc tren ay cho phep ta kiem tra c o chnh
xac cua cac hnh thang lai san co bang cach sau: Ve c cau hnh thang lai theo mot t le thu nho tren
giay roi thay oi v tr cua hnh thang lai e tm cac goc va tng ng khac nhau. Xong at cac
goc va khac nhau tng oi mot v tr nh tren hnh 8.6. Giao iem cua chung nam cang sat
ng GC th cang chng to la hnh thang lai thiet ke ra la t sai vi phng trnh ly thuyet (8.5),
ngha la o to se t trt khi quay vong.
8.5.3. Tnh toan thiet ke hnh thang lai:
Nhiem vu c ban khi thiet ke hnh thang lai anto la xac nh ung goc nghieng cua cac
on ben khi o to chay thang. Tren hnh 8.7 bieu dien s o hnh thang lai anto. v tr trung gian
178
cua cac banh xe, cac goc gia hai on nghieng ben va cau trc bang nhau. Nhiem vu chnh cua
ngi thiet ke la chon ung goc , v chon cang ung th khi quay vong cac banh dan hng cang t
trt. Thc te cho thay khong the nao chon ung tuyet oi c v ch tnh toan gan ung bang giai
tch cung a het sc kho khan.
xL
L
Hnh 8.7: S o xac nh goc nghieng cua cac on ben cua hnh thang lai
Xac nh kch thc cua hnh thang lai gom co xac nh goc hoac goc (hnh 8.8), chieu dai
m va n cua cac on ben va on ngang.
b
B
m
I
L'
F'
Hnh 8.8: S o hnh thang lai vi goc la goc gia on nghieng

ben va ng song song vi truc doc cua o to
ng am net tren hnh 8.8 la v tr banh dan hng luc o to chuyen ong thang, ng net
t la luc quay banh dan hng, tc la luc o to quay vong. Luc ay on BL quay i 1 goc , on AF
quay i goc . T L ve ng song song vi AB, ta co oan IH. T F ve ng vuong goc vi AB
gap IH tai N, ta se tm c quan he hnh hoc gia , va :
IH = b = IL' + L' N + NH
(8.7)
L' N = b IL' - NH = b msin ( + ) msin ( - )
Mat khac :
L' N =
L' F '2 F ' N 2 =
L F 2 F' N 2 =
179
(b 2m sin )2 [m cos( ) m cos( + )]2
(8.8)
So sanh hai cong thc (8.7) va (8.8) ta c:

b msin ( + ) msin ( - ) =
=
(b 2m sin )2 [m cos( ) m cos( + )]2
Qua mot bien oi trung gian ta co :

m b sin ( + ) 2m sin 2 + 2b sin
m cos ( + )
= + arctg
- arcsin
b m sin ( + )
m 2 cos 2 ( + ) + [b m sin ( + )]2
(8.9)
Theo phng trnh (8.9) neu cho trc mot goc th ng vi 1 tr so cua ta se co tr so cua
tng ng, ngha la : = f( ,).
Nh vay neu cho mot gia tr ta se co mot ng cong. Tren he toa o (, ), cho mot so tr so
cua ta se co mot so ng cong (hnh 8.9). Mat khac theo phng trnh (8.5) ta cung se ve c
ng cong ly thuyet . Chon cua ng cong nao nam sat ng ly thuyet nhat (trong cac goc
thng quay cua la t 00 450 ) e thiet ke. S sai lech tren hnh 8.9 phai be hn 10, neu ln
hn 10 se gay mon lop nhanh va xe trt nhieu khi quay vong vi ban knh quay vong nho.
1 > 2
Dmax
2 > 3
lt
3 lt
4 < 3
lt = tt
5 < 4
khi Rmin
D = 0
Hnh 8.9: o th e chon goc nghieng cua cac on ben cua hnh thang lai
Khi thiet ke hnh thang lai th b, L a biet, con m thong thng c chon theo kinh nghiem
m=0,14 0,16b. e co c s chon ban au cho nhanh va sat gan vi ng lt (ly thuyet) ta chon
s bo <350. Co ta tnh c n.
n = b 2msin
Chon cac thong so hnh thang lai hp ly th goc quay thc te cac banh xe ch sai lech 3 5% so
vi goc quay ly thuyet.
180
Tren hnh 8.9 ng am la ng cong ly thuyet ch ro quan he chnh xac gia va con cac
ng cong 1 va 2 bieu dien quan he thc te gia cac goc va khi ta cho cac gia tr 1, 2
m b
,
khac nhau. Ket qua la ta se xac nh
khac nhau. Lap nh vay co the thc hien vi cac t so
n L
b
m
c cac gia tr hp ly cua = hl phu thuoc vao t so cua
va .
L
n
m
n
66
68
70
72
74
0,44
0,48
0,52 0,56
0,6
b
L
Hnh 8.10: o th bieu dien quan he phu thuoc vao ty so
b
m
va
L
n
m
, nh vay o th tren hnh 8.10 cho
n
b
m
cac o dai
khac nhau. o th lap tren c s
gia tr thuan li nhat cua phu thuoc theo t so
L
n
gia thiet la hnh thang lai anto at sau cau trc (hnh 8.8). o th nay chnh xac vi nhng goc
quay ln nhat cua banh xe ngoai nho hn 400 (400 goc quay gan gia tr cc ai).
Tren hnh 8.10 trnh bay ket qua tnh toan cho ba gia tr
8.6. PHOI HP ONG HOC GIA HE THONG TREO VA HE THONG LAI:

Nhng banh xe dan hng cua o to trong mot so ieu kien nhat nh b dao ong goc co tnh
chat chu ky xung quanh tru ng. Hien tng nay thng c cam nhan tay ngi lai. Nhng dao
ong man h cua cac banh dan hng co the lam mat tnh nang dan hng cua o to.
Mot trong nhng nguyen nhan gay nen nhng dao ong goc cua banh dan hng khi xe chay
tren mat ng go ghe co the la do s phoi hp khong ung ve ong hoc di chuyen cua cac thanh
keo lai va nhp. Neu khi cac banh dan hng dch chuyen thang ng ma ong hoc cua cac iem gi
banh xe hoac truc trc vi nhp va cua on quay ngang vi thanh keo doc he thong lai khong co s
phoi hp ung th cung co the gay nen nhng dao ong goc cua cac banh dan hng. Th du ong
hoc cua bo phan an hoi he thong treo co the lam cho tam banh xe di chuyen theo cung AA vi tam
dao ong iem 4 cua khp quay trc cua nhp 1 (hnh 8.11a), con ong hoc cua thanh keo doc 3
lai lam cho banh xe di chuyen theo cung BB vi tam quay khp cau 2 cua on quay ng. ieu
nay se dan ti viec lam nay sinh nhng dao ong goc cua cac ban h xe dan hng do tac ong cua
nhng dao ong thang ng.
181
e phoi hp ong hoc ung gia he thong treo va dan ong lai, ngi ta s dung cac cach bo
tr nh tren hnh 8.11 b va 8.11 c, vi muc ch e quy ao dao ong cua na nhp va thanh keo doc
se co cung hng vi nhau.
Nhng dao ong goc manh (con goi la hien tng vay) cua cac banh xe dan hng co the pha
hong tnh nang dan hng cua xe. Nhng dao ong nay co hai tan so: cao va thap. Nhng dao ong
co tan so thap (nho hn 1Hz) va bien o ln hn 2 30 la co hai hn ca, nhng dao ong co tan so
cao (ln hn 10Hz) nhng bien o nho 1,5 20 th t nguy hiem hn.
Khi thiet ke va trong qua trnh s dung, ngi ta co gang tm moi bien phap e giam dao ong
goc cua cac banh xe dan hng nh: tang o cng cua he thong dan ong lai, am bao o can bang
ong cua cac ban h xe, ieu chnh ung dan ong lai va khong e nhng khe h ln do mai mon
trong cac chi tiet cua cau trc.
Hnh 8.11: Phoi hp ong hoc gia he thong treo va he thong lai
182
CHNG 9
HE THONG PHANH
Muc tieu:
1. Ve c s o cau tao cac he thong phanh.
2. Tnh toan c momen phanh can thiet tai cac c cau phanh.
3. Xac nh c qui luat phan bo ap suat tren ma phanh guoc.
4. Tnh toan c c cau phanh guoc.
5. Tnh toan c truyen ong phanh.
6. Giai thch c nguyen ly lam viec cua he thong phanh ABS.
7. Giai thch c hoat ong cua cum van phan phoi ap suat dau cua he thong phanh ABS.
183

9.1.1. Cong dung:
He thong phanh dung e giam toc o cua o to cho en khi dng han hoac en mot toc o can
thiet nao ay. Ngoai ra he thong phanh con dung e gi o to ng cac doc.
oi vi o to he thong phanh la mot trong nhng cum quan trong nhat, bi v no am bao cho o
to chay an toan toc o cao, do o co the nang cao c nang suat van chuyen.
He thong phanh gom co c cau phanh e ham trc tiep toc o goc cua cac banh xe hoac mot
truc nao ay cua he thong truyen lc va truyen ong phanh e dan ong cac c cau phanh.
9.1.2. Yeu cau:
He thong phanh phai am bao cac yeu cau sau :
Quang ng phanh ngan nhat khi phanh ot ngot trong trng hp nguy hiem. Muon co
quang ng phanh ngan nhat th phai am bao gia toc cham dan cc ai.
Phanh em du trong bat ky moi trng hp e am bao s on nh cua oto khi phanh.
ieu khien nhe nhang, ngha la lc tac dung len ban ap hay on ieu khien khong ln.
Thi gian nhay cam be, ngha la truyen ong phanh co o nhay cam ln.
Phan bo momen phanh tren cac banh xe phai theo quan he s dung hoan toa n trong lng
bam khi phanh vi bat ky cng o nao.
Khong co hien tng t siet phanh khi o to chuyen ong tnh tien hoac quay vong.
C cau phanh thoat nhiet tot.
Gi c ty le thuan gia lc tren ban ap hoac on ieu khien vi lc phanh tren banh xe.
Co kha nang phanh khi ng trong thi gian dai.
9.1.3. Phan loai:
Tuy theo cach bo tr c cau phanh cac banh xe hoac truc cua he thong truyen lc ma chia ra
phanh banh xe va phanh truyen lc.
o to c cau phanh chnh at banh xe (phanh chan) co n c cau phanh tay thng at truc
th cap cua hop so hoac hop phan phoi (o to 2 cau chu ong). Cung co khi c cau phanh chnh va
phanh tay phoi hp lam mot va at banh xe, trong trng hp nay se lam truyen ong rieng re.
Theo bo phan tien hanh phanh, c cau phanh con chia ra phanh guoc, phanh dai va phanh a.
Phanh guoc s dung rong rai tren o to con phanh a ngay nay ang co chieu hng ap dung.
Phanh dai c s dung c cau phanh phu (phanh tay).
Theo loai bo phan quay, c cau phanh con chia ra loai trong va a. Phanh a con chia ra mot
hoac nhieu a tuy theo so lng a quay.
C cau phanh con chia ra loai can bang va khong can bang. C cau phanh can bang khi tien
hanh phanh khong sinh ra lc phu them len truc hay len o bi cua may banh xe, con co cau phanh
khong can bang th ngc lai.
Truyen ong phanh co loai c, thuy, kh, ien va lien hp. o to du lch va o to van tai tai
trong nho thng dung truyen ong phanh loai thuy (phanh dau). Truyen ong phanh bang kh
(phanh hi) thng dung tren cac o to van tai tai trong ln va tren o to hanh khac h, ngoai ra con
184
dung tren o to van tai tai trong trung bnh co ong c iezen cung nh tren cac o to keo e keo oan
xe. Truyen ong phanh bang ien c du ng cac oan o to. Truyen ong loai c ch dung phanh
tay.
9.2. S O CAU TAO CAC HE THONG PHANH:
He thong phanh tren o to gom co phanh chnh (phanh banh xe hay con goi la phanh chan) va
phanh phu (phanh truyen lc hay con goi la phanh tay). S d phai lam ca phanh chnh va phanh phu
la e am bao an toan khi o to chuyen ong. Phanh chnh va phanh phu co the co c cau phanh va
truyen ong phanh hoan toa n rieng re hoac co the co chung c cau phanh (at banh xe) nhng
truyen ong phanh hoan toan rieng re. Truyen ong phanh cua phanh phu thng dung loai c.
Phanh chnh thng dung truyen ong loai thuy goi la phanh dau hoac truyen ong loai kh
goi la phanh kh. Khi dung phanh dau th lc tac dung len ban ap phanh se ln hn so vi phanh kh,
v lc nay la e sinh ra ap suat cua dau trong bau cha dau cua he thong phanh, con phanh kh lc
nay ch can thang lc can lo xo e m van phan phoi cua he thong phanh. V vay phanh dau ch nen
dung o to du lch, van tai c nho va trung bnh v cac loai o to nay momen phanh cac banh xe
be, do o lc tren ban ap cu ng be. Ngoai ra phanh dau thng gon gang hn phanh kh v no khong
co cac bau cha kh kch thc ln va o nhay khi phanh tot, cho nen bo tr no de dang va s dung
thch hp oi vi cac o to ke tren.
Phanh kh thng s dung tren o to van tai trung bnh va ln. Ngoai ra cac o to loai nay con
dung he thong phanh thuy kh. Dung he thong phanh nay la ket h p u iem cua phanh kh va phanh
dau.
S o ket cau cac loai he thong phanh cua o to c trnh bay sau ay:
9.2.1. S o cau tao he thong phanh dau:
phanh dau lc tac dung t ban ap en c cau phanh qua chat long (chat long c coi nh
khong an hoi khi ep) cac ng ong.
S o he thong phanh dau (hnh 9.1) gom co 2 phan chnh: truyen ong phanh va c cau phanh.
Truyen ong phanh bo tr tren khung xe gom co: ban ap 1, xilanh chnh co bau cha dau 2 e tao ra
ap suat cao, cac ong dan dau 3 en cac c cau phanh. C cau phanh at banh xe gom co: xilanh
lam viec 4, ma phanh 5, lo xo keo 6, trong phanh 7.
Nguyen ly lam viec cua he thong phanh dau nh sau: khi ngi lai tac du ng vao ban ap 1 qua
he thong on se ay pttong nam trong xilanh 2, do o dau b ep va sinh ra ap suat cao trong xilanh 2
va trong ng ong dan 3. Chat long vi ap suat cao se tac dung len be mat cua hai pittong xilanh
4. Hai pttong nay tha ng lc lo xo 6 se ay hai ma phanh 5 ep sat vao trong phanh 7 va tien hanh
phanh o to v trong phanh 7 c gan lien vi moay banh xe. Khi nha ban a p ngha la luc ngng
phanh, lo xo 6 se keo hai ma phanh 5 ve v tr ban au, di tac dung cua lo xo 6 cac pttong trong
xilanh lam viec 4 se ep dau tr lai xilanh chnh 2.
185
Qb
3
d
l'
4
6
Hnh 9.1: S o he thong phanh dau o to

S lam viec cua phanh dau lam viec tren nguyen ly cua thuy lc tnh hoc. Neu tac dung len ban
ap phanh th ap suat truyen en cac xilanh lam viec se nh nhau. Lc tren cac ma phanh phu thuoc
vao ng knh pttong cac xilanh lam viec. Muon co momen phanh banh xe trc khac banh xe
sau ch can lam ng knh pttong cua cac xilanh lam viec khac nhau.
Lc tac dung len cac ma phanh phu thuoc vao ty so truyen cua truyen ong: oi vi phanh dau
bang ty so truyen cua phan truyen ong c kh nhan vi ty so truyen cua phan truyen ong thuy lc.
Neu pittong xilanh lam viec co dien tch gap oi dien tch cua pittong xilanh chnh th lc tac
dung len pittong xilanh lam viec se ln gap oi. Nh the ty so truyen se tang len hai lan, nhng
trong luc o hanh trnh cua pittong lam viec se giam i hai lan, v vay ma chung co quan he theo ty
le nghch vi nhau cho ne n lam kho khan trong khi thiet ke truyen ong phanh.
ac iem quan trong cua he thong phanh dau la cac banh xe c phanh cung mot luc v ap
suat trong ng ong dau ch bat au tang len khi tat ca cac ma phanh ep sat vao cac trong phanh
khong phu thuoc vao ng knh xilanh lam viec va khe h gia trong phanh va ma phanh.
He thong phanh dau co cac u iem sau:
Phanh ong thi cac banh xe vi s phan bo lc phanh gia cac banh xe hoac gia cac ma
phanh theo yeu cau.
Hieu suat cao.
o nhay tot, ket cau n gian.
Co kha nang dung tren nhieu loai oto khac nhau ma ch can thay oi c cau phanh.
Khuyet iem cua he thong phanh dau la:
Khong the lam ty so truyen ln c v the phanh dau khong co cng hoa ch dung cho o to
co trong lng toan bo nho, lc tac dung len ban ap ln.
Khi co cho nao b h hong th ca he thong phanh eu khong lam viec c.
Hieu suat truyen ong se giam nhiet o thap.
9.2.2. S o cau tao he thong phanh kh:
Phanh kh s du ng nang lng cua kh nen e tien hanh phanh, ngi lai khong ca n mat nhieu
lc e ieu khien phanh ma ch can thang lo xo van phan phoi e ieu khien viec cung cap kh nen
hoac lam thoat kh cac bo phan lam viec. Nh the ma phanh kh ieu khien nhe nhang hn.
186
Nguyen ly lam viec cua he thong phanh kh theo s o (hnh 9.2) nh sau:
May nen kh 1 c dan ong bang ong c se bm kh nen qua bnh lang nc va dau 2 en
bnh cha kh nen 3. Ap suat cua kh nen trong bnh xac nh theo ap ke 8 at trong buong lai. Khi
can phanh ngi lai tac dung vao ban a p 7, ban ap se dan ong on van pha n phoi 4, luc o kh
nen se t bnh cha 3 qua van phan phoi 4 en cac bau phanh 5 va 6. Mang cua bau phanh se b ep
va dan ong cam phanh 9 quay, do o cac ma phanh 10 c ep vao trong phanh 11 e tien hanh qua
trnh phanh.
10
11
Hnh 9.2: S o lam viec cua he thong phanh kh o to

Trong trng hp keo rmooc (oan xe) he thong phanh can am bao chuyen ong an toan cho
oan xe. Bo tr he thong phanh o to keo va rmooc co the theo s o hnh 9.3.
Cac s o phan biet vi nhau theo so lng ng ong dan noi o to keo vi rmooc ra loai 1
dong hoac 2 do ng.
Cac phan con lai se giong nhau theo hnh 9.3a, khong kh c nen bang may nen kh 1 roi
truyen ti bnh loc 2 va bo phan ieu chnh ap suat 3 en cac bnh cha kh nen 4. Khi trong cac
bnh cha kh 4 co ay u lng d tr khong kh nen th bo phan ieu chnh 3 se cat khong ca p kh
t may nen vao bnh cha na.
e phong trng hp ap suat co the tang ot ngot ng dan kh, trong he thong co at van an
toan 5. Khong kh nen c i t bnh cha en van phan phoi 11. Khi can phanh ngi lai se tac
dung le n ban ap phanh qua he thong on en van pha n phoi 11 va m cho kh nen vao cac buong
phanh 9, t o se dan ong cam phanh ep cac ma phanh vao trong phanh e tien hanh qua trnh
phanh.
e phanh rmooc, trong he thong co trang b van pha n phoi 6 cho rmooc. Khi khong phanh
khong kh nen c truyen qua van 6 ong dan va au noi 7 e cung cap kh nen cho he thong
rmooc. Khi phanh th khong kh nen c thoat ra ngoai khoi ng ong noi o to keo va rmooc qua
van 6. Do ap suat ng ong noi b giam nen he thong phanh rmooc bat au lam viec.
187
a)
b)
Hnh 9.3: S o lam viec cua he thong phanh kh co phanh rmooc
Khi co khong kh nen co the phanh rmooc bang tay on 10, tay on nay se tac dung len van
phan phoi 6 cua he thong phanh rmooc. Khi o to lam viec khong keo rmooc th ng ong dan cua
he thong phanh rmooc c tach ra khoi ng ong cua he thong o to bi van bt kn 8.
he thong phanh kh hai dong (hnh 9.3b) phan cung ca p kh (gom may nen kh 1, bnh loc 2,
bo phan ieu chnh 3, cac bnh cha 4 va van an toan 5) giong nh he thong phanh kh mot dong, ch
khac la van 11 ieu khien ca he thong phanh cua o to va he thong phanh rmooc c noi vi nhau
bi hai ng ong. Mot ng ong noi vi ong cung cap 12, ong nay thng xuyen co kh nen da n
en he thong phanh rmooc. ng ong th hai noi vi ong co khong kh vao e ieu khien he thong
phanh rmooc.
Khac vi he thong phanh kh mot dong he thong phanh kh hai dong, khi phanh ap suat trong
ng ong ieu khien tang len, nh the ma he thong phanh rmooc se bat au lam viec.
188
So sanh he thong phanh kh mot dong va hai dong co the rut ra ket luan sau:
He thong phanh mot dong co the ieu khien rieng re he thong phanh o to keo va rmooc, hay
co the ieu khien cung mot luc tuy theo yeu cau s phanh hp ly oan xe. ieu nay am bao tnh on
nh cua xe khi phanh.
He thong phanh hai dong, khong kh nen cap cho o to keo va phanh cua rmooc bang mot
van chung. V the se co hien tng cap kho ng kh nen kho ng kp thi cho phanh rmooc nhat la oi
vi xe co keo nhieu r mooc.
He thong phanh hai dong co u iem la thng xuyen cung ca p khong kh cho he thong
phanh rmooc, ieu nay co y ngha ln khi phanh thng xuyen hoac phanh lau dai.
Cac th nghiem he thong phanh trong phong th nghiem va tren ng chng to he thong phanh
mot dong u viet hn he tho ng phanh hai do ng. V the cac xe hien nay chu yeu dung he thong
phanh kh mot dong.
He thong phanh kh co u iem la lc tac dung len ban ap rat be. V vay no c trang b cho
o to van tai tai trong ln, co kha nang ieu khien he thong phanh rmooc bang cach noi he thong
phanh rmooc vi he thong phanh cua o to keo.
Dan ong phanh bang kh nen am bao che o phanh rmooc khac o to keo , do o phanh oan
xe c on nh, khi rmooc b tach khoi o to keo th rmooc se b phanh mot cach t ong.
u iem na cua he thong phanh kh la co kha nang c kh hoa qua trnh ieu khien o to va co
the s dung khong kh nen cho cac bo pha n lam viec nh he thong treo loai kh.
Khuyet iem cua he thong phanh kh la so lng cac cum kha nhieu, kch thc chung ln va
gia thanh cao, o nhay t, ngha la thi gian he thong phanh bat au lam viec ke t khi ngi lai bat
au tac dung kha ln.
9.2.3 S o cau tao he thong phanh thuy kh:
Tren hnh 9.4 trnh bay s o phanh thuy kh. He thong phanh thuy kh gom co may nen kh 1
dan ong bang ong c o to, bnh loc 2, bnh cha kh nen 3, xilanh lc, van va xilanh phanh chnh 4
(ba bo phan nay ket hp lam mot cum), ong dan dau 5, xilanh lam viec 6, ma phanh 7, trong phanh 8,
ban ap ieu khien 9.
May nen kh 1 qua bnh loc 2 se cung cap kh nen en bnh cha 3. Khi tac dung len ban ap 9
van se m e kh nen t bnh 3 en xilanh lc sinh lc ep tren pittong cua xilanh chnh 4, dau di ap
lc cao se truyen qua ong dan 5 en cac xilanh 6 do o se dan ong en cac ma phanh 7 va tien hanh
qua trnh phanh. Cac ong dan kh he thong phanh nay ngan cho nen o nhay cua he thong phanh
tang len.
Phanh thuy kh thng dung tren o to tai tai trong trung bnh va ln. No phoi hp ca u iem
cua phanh kh va phanh dau cu the la lc tac dung len ban ap be, o nhay cao, hieu suat ln va co
the s dung c cau phanh nhieu loai khac nhau.
Phanh thuy kh s dung cha rong rai do phan truyen ong thuy lc co nhng nhc iem :
nhiet o thap hieu suat giam, cham soc ky thuat phc tap nh kiem tra mc dau va thoat khong kh
khoi truyen ong, v.v
189
Hnh 9.4: S o he thong phanh thuy kh mot dong
9.3. TNH TOAN MOMEN PHANH CAN THIET TAI CAC C CAU PHANH:
Momen phanh sinh ra c cau phanh cua o to phai am bao giam toc o hoac dng o to hoan
toan vi gia toc cham dan trong gii han cho phep. Ngoai ra con phai am bao gi o to ng o
doc cc ai (momen phanh sinh ra phanh tay).
oi vi o to lc phanh cc ai co the tac dung len mot banh xe cau trc khi phanh tren
ng bang phang la:
G
Gb
Pp1 = 1 m 1p =
m1 p
(9.1)
2
2L
cau sau la:
G
Ga
Pp2 = 2 m 2p =
m 2p
(9.2)
2
2L
ay:
G
Trong lng o to khi tai ay.
G1, G2 Tai trong tng ng (phan lc cua at) tac dung len cau trc va sau trang
thai tnh, tren be mat nam ngang.
m1p, m2p He so thay oi tai trong tng ng len cau trc va cau sau khi phanh.
a, b Khoang cach tng ng t trong tam o to en cau trc va cau sau.
L Chieu dai c s cua o to.
He so bam doc gia lop va ng ( = 0,7 0,8).
Cac he so m1p, m2p xac nh theo ly thuyet o to nh sau:
j max h g
' h g
m 1p = 1 +
=1+
gb
b
j max h g
' h g
m 2p = 1 =1ga
a
Trong o:
hg Chieu cao trong tam cua o to.
g
Gia toc trong trng.
jmax Gia toc cham dan cc ai khi phanh.
He so ac trng cho cng o phanh ( =
190
(9.3)
(9.4)
jmax
)
g
o to c cau phanh at trc tiep tat ca cac banh xe (phanh chan). Do o momen phanh tnh
toan can sinh ra cua moi c cau phanh cau trc la:
G
G
M p1 = 1 m 1p rbx =
(9.5)
(b + ' h g ) rbx
2
2L
cau sau (o to hai cau) la:
G
G
M p2 = 2 m 2p rbx =
(9.6)
(a - ' h g ) rbx
2
2L
Trong o: rbx Ban knh lam viec trung bnh cua banh xe.
Khi tnh toan co the chon = 0,4 0,5 va = 0,7 0,8.
ng ve ket cau cua c cau phanh guoc ma xet th momen phanh Mp1 va Mp2 phai bang:
Mp1 = Mp1 + Mp1
(9.7)
Mp2 = Mp2 + Mp2
(9.8)
ay:
Mp1, Mp1 Momen phanh sinh ra ma phanh trc va ma phanh sau cua moi c cau
phanh cau trc.
Mp2, Mp2 Momen phanh sinh ra ma phanh trc va ma phanh sau cua moi c cau
phanh cau sau.
9.4. TNH TOAN C CAU PHANH GUOC:
9.4.1. Quy luat phan bo ap suat tren ma phanh:
Muon tnh toa n c cau phanh guoc chung ta can phai biet quy luat phan bo ap suat tren ma
phanh. Tuy theo s tha nhan quy luat phan bo ap suat tren ma phanh, chung ta co nhng co ng thc
e tnh toan phanh guoc khac nhau. Th nghiem chng to rang o hao mon cac iem khac nhau cua
ma phanh khong giong nhau, bi the tha nhan quy luat phan bo ap suat eu tren ma phanh la khong
phu hp vi thc te. Chng minh sau ay cang chng to ieu o.
B A
A'
a)
b)
Hnh 9.5: S o dch chuyen ma phanh trong trong phanh

* e tm quy luat phan bo ap suat tren ma phanh chung ta tha nhan cac gia thiet sau:
+ Ap suat tai mot iem nao ay tren ma phanh ty le thuan vi bien dang hng knh cua iem
ay khi phanh, ngha la coi nh ma phanh tuan theo nh luat Huc. ieu nay tha nhan c trong
pham vi bien dang thng rat nho cua ma phanh.
191
+ Khi phanh trong va phanh guoc khong b bien dang ma ch ma phanh (tam ma sat) bie n
dang. S d nh vay la v trong va guoc phanh lam bang nguyen lieu cng hn ma phanh nhieu, ket
cau cua trong va guoc phanh co ng gan tang cng o cng vng.
+ Be mat lam viec cua ma phanh ep sat vao be mat lam viec cua trong phanh khi phanh.
Tren hnh 9.5a trnh bay s o dch chuyen guoc phanh trong trong phanh quanh tam O1.
Gia s rang trong qua trnh phanh khi ma phanh va mi cham vao be mat lam viec cua trong
phanh (thi iem bat au b bien dang) guoc phanh con quay them 1 goc na do ma phanh b bien
dang di tac dung cua lc P ong xilanh lam viec.
Neu xet iem A tren ma phanh, chung ta thay iem A ng vi thi iem ma phanh va mi
cham vao trong phanh. Trong qua trnh bien dang iem A phai quay quanh tam O1 vi ban knh O1A
va ti iem A tng ng vi goc quay rat nho cua ma phanh, ngha la O1A=O1A. T A ha ng
thang goc AB xuong ban knh OA, oan AB ac trng cho bien dang hng knh cua ma phanh tai
iem A khi ma phanh quay them goc .
Goc BA'A OAO1 = v co AB AO va AA AO1 (coi nh rat nho)

Xet tam giac vuong ABA ta co :
AB = AA'sin
Nhng AA = O1A. ( tnh theo rad) cho nen :
AB = O1 A.. sin
(9.9)
Tam giac OO1A cho ta bieu thc sau :
OO1 O1 A
=
sin
sin
Hay la:
sin
O1 A = OO1
(9.10)
sin
Thay tr so O1 A t bieu thc 9.10 vao 9.9 ta co :
AB = OO1 sin
Ap suat q tai iem A theo gia thiet th nhat se ty le vi bien dang hng knh, do o :
(9.11)
q = k AB = k OO1 . sin
ay : k o cng cua ma phanh.
Trong cong thc (9.11) k va OO1 la hang so, con se la goc quay chung cho tat ca cac iem
cua ma phanh quay quanh tam O1, cho nen no la hang so oi vi cac iem cua ma phanh.
Thay cac hang so bang mot tr so kho ng oi K va coi iem A la mot iem bat ky xac nh tren
ma phanh bi goc ( la goc thay oi), cuoi cung ta co cong thc tong quat e xac nh ap suat bat
ky iem nao tren ma phanh nh sau:
q = Ksin
(9.12)
ay:
K He so ty le (K = k OO1 . ).
Goc xac nh v tr cua iem can tnh ap suat tren ma phanh.
Cong thc (9.12) cho chung ta thay rang ap suat phan bo tren ma phanh theo quy luat ng sin.
Ap suat cc ai ng vi luc = 900 ngha la tai iem C (hnh 9.5b) (iem C cua ma phanh nam tren
truc X X thang goc vi truc Y Y i qua cac tam O va O1). Ap suat cc tieu ng vi luc = 00 va
=1800, tai cac iem ay ap suat bang khong. Bieu o phan bo ap suat tren ma phanh c ch ro
hnh 9.5b. Ap suat cc ai iem C se la:
qmax = K
192
Do o cong thc (9.12) con co the viet:

q = qmaxsin
(9.13)
Do ap suat phan bo tren ma phanh khong eu (theo luat ng sin) cho nen cac iem tren ma
phanh se hao mon khac nhau, phan gan iem C se hao mon nhieu hn, con cac au cuoi hao mon t
hn.
Trong thc te, cac au cuoi cua ma phanh hau nh khong lam viec, cung v the ma goc om o
cua ma phanh tren moi guoc phanh thng lay nho hn 120o, oi vi o to hien nay goc o thng
nam trong gii han 900 1100.
Quy luat phan bo ap suat nay lam phc tap cho viec tnh toan c cau phanh. V goc om o hien
nay khong ln lam va guoc phanh co the b bien dang khi phanh cho nen s chenh lech ve phan bo
ap suat tren ma phanh trong pham vi nh the khong ln lam. V the trong tnh toan ban au khi chon
s bo cac kch thc, chung ta coi nh ap suat phan bo eu tren ma phanh e n gian cho tnh toan.
Khi guoc phanh co o cng l n va muon tnh chnh xac chung ta phai lay quy luat phan bo theo
ng sin.
Sau ay chung ta se tnh c cau phanh cho ca hai trng hp phan bo ap suat eu va theo ng
sin.
9.4.2. Tnh toan c cau phanh:
Tnh toan c cau phanh nham muc ch xac nh cac kch thc va cac thong so c ban cua c
cau phanh e khi phanh co the sinh ra momen phanh am bao ham c o to vi hieu qua cao nhat.
Momen nay o to ma moi c cau phanh cau trc va cau sau phai sinh ra c xac nh tng ng
theo cong thc (9.5) va (9.6).
Cac momen tren c coi la momen phanh e tnh toan c cau phanh.
9.4.2.1. Xac nh goc va ban knh cua lc tong hp tac dung vuong goc len ma phanh:
9.4.2.1.1. Trng hp tha nhan ap suat phan bo eu tren ma phanh q = q1 = const:
Momen phanh sinh ra tren trong phanh phu thuoc vao ket cau cua c cau phanh. Tren hnh 9.6a
trnh bay s o tnh toan c cau phanh vi hai guoc phanh co iem ta co nh rieng re ve mot pha.
Neu truyen ong phanh la loai thuy lc (phanh dau) th lc ep P len cac guoc phanh se bang nhau khi
ong xilanh lam viec co ng knh nh nhau. Neu dung cam e ep len cac guoc phanh (truyen ong
phanh loai c kh hoac loai kh) th lc ep P1 va P2 len cac guoc phanh se khac nhau, trong khi o dch
chuyen cua cac ma phanh se giong nhau. S d P1 khac P2 la v chieu lc ma sat T1 va T2 tren cac ma
phanh khac nhau, trong khi o tr so cua chung bang nhau (T1 = T2) do dch chuyen cua hai ma phanh
nh nhau (lc T sinh ra do co lc N, ma tr so cua lc N phu thuoc vao bien dang cua ma phanh, neu
bien dang nay bang nhau th lc N1 = N2, do o T1= T2).
Chung ta se xet trng hp khi hai guoc phanh c ep mot lc P nh nhau.
Tren hnh 9.6a truc Y1 Y1 i qua hai tam O va O1 va thang goc vi truc X1 X1 i qua iem co
ap suat cc ai.
Khi phanh moi phan t cua ma phanh b tac dung t pha trong phanh bi lc thang goc dN1 va
lc ma sat dT1. Lc ma sat c tnh:
dT1 = dN1
ay:
He so ma sat gia trong phanh va ma phanh.
193
Chung ta xet mot phan t cua ma phanh nam cach truc Y1 Y1 mot goc . Phan t nay choan
goc d.
Lc thang goc dN1 tren phan t se la:
dN1 = q1brtd
(9.14)
dT1 = dN1 = q1brtd
(9.15)
ay:
q1 Ap suat phan bo tren ma phanh trc (q1 = const theo gia thiet).
b Chieu rong ma phanh.
rt Ban knh trong cua trong phanh.
d Goc om cua phan t ma phanh ang xet.
y1
P
O'
x1
rt
N1y
N1
N1x
T1
R1
dN1y
dN1
dT1
dN1x
x1
U1
Ux
O1
a)
y1
R2
U2
y2
P2
O''
O'
P1
P2
P1
x1
N1
U1
c)
T1
R1
R1
x2
U1
R2
r0
x2
T2
N2
x1
rt
U2
y1
y2
b)
Hnh 9.6: S o tnh toan c cau phanh vi cac guoc phanh co iem ta co nh rieng re ve
mot pha va lc ep len cac guoc phanh bang nhau
194
Khi ap suat phan bo eu tren ma phanh (hnh 9.7) th tong hp lc N1 cua tat ca cac lc dN1
phai nam tren truc oi xng OD cua ma phanh, ngha la D la iem gia cua cung EF.
Hnh 9.7: Xac nh goc at cua lc N1 khi a p suat phan bo eu

Goc tao bi lc N1 va truc X1 X1 se la:
= 90o - DOO1
ay:
= 90o - ( DOE + EOO1 )

- 1
+ 1)
= 90o - ( 2
2
+ 1
= 90o - 2
2
1, 2 Goc au va goc cuoi cua ma phanh (hnh 9.7)
(9.16)
Chieu lc dN1 len truc X1 X1 va Y1 Y1 ta co:

dN1X = q1brtsind
dX1Y = q1brtcosd
Tch phan trong gii han t goc 1 en 2 ta co:
2
N1X = dN1X = q1 brt sin

1
= q1 brt ( cos
N1Y = dN1Y = q 1brt cos
= q 1brt ( sin
cos 1)
(9.17)
(9.18)
sin 1) 2
(9.19)
sin
Lc tong hp thang goc N1 tac dung len ma phanh la:
N1 = N12X + N 12Y = q1brt ( cos
cos 1) 2 + ( sin
195
Momen phanh do mot phan t ma phanh sinh ra la:

dMpl = rtdT1 = q1brt2d
Momen phanh tac dung tren ca ma phanh trc la:
2
M' pl = dM' pl = q1 brt2
= q1brt2(2 - 1) = q1brt2o
ay:
(9.20)
o Goc om cua ma phanh.
Lc thang goc tong hp N1 se sinh ra lc ma sat tong hp T1 = N1. Lc T1 co iem at cach

tam O mot oan la .
Momen phanh ma phanh tnh theo cong thc (9.20) con co the tnh theo cong thc sau:
Mpl = T1 = N1
(9.21)
T o:
M' pl
(9.22)
N1
Thay cong thc (9.19) va (9.20) vao (9.22) ta co:

q 1brt2 0
=
q 1 brt ( cos 2 cos 1) 2 + ( sin 2 sin 1) 2
o t
+
( 2 sin 2
2
=
4 sin 2
1
sin 2
2
o rt
( cos 2
+
2
+
) 2 + (2 cos 2
2
+ sin 2
+
2
1
sin 2
2
)2
r
=
1
o t
2 sin
n gian na ta co cong thc:

r
2 sin
Neu thay
'
o
(9.23)
o t
o
, cong thc (9.23) se co dang sau :

=
'
o t
sin
(9.24)
'
o
ay:
o Na goc om cua ma phanh.
Can chu y rang goc o va o trong cong thc (9.23) va (9.24) tnh theo rad.
2
2
=
rt ; Neu o = 120o =
=
rt
Neu o = 90o =
th
th
2
3
2 2
3 3
196
9.4.2.1.2.
q=qmaxsin:
Trng hp ap suat tren ma phanh phan bo theo quy luat ng sin
Khi ap suat phan bo theo ng sin th cac phan t lc dN1 va dT1 tac dung len ma phanh la:
dN1 = qmax brt sin d
(9.25)
dT1 = qmax brt sin d
(9.26)
Chieu lc dN1 len truc X1- X1 ta co:
dN1x = qmax brt sin2 d
T o:
2
sin 2
= q max brt
=
4 1
2
2
N1x = dN1x = q max brt sin

1
sin 2 2 sin 2 1
1
+
q max brt 2 1
=
2
2
2
1
= q max brt (2 0 + sin 2 1 sin 2 2 )
4
=
(9.27a)
Chieu lc dN1 len truc Y1 Y1 ta co :

1
q max brt sin 2 .d
2
2
2
1
1
= q max brt sin 2 .d = q max brt sin 2 .d 2 =
4
2
1
1
dN1y = qmaxbrt sin cos.d =

2
N1Y = dN1Y
1
1
q max brt ( cos 2 )
4
1
q max brt ( cos 2 1 cos 2 2 )
4
(9.27b)
Goc tao bi lc N1 vi truc X1-X1 la :

tg =
n gian i ta c:
tg =
1
q max brt ( cos 2
4
N 1Y
=
N 1X 1
q max brt (2
4
cos 2 1 cos 2 2
2 0 + sin 2 1 sin 2
cos 2 2 )
+ sin 2
sin 2 2 )
(9.28)
Momen phanh sinh ra tren phan t cua ma phanh la :

dMp1 =rt dT1=qmaxbrt 2 sin d
Momen phanh sinh ra tren ca ma phanh trc la :
2
M'p1 = dM'p1 = .q max brt

1
sin
= q max brt2( cos
197
cos 2)
(9.29)
Lc tong hp N 1 la:
N1 =
2
N1X
+ N12Y =
1
=
q max br1 (2 o + sin 2 1 sin 2 2 ) 2 + ( cos 2
4
Ban knh xac nh theo cong thc:
M' pl M' pl
=
=
T1
N1
(9.30)
cos 2 2 ) 2
Thay cac tr so Mp1 va N1 t cac cong thc (9.29), (9.30) vao va n gian i ta co:
4rt ( cos
=
(2
+ sin 2
cos
sin 2 2 ) + ( cos 2
4rt ( cos
=
[2
2 cos
+ 1) sin
cos 2 2 ) 2
cos
2
o
+ 4 cos 2
2
1) sin
Cuoi cung ta co:
2rt ( cos
2
o
+ sin
2
o
1)] + [2 sin
cos
o cos
4rt ( cos
2
2
cos
o cos (
+ 1) sin
1)]2
1 ) sin
+ 4 sin 2
2
1 ) sin
=
o
(9.31)
1) sin
Cac cong thc (9.16), (9.23) cho ta tnh toan goc va ban knh trong trng hp ap suat phan
bo eu, trong trng hp ap suat phan bo theo ng sin chu ng ta du ng cong thc (9.28) va (9.31) e
tnh. T cac cong thc tren ta thay rang goc va ban knh ch phu thuoc vao cac thong so kch
thc cua c cau phanh (1, 2, rt) ma khong phu thuoc vao tr so cua ap suat.
Neu ma phanh trc va ma phanh sau hoan toan oi xng vi nhau qua truc ng (ngha la cac
thong so kch thc eu bang nhau) th goc va ban knh cua ma trc va ma sau eu nh nhau,
mac du ap suat tren hai ma phanh (khi phan bo theo cung quy luat phan bo eu hoac theo ng sin)
co tr so khac nhau.
Khi bo tr ma phanh nh tren hnh 9.6b th ap suat ma phanh trc se ln hn ma phanh sau
v lc T1 ma phanh trc tang cng cho s phanh, con lc T2 ma phanh sau lai giam s phanh
(hnh 9.6b), nhng goc va ban knh hai ma phanh co tr so nh nhau.
9.4.2.2. Tnh toan lc can thiet tac dung len guoc phanh P1 va P2 :
Trong thc te khi tnh toan c cau phanh, chung ta can xac nh lc Pi tac dung len guoc phanh
(hnh 9.6b) e am bao tong so momen phanh sinh ra guoc phanh trc (Mpl hoac Mp2) va guoc
phanh sau (Mp1 hoac Mp2) bang momen phanh tnh toan (M p1 hoac Mp2) cua moi c cau phanh.
Momen phanh tnh toan Mp1 va Mp2 c xac nh trc theo cong thc (9.5) hoac (9.6). Sau ay
chung ta se xet quan he gia lc Pi va momen phanh Mp1 va Mp1 (gia s rang chung ta xet c cau
phanh cau trc). Khi thiet ke c cau phanh chung ta chon trc qui luat phan bo ap suat tren ma
phanh va tren c s chon trc cac thong so ket cau ( 1, 2, rt) chung ta tnh c goc va ban knh
, ngha la xac nh c hng va iem at lc N1.
198
r
r
Lc R1 la lc tong hp cua N1 va T1. R 1 tao vi N1 goc . Goc xac nh nh sau:
T
(9.32)
tg = 1 =
N1
r
Chon = 0,3 chung ta se xac nh c goc ngha la xac nh c hng cua R 1 .
Goc ma phanh trc va ma phanh sau eu bang nhau v cung mot he so ma sat nh nhau.
Momen phanh cua c cau phanh la:
Mp1 = Mp1 + Mp1 = R1ro + R2ro = (R1 + R2)ro
(9.33)
ay:
R1, R2 Lc tong hp ma phanh trc va sau.
ro Ban knh, xem hnh 9.6b.
Ban knh ro xac nh theo cong thc:
tg
ro = sin =
=
(9.34)
1 + tg 2
1+ 2
Tr so Mp1 tnh theo cong thc (9.5), ro xac nh theo cong thc (9.34) t o chung ta xac nh
c tong so lc R1 + R2 theo cong thc sau:
M p1
R1 + R 2 =
(9.35)
ro
Muon xac nh rieng re lc R1 va R2 chung ta dung phng phap hoa o bang cach ve a giac
lc cua guoc phanh trc va sau. Tren moi guoc phanh co ba lc tac dung P1, R1, U1 hoac P2, R2, U2
(trng hp dan ong bang thuy lc th lc P hai guoc phanh bang nhau neu ong xilanh lam viec
cung mot ng knh). Guoc phanh trc va sau nam v tr can bang cho nen ba lc tac dung phai
gap nhau tai tam O hoac O (hnh 9.6 b). Hng lc P1 va R1 a biet (tr so cua chung cha biet),
keo dai chung cho gap nhau O, noi O vi O1 chung ta c hng lc U1. Cung lam nh vay oi
vi guoc phanh sau chu ng ta tm c hng lc U2 . Sau o xay dng a giac lc cho guoc phanh
trc va guoc phanh sau vi cung mot ty le nhat nh (v lc Pi hai guoc phanh bang nhau: P 1 = P2 =
P, cho nen co the lay P lam mot n v chang han, ieu nay khong nhat thiet, chu yeu la am bao ty
le cua hai a giac lc hai guoc phanh nh nhau). Tren c s cac a giac lc ve c chung ta tm
R
c ty so gia lc R1 va R2. Biet c ty so 1 va biet c tong so R1 + R2 theo cong thc (9.35)
R2
chung ta co the xac nh c tng tr so rieng re R1 va R2 . Co R1, R2 chung ta se xa c nh c tr
so cua cac lc P, U1, U2.
Biet c lc P chung ta co c s e tnh toan truyen ong phanh. Ngoai ra lc P, U1 va U2 tao
ieu kien cho chu ng ta tnh toan sc ben cac chi tiet cua c cau phanh.
Lc P ma chung ta xac nh theo phng phap neu tren se am bao cho c cau phanh sinh ra
momen phanh yeu cau Mp1 cau trc hoac Mp2 cau sau. Neu guoc phanh b e p bang cam th lc
P1 va P2 tac dung len hai guoc phanh se khac nhau. Trong trng hp nay khi cam quay, hai guoc
phanh se dch chuyen nh nhau. Neu thi gian au khe h gia ma phanh va trong phanh guoc
phanh trc co khac guoc phanh sau i na th qua mot thi gian chay ra ap suat tac dung len hai ma
phanh se bang nhau do dch chuyen cua hai guoc phanh nh nhau. V ap suat hai ma phanh bang
nhau cho nen lc R1=R2. Nh vay khi guoc phanh b ep bang cam quay chung ta co the xac nh ngay
lc R1 va R2.
M p1
R1 = R2 =
(9.36)
2ro
199
Biet c tr so lc R1 va R2, da vao cac a giac lc cua guoc phanh trc va sau ve theo
phng phap tren chung ta tm c tr so lc P1, P2, U1 va U2.
Tren kia chung ta dung phng phap hoa o e xac nh lc P. Co the dung phng phap giai
tch e xac nh quan he gia lc P va momen phanh nh sau:
Xet can bang guoc phanh trc oi vi tam O ta co (hnh 9.6a):
Uxc Pa = R1ro = Mp1
(9.37)
ay:
Ux Hnh chieu cua lc U1 tren truc X1 X1 (hnh 9.6a).

c, a Cac kch thc, xem tren hnh 9.6a.
T bieu thc (9.37) rut ra:

Ux =
M pl + Pa
(9.38)
c
Chieu cac lc tac dung len guoc phanh trc tren truc X1 X1 ta co:
Pcoso + Ux N1cos - T1sin = 0
(9.39)
Thay tr so cua Ux t cong thc (9.38) va thay N1 =
M pl
, T1=
M pl
vao bieu thc (9.39) chu ng ta
c bieu thc sau:

M' p1
Pa M' pl
cos
sin = 0
c
c
Giai phng trnh (9.40) oi vi P ta c bieu thc sau:
(c cos o + a)
M' P1 =
c( cos + sin )
Tng t nh vay, neu xet can bang guoc phanh sau ta co:
(c cos o + a)
M''P1 =
c( cos sin ) +
P cos
M' pl
(9.40)
(9.41)
(9.42)
Cong thc (9.41) va (9.42) dung cho trng hp guoc phanh dan ong bang chat long. Khi guoc
phanh dan ong bang cam th lc R1 = R2, do o Mp1 = Mp1. T o co the rut ra bieu thc sau:
Mp1 = 2Mp1 = 2Mp1 =
=2
ay:
P1 (c cos o + a)
c( cos + sin )
=2
P2 (c cos o + a)
c( cos sin ) +
(9.43)
P1, P2 Lc tac dung t cam quay len guoc phanh trc va sau, hai lc nay co tr so
khac nhau.
Ty so cac lc P1 va P2 xac nh nh sau:

P1 c( cos + sin )
=
P2 c( cos sin ) +
200
(9.44)
a
c
Hnh 9.8 : S o c cau phanh t cng hoa

Tren hnh 9.8 trnh bay c cau phanh t cng hoa. c cau phanh nay hieu qua phanh c
tang len nh dung lc ma sat gia ma phanh trc va trong phanh. Hai guoc phanh c noi vi nhau
ba ng thanh trung gian 1. Nh vay, guoc phanh sau c ep vao trong phanh khong nh ng bang lc P
ma con bang lc U2 co tr so bang lc U1. Coi nh guoc phanh va trong phanh hoan toan cng chung
ta co the xac nh tr so va r0 theo phng trnh (9.31) va (9.34). Neu lc P va U1 song song th lc
R1 can bang cac lc tren cung phai song song va ong thi lai tiep tuyen vi vong tron ban knh ro.
Chung ta se co cac phng trnh sau:
R1 = P + U1; Mp1 = R1ro
ieu kien can bang guoc phanh sau, khi U2 = U1 se la:
R2 = P + U1 + U3
Do o momen phanh guoc phanh sau:
Mp1 = R2.r0 Mp1 = (R1 + U3)r0
(9.45)
(9.46)
So sanh co ng thc (9.46) vi (9.45) chung ta thay trong trng hp nay momen phanh guoc
phanh sau ln hn guoc phanh trc.
ieu kien can bang momen cua tat ca cac lc tac dung len guoc phanh trc oi vi iem at
lc U1 la:
a +c
P (a + c) = R1(c r0) ; R1 = P
c r0
a + r0
U1 = R1 P = P
c r0
T ay
Mp1 = P
a +c
r0
c r0
(9.47)
ieu kien can bang momen cua tat ca cac lc tac dung len guoc phanh sau oi vi iem ta A
(hnh 9.8) se la:
P(a b) + R2(b ro) = U1(b + c)
201
R2 = P
(a + ro )(b + c) (a b)(c ro )
(c ro )(b ro )
Bien oi i ta co:
(a + c)( b + ro )
ro
(9.48)
(c ro )(b ro )
Cong thc (9.47) va (9.48) cho chu ng ta thay rang c cau phanh t cng hoa khi co lc P tac
dung, guoc phanh sau se sinh ra momen phanh Mp1 ln hn nhieu so vi guoc phanh trc. Neu goc
1 va 2 cua ma phanh trc khac vi ma phanh sau th va ro cua hai guoc phanh cung se khac
nhau.
c cau phanh t cng hoa trnh bay tren hnh 9.8 hieu qua phanh (momen phanh) khi o to
tien va lui eu nh nhau.
Mp1 = P
9.4.3. Phanh em du va on nh cua o to khi phanh (hien tng t siet):

Phanh em du va on nh cua o to khi phanh phu thuoc vao s phan bo eu lc phanh banh xe
phai va trai khi cac banh xe khong b ham cng, vao s on nh cua momen phanh Mp oi vi c
cau phanh a co, khi he so ma sat thay oi trong gii han co the cua no (thng t 0,28 en 0,30) va
vao kha nang b siet cua cua c cau phanh. Neu momen phanh cac banh xe phai va trai sai lech so
vi momen phanh tnh toan khoang 10 15%, khi he so thay oi th o on nh cua o to khi phanh
(khi phanh khong b lech hng) van am bao de dang c bang cach gi banh lai. Trong qua trnh
phanh co the xuat hien hien tng t siet. Hien tng t siet xay ra khi ma phanh b ep sat vao trong
phanh ch bang lc ma sat ma khong can tac ong lc P cua truyen ong phanh len guoc phanh.
Trong trng hp nh vay, momen phanh Mp ng ve phng die n ly thuyet ma noi se tien t i vo
tan. oi vi guoc phanh trc (hnh 9.6a) hien tng t tiet se xay ra khi co ieu kien sau theo cong
thc (9.41):
c(cos + sin) - = 0
Ngha la khi:
c cos
=
(9.49)
c sin
Bang cach chng minh n gian co the thay rang khi xay ra hien tng t siet lc tong hp R1
se i qua tam quay O1 cua guoc phanh.
Neu xet cong thc (9.42) dung cho guoc phanh sau, chung ta thay rang mau so cua no khong the
bang so khong c bi v luon luon am bao > csin va lc tong hp R2 kho ng the i qua tam
quay O2 cua guoc phanh sau c (hnh 9.6b). V the guoc phanh sau khi lam viec khong thuan chieu
quay th khong bao gi sinh ra hien tng t siet.
guoc phanh t cng hoa hien tng t siet se xay ra khi c = ro hoac b = ro (theo cong thc
9.47 va 9.48) ngha la khi lc tong hp R1 i qua thanh ep trung gian hoac khi lc tong h p R2 i qua
iem ta A (hnh 9.8). Hien tng t siet se xay ra khi:
b
c
=
va =
(9.50)
2
2
b2
c2
C cau phanh t cng hoa co momen phanh t on nh hn khi he so ma sat thay oi va co
kha nang b t siet nhieu hn so vi c cau phanh ma guoc co cac iem ta co nh rieng re. Cung v
the ma hien nay c cau phanh t cng hoa khong dung tren o to du lch.
Khi thiet ke c cau phanh phai chu y cho n cac thong so kch thc the nao o e tranh xay ra
hien tng t siet, co nh the phanh mi co the em du va on nh c.
202
9.5. TNH TOAN TRUYEN ONG PHANH:

Trong phan nay chung ta se xet ba loai truyen ong phanh thng dung: c kh, chat long va
kh.
Lc tac dung len ban ap phanh hoac on ieu khien phanh cu ng nh hanh trnh cua ban ap va
on ieu khien phu thuoc momen phanh can sinh ra va cac thong so cua truyen ong phanh.
Momen phanh cc ai can sinh ra oi vi o to tnh theo cong thc (9.5) va (9.6).
Tren c s tnh c momen phanh cc ai ma cac c cau phanh phai am bao co the xac nh
c lc Pi can ep len cac guoc phanh bang phng phap hoa o hoac bang giai tch trnh bay pha n
tnh c cau phanh. T o chung ta co c s e tnh toan truyen ong phanh.
9.5.1. Truyen ong phanh bang c kh:
Tren hnh 9.11 trnh bay s o lc tac dung va cac thong so cua cac loai truyen ong c kh.
oi vi truyen ong c kh momen can thiet Mt sinh ra tren truc quay e trc tiep ep cac guoc
phanh phu thuoc vao ket cau cua c cau ep guoc phanh.
oi vi c cau cam n gian va cam co cac canh tay on co nh (hnh 9.11b) momen Mt xac
nh nh sau:
d
Mt = (P1 + P2)
(9.51)
2
ay:
P1, P2 Lc ep can thiet len guoc phanh trc va sau, cac lc nay a c xac nh
sau khi tnh toan c cau phanh.
d Canh tay on (hnh 9.11b).
oi vi cam can bang (hnh 9.11c):
Mt = Pd
(9.52)
oi vi c cau loai chem (hnh 9.11d):

Mt = 2Pltg
(9.53)
Trong hai cong thc tren ay:

P Lc ep len guoc phanh, xac nh c khi tnh c cau phanh.
d, l, Cac thong so kch thc va goc trnh bay tren hnh 9.11c, d.
203
l
P1
P2
b)
T
2
c)
T
2
d)
d)
Hnh 9.11: S o xac nh lc tac dung len ban ap phanh vi truyen ong bang c kh
cac c cau ep loai cam lc ma sat rat ln do o ton that khi truyen ong cu ng ln. Momen M1
va M2 can sinh ra tren cac truc phanh trung gian e dan ong c cac c cau phanh ang trc va
ang sau tng ng se la:
M1 = 2 M 't i ' ; M2 = 2 M "t i "
(9.54)
ay: M 't va M "t
Momen tren cac truc cua c cau ep trc tiep cac guoc phanh c cau
phanh ang trc va ang sau.

i va i
Ty so truyen cua truyen ong tnh t truc c cau ep trc tiep cac guoc
phanh en truc phanh trung gian ieu khien c cau phanh ang trc va
ang sau (hnh 9.11a)
Lc Q can thiet tac dung len ban ap phanh se la:
M l 1
M
Q = 1 + 2 .
(9.55)
d l
c
ay:
M1 va M2 Cac momen xac nh theo cong thc (9.54) (Nm).
204
c, d, l, l Cac thong so kch thc cua truyen ong phanh (hnh 9.11a)
Hieu suat cua truyen ong c kh, khi tnh toan co the chon = 0,8 0,85
Lc Q cc ai phai nam trong gii han 650 750 N oi vi o to du lch va 750 800N oi vi o
to van tai. S d lc tac dung len ban ap phanh co the lay ln hn nhieu so vi lc tac dung len ba n
ap ly hp la v so lan phanh ngat (phanh ot ngot vi hieu qua phanh cc ai) ch chiem 5 10% so
lan phanh noi chung.
Lc tac dung len on ieu khien phanh tay khi phanh ngat vi gia toc cham dan cc ai a cho
khong c qua 350 N.
Khi thiet ke truyen ong phanh can chu y am bao hanh trnh lam viec cua ban ap. Hanh trnh
lam viec phu thuoc bi ty so cac canh tay on cho phep l va l. Ty so nay b han che do ieu kien ket
cau vi muc ch am bao cho ngi lai ieu khien thuan li.
Hanh trnh cc ai cua ban ap o to van tai kho ng c qua 180 mm va cua o to du lch khong
qua 150 mm. Tr so hanh trnh cc ai cho tren ng vi luc ma phanh b mon. oi vi he thong phanh
ieu chnh bnh thng hanh trnh cua ban ap khi phanh hoan toan ch chiem 50 60 % cua hanh
trnh cc ai.
x
x
2
2
Hnh 9.12: S o tnh hanh trnh dch chuyen cua guoc phanh
Hanh trnh dch chuyen x hai au tren cua cac guoc phanh (hnh 9.12) co the tnh theo cong thc
sau:
+ )(a + c)
(9.56)
c
ay: Khe h hng knh trung bnh gia ma phanh va trong phanh khi tha ban ap
phanh v tr t do.
o mon hng knh cho phep cua ma phanh
a, c Cac kch thc cua guoc phanh (hnh 9.12)
Xac nh c tr so x theo cong thc (9.56) co the xac nh goc quay cua cam ep va do o xac
nh c hanh trnh cua ban ap truyen ong loai c kh. Trong thc te hanh trnh cua ban ap se
ln hn hanh trnh tnh theo ly thuyet o 30 40% do co cac khe h cac khp noi va do bien dang
cac chi tiet cua truyen ong c kh.
Hanh trnh cua on ieu khien phanh tay khong c qua 220 mm oi vi o to van tai va 160
mm oi vi o to du lch.
x=
205
9.5.2.
Truyen ong phanh bang chat long (dau):

9.5.2.1. Truyen ong phanh mot dong:
gia n.
Truyen ong phanh mot dong c dung rong ra i tren cac o to hien nay v ket cau cua no n
Khi tnh toan truyen ong phanh bang chat lo ng trc tien can xac nh kch thc ong xilanh
lam viec (nam c cau phanh) tren c s a xac nh c lc ep P len cac guoc phanh va chon ap
suat lam viec cc ai cua he thong truyen ong thuy lc.
ng knh trong d cua ong xilanh lam viec xac nh theo cong thc sau (hnh 9.1):
4P
d=
(m)
(9.57)
pi
ay: P Lc can thiet ep len guoc phanh (kN)
pi Ap suat cc ai cho phep trong he thong phanh (kN/m2). Ap suat nay cho phep
trong gii han pi = 5000 8000 kN/ m2.
Trong mot vai ket cau cua truyen ong phanh bang thuy lc ap suat trong he thong len en
4
10 kN/m2. Ap suat cang ln th he thong cang gon gang hn ve kch thc, nhng yeu cau ve cac ong
dan lai khac khe hn nhat la cac ong dan bang cao su va cac cho noi ghep.
Tnh c d theo cong thc (9.57) can kiem tra lai kha nang bo tr ong xilanh lam viec trong c
cau phanh, v khoang khong gian e bo tr ong xilanh nay tng oi chat hep.
Lc Q tac dung len ban ap e tao nen ap suat a chon trong he thong xac nh theo cong thc
sau (hnh 9.1):
D 2 l 1
(kN)
(9.58)
Q=
pi .
l
4
ay: D
pi
l, l
ng knh cua xilanh phanh chnh (m) (hnh 9.1)

Ap suat a chon cua he thong (kN/m2)
Kch thc cua ban ap (m) (hnh 9.1)
Hieu suat truyen ong thuy lc, khi tnh toan chon bang 0,92
Lc Q cho phep cung lay nh trng hp tnh truyen ong phanh loai c kh
Neu lc Q tnh ra kha ln th co the dung cng hoa e giam bt.
Hanh trnh toan bo cua ban ap oi vi truyen ong phanh bang thuy lc c tnh tren c s bo
qua bien dang an hoi cua truyen ong thuy lc va tren c s tnh the tch chat long can ep ra khoi
ong xilanh chnh.
oi vi o to hai cau co c cau phanh at tat ca cac banh xe hanh trnh ban ap h tnh theo
cong thc sau:
2d 2 x + 2d 2 x
l
h = 1 1 2 2 2 ng + 0
(9.59)
D
ay:
d1 va d2 ng knh xilanh lam viec c cau phanh cua banh trc va banh sau
x1 va x2 Hanh trnh pttong cua cac xilanh lam viec c cau phanh trc va sau.
o Khe h gia pttong cua xilanh chnh va thanh ay noi vi ban ap (hnh 9.1).
Khe h nay can thiet e am bao nha phanh c hoan toan khi thoi tac dung
vao ban ap phanh, khe h nay lay t 1,5 2,0 mm
D
ng knh xilanh chnh
206
l, l Kch thc cua ban ap (hnh 9.1)

ng He so bo sung, tnh en trng hp phanh ngat the tch cua truyen ong thuy
lc tang len, ng = 1,05 1,10
Hanh trnh ban ap cho phep chon giong nh tr so a cho oi vi truyen ong c kh.
oi vi truyen ong phanh bang thuy lc cac ng ong dan bang cao su chiem vai tro rat quan
trong e am bao hanh trnh cho phep cua ban ap. ng ong dan bang cao su phai co o cng nhat
nh e chu c ap suat cao ma khong b bien dang.
9.5.2.2. Truyen ong phanh hai dong:
I
II
II
a)
II
b)
I
II
c)
d)
Hnh 9.13: S o truyen ong phanh 2 dong rieng re

e tang o an toan lam viec cua he thong phanh, ngay nay mot so xe co trang b truyen ong
phanh hai dong co mot c cau ieu khien chung ban ap phanh (hnh 9.13).
Truyen ong phanh hai dong co the lam theo nhieu s o khac nhau vi muc ch am bao tnh
on nh va tnh dan hng cua o to. oi vi s o hnh 9.13a,b; khi b hong truyen ong dong 1
hoac dong 2 th o to c phanh tng ng hoac bang banh xe sau hoac bang banh xe trc.
oi vi s o hnh 9.13c, khi dong 2 b hong th tat ca cac banh xe van c phanh nhng hieu
qua phanh cua cac banh xe trc co giam hn. Con khi ho ng dong 1 th ch co cac banh xe trc c
phanh, s o nay ch c dung mot so o to du lch cua cac nc phng Tay (BMV, NSU, v.v),
s o hnh 9.13d khi hong mot dong nao th ch lam giam hieu qua phanh, con qua trnh phanh va n
tien hanh tat ca cac banh xe. S o tren c s dung o to ZIL -114.
207
9.5.3. Truyen ong phanh bang kh nen:

Truyen ong phanh bang kh dung o to van tai c trung bnh va ln. Truyen ong phanh bang
kh gom co cac cum chu yeu nh: may nen kh, van ieu chnh ap suat, bnh cha kh nen, van phan
phoi, cac ong dan, bau phanh.
9.5.3.1. May nen kh:
May nen kh co nhiem vu tao thanh kh nen di mot ap suat nhat nh e cung cap cho he
thong, o to thng dung may nen kh loai pttong, t khi dung loai quay tron. Thng cac may nen
kh cua o to cung cap kh nen t 500 800kN/m 2. Dan ong may nen thng bang day cuaroa, xch
hoac ly hp lay cong suat t mot truc nao ay cua ong c.
Nang suat cua may nen kh Q xac nh theo cong thc:
d 2 Sn v
Q=
(l/ph)
4000
ay: i So lng xilanh cua may nen kh.
d ng knh cua xilanh (cm).
S Hanh trnh pittong (cm).
n So vong quay cua truc may nen (vg/ph).
v Hieu suat truyen kh cua may nen, oi vi may nen kh dung tren o to.
v = 0,50 0,75
So lng xilanh co the t mot en bon va thng at thang hang, it khi at theo ch V . May
nen mot xilanh dung cho o to tai trong nho (en 30 kN). May nen 2 xilanh c s dung rong rai
nhat, cu the no dung cho o to tai trong t 40 en 400 kN.
Nang suat cua may nen kh at tren o to hien nay nam trong khoang 60 250l/ph va nang suat
thng ch so vong quay cua may nen kh la 1250vg/ph.
Nang suat cua may nen kh thng chon tren c s nap nhanh va ay bnh cha sau khi khi
ong ong c va gi cho ap suat cua khong kh nen gan vi ap suat tnh toan khi phanh lien tuc.
Trong thc te ch can may nen kh lam viec t 10 20 % thi gian lam viec toan bo cua o to tuy theo
so nguon tieu thu kh nen. Thi gian con lai nen e cho may nen chay khong tai e tang tuoi tho lam
viec.
Cong suat tieu hao cho may nen kh vao khoang 0,50 2,2 kW tuy theo nang suat cua may nen.
9.5.3.2. Van ieu chnh ap suat:
Van ieu chnh ap suat co nhiem vu gi cho ap suat trong he thong mc quy nh.
Van ieu chnh ap suat c thiet ke theo kieu ong ap suat hoac theo kieu hon bi.
Van ieu chnh co the co nhng ket cau khac na nh loai mang chang han.
9.5.3.3. Bnh cha kh nen:
Bnh cha kh nen che tao bang cach han thep la, ben ngoai va ben trong co sn e chong g.
Cac bnh thng c bo tr v tr thap nhat cua he thong e cho nc co the ngng tu lai va nh
van at di ay bnh ma nc co the thoat ra ngoai. Bnh cha c th bang phng pha p thuy
lc vi ap suat 1,2 1,4 MN/m2. Dung tch cua moi bnh cha thng t 20 en 35l. Dung tch va
208
so lng bnh tuy thuoc lng khong kh can cung cap cho he thong va nang suat cua may ne n kh.
D tr khong kh nen trong cac bnh phai am bao phanh c vai lan sau khi may nen kh ngng
lam viec.
9.5.3.4. Van phan phoi:
Q b
pb
Q
p2
p1
ph
p1
Fm(p -p )
2
p2
Fv(p3- p2)
p3
ph
Hnh 9.14: S o e tnh van phan phoi

Van phan phoi dung e ong m he thong phanh (cung cap kh nen hoac ngng cung cap) theo
yeu cau cua ngi lai.
Van phan phoi la bo phan rat quan trong cua truyen ong phanh bang kh, no am bao o nhay
cua truyen ong va qua trnh phanh c tot.
Van phan phoi co the lam theo loai mang hoac loai pttong.
Cac bo phan lam viec cua truyen ong phanh bang kh tnh toan vi ap suat cc ai la
0,55MN/m2, con cua rmooc la 0,45MN/m2.
Tren hnh 9.14 trnh bay s o tnh toan van phan phoi.
Van phan phoi am bao cho ap suat khong kh trong dan ong t le thuan vi lc tac dung len
ban ap. ieu kien can bang c cau tuy chon: van, mang va lo xo the hien nh sau (khong ke ma sat
va cac lo xo phu).
Q = C = Fm (p2 p1) + Fv (p3 p2)
209
Lc tren ban ap phanh t le thuan vi chuyen dch cua ban ap, ngha la hien tng tuy ong
tien hanh theo chuyen dch.
C
Bi v Q = Qbib = C => Qb =
i b
S
C
Qb = Sb 2
Do = b cho nen
i b
i b
ay :
C o cng cua lo xo.

Qb Lc tac dung len ban ap.
ib Ty so truyen cua ban ap.
Sb Hanh trnh cua ban ap.
o dch chuyen cua lo xo.
Fm, Fv Dien tch cua mang va cua van.
p1 Ap suat cua khongkh.
p2, p3 Ap suat sau va trc van.
T ay : Qbib = Fmph + Fv (p3 p2).
ay :
ph = p2 p1 - Ap suat trong he thong.

pb = p3 p2 - Ap suat trong bnh cha kh nen.
1
ph =
[ Qbib Fv (p3 p2)]
Fm
Co the coi gan ung:

phmax = Qb
ph = Kt Qb
ay :
i b
= pb
Fm
Kt He so tuy ong tng ng vi he so tr lc K

i
Kt b
Fm
p
p hmax
p tb
bmax
m
b
.p b
Hnh 9.15: ng ac tnh cua van phan phoi.

ng ac tnh cua van phan phoi c trnh bay tren hnh 9.15.
o nhay cua cac van hien nay vao khoang p = 0,05 MN/m2 va c kiem tra ap suat ptb =
0,3 MN/m2.
210
9.5.3.5. Bau phanh:

Bau phanh co nhiem vu tao thanh lc ep len thanh ay e dch chuyen cam quay cua c cau
phanh.
P th
Hnh 9.16: Ket cau bau phanh loai pttong

Lc tac dung len thanh ay cua bau phanh tnh theo cong thc:
Pth = p
D2
12 (N)
4
(9.60)
ay:
p Ap suat trong bau phanh (N/m2) thong thng p = 0,4 0,55MN/m2
D ng knh lam viec cua mang hoac pttong (m).
1 He so tnh en o nap khong kh nen vao bau phanh, 1 = 1.
2 Hieu suat c hoc cua bau phanh, 2 = 0,95.
Lo xo cua bau phanh thng co o cng khoang 1500 3500 N/m. Lc ep cua lo xo thng vao
khoang 80 150N. Lo xo nay khong nen co o cng ln qua v se mat nhieu cong e thang s bien
dang cua no.
Lc Pth tac dung len thanh ay phai u e tao len cam quay cua c cau phanh cac lc P1 va P2
theo yeu cau, e co the ep cac guoc phanh vao trong phanh va sinh ra momen phanh can thiet.
9.6
HE THONG PHANH CHONG HAM CNG ABS:

9.6.1. Nguyen ly lam viec:
Nguyen tac chung cua tat ca cac he thong phanh ABS: Trong qua trnh phanh, no se ieu khien
ap suat phanh e khong cho bat ky banh xe nao b ham cng hoan toa n, ong thi lc phanh cac
banh xe at c gia tr toi a cho phep theo ieu kien bam. Bi vay a rut ngan c quang ng
phanh va gi c on nh hng cua xe khi phanh gap.
Mot he thong phanh ABS gom 3 bo phan c ban sau:
Bo phan cam bien.
Bo phan ieu khien.
Bo phan thc hien.
211
4
5
3
6
1
2
7
Hnh 9.17: S o he thong phanh ABS

1 Bo phan cam bien.
2 Bo phan ieu khien (may vi tnh).
3 Bo phan thc hien.
4 Nguon nang lng.
5 Xy lanh chnh.
6 Xy lanh lam viec banh xe.
7 Banh xe.
8 Ban ap phanh.
Nguyen ly lam viec: Khi phanh gap, neu gia toc goc cham dan cua banh xe vt qua mot gia tr
xac nh cho trc (banh xe bat au b ham cng), th tn hieu do cam bien cung cap cho bo pha n
ieu khien se at ti mot gia tr ngng th nhat, lap tc may tnh truyen ti bo phan thc hien tn
hieu ieu khien cac van ien thc hien qua trnh giam ap (e banh xe khong b ham c ng). Khi ap
suat phanh giam, lc phanh se giam theo va so vong quay cua banh xe lai ta ng len. Khi gia toc goc
cham dan at en gia tr ngng th hai th van ien se nhan c tn hieu ieu khien t may tnh e
thc hien qua trnh tang ap. Qua trnh ieu khien neu tren lien tiep dien ra nhieu chu ky trong mot
giay cho en khi xe dng han lai hoac khi ngi lai khong ap len ban ap phanh na. Cac gia tr
ngng cua gia toc goc cham dan c chon da vao o trt cua banh xe vi mat ng.
9.6.2. S o cau tao cum van phan phoi ap suat dau:
Cum van phan phoi ap suat dau la phan quan trong cua bo phan thc hien trong he thong phanh
ABS. Van phan phoi ap suat dau co nhiem vu ieu khien ap suat dau tang, duy tr co nh hoac giam
cac xy lanh lam viec. Nham am bao cho lc phanh cac banh xe at gia tr toi a theo ieu kien
bam va cac banh xe khong b ham cng (trt let).
212
14
15
7
6
5
4
3
12
11
13
10
Hnh 9.18: S o cau tao cum van phan phoi ap suat dau
1
2
3
4; 5
6
7; 8
Pttong cua van pha n phoi.

Xy lanh cua van phan phoi.
Cuon day cua van.
Cac lo xo.
Bm ien.
Cac van mot chieu cua bm.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Mang ngan cua bo tch nang.

Lo xo.
Xy lanh lam viec banh xe.
Bo cam bien.
Bo phan ieu khien.
Xy lanh chnh.
Van mot chieu.
Van phan phoi ap suat dau la cac van ien t c ieu khien trc tiep bi dong ien t may
tnh (bo phan ieu khien) hoac qua trung gian la ap thap. Khi may tnh nhan c cac gia tr gia toc
goc cham dan ngng th se cho ra tn hieu la dong ien vi mot cng o dong ien thch hp e
ieu khien cac van ien t. Khi nhan c tn hieu, cac van ien se hoat ong e ieu khien ap suat
dau phanh cac xy lanh lam viec.
Cac gia tr gia toc goc cham dan ngng se c tnh toan phu hp cho tng loai xe. Do o co
may tnh x ly hai hoac ba gia tr ngng. Bi vay chu trnh lam viec cua van phan phoi ap suat dau
se co 2 hoac 3 pha.
Thong dung hien nay la van phan phoi ap suat dau co 3 pha ieu khien la: pha tang ap suat, pha
duy tr ap suat va pha giam ap suat.
tren hnh 9.18 la s o cau tao cum van phan phoi ap suat dau cua hang BOSCH.
Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Cum van phan phoi ap suat dau lam viec di s ieu khien cua may tnh, thong qua viec may
tnh x ly tn hieu gia toc goc cham dan tc thi theo 3 gia tr ngng: n 0 , n1 , n 2 .
213
Pha tang ap suat (hnh 9.19):
trang thai bnh thng, khi ngi lai cha tac dung len ban a p phanh, pttong (1) cua van
ien t b ay xuong v tr thap nhat. Khi bat au phanh, ap suat dau trong mach t xy lanh chnh (14)
qua pttong (1) en xy lanh lam viec (11) tang len. C cau phanh bat au hoat ong, ap suat trong xy
lanh lam viec tang len (o th p t) va van toc goc cua banh xe bat au giam, ong thi van toc cua
xe cung giam theo (o th v t). Luc nay cng o dong ien t may tnh ti ieu khien van ien t
cha co (I = 0) va pttong (1) van gi v tr thap nhat. ABS cha co tac dung trong pha nay.
Neu tha ban ap phanh ra, ap suat trong xy lanh lam viec (11) giam. Van mot chieu (15) co tac
dung lam cho ap suat giam nhanh trong pha nay.
Hnh 9.19: Pha ta ng ap suat

I
p
vr
vv
t
Cng o dong ien ieu khien van ien.

Ap suat phanh.
Van toc banh xe.
Van toc xe.
Thi gian.
214
Pha duy tr ap suat (hnh 9.20):
Hnh 9.20 : Pha duy tr ap suat

I
p
vr
vv
t

Ap suat phanh.
Van toc banh xe.
Van toc xe.
Thi gian.
Trong pha tang ap, neu tiep tuc tang ap suat phanh th van toc goc cua banh xe se giam nhanh.
S bien thien cua van toc goc theo thi gian se cho ra gia tr gia toc goc cham dan. Khi s bien thien
at en mot gia tr ngng n 0 (tng ng vi o trt khoang 0,2), th bat au pha duy tr ap suat.
Luc nay may tnh (13) se ieu khien van ien t bang mot dong ien co cng o I=Imax/2 (o th It).
Dong ien nay qua cuon day (3) se tao ra mot lc t u thang lc tac dung cua lo xo (4) va hut
pttong (1) len cho ti khi lo xo (5) bat au tac dung th pttong (1) d ng lai. V tr cua pttong (1) luc
nay se tac h biet mach thong t van ien t en xy lanh lam viec (11) va mach thong t van ien t
en buong tch nang (9) van ong. Ket qua la ap suat phanh se c duy tr khong oi (o th p t).
Luc o van toc cua banh xe va van toc cua xe van tiep tuc giam.
215
Pha giam ap suat (hnh 9.21):
v
vv
vr
O
I
Imax
Imax/2
O
Hnh 9.21: Pha giam ap suat

I
p
vr
vv
t

Ap suat phanh.
Van toc banh xe.
Van toc xe.
Thi gian.
Van toc goc cua banh xe b giam dan trong pha duy tr ap suat va toc o bien thien cua no tang
en mot gia tr gia toc goc cham dan ngng th hai n1 (tng ng vi o trt va ln hn 0,2).
Luc o may tnh se ieu khien nh sau:
May tnh se truyen en van ien t mot dong ien I = Imax (o th I t). Cuon day (3) cua
van ien t tao ra mot trng ien t cc ai. Luc o lc ien t se u sc hut pttong (1) nen ca hai
lo xo (4) va (5). V tr cua pttong (1) luc nay se cho phep mach thong t xy lanh lam viec (11) qua
van ien t (khoang di pttong 1) en bo tch nang (9). Ap suat dau trong xy lanh lam viec (11) b
giam i do phai can bang vi ap suat dau ben trong bo tch nang (9). A p suat dau trong xy lanh lam
viec (11) di chuyen sang bo tch nang (9) tac ong vao mang (9), no co tac dung lam cho ap suat dau
trong xy lanh lam viec (11) giam nhanh. ong thi trong qua trnh giam ap, ap suat dau trong bo tch
nang (9) ln hn ap suat dau trong bm ien, nen van (8) m ra va dau c nap vao trong bm ien.
May tnh (13) cung se truyen en ong c ien (M) mot dong ien, ieu khien no hoat
ong. ong c (M) dan ong bm (6) hoat ong e tao ra ap suat cao (khoang 180 bars). Dau ap suat
cao nay e cung cap cho pha tang ap tiep theo.
216
Pha tang ap suat tr lai (hnh 9.22):
Hnh 9.22: Pha ap suat tang tr lai

I
p
vr
vv
t

Ap suat phanh.
Van toc banh xe.
Van toc xe.
Thi gian.
Pha tang ap suat tr lai nay bat au cho chu trnh tiep theo. Khi gia toc goc cham dan at en
mot gia tr ngng th ba n 2 . May tnh (13) se ngat dong ien en bo phan thc hien I = 0. Do tac
dung cua lo xo, pttong (1) b ay xuong v tr thap nhat tr lai. Dau ap suat cao se thong t bm ien
(6) va t xylanh chnh (14) qua pttong (1) en xy lanh lam viec banh xe. Ap suat dau trong van
ien t en xy lanh lam viec (11) c nang len va ap suat phanh c tang tr lai. Cho nen van toc
goc cua banh xe va van toc cua xe tiep tuc giam.
217
CHNG 10
KHUNG VA VO O TO
Muc tieu
1. Tnh toan c khung o to theo ben.
2. Tnh toan c khung o to theo xoan.
3. Phan tch c ket cau vo o to.
218
10.1.
CONG DUNG, YEU CAU, PHAN LOAI:

10.1.1. Cong dung:
Khung cua o to dung e cac cum nam tren no va gi cho cac cum nhng v tr tng quan
vi nhau.
Vo o to e cha hanh khach, ngi lai, hang hoa.
10.1.2. Yeu cau:
Khung phai am bao cac yeu cau sau: Co o ben lau tng ng vi tuoi tho cua ca xe o to, co
o cng vng tot e cho bien dang cua khung khong lam anh hng en ieu kien lam viec cua cac
cum va cac c cau cua o to, co hnh dang thch hp am bao thao lap de dang cac cum.
Tuy theo tng loai, co yeu cau rieng vi vo xe, nhng yeu cau tong quat la khoang khong gian
cua vo xe phai am bao u e cha hang hoa, hanh khach, thiet b, am bao tnh tien nghi, ve sinh,
che ma nang, bui, am bao tnh tham m thch ng vi tng giai oan dai.
10.1.3. Phan loai:
Hien nay co nhieu cach phan loai khac nhau, tong quat co the phan loai theo he thong chu lc:
* Khung chu lc tat ca: vo noi vi khung bang cac kh p noi mem, o cng cua khung rat
ln so vi o cng cua vo, do o vo khong chu tac dung cua ngoai lc khi khung b bien dang. Thong
thng loai khung chu lc tat ca c ap dung cho xe tai, xe khach.
* Khong co khung: loai vo chu lc tat ca, thng ap dung cho xe khac h va xe con nham
giam trong lng cua xe (co the giam c 20 25% trong lng so vi xe cung loai co khung).
* Khung lien vo: Vo va khung noi cng vi nhau bang inh tan hoac bang bulong, nh the
khung va vo chu tat ca tai trong.
Ngoai ra khung va vo con co phan loai rieng.
10.2.
TNH TOAN KHUNG THEO BEN:
Hien nay tnh toan khung ang la mot van e thu hut s chu y cua nhieu nha nghien cu. Nhieu
tai lieu chuyen e a a ra cac gia thuyet va tren c s o a a ra cac phng phap tnh toan
khac nhau.
tap giao trnh nay, chung toi trnh bay khai quat mot quan iem ve tnh khung xe.
o cng cua khung phu thuoc bi khoang cach cua cac dam doc, so lng va v tr cua cac dam
ngang cu ng nh kch thc va tiet dien dam.
Tai trong tac dung len khung co the chia ra tai trong tnh (do trong lng cua ong c vi hop
so, buong lai cung vi ngi lai, vo o to vi tai trong hu ch, v.v) va tai trong ong (chu yeu la tai
trong thang ng sinh ra khi o to chuyen ong tren ng khong bang phang, va tai trong nam
ngang khi tang toc, phanh va quay vong). Cac tai trong phan bo oi xng theo dam doc se uon
khung, con tai trong phan bo khong oi xng se xoan khung. Cac tai trong pha n bo khong oi xng
219
sinh ra khi o to chuyen ong tren ng khong bang phang, khi ma mot trong cac banh xe i qua cac
u go ghe. Khi i qua o ga vi goc 450 se sinh ra tai trong va xoan va uon khung.
Kch thc tiet dien cua dam khung c chon s bo bang cach tnh dam theo uon di tac dung
cua tai trong tnh. Khi tnh toan xem nh hai dam doc chu hoan toan tai trong, cac dam ngang khong
ke en. Trong lng cac cum se c chia oi va xem nh chung tac dung trong mat phang i qua
trong tam tiet dien cua dam doc. Momen xoan do cac cum at xa cac dam doc (th du thung nhien
lieu) khi tnh toan khong ke en.
Khi tnh khung can phai ve bieu o momen uon vi dam doc. Muon the phai at lc tac dung
do trong lng cac cum gay nen tren dam doc theo ung v tr cua chung. Trong lng cua vo o to
xem nh la tai trong phan bo eu theo chieu dai. oi vi o to tai khi tnh toan s bo ngi ta tha
nhan tai trong co ch phan bo eu theo chieu dai cua thung cha. V tr cua trong tam cac cum c
o t sau cua dam doc. Kch thc a xac nh o doi cua thung cha khoi khung (hnh 10.1).
Xac nh v tr trong tam cac cum, chung ta se at lc do trong lng cac cum sinh ra tai v tr
tng ng. Sau o tm cac phan lc T1 va T2 do cac cau tac dung len bo nhp. Lc T1 va T2 phai bang
tong so cac lc thang ng tac dung len khung. Biet c T1 va T2 co the tm cac phan lc T1, T1
va T2, T2 tai cac cho noi nhp vi khung. Neu nhp oi xng th:
T
T1=T1= 1
2
T2
T2=T2=
2
Sau khi xac nh tat ca cac lc tac dung len khung, se tien hanh ve bieu o momen uon tac
dung len khung (hnh 10.1). Cho ng suat uon cho phep [] dam doc roi tnh ra momen chong uon
Wu can thiet oi vi moi tiet dien cua no, t ay nh s bo hnh dang cua tiet dien dam doc cung
nh kch thc va chieu dai cac tam cng hoa.
ng suat uon cho phep cua dam doc c chon theo cong thc:
s
[] =
(10.1)
1,5(K + 1)
s Gii han chay cua vat lieu che tao dam doc.
K He so d tr tnh en tai trong ong, tha nhan bang 2,3 4 3,5.
a
T'1
T"1
T'2
T"2
Hnh 10.1: Tai trong tac dung len khung
Th nghiem khung tren be th va trong ieu kien s dung tren ng ch ro rang khi khung
chu tac dung bi cac lc thang ng gay nen s uon khung th thc te cac dam ngang se khong
chu lc nao ca. ieu nay chng to phng phap tnh toan khung neu tren (khong ke cac dam
220
ngang) trong trng hp tai trong nh the cho ket qua tng oi tot. Khi co tai trong gay s xoan
khung th ng suat sinh ra khong nhng dam doc ma ca dam ngang na. ng suat at tr so ln
nhat tai cho gan dam ngang vi dam doc.
10.3.
TNH TOAN KHUNG THEO XOAN:
Tnh khung theo xoan chu yeu theo che o tai trong sau:
O to chay trong ieu kien ng xau nhat (ng at b l nhieu, khi i qua ho ra nh, at
thut,). Toc o o to b han che va khung b nghieng xoan nhieu.
Phng phap tnh khung theo xoan gan ung da tren c s la khung o to (loai co hai xa doc) co
o cng khi xoan kem hn uon rat nhieu lan. Khi khung b xoan bien dang uon xa doc be va so vi
bien dang xoan trong nhieu trng h p co the bo qua. Ngi ta coi gan ung rang goc xoan moi mot
phan t thiet ke khung t le vi o dai cua khung.
Neu bo qua s uon cua xa doc khung th goc xoan tat ca cac xa ngang eu bang nhau va xac
nh theo phng trnh:
l
= n .
(10.2)
L
ay:
ln Chieu dai xa ngang (chieu rong khung).
L Chieu dai c s cua o to.
Goc xoan theo chieu dai L, goc nay c xac nh theo goc quay tng oi cua hai
xa ngang lay ngay tren cau o to.
Hnh 10.2: Phan bo ng suat theo tiet dien dam doc
221
Tuy nhien cac phan t rieng cua xa doc khong the bien dang t do khi b xoan (hnh 10.2a) ma
phai lam viec trong ieu kien b xoan kiem che (hnh 10.2b).
ng suat phap tuyen ln nhat t le vi toa o quat mep ngoai cua dam.
=
bh (h + 3b)
.
2 ( h + 6 b)
(10.3)
Do o khi tang chieu cao h va chieu rong b ta se tang c toa o quat va do o tang c
ng suat xoan kiem che.
Tren hnh 10.2 trnh bay s phan bo ng suat trong tiet dien (c khi uon, d khi xoan kiem che,
e tong ng suat).
ng suat phan bo khong eu tren xa doc. moi cho ngam cua xa doc ng suat tang nhanh.
Giam ng suat nhng v tr nay bang cach giam o cng cua moi ghep vi khung nh gan xa ngang
thanh xa doc ma khong gan ay e xa doc co the bien dang khi khung b xoan. Nhng cung
khong nen giam nhieu qua o cng cua khung khi b xoan goc.
e am bao momen chong xoan can thiet cac phan khung chu tai nhieu khi ng dung cac
tam op e cng hoa cac oan yeu cua khung theo giam o momen a xac nh. Han them mot
tam op mat ngoai xa doc khong tang momen can chong uon Wu nhng tang o cng cua khung va
khong lam tang ng suat ay dam doc.
Dam doc c dap theo dang ch U bang thep la day 5 7 mm oi vi o to tai va, tai nho va
bang thep la day 7 9 mm oi vi o to tai ln.
10.4.
PHAN TCH KET CAU VO O TO:
10.4.1. Vo xe khach:
Vo xe khach co nhieu dang, trong o dang kieu toa tau chu lc pho bien hn ca (hnh 10.3), v
dang nay co he so li dung dien tch cao nhat (*) va cac ch tieu s dung, ben, kinh te cao. Khung
xng cua loai nay the hien hnh 10.3. Cac chi tiet gia nen 1, cot chong 2, 4, noc 5, ngoai 3, 6 la
nhng thanh thep dap hoac thep goc c noi cng vi nhau thanh mot khoang khong gian nhieu
thanh cng. Bao quanh cac khung xng pha trong va pha ngoai la cac tam thep hoac kim loai
mau, cac tam nay noi vi nhau va vi khung xng bang han hoac inh tan. Khoang kho ng gia hai
lp trong va ngoai thng cha chat cach nhiet.
anh gia o ben cua khung xng chu yeu theo o cng khi xoan. Goc xoan tng oi cua vo
xe khac h cho phep trong khoang 3,50 4 5,50 tren 1 m chieu dai vo.
Trong lng cua khung xng va ay, san (khong ke ghe) so vi dien tch bao ngoai cua mat
chieu bang khoang 1100N/m2 .
(*)
He so li dung dien tch : =
F1
, trong o F1 Dien tch san xe; F2 Dien tch bao ngoai theo hnh chieu bang.
F2
222
10.4.2. Vo xe du lch:
2
1
Hnh 10.3: Khung xng vo xe khach.
Co nhieu loai, pho bien nhat la loai vo kn co 4 ca, hai hang ghe, loai xe nay co ten goi la
Sedan (Xe-an). Hnh dang am bao kh ong hoc tot nhat.
Loai th hai la loai vo kn, co 2 ca, co 1 hoac 2 hang ghe, c goi la coupe (cu-pe).
Loai th ba la loai vo co mui mem m c, co 2 hang ghe. Neu vo nay co 4 ca th goi la
cabriolet. Neu no ch co 2 ca th goi la coupe carbriolet (cupe-cabriolet).
Vo xe con rat at, chiem 55% gia ban mot chiec xe. Vo xe thng la tam dap va co khung
chong. Ty trong cua vo so vi dien tch nen khoa ng 650 700N/m2. o cng xoan khoang
6,1.105Nm/o.
10.4.3. Vo xe tai:
Vo xe tai va thung cha hang thng tach ri. Vo xe dap co cot chong, cac yeu cau thiet ke
CHLB Nga theo tieu chuan GOST 9734-61 Ca-bin, cho cua lai xe.
223
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1] Nguyen Hu Can
Phan nh Kien
Thiet ke va tnh toan o to, may keo,

Nha xuat ban ai hoc va THCN Ha Noi 1984,
Tap 1, 2 va 3; 648 trang.
[2] Thai Nguyen Bach Lien
Ket cau va tnh toan o to,

Nha xuat ban giao thong van tai Ha Noi 1984,
212 trang.
[3] Prof. Ing. M. Apetaur, DrSc.

Doc. Ing. V. Stejskal, CSc.
Motorova vozidla,
Nha xuat ban SNTL Praha Czech Republic 1988,
Tap 1, 2, 3, 4 va 5; 895 trang.
[4] Prof. Ing. M. Apetaur, DrSc.
Vypoctove metody ve stavbe motorovych vozidel,

Nha xuat ban CVUT Praha Czech Republic 1984,
178 trang.
[5] Prof. Ing. Frantisek Vlk, DrSc.
[5.1] Teorie vozidel,

Nha xuat ban SNTL Praha 1982, 235 trang.
[5.2] Dynamika motorovych vozidel, 472 trang.
[5.3] Podvozky motorovych vozidel, 356 trang.
[5.4] Prevodova ustroj motorovych vozidel, 214 trang.
[5.5] Karoserie motorovych vozidel, 248 trang.
[5.6] Koncepce motorovych vozidel, 193 trang.
[5.7] Ulohy z dynamiky motorovych vozidel,
Nha xuat ban SNTL Praha 2000, 143 trang.
[6] Prof. Ing. Petranek Jan, CSc.
Ustroj automobilu,
Nha xuat ban SNTL Praha 1980,
579 trang.
[7] Prof. Heldt. P.M.
The automotive chassis,

The University of New York 1962,
386 trang.
[8] Prof. Bekker M.G.
Theory of land locomotion,

The University of Michigan 1956,
219 trang.
[9] Prof. Ing. Frantisek Vlk, DrSc.
Stavba motorovych vozidel,

Nha xuat ban SNTL Praha Czech Republic 2003,
499 trang.
224

Giao Trinh Ly Thuyet o To 2 - Dang Quy

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TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP.

Ngi bien soan: MSc. ang Quy

TP. HO CH MINH, 1 / 2006

Ngi bien soan:

3.5.1. Qua trnh ong ly hp. ...................................................................................................38

8.3.3. T so truyen theo goc cua he thong lai ig .......................................................................173

1 inch = 2,54 cm = 0,0254 m

Van toc dai

Van toc goc

Gia toc goc

1N / m2 = 1Pa = 10 -5kG / cm2

1Nm 10 kGcm 0,1 kGm

1J = 1Nm 0,1 kGm

1W = 1J/s 0,1 kGm/s

Nhiet dung rieng

1J/kgo 2,4.10-3 kcal/kgo

KHAI QUAT CHUNG VE O TO

1.1. PHAN LOAI O TO:

Hnh 1.1: S o phan loai o to

1.2. CAC YEU CAU OI VI O TO:

1.3. CAC THONG SO CUA O TO:

Hnh 1.2: Kch thc gii han cua o to (GOST9314 59)

2. Xe tai: Trong tai 1,5 5 T

* Xe co tnh nang thong qua cao.

Cac goc vat (o)

Khoang cach gia hai truc (m)

1.4. BO TR CHUNG TREN O TO:

Hnh 1.4: Bo tr ong c tren o to

Hnh 1.5: ong c at trc, cau sau chu ong (4 x 2)

Hnh 1.6: ong c at sau, cau sau chu ong (4 x 2)

Hnh 1.7: He thong truyen lc xe VW 1200

1.4.2.1.3. ong c at trc, cau trc chu ong:

Hnh 1.8: ong c trc, cau trc chu ong

Hnh 1.9: He thong truyen lc cua xe du lch TALBOT SOLARA

Hnh 1.10 : He thong truyen lc cua xe VAZ 2121

1.4.2.3. Bo tr he thong truyen lc theo cong thc 6 x 4:

Hnh 1.11: He thong truyen lc cua xe KAMAZ 5320

Hnh 1.12 : He thong truyen lc cua xe URAL 375

TAI TRONG TAC DUNG LEN CAC CUM

2.1. KHAI NIEM VE CAC LOAI TAI TRONG:

gia tr tai trong ong

ay : He so d tr cua ly hp (xem chng 3) .

Khi ong tai cho

Tha ban ap ly hp e phanh

2.2.2. Khong m ly hp khi phanh:

Thay cac gia tr c, n vao bieu thc (2.4) ta co:

V chung ta can gia tr tuyet oi nen :

C. 2max = Jb.02 va max =

Thay cac gia tr n , c vao bieu thc (2.11) ta co:

Neu chung ta goi:

bx0 : van toc goc cua banh xe khi bat au phanh.

Trong o : m - Khoi lng.

Hnh 2.3: Mo hnh dao ong cua o to

&x& Gia toc

So lng cac banh xe chu ong.

2.3.2. Tai trong tnh toan dung cho he thon g phanh:

Trong lng toan bo cua xe khi ay tai.

Cac he so m1p, m2p c xac nh bi ly thuyet oto:

Hnh 2.4: S o cac lc tac dung len he thong lai

3.1. CONG DUNG, PHAN LOAI, YEU CAU:

Theo cach ieu khien :

ieu khien do lai xe (loai ap chan, loai co tr lc thuy lc hoac kh).

Hnh 3.1: Cau tao ly hp ma sat co lo xo ep trung tam