maha

tha fj
1.1 mKf
eh eKila mwhl gfshd L rika, il myfj,
tu bryfis fzLj Mat eik mahknyna fj
bfhiffis gagLJnwh. j bfhiffis gy flf, gy
ehLf gy Mufzfhd tUlfshf kf gagL tUwhf.
f brid flfiu glif brYdhY Co il
fodhY, fzif gagLna brafis brJ Kof.
fzF vgo ts bghJthf Uf Ko? Kj, kjf
fz nfhghLfis maiy, mij UgUnj cUthf
brjhf. fz bkh Mynkh (m) b#kndh (m) ua bkhnah
ilahJ; fzbkh vf MF. eh vf bkh if
njjtfshf Ujh, mJ Kakhd Kofis vLg cjtJ kL
e mwhl gfY cjwJ. eh rhjdkhf bghUfis
thFtjF, xU Fl bjhifF il gLJtjF, kfbjhif
mfig J bfhtjF, rahf nrgjF fzF cjwJ.
eh e eilKiw thif gagLj Toa fz mogil
bfhiffis ffyh.

1.2 ghit - j, jrk

j kW jrk tiuaiwfis cikfis id TJ
fl nfhol lfis cj bgoia gagL uf:

1. xnu tifahd U msfis tFj _y xLtJ ____________

MF.

2. xl Toa U msfis j ____________ vg.

3. j Kj cWig ____________ vW, ulh cWig

____________ vW Flyh.

4. xnu ____________ cila msfis j xlyh.

5. jYs

cWf

bghJ

fhufis

bfhoUjh

mtYs ____________ RUfyh.

6. j U cWfis xnu vzh bgUdhnyh (m)

tFjhnyh ( {aij ju) j ____________ UF. mthW
ilF jfis ____________ vd Twyh
2

tha fj

7. j, cWf tir f KakhdJ. (rah/jtwh)

8. j vgJ vfsh MdJ. vdnt mjF myFf njitiy.

(rah/jtwh)

9. jf rkjikia ____________. vd Twyh. a, b; c, d

Mait jrk UFkhdh, mtiw a: b: : c: d vd vGjyh.

10. jrk <bwf bgUFbjhif =____________

cj bgo:

1) j

2) cWf

3) KDW, DW

4) myF

5) bghJ fhuf 6) khwhk, rkhd jf

7) r

8) r

9) jrk

10) il vf bgUFbjhif
vLJfhL 1.1
2 : 7 vw jF 5 rkhdkhd jfis fhf.
:
2 : 7 vgij 2 vd vGjyh. 2 vw d bjhFia,

7
gFia 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 M bgUf,

2 # 2 = 4 , 2 # 3 = 6 , 2 # 4 = 8
7#2
21 7 # 4 28
14 7 # 3
2
5
2
10
#

=
, # 6 = 12
7#5
7#6
35
42

4 : 14, 6 : 21, 8 : 28, 10 : 35, 12 : 42 vgit 2 : 7 rkhd jfshF.

vLJfhL 1.2
270 : 378I RUFf.
:

270:378 = 270

378
bjhFia, gFia 2 M tFf,

khWKiw :
270, 378 I fhugLj,

270 ' 2 = 135

270 = 2 # 3 # 3 # 3 # 5
378 ' 2
189
378
2#3#3#3#7
3 M tFf
= 5
135 ' 3 = 45


7
189 ' 3
63
9 M tFf
3

maha

45 ' 9 = 5
63 ' 9
7
270 : 378 vgJ 5 : 7 vd MwJ.

vLJfhL 1.3
9 khjF, 1tUlF ilnaahd jij fhf.
j xnu tifahd U
msfis kLnk xl
Ko vgjh tUlij
khjF khw ntL.

1 tUl

12 khjf

9 khjF 12 khjF
ilnaahd j = 9 : 12

9 : 12 vgjid 9 vd vGjyh.

= 9 '3 = 3
12 ' 3
4

= 3:4

12

vLJfhL 1.4
60 khztf bfhl xU tF, khzt, khzfSF ilnaahd
j 2:1 v, mtF khzt, khzf vif ahJ?
:

bkhj khztf = 60

khzt, khzfSilnaahd cs j =

2:1

bkhj gF = 2 + 1 = 3

2
khztf vif = 60 3 gF
= 2 # 60 = 40
3
khztf vif = 40
khzf vif = bkhj khztf - khztf vif

= 60 - 40

khzf vif

= 20 [myJ]

= 60 1 gF

khzf vif = 20

= 20

vLJfhL 1.5
24 sKs xU g 3 : 2 : 7 vw j 3 JLfshf
btlgLwJ v, xbthU Jo s vd?
:

g s =
4

24

tha fj

_W JLf jf =

bkhj gFf =

3:2:7
3 + 2 + 7 = 12

3 # 24 = 6
12

ulh Jo s = 2 # 24 = 4
12

_wh Jo s = 7 # 24 = 14
12
g _W JLf sf 6 , 4 , 14 MF.
Kj Jo s =

vLJfhL 1.6
xU tF cs khzt khzf j 4 : 5 khztf
vif 20 v, khzf vif vd?

khzt, khzf j = 4 : 5

khztf vif = 20

khzf vif x vf
khzt, khzf vif j 20 : x

4 : 5, 20 : x uL khzt, khzfisna FwJ

vdnt 4 : 5 :: 20 : x

<bwf bgUFbjhif =

il vf bgUFbjhif

4#x
5 # 20

j rk, <bwf bgUFbjhif = il vf

bgUFbjhif

4 # x = 5 # 20
x = 5 # 20 = 25
4

khzf vif = 25
vLJfhL 1.7
A : B = 4 : 6, B : C = 18 : 5, v, A : B : C jij fhf.
5

maha

:
A:B= 4 :6

B : C = 18 : 5

_W jfis xl,
Kj j ulhtJ
cWig ( f cW ),
ulh j Kj
cWig ( Kf cW )
rkkhf ntL.

6, 18 ..k = 18

A : B = 12 : 18
B : C = 18 : 5

A : B : C =12 : 18 : 5

bjJ bfhf

jfj: jf j vgJ xU w vzhF. mj

njhuha k 1.6180339887498948482gMF. jid ig ( U ) vw nuf
vGjh FLnwh. jf j l bgW jrk vf RH
jrk vfsh Mdjy.

jf brtf: brtf s, mfy
msf jf jf j mikUjh,
mbrtfij jf brtf vW Twyh.jf
brtf xU gf 2 mo v mj kbwhU
gf (njhuhakhf) = 2 (1.62) = 3.24 mo MF.

jf JL : xU nfhL Jil
U

ghffshf

JLf

nghJ,

jfj

U
v

AB = BC v, mJ jf JL MF.
BC
AC
jfj gaghL

tha fj

nahJgh!

1. 1UJ 9 tiuahd vfis gagL jrk gytiw

vGJf. j rk xbthU vQ xU Kiw kLnk l

bgwntL. j rkij mikF vf Xyf vfshf
Uf ntL.

vLJfhL : 1 = 3
2
6

2. fy cnyhf, JjehfK, br 4 : 9 vw j
csd. j fy cnyhf vj cnyhf mf csJ?

3. xU btfy iy, br, jfu, <a Ma cnyhfjh

bragLsJ. mJ 1 gF jfuK, 1 gF <aK, jKs
10
4
gF brghY MdjhF. btfyiy br gF
vd?

1.3 khw

kufis
btLj

btg ms
mfF

thfd mf
gagLJj

khR mfF

ntfkhf
eljh

Fiwj neu
brwilth

rhiy
mfkhd
thfdf

rhiy
lgwhFiw

it y khwfis czJwd.

ewhf gojh

mf kbg bgwyh

mf rhlh

cl gUkdhF

tF cuf ngdh

Tr FHg VgL

nkfl TWfUJ, xU fhu khw VgL bghGJ,

mjndhL bjhlila fhuY khw VgL vgJ bjthwJ. j
khwij eh khw vnwh.
7

maha

fltiw bghUJf:

mf ngdhf thdh?

Maf vif mfkhF

khztf vifmfkhdh?

bry mfkhF

Fiwj bjhiy gajh?

ig vil Fiw

jff vif Fiwjh?

neu Fiw

nkflit xiwbahW rhJ, ms kL khwkilwJ.

UJ, xU bghU ms mfF nghJ (-) mjndhL
bjhlila kbwhU bghU ms mfF (-) . xU bghU ms
Fiw nghJ (.) mjndhL bjhlila kbwhU bghU ms Fiw
(.) vgij mnwh.
bghGJ fl mltizfis ftf:
xU ngdh iy (`)

10 ngdhf iy (`)

10 # 5 = 50

20

10 # 20 = 200

30

10 # 30 = 300

ngdhf vif mfF nghJ mt bkhj iy

mjF jFjthW mfF.
5 rilf iy (`)

xU ril iy (`)

3000

3000 = 600
5

1000

1000 = 200
5

rilf vif Fiw bghGJ, mt iy mjF

jFjthW Fiw.
8

tha fj
vdnt, xU bghU ms mfF ( ) [Fiw ( )] bghGJ kbwhU
bghU ms xnu j mfjh ( ) [Fiwjh ( )] mit uL
ne khw vnwh.
nkY y vLJfhLfis ghngh:

i) kG ntfij mfF bghGJ, brwila ntoa lfhd

neu mfFkh? (m) Fiwkh?

ii) xU L khztf vif FiwbghGJ, mtfSF

tHfgl rika bghUf gaghL mf ehfSF tUkh? (m)
Fiwkh?
kG ntf mfF nghJ brwila ntoa lfhd
neu Fiw vgJ eh mjnj.
mijnghy, L cs khztf vif FiwbghGJ,
rika bghUf mfkhd ehfSF tU vgJ cik.
vdnt, xU bghU ms mfF ( ) [Fiw ( )] bghGJ mjndhL
bjhlila kbwhU bghU ms Fiw ( ) [mfF ( )] v mit
uL vkhw vnwh.
flit nekhwyh vkhwyh vd fhf.

1. bgf vif mt iyfS.

2. fgf cauK, bfhLfgl neu

mt Hf sfS.

3. xU Fl uij flf ntfK

vLJbfhS neuK.

4. tlf MufS mt gugsfS

5. bjhyhsf vif bfhLfgl

ntiyia Kogjfhd ehfS.

6. xU Kfh cs gil uf vif

mthuhFa bryfS.

7. mrY to.

8. xU jf tf vif gff
vif.

nH bfhLfgLs mltizia ftf:

ngdhf
x
vif
ngdhf iy (`) y

10

20

100

200

350

500

1000

x mfF ( ) bghGJ y mfF ( ) vgij mnwh.

9

maha

ngdhf
jij fhf.

vifF

mt

iyF

ilnaahd

ngdhf vif = x = 2 , 4 , 7 , 10 , 20 MF.

ngdhf iy
y
100 200 350 500 1000
1
= kh

j =
50
ngdhf vifF ngdhf iyF ilnaahd
j xU kh.

x = iyj kh
y

U bghUf nekhw U, mt jf vbghGJ

khahfnt UF.
bghGJ, bfhLfgLs vLJfhil ftf:
vLJbfhl neu (k)

x1 = 2

x2 = 10

gaz u (..)

y1 = 10

y2 = 50

UJ, gaz neu mfF ( ) bghGJ gaj uK mfF

( ) vgij mJ bfhsyh.
x

X = 1 = 2 = 1
x2
10
5
y

Y = 1 = 10 = 1
y2
50
5

X = Y = 1

5
nekhw, xU msthdJ xU Fl j khW bghGJ
kbwhU msthdJ mnj j khwkilwJ vgij nkfl
vLJfhoUJ bjJ bfhsyh.
nH bfhLfgLs khf bjhlig mJ bfhL a kW b I
fL of.
vLJbfhl neu (k)

10

12

gaz u (..)

120

300

480

600

F vLJbfhl neuF gaz uF cs jij

fhngh.
vLJ bfhl neu
= 2 = 5 = 10 = 8 = 1 = kh
gaz u
120
300
600
480
60

x = 1 .
y
60
bghGJ a it fL ongh

1 = 6
60
a

mjhtJ

10

tha fj

1 6 = 6

60 6 = 360

a = 360

1 = 12
60
b

1 12 = 12

60 12 = 720

b = 720
nH bfhLfgLs mltizia fhf :
ntf (.. k-1)
vLJbfhl neu (k)

120
4

x
y

80
6

60
8

48
10

40
12

F x Fiw (.) bghGJ y mfgij (-) fhzyh

xy

= 120 # 4 = 480

= 80 # 6 = 60 # 8 = 48 # 10 = 40 # 12 = 480

= kh

xy

U msf v khw U, mt bgUfgy kh MF.

fl vLJfhil ftf.
fl vLJfhil ftf:
ntf (.. k-1)

x1 = 120

x2 = 60

vLJ bfhl neu (k)

y1 = 4

y2 = 8

ntf mfF ( )bghGJ, gaz neu Fiw ( ).

x1
= 120 = 2
x2
60
y
Y = 1 = 4 = 1 1/Y =2
y2
8
2
X=

X= 1
Y
Mjyh, vkhw bfhLfgl msthdJ xU j khW
bghGJ, kbwhU msthdJ mjF jiy j khW.
bghGJ khf bjhlig mJ, a kW b I fhf :

Mf
vif
ehf
vif

15

60

12

20

11

maha

xy = 15 # 4 = 5 # 12 = 60

xy = 60 = kh
xy kh vgij mnwh.

6 a

= 60

6 10

= 60

a
xy
b 20
3 20

=
=
=
=

10
60
60
60

= 3

1. x kW y nekhw U, fltiw uf
(i)
1
3
9
15
x
(ii)

10

2
6

x
y

16

5
18

21

2. x kW y vkhw U, fltiw uf
(i)
20
10
40
50
x
50

(ii)

x
y

200
10

250
8
50

16

vLJfhL 1.8

16 bgf iy ` 48 v, 4 bgf iyia fhf.

:
4 bgf iyia a vd bfhnth.

bgf vif

iy (`)

x
16
4

y
48
a

bgf vif Fiwjh ( ), mj iy Fiw ( ).
vdnt j U ms ne khw csd.
nekhw, x = kh vgJ eh mjnj
y
16 = 4

48
a
12

tha fj

16 # a = 48 # 4

a = 48 # 4 = 12
16

ehF bgf iy = ` 12

khWKiw:

4 bgf iyia a vd bfhnth .

bgf vif

iy (`)

16

48

bgf vif Fiw ( ) bghGJ, mj iy FiwwJ

( ). vdnt J nekhw.
16 = 48
4
a
16 # a = 4 # 48

a = 4 # 48 = 12
16
4 bgf iy = ` 12.

vLJfhL 1.9
xU kGJ 360 nyh l uij 4 k neu flwJ.
mnj ntf kGJ brY bghGJ, 6 k 30 lf vts
uij flF .

:
1

6 2 k neu flj uij a vW FLnth.

neu (k)

gaj u (..)

360

6 1

gazneu mfjh ( ),

30 lf = 30 k
60
1

= k
2
6 k 30 lf
1
= 6 2 k

gaj uK mfF ( ). vdnt J nekhw.

nekhw, x = kh
y
13

maha

4 = 61 2
360
a

4 # a = 360 # 6 1
2
13

4 # a = 360 #
2
360
13
#

= 585
a=
4#2
6 1 k neu gaj u = 585 ..
2

khWKiw:
6 1 k neu gaj uij a vW FLnth
2

neu (k)

gaj u (..)

360

61
2

gazu mfjh ( ), gaj uK mfF ( ). vdnt J

nekhw.
4 = 360

61 2
a

4 # a = 360 # 6 1 2

6 12

4 # a = 360 # 13
2
360
13
= 585
a=
#
4
2
k neu gaj u = 585..

vLJfhL 1.10
7 Mf xU ntiyia 52 ehf brJ Kowd. mnj ntiyia13
Mf vjid ehf brJ Koghf?
:
fLof ntoa ehf vifia a vW FLnth .

Mf vif ehf vif

x
y
7
52
13
a

Mf vif mfF ( ) bghGJ, ehf vif

Fiw( ). vdnt J vkhw.
vkhw, xy = kh

7 # 52 = 13 # a

13 # a = 7 # 52
14

tha fj
a = 7 # 52 = 28
13
vdnt, 13 Mf j ntiyia 28 ehf Koghf.

khWKiw:

fLof ntoa ehf vifia a vW FLnth.

Mf vif
ehf vif

7

52
13
a
Mf vif mfF ( ) bghGJ, ehf vif
Fiw( ). vdnt J vkhw.

7 = a
13
52

7 # 52 = 13 # a

13 # a = 7 # 52

a = 7 # 52 = 28
13
vdnt, 13 Mf j ntiyia 28 ehf Koghf.

vLJfhL 1.11
xbthU gfY 35 tfis bfhl jf bkhj gff
120. mnj br xbthU gfY 24 tfshf Ujh, jf bkhj
gff vtsthf UF?

fLof ntoa gff vifia a

vW

FLnth .

xbthU gfY cs
tf vif

35
24

bkhj gff vif

120
a

xU gf, tf vif Fiw ( ) bghGJ, jf
gff vif mfwJ ( ). vdnt J vkhw.
35 = a

24
120

35 # 120 = a # 24

a # 24 = 35 # 120
a = 35 # 120
24
a = 35 # 5 = 175

xU gf 24 tf UF bghGJ, jf bkhj gff

vif = 175
15

maha

1
g 1.1

1.

rahd ilia njbjLf :

i) 8 nyh m iy ` 160 v, 18 nyh m iy
(A) ` 480
(B) ` 180
(C) ` 360
(D) ` 1280

ii) 7 khgHf iy ` 35 v, 15 khgHf iy
(A) ` 75
(B) ` 25

(C) ` 35
(D) ` 50
iii) xU u to 195nyhl uij 3 k neu flwJ.
mnj ntf, mj u to 5 k neu flF u
(B) 325 . .
(C) 390. .
(D) 975 . .
(A) 195 . .

iv) 8 Mf xU ntiyia24 ehf brJ Kojhf v, mnj

ntiyia 24 Mf brJ Kof vLJbfhS ehf
vif
(A) 8 ehf
(B) 16 ehf
(C) 12 ehf
(D) 24 ehf

v) 18 Mf xU ntiyia 20 eh brJ Kojhf v, mnj ntiyia

24Mf brJ Kof vLJbfhS ehf vif
(C) 21 ehf
(D) 15 ehf
(A) 20 ehf (B) 22 ehf

2. 300 egf fyJ bfhS fahz UF 60 nyh fhff

njitgLwJ. 500 egf mj UF tUthf v, vts
fhff njitgL?
3. 1500 khztf bfhl gF 90 Maf njitgLwhf. 2000
khztf bfhl gF vjid Maf njit?
4. xU kGJ 45 lf 60 . flwJ. mnj ntf brY
bghGJ, xU k neu mJ vts u flF?
5. xU eg 96 r. gugsit 8 ehf btis mojh. 18 ehf vts
gugsit btis mof Ko?
6. 7 bgof vil 36.4 . v, mnj msthd 5 bgof vil
vtsthf UF?
7. 60 . ntf brY xU kGJ xU Fl uij 5 k neu
flwJ. mnj uij 40 . ntf brwh, vts neu flF?
8. xU ntiyia 150 Mf 12 ehf KoJLthf. 120 Mf mnj
ntiyia vjid ehf Koghf?
9. 276 uf cs xU glhs 20 ehfSF njitahd rika
bghUf csJ. mj bghUf 46 ehfSF of ntLbk
vjid uf j glhsij L bry ntL ?
10. xU jf 70 gff csd. xU gf 30 tf mlgLwJ.
Mdh mnj bria xU gf 20 tf vW mlh, mj
jf vjid gff UF?
16

tha fj

11. xU uhQt Kfh 800 uf Uwhf. mtfSF 60 ehfSF

nghJkhd kif bghUf csd. mj KfhF nkY 400 uf
tJ nrjhf v, vjid ehfSF mj kif bghUf
nghJkhdjhf UF?

hf

f
if

nto

xU Mij j Toid xU eho fodh, 200 Mijf

jf Toid vts neu fL?
Mijf jf Toid fLtiy. mJ w gwitf
foa To myJ kubgh jF.

nH cs dhfis gof. f Jtiu goj gy Kiwfis

nahJ midJ KiwfY tiw brf.

1. xU rfu 3 dhof 48 Kiw RHwJ. 30 ehof mrfu

vjij Kiw RHY?
2. Hgl fiyP 5 lf 100 Hufis cUthFwh. mt
1200 Hufis cUthf vjid lf njitgL?
3. uL FGf 36 isahL uf csd. 5 FGf vjid
isahL uf Ughf?

id bfhf!

1. U msf nekhw UFbk, xU ms mfF nghJ

(Fiw nghJ) mjndhL bjhlila kbwhU ms mfF
(Fiw).

2. U msf vkhw UFbk xU ms mfF

nghJ (Fiw nghJ) mjndhL bjhlila kbwhU ms Fiw
(mfF).

3. nekhw, x U ntW msf j, kbwh mjFfj

msf jF rkkhF.

4. vkhw, x U ntW msf j kbwh mjFfj

msf jF jiyHhF.
17

maha

msitf

_oa
totfshd brtf, rJu kW brnfhz Knfhz
Mat Rws kW gugs fhQ Kiwfis Mwh tF
fUnwh. _oa totfshd Knfhz, izfu, rhrJu, rtf
kW tl gugs fhQ Kiwfis tF fhngh.

2.1 ghit

Mwh tF eh fwj brtf, rJu kW brnfhz
Knfhz Rws, gugs g F id Tnth.

Rws

xU _oa tot viyia eh xU Kiw RtU nghJ ilF
unk mtot Rws MF.

gl 2.1

brtf Rws = 2 (s) + 2 (mfy)

= 2 [s + mfy]

brtf Rws = 2 (l + b) myFf. F l = s, b = mfy

rJu Rws = 4 xU gf s

= 4 gf

rJu Rws = 4 a myFf. F a vgJ rJu gf

Knfhz Rws = _W gf msf TLj

Knfhz Rws = (a + b + c) myFf

F a, b, c Knfhz gffshF.
18

msitf

gugs

xU _oa tot milF l ms mj gugsthF.

gl 2.2

brtf gugs = s mfy

brtf gugs = l b rJu myFf

rJu gugs = gf gf

rJu gugs = a a rJu myFf

brnfhz Knfhz gugs

= 1 brnfhzij csla gff bgUfgy
2
1
= # ^ b # hh rJumyFf
2

F b, h vgit brnfhzij csla gffshF.

) cf tF cs fUgyif, nkir, rd
Mat Rws kW gugsit fhf.

) xU jhid vLJ bfhL m gntW

msf bfhl brtf, rJu kW brnfhz
Knfhzfis tiuJ mij fjJ jna
vLJ bfhs. mtiw nkir J itJ
mt Rws, kW gugsit fL of.

vLJfhL 2.1

s 15 , mfy 10 cila brtf tot

y gugs , Rws fhf.

s = 15 , mfy = 10 vd jugLsJ.
brtf gugs = s mfy

= 15 10
19

gl 2.3

maha

= 150 2

brtf Rws = 2 [s + mfy]
= 2 [15 +10] = 50

brtf gugs = 150 2

brtf Rws = 50 .

vLJfhL 2.2
80 s cila brtf tot njhl gugs 3200 r.. njhl
mfyij fhf.

s = 80 , gugs = 3200 r. vdjugLsJ.

brtf gugs = s mfy

brtf gugs
mfy =
s

3200
80 = 40

` njhl mfy = 40 .
vLJfhL 2.3
40 sKila rJutot kid gugs, Rws fhf.
:
rJu tot kid gf = 40

rJu gugs



rJu Rws


rJu gugs

rJu Rws

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

( jugLsJ )

gf gf

40 40
1600 r..
4 gf
4 40 = 160 .
1600 r..
160 .

gl 2.4

vLJfhL 2.4
rJu tot njhl gf 50 . njhlij R lUF
`10 j ntnghl MF bryit fhf.

:
rJu tot njhl gf 50 . vd bfhLfgLsJ.
20

msitf
ntnghl MF bkhj bryit fhz njhl Rwsit fL
mij lUF MF bryl bgUdh nghJkhdJ

rJu tot njhl Rws

ntnghl xU lUF MF bry
` 200 lUF MF bry

=
=
=
=
=
=

4 gf
4 50
200
`10 (bfhLfgLsJ)
`10 200
`2000

vLJfhL 2.5
gf 60 cila rJu tot fhit rk bra rJu lUF ` 2
j MF bryit fhf.

:
rJu tot fh gf 60 . vd bfhLfgLsJ.
rk bra MF bryit fhz, gugsit fL mjid rJu
lUF MF bryl bgUdh nghJkhdJ.

fh gugs = gf gf
= 60 60 = 3600 r..
xU rJu lUF MF bry = `2
`
3600 rJu lUF MF bry = `2 3600

= `7200
vLJfhL 2.6
xU isahLl brnfhzKnfhz to
csJ. brnfhzij jhF gff 50 , 80 . l
bk r rJu lUF `5 j MF bkhj bryit
fhf.

gl 2.5

bk r MF bkhj bryit fhz, isahLl gugsit

fL mij xU rJu lUF MF bryl bgUdh nghJkhdJ.
brnfhzKnfhz isahLl gugs = 1 b h
2
F b, h vgd brnfhzij jhF gffshF.
= 1 # (50 80)
2
= 2000 r.
1 V = 100 2
xU rJu lUF MF bry = `5
` 2000 rJu lUF MF bry = `5 2000 1 bAnl = 100 V (m)
= 10000 r.

= `10000
21

maha

2.2 TL cUtf gugs

brtf, rJu kW brnfhz Knfhz Mat VnjD U
TL cUtf gugsit fhQ Kiwfis gF fhngh.

xU uhkthF gl
fhoago U yf mLjLJ
csd. mj gugs mtUF
bjahJ. xU y 30 gfKila
rJuy. kwJ 50
20
msila brtf y. nghJ
mt itUF y bkhj
gugsit fL mtUF cfsh
cjt Kokh?

gl 2.6

1.5

xU g aF fj kwJF
tsk kybfho tfhof. mtf fj
miwia gl tiuJ mHFgLd. miw
Rt 2 sK 1.5 mfyK cila brtf tot
2
1.5
glij Kj tsk tiujh. mglF mU
gl 2.7
kybfho brnfhz Knfhzij tiujh.
brnfhzij csla gff sf Kiwna 1.5, 2 v mtf
tiuj glf bkhj guig ekh fhz Kokh?
bghGJ eh y TL cUtf gugsfis fhngh.

vLJfhL 2.7
bfhLfgLs gl gugsit fhf.
gl 2.8

bfhLfgl glij gl 2.9 fhoago rJu, brtf U

gFfshf J bfhnth.
rJu gugs (1) = 3 br. 3 br. = 9 br. 2

brtf gugs (2) = 10 br. 4 br. = 40 br. 2

br.
br.

br.

` gl bkhj gugs (gl 4.9) = ( 9 + 40 ) br.. 2

= 49 br. 2

22

br.

gl 2.9

msitf

khWKiw:
bfhLfgl glij gl 2.10 fhoago U
brtffshf J bfhnth.

brtf gugs (1) = 7 br. 3 br. = 21 br. 2

brtf gugs (2) = 7 br. 4 br. = 28 br. 2
` gl bkhj gugs (gl 4.10) = ( 21 + 28 ) br.

gl 2.10

= 49 br.2
vLJfhL 2.8
fhQ gl gugsit fhf
br.

br.

br.

gl 2.11

:
glkhdJ brtf, brnfhz
Knfhz vd U gFfis
bfhLsJ.
gl 2.12

brtf gu (1) = 5 br. 10 br.
= 50 br. 2
brnfhz Knfhz gu (2) = 1 (7br. 5br.)
2

35

= 2 br. 2 = 17.5 br. 2

` gl bkhj gu = ( 50 + 17.5) br. 2

bkhj gu = 67.5 br. 2

vLJfhL 2.9
60 sKila rJutot kidia m thdh. myF mLj
70 50 msila brtf tot kidia m thdh. UtU xnu
iyF thdhf v yhg miljt ah?
23

maha

gl 2.13

m tha rJutot kid gugs (1) = 60 60 = 3600 2

m tha brtftot kid gugs (2) = 70 50 = 3500 2
F rJu tot kid gugs brtf tot kid gugsit
l mfkhf csJ.
vdnt, yhg miljt m.

rk gugsit bfhl U rJutot jhid vLJ
bfhf. _iyl tahf rJu jhid btl. vjid
brnfhz Knfhzf iljd? mt gugs g
VnjD Tw Kokh? btoa gFfis kbwhU rJu jh
J rahf bghU TJ nehf. vd mJ bfhs
KowJ? To thf.

xnu khahd U brtf tot jhid vLJbfhf.
xU brtf tot jhid _iy l tahf btl. vjid
brnfhz Knfhzf iljd?
mt gugs g VnjD TwKokh? btoa gFfis kbwhU
brtf tot fhj J rahf bghUj. brtfF,
brnfhz KnfhzF ilna cs bjhl vd? thf.

g 2.1

br.

1. fhQ glf gugsfis fhf.

br.

br

br.

br.

br.
br.

br.

br.

br

br.

br.

br.

br.

24

br.

msitf

2. 5 sK 4 mfyK cila jiuF rJu XL gf Uwh.

xU rJu Xo gugs 1 2 v jiu KGtJ XL gf, vjid
2
XLf njitgL?.
3. brnfhz Knfhz tot yK, brtf tot yK mLjLJsd.
brnfhz Knfhz y brnfhzij csla gff
msf 30 , 40 . brtf tot y s, mfyf Kiwna 20 ,
15. brnfhz Knfhz tot y iy, brtf tot y
iy rkkhdit v vj yij thFtJ wjJ?
4. 50 sKila rJu tot kidia k thdh. mkidF mLJs
60 sK 40 mfyK cila brtf tot kidia u thdh.
Ut tha iy rk v ah yhg miljJ? vts gugs
mf?
5. vjDila gugs mfkhdJ? brnfhzij jhF gff 80,
60 sKila brnfhz Knfhz gugs myJ 50 sKila
rJu gugs.

2.3 Knfhz gu
brnfhz Knfhz gu vgJ mij
csla brtf gugs ghahF.

brnfhz Knfhz gu

= 1

(brnfhzij csla gff

2
bgUfgy)
gl 2.14
(myJ) = 1 b h r.myFf
2
F b, h vgJ brnfhz Knfhz csla gffshF.
gF Knfhzf gugs fhQ Kiwfis fhngh.

Knfhz gugs fhz

brtf tot JLjhid vLJ bfhf. mt cfSF
A,B,C kW D vdbgaLf. DC J E vw VnjD xU ia Ff.
AE kW BE I nrf. gl 2.15 (i) fhoago brtf ABCD F mikj
Knfhz ABE ilF.

gl 2.15
25

maha

DE = AF vd UFkhW AB J F vw ia Ff. EF I
nrf. EF = BC vgij ftf. bghGJ EF I h vd AB I b
vd bfhnth.

AE kW BE tahf btl. bghGJ ilF Knfhz (2), (3)

I gl 2.15 (iii) fhoago ABE J rahf bghUj, bghGJ

D ABE gu = D ADE gu + D BCE gu

..... (1)

brtf ABCD gu = D ABE gu + ( D ADE gu +

D BCE gu)
= D ABE gu + D ABE gu ((1) go)
= 2 D ABE gu
mjhtJ 2 D ABE gu = brtf ABCD gu
` Knfhz ABE gu
1

= 2 (brtf ABCD gu)

= 1 (s mfy)

2

= 1 bh r.myFf
2
gl 2.16
`
Knfhz gu = 1 bh r.myFf
2
F b, h vgJ Kiwna Knfhz mogf kW caukhF.

vw
nfhz
Knfhzij fUJf. C UJ
tiuagl brFJ, BA
D vw rwJ.
Knfhz gugs vd?

cau

ABC

mogf

gl 2.17

fhj ko Kiw
Knfhz toyhd JLjhid vLJbfhf. mj cfSF

A, B, C vd bgaLf. mogf AB I b vW FJauij h vW fUJf.

AC kW BC ikafis fhf. mtiw Kiwna D kW E
vf. nkY C UJ AB F xU brFJ nfhLJL tiuf. mJ
DE I F vw lY AB I G vw lY rF. bghGJ CF = FG
vgij ftf.
26

msitf

gl 2.18

DE tahf btl, ilF Knfhz DCE I CF tahf btodh

U brnfhz Knfhzf ilF. mtiw gl 2.18 (iii) fhoago
ehfu ABED UwK nrf.
(i) MtJ gl gugs = (iii) MtJ gl gugs
mjhtJ Knfhz gu = cUthfgl brtf gu
1
= b # ( 2 h) r. myFf [CF + FG = h]

= 1 b h r. myFf
2

vLJfhL 2.10
fhQ glf gugsit fhf.

gl 2.19

:
(i) mogf = 5 br., cau = 4 br. vd jugLsJ.
1

Knfhz PQR gugs = 2 b h

= 1 5 4
2

= 10 r.br. (myJ) br. 2

(ii) mogf = 7 br., cau = 6 br. vd jugLsJ.
1

Knfhz ABC gugs = 2 b h

1

= 2 7 6
= 21 r.br. (myJ) br. 2
27

maha

vLJfhL 2.11
40 cau bfhl xU Knfhz tot njhl gugs 800 r..
mj mogf sij fhf.

:
Knfhztot njhl gugs = 800 r. (jugLsJ)
1bh
= 800
2
1 # b # 40
= 800 ( a h = 40)
2

20 b = 800
b = 40

` mogf s 40 .

g 2.2
1. fhQ Knfhzf gugsfis fhf.

2.

br.

(i)

br

br

br.

br.

br.

(ii)

(iii)

br.

br.

(iv)

fhQ msfSF Knfhz gugsit fhf.

(i) mogf = 6 br., cau = 8 br.
(ii) mogf = 3 ,
cau = 2
(iii) mogf = 4.2 ,
cau = 5

3. fhQ Knfhz gugs kW cau msfis bfhL

mj mogf sij fhf.
(i) gugs = 40 2 ,
cau = 8
(ii) gugs = 210 br. 2 , cau = 21 br.
(iii) gugs = 82.5 2 , cau = 10

4. fhQ Knfhz gugs kW mogf msfis

bfhL mj cau fhf :
(i) gugs = 180 2 ,
mogf = 20
2
(ii) gugs = 62.5 , mogf = 25
(iii) gugs = 20 br. 2 , mogf = 5 br.

5. xU njhlkhdJ Knfhz to csJ. mj mogf 26 , cau
28 . njhlij rkbra rJu lUF `5 j MF bkhj
bryitfhf.
28

msitf

2.4 ehfu gu
ehF nfhLJLfsh milgL cUt ehfu MF. uL
nfhL JLf xiwbahW FWfhf bto bfhshJ.

gl 2.20
nkfl gl
gl (i), (ii), (iii) Mait ehfukhF
gl (iv) ehfuky.

ehfu tiff

fl glkhdJ ehfu gy tiffis fhLwJ.

gl 2.21
29

maha

ehfu gugs
ABCD vw ehfu _iy l AC I tiuf. mJ ehfuij 3 ABC
kW 3 ADC vd ulhf wJ. bghJ mogf
AC F FJnfhL BE kW DF I tiuf.
ehfu ABCD gugs

= 3 ABC gugs + 3 ADC gugs

= [ 1 # AC # h1 ] + [ 1 # AC # h2 ]

2
2
1
= # AC # (h1 + h2)
2
gl 2.22
1
= # d # (h1 + h2) r. myFf.
2
F d vgJ _iyl AC- sij, h1, h2 vgJ
vgfUJ _iylF tiuagl FJnfho sij
FF.
` ehfu gugs = 1 # d # (h1 + h2) r. myFf.
2

vLJfhL 2.12
gl fhos ehfu PQRS
gugs fhf.

:
d = 20 br.., h1 = 7 br., h2 = 10 br.
vd jugLsJ.

gl 2.23

ehfu PQRS gugs

= 1 # d # ^h1 + h2h

2
1
= 2 # 20 # ^7 + 10h = 10 # 17

= 170 br. 2

` ehfu PQRS gugs = 170 br. 2.

vLJfhL 2.13
xU L kidahdJ ehfuto csJ.
mj xU _iyl s 200 . ehfu
U v cf _iylUJ 60, 50
bjhiy csd v ehfu gugs
ahJ?
30

gl 2.24

msitf

:
d = 200 , h1 = 50 , h2 = 60 vd jugLsJ.
1
ehfu ABCD gugs = 2 # d # ^ h1 + h2h
1
= 2 # 200 # ^50 + 60h
= 100 # 110

\ ehfu gugs = 11000 2

vLJfhL 2.14

xU ehfu gugs 525 r.. mj U cfUJ _iylF
tiuagL brF sf 15, 20 v _iyl sbkd?

:
gugs = 525 r., h1 = 15 , h2 = 20 vd jugLsJ.
bghGJ,

ehfu gugs
1 # d # ^ h1 + h2h

2
1 # d # ^15 + 20h

2
1 # d # 35

2

= 525 r.
= 525
= 525
= 525

d =
` _iyl s = 30 .

525 # 2
1050
= 35 = 30
35

vLJfhL 2.15
400 br. 2 gugs bfhl ehfu PQRS xU _iyl s
PR = 25 br.. Q UJ PR F tiuagL brFJnfho s 15 br.
v S UJ PR F tiuagL brFJnfho sbkd?
:
d = 25 br., h1 = 15 br., gugs = 400 br. 2 vd jugLsJ.
ehfu PQRS gugs = 400 br. 2

1 d (SL + QM) = 400 F SL = h , QM = h

1
2
2
1 # d # ^ h1 + h2h
= 400
2
1 # 25 # ^15 + h2h
= 400
2
400 # 2
15 + h2 = 25 = 16 # 2 = 32
h2 = 32 15 = 17
` S UJ PR F tiuagL brF s 17 br. gl 2.25
31

maha

2
g 2.3

1. glUJ, ehfu
ABCD gugsit fhf.

2. bfhLfgLs

3. xU ehfu _iyl 25 br.. v cf UJ _iyl

nkyikj brF sf 5 br., 7 br. v ehfu gugs

_iyl kW cau
ehfu gugsit fhf.
(i) d = 15 br., h1 = 5 br., h2 = 4 br.
(ii) d = 10 br., h1 = 8.4 br., h2 = 6.2 br.
(iii) d = 7.2 br., h1 = 6 br., h2 = 8 br.

msfis

bfhL

ahJ?

4. xU ehfu gugs 54 br.2.mj U cUJ

_iy lF tiuagL brF sf 4 br., 5 br. v

_iyl sbkd?

5. xU L kidahdJ ehfu to csJ. mj xU _iyl

s 250 . ehfu U v cf _iylUJ 70 , 80
bjhiy csd. L kid gugs ahJ?

2.5 izfu gugs

rJu, brtf, Knfhz Ma rkjs cUtfis ju gntW rkjs
cUtfis e mwhl th ghUnwh. kw rkjs cUtfis
g cfSF bjkh?
izfu vgJ rkjs cUtf xwhF.
gF
thngh.

izfuij

g,

fltiw

izfu toYs y gugsit vthW fhgJ?

izfuij mj gugsF rkkhd brtfkhf khw Kokh?
izfuij mj gugsF rkkhd U Knfhzfshf khw
Kokh?

izfu tiuaiw
ehF bjdFfis vLJ bfhs. mtiw ir th
o bfhL brtf tUkhW izf (ghf gl 2.26 (i))

32

msitf

gl 2.26
mogf AB I iyahf itJ bfhL D Kidia bkJthf tyw
js, gl 2.26 (ii) fhoa totij bgwyh.
nghJ fltF gyf :
tot iz gffis bgWsjh? xWbfhW izahd
gff vit?
F AB DC izahdit. nkY AD
BC izahdit. iz vgij Ff||
vw Fpil gagLJnwh.
mjhtJ
AB || DC kW AD || BC. (ij AB F iz DC
kW AD F iz BC vd gofyh).

gl 2.27

xU ehfu, U vbu gff

izahf Ujh mij izfu vd miHfyh ( gl 2.27 ).

izfu gugs

tiugljh gl 2.28 (i) bfhLJsgo izfu xiw tiua.

gl 2.28
c D UJ mogf AB F xU brFJ nfhL tiuf. mJ AB
bjhL lij E vf.
bghGJ, Knfhz AED I jahf btobaLJ mij kWw,
gl 2.28 (iii) fhoago gf AD kW gf BC xwhFkhW nrf.

vd tot ilJsJ? brtfkh?

izfu gu bghGJ ilJs brtf gu rkkh?
33

maha

M. izfu gu = cUthfgl brtf gu

gl 2.29

cUthfgl brtf s izfu mogfF,
brtf mfy izfu cauF rkkhF vgij eh mJ
bfhsyh.

` izfu gugs = brtf gugs

= s mfy

= mogf cau

izfu gugs = bh rJu myFf
F b vgJ izfu mogfij h vgJ cauij
FwJ
` izfu gugs
vgJ mogf (b) kW cau izfu
(h) Mat bgUf gydhF. vgff izahF.
vbu nfhzf rkkhF
F:
izfu
vj vbu gff rkkhF.
gfij
m ogfk hf _iylf sf rkky
fUjyh.
v
cUJ _iylf xiwbahW
m g f F
t i ua g L
Urk TL.
brFJ bjhiy mj cau
( FJau ) MF.

vLJfhL 2.16

gl bfhLfgl msfSF

(i) ABI mogfkhf bfhL izfu

gugs fhf.

(ii) ADI mogfkhf bfhL

izfu gugs fhf.
:
izfu gugs = mogf cau

34

gl 2.30

msitf

(i) ABI mogfkhf bfhL, izfu gugs

= mogf AB cau DE

= 6 br 4 br = 24 br 2

(ii) ADI mogfkhf bfhL, izfu gugs

= mogf AD cau FB

= 5 br. 4.8 br. = 24 br.2
F: F, bfhLfgl

izfu ABI mogfkhf

bfhL fzlgl izfu
gugs,
ADI
mogfkhf
bfhL fzlgl izfu
gugs rkkhF.
` vdnt , i zf u

gl 2.31 I bfhL

izfu gugsF,
Knfhz gugsF
cs bjhlig fhf.

VnjD xU gfij mogfkhf

bfhL, mjnfw cauij
bfhL gugsit fzlyh.

vLJfhL 2.17
mogf 9 br., FJau

5 br. cila izfu x

gugsit fhf.

gl 2.31

b = 9 br., h = 5 br. vd jugLsJ

izfu gugs = b h
= 9 5
\ izfu gugs = 45 br. 2
vLJfhL 2.18

X izfu gugs 480 br. 2, mogf 24 br. bfhl

izfu FJau vd?

:
gugs = 480 br. 2, mogf b = 24 br. vd jugLsJ.

izfu gugs = 480

b h = 480

24 h = 480

h = 480 = 20 br.

24
` izfu FJau = 20 br..
35

maha

vLJfhL 2.19

X izfu gugs 56 br. 2 . mj FJau 7 br. v
izfu mogf vd?

:
gugs = 56 br. 2, FJau h = 7 br. vd jugLsJ.

izfu gugs = 56

b h = 56

b 7 = 56

56

b = 7 = 8 br..
` izfu mogf = 8 br..

vLJfhL 2.20
PQRS

vw
izfu,
U
gff sf 9 br. kW 5 br..
mogf PQ it bghWJ mj FJau
4 br. (glij ghf) v

(i) izfu gugs ahJ?

gl 2.32

(ii) mogf PS I bghWJ mj FJau fhf.

:
(i) izfu gugs = b h
= 9 4
= 36 br. 2
(ii)

mogf PS ( b ) = 5 br., v,
gugs = 36

b h = 36

5 h = 36

h = 36 = 7.2 br..

5
` mogf PS I bghWJ FJau 7.2 br..

J thf:

Rws rkkhf csthW gntW izfufis tiua.

mj izfuf midJ xnu gugsit bfhoUFkh?

36

msitf

g 2.4

1. rahd ilia njbjLf:

i) gugs 300 br. 2, mogf 15 br. bfhl izfu FJau

(B) 15 br.

(C) 20 br.

(D) 30 br.

ii) gugs 800 br. 2, FJau 20 br. bfhl izfu mogf

(A) 20 br.

(B) 30 br.

(C) 40 br.

(D) 50 br.

iii) mogf 20 br., FJau 30 br. bfhl izfu gugs

(A) 300 br. 2

(B) 400 br. 2

(C) 500 br. 2

2. fhQ izfuf gugsfis fhf:

br.

(D) 600 br. 2

br.

br.

br.

(A) 10 br.

br
br.

3. izfuf mogfK, FJauK jugLsd. mt

gugsfis fhf :
(i) b = 14 br., h = 18 br.
(ii) b = 15 br., h = 12 br.
(iii) b = 23 br., h = 10.5 br.
(iv) b = 8.3 br., h = 7 br.

4. xU izfu mogfK, mjnfw FJauK Kiwna 14 br.,
8 br. v izfu gus ahJ?

5. xU isahLl izfu to csJ. mj mogf 324
kW FJau 75 v isahLl gugs vd?

6. gugs 324 r.br., mogf 27 br. bfhl izfu FJau
fhf.

2.6 rhrJu

midJ gffS rkkhf
izfu rhrJu vdgL.

UF

rh rJu mogf b myF vW, mjnfw
FJau h myF vW bfhnth.

rh rJu X izfu vgjh izfuF
gagLa mnj Nuij jF gagLjyh.
` rh rJu gugs = b h r. myFf

37

gl 2.33

maha

rhrJu,

(i) vyh gffS rk

(ii) vbu gff izahF.
(iii) rh rJu _iyl mj rh rJuij U

Knfhzfshf F
(iv) rh rJu _iylf xiwbahW brFjhf
Urk TL.

rh rJu gugsit _iy lf mogil fhz:

rh rJu ABCD , AB || DC kW BC || AD
nkY, AB = BC = CD = DA
_iylf d1 ( AC ) kW d2 ( BD ) vf.

rhrJu _iylf xiwbahW brFjhf
Urk TLtjh

AC = BD kW BD = AC
rh rJu ABCD gugs

= D ABC gugs + D ADC gugs

= 8 1 # AC # OB B + 8 1 # AC # OD B
2
2
1
=
# AC # ^OB + ODh

` rhrJu gugs =

gl 2.34

2
1 # AC # BD
2
1 # d1 # d2
r. myFf
2
1 6d1 # d2 @
r. myFf
2
1 (_iylf bgUfgy) r. myFf
2

f kW thf
rJu xU rhrJu MF. Mdh rhrJu xU rJu mW.

vLJfhL 2.21
mogf ms 15 br., FJau 10 br. bfhl rhrJu gugs

fhf.

:
mogf = 15 br., FJau = 10 br. vd jugLsJ.

rh rJu gugs = mogf # FJau

= 15 br. # 10 br.
\ rh rJu gugs = 150 br. 2
38

msitf

vLJfhL 2.22
xU njhl rhrJu to csJ. mj _iylf 18 , 25 .
njhl gugs fhf.

:
d1 = 18 ,

d2 = 25 vd jugLsJ.

rh rJu gugs = 1 # d1 # d2

2
1
= 2 # 18 # 25

` njhl gugs = 225 2

vLJfhL 2.23

rh rJu x gugs 150 r.br.. mj xU _iyl 20 br..
kbwhU _iyl msit fhf.

:
gugs = 150 r.br., xU _iyl d1 = 20 br. vd jugLsJ.

rh rJu gugs = 150

1 # d1 # d2
= 150
2
1 # 20 # d2
= 150
2
10 # d2 = 150

d2 = 15 br.

` kbwhU _iyl ms = 15 br..

vLJfhL 2.24
xU tayhdJ rhrJu to csJ. ta _iyl msf 50,
60. mj taiy rkbra rJu lUF `2 j MF bryit fhf.

:
d1 = 50 , d2 = 60 vd jugLsJ.
ta gugs = 1 # d1 # d2
2
1
= # 50 # 60 r.
2
= 1500 r.

1 r. rkbra MF bry = `2

` 1500 r. rk bra MF bry = `2 1500

= `3000
39

maha

xU brtftot jhid vLJ bfhs. mj gff
ikaf fL gl 2.35 fhoago nrf

gl 2.35
Hl gF EFGH xU rhrJukhF. jkhf Hlgl Knfhzfis
btobaLJ rhrJu tUkhW xW nrf.
bghGJ cUtha
rhrJuK, K ilj rhrJu EFGH xnu khahf Ugij fhzyh.
(gl 2.36 ghf)

gl 2.36

` brtf gugs = U rhrJu gugs

rh rJu gugs = 1 [brtf gugs] = 1 6AB # BC @
2
2
= 1 6HF # EG @
[ gl 2.35 ]
2
rh rJu gugs = 1 ^ d1 # d2h r. myFf.

2

g 2.5

1. rahd ilia njbjLf:

i) rhrJu gugs

(A) d1 # d2
(B) 3 (d1 # d2) (C) 1 (d1 # d2) (D) 1 (d1 # d2)
4
2
4
ii) rhrJu _iylf xiwbahW vj nfhz UrkTL

(A) 30
(B) 45
(C) 60
(D) 90
iii) _iy lf 10 br., 12 br. bfhl xU rhrJu gugs

(A) 30 br. 2
(B) 60 br. 2
(C) 120 br. 2
(D) 240 br. 2
40

msitf

2. xU rh rJu _iyl msf bfhLfgLsd. mt

gugsfis fhf.
i) 15 br., 12 br.
ii) 13 br., 18.2 br.
iii) 74 br., 14.5 br.
iv) 20 br., 12 br.

3. xU rhrJu xU gf ms 8 br., FJau 12 br.. rh rJu

gugs fhf.
4. rhrJu x gugs 4000 r.. mj xU _iyl 100 . kbwhU
_iy l ms fhf.
5. xU ta rhrJu to csJ. mj _iyl msf 70 , 80 .
mj taiy rk bra rJu lUF `3 j MF bryit fhf.

id bfhf!
gl

gugs

Nu

1 mogf cau
2

1 b h r. myFf
2

1 _iyl
2
(vgfUJ
_iylF
tiuagL
brFJ uf
TLj)

1 d (h + h )
1
2
2
r. myFf

mogf mjnfw
FJau

bh r. myFf

1 _iylf
2
bgUf gy
rhrJu

41

1 d d
1
2
2
r. myFf

maha

toa
3.1 iznfhLf
nkiria ghf.
nkirnkgF ABCD xU rkjsgu, nkgF y fis,
n f h L J L f i s
fhzKowjh? M.
A B , B C v w
nfhLJLf B vw
vj nfhL
btLwd
JLf A, C kW D
btLwd? nfhLJLf
AD, CD btobfhwdth?
gl 3.1
nfhLJLf
AB,
BC

btobfhwdth?
nfhLJLf AB, CD ia vts u odhY xiwbahW
btobfhshk Ujh mnfhLf iznfhLf MF. AD, BC
vgd kbwhU nrho iznfhLf.

AB, CD vgd U iz nfhLf v eh tiw AB || CD vd

vGjyh.
nH bfhLfgLsit
iznfhLfSF vLJfhLf

msnfh f
izahdJ.

rd
FWF ff
izahdit.

l1, l2 vgd l3 F
izahdJ

U nenfhLf iznfhLf v mit

xWbfhW vjY bto bfhshJ.
bfhLJsgl 3.2 U iznfhLfSF
ilgl brFJ u vyh lfY rkkhf
UF.

FWF bto

gl 3.2
uL myJ mjF nkgl nfhLfis btntW f btL
nenfhL FWF bto vW TwgLwJ. bfhLJs nfhLf iz
nfhLfshf Ufyh. iznfhLfshf yhkY Ufyh.

42

toa
FWF btoah VgL nfhzf bgaf.

(i)

gl 3.3

nkny cs gl FWF
btofhd xU fUij
jUwJ. f xU rhiy
uL myJ mjF
nkgl
rhiyfis,
u n t n f h L
(bjhlto ghij) gy
nfhLfis btLtij
g h U f .

(ii)

gl 3.3 (i) - AB, CD vw xU nrho

nfhLf XY vw FWFbtoah btLnghJ
U nfhLf M kW N vw Kiwna
btLwJ. M kW N vw fis btL
f vnwh.
gl 3.3 (ii)- xU FWFbto UnfhLfis btL nghJ 1 UJ
8 tiu FfgLs nfhzf w bgafis bfhLsd. eh
mnfhzfis F fhzyh.
1. cnfhzf
gl 3.3 (ii)- vyh nfhzfS MN vw nfhLJil xU
ifahf itJsd. cnfhzf vd TwgLgit AB kW CD F
il mikJs nfhz MF. gl 3.3 (ii) - + 3, + 4, + 5, + 6 vgd
cnfhzf.

2. xW l nfhzf cnfhzf
xU FWFbto U nfhLfis btL nghJ ehF cnfhzf
clhwd. mj cnfhzf FWFbto vgff mikj
jjahd nea nfhzf xWl nfhzf cnfhzf MF.
gl 3.3 (ii) - + 3 kW + 5, + 4
nfhzf cnfhzf.

kW + 6

vgd xWl

3. btnfhzf
MN vw nfhLJil xU ifahf bfhshk cs vyh nfhzfS
btnfhzf vdgL. + 1, + 2, + 7, + 8 vgd gl 3.3 (ii)
btnfhzf MF.

4. xWl nfhzf btnfhzf

xU FWF bto U nfhLfis btL nghJ ehF btnfhzf
clhwd. mj btnfhzf FWFbto vgff mikj
jjahd nea nfhzf xWl nfhzf bt nfhzf MF.

gl. 3.3 (ii), + 1 kW + 7, + 2 kW + 8

btnfhzf.
43

vgd xW l

maha

5. xj nfhzf

xU nrho nfhzf FWF bto xU gf xU

btnfhzij xU cnfhzij VgL, Mdh uL
nfhzfS nrJ nenfhzij VgLjhk UF nfhzf xj
nfhzf vdgL.
gl 3.3 (ii) - xj nfhzf nrhof + 1 kW + 5, + 2 kW
+ 6, + 3 kW + 7, + 4 kW + 8 vgd.
+ 6 kW + 7 vgd FWFbto xnu gf UD + 6 . vgJ
cnfhz Mdh + 7 vgJ btnfhz + 6 kW + 7 vgd xjnfhzf
iy Vbd mnfhzf nrJ nea nfhzfis VgLsd
vgij ftf. bghGJ eh nfhzfis mltiz gLJnth.
m cnfhzf

+ 3, + 4, + 5, + 6

M btnfhzf

+ 1, + 2, + 7, + 8

uL nrho xjnfhzf

+ 1 kW + 5; + 2 kW+ 6
+ 3 kW + 7; + 4 kW + 8

< xU nrho xW l cnfhzf

+ 3 kW + 5 ; + 4 kW + 6

c xU nrho xW l btnfhzf

+ 1 kW + 7 ; + 2kW + 8

cnfhz nrhof FWF bto xnu

gf mikj xU nrho cnfhzf.

+ 3 kW+ 6 ; + 4 kW + 5

nH cs nfhzf
bgafis vGJf.

m) uL cnfhzf
________________
M) uL btnfhzf
_____________

gl (i) l, m vw
nenfhLf FWF bto
p. gl (ii) l, m nfhLf
p- btodhY, p vgJ
FWF bto my VbdW
cfsh brhyKokh?

) xU nrho cnfhzf
_______________
<) xU nrho xj nfhzf
_____________

xU FWF bto btLnghJ iznfhLf gf

braghL 7:
xU btisjhis vLJ bfhf. l kW m vw nfhLfis joj
tzjh tiuf. t vw FWF btoia l kW m vw nfhoF tiuf.
44

toa
+ 1 kW + 2 vgij gl 3.4(i) csthW Ff .

gl 3.4
tiuj gl J xFjhis itf l, m kW t vw
nfhLfis bjthf tiua. xFjhis l m I cl bghUJkhW t
tahf efj l m.
vLj gl cs + 1 tiuj gl cs + 2 cl bghUUgij
fhzyh. mnj kh nH cs isfis nj Kiw tiuJ efJ
bra Kiw mayh.

(i) + 1 = + 2

(ii) + 3 = + 4

(iii) + 5 = + 6

(iv) + 7 = + 8

UJ f U iznfhLfis xU FWFbto btL nghJ clhF.

(m) uL nrho xj nfhzf rk
(M) xU nrho xW l nfhzf rk
() FWF bto xnu gf mikj xU nrho cnfhzf
0
TLj if u nfhz MF.
(mjhtJ 180 )
iznfhLfis btLkhW xU FWF bto tiuf. nkTa
_W TWfis, nfhzf msfis msJ rghf.

nfhLf a || b, c vgJ
nfhLf l || m, t vgJ
xU FWF bto, + x = ? xU FWF bto, + y = ?

nfhLf l || m, t vgJ xU
FWF bto, + z = ?

l1, l2 U nfhLf t vgJ

FWFbto
+ 1 = + 2 Mf Uwjh?

nfhLf l || m, t vgJ
xU FWF bto, + x = ?
45

maha

F - tot xj nfhzfis FwJ.

Z - tot xWl nfhzfis FwJ.

xU jh xU nrho iznfhLf tUkhW

kof. kWgo fhj FWF bto
tUkhW kof. wF koj gff
fis njJ wF f. f
xU nrho iznfhLfis FWF
btoia
fhzyh.
nfhzf
msfis msJ iznfhLfis xU
FWF bto btLtjh clhF
gfis rghf.

iz
nfhLfsh vd
rghf. z
vw vGij ghf.
nfhzf rk
vgjh ilnfhLf
izahdit.

vLJfhL3.1
bfhLJs gl +CGH kW +BFE fhf.

:
gl AB || CD, EH vgJ FWF bto
+FGC =

60 (bfhLfgLsJ )

y =
+ CGH = 180 + FGC
(+CGH and +FGC vgd xU nfho jhd
mLJs nfhzf)

= 180 60 = 120
+FGC = + EFA = 60 (+EFA kW +FGC vgd xj nfhzf)
46

toa

+ EFA + + BFE = 180 (xU nfho jhd mLJs

nfhzf TLj 180)

60 + x = 180

x = 180 60 = 120

` x = + BFE = 120
y = + CGH = 120

vLJfhL 3.2

bfhLJs gl +CGF kW +DGF fhf

:
bfhLJs gl AB || CD, EH vgJ FWF bto.
+ GFB = 70

(bfhLfgLsJ)

+ FGC = a = 70 (+GFB kW

+CGF vgd xWl cnfhzf)
+ CGF + + DGF = 180 (xU nfho jhd mLJs

nfhzf TLj 180)

a + b = 180

70 + b = 180

b = 180 70 = 110

+ CGF = a = 70

+ DGF = b = 110
vLJfhL 3.3
bfhLJs gl + BFE = 100,
+ CGF = 80 v

i) + EFA, ii) + DGF,

iii) + GFB, iv) + AFG, v) + HGD vgdtiw fhf
:

i)
ii)
iii)

+ EFA = + CGF = 80 (xjnfhzf)

iv)

+ AFG = + BFE = 100 (Fbj nfhzf)

v)

+ HGD = + CGF = 80 (Fbj nfhzf)

+ BFE = 100 kW + CGF = 80 (bfhLfgLsJ)

+ DGF = + BFE = 100 (xjnfhzf)
+ GFB = + CGF = 80 (xWl cnfhzf)

47

maha

vLJfhL 3.4
gl, AB || CD, + AFG = 120 v

(i) + DGF
(ii) + GFB

(iii) + CGF Matiw fhf.

:
bfhLJs gl AB || CD kW EH vgJ FWFbto

(i)


(ii)

+ AFG = 120

(bfhLfgLsJ)

+ DGF = + AFG = 120

DGF = 120
`

(xWl cnfhzf rk)

+ AFG + + GFB = 180 (xU nfho jhd

mLJs nfhzf TLj 180)

120 + + GFB = 180

+ GFB = 180 120

= 60

(iii)

` + GFB = 60
+ AFG + + CGF = 180

120 + + CGF = 180 (xU nfho jhd

mLJs nfhzf TLj 180)

+ CGF = 180 120

= 60

`+ CGF

= 60

vLJfhL 3.5
gl l || m v x msit fhf

gl l || m

+ 3 = x (xWl cnfhzf rk)

3x + x = 180 (xU nfho jhd mLJs

nfhzf TLj 180)

4x = 180
0

x = 180 = 45
4

48

toa

g 3.1

1. rahd ilia njbjLf

i) xU FWF bto U nfhLfis btL nghJ VgL nfhzf

vif.
(A) 4
(B) 6
(C) 8
(D) 12

ii) xU FWF bto VnjD U nfhLfis btLnghJ mj U

nfhLf
(A) izahdit
(B) izawit
(C) izahf myJ izawitahf Ufyh
(D) brFjhdit

iii) U iz nfhLfis xU FWFbto btLnghJ FWF bto

xnu gf mikj cnfhzf TLj.

(A) 90
(B) 180
(C) 270
(D) 360
iv) bfhLJs gl + BQR + QRC vgd

(A) Fbj nfhzf

(B) btnfhzf
(C) xWl c nfhzf (D) xj nfhzf
v)

bfhLJs gl+ SRD = 110

v + BQP k
(A) 110
(B) 100
(C) 80
(D) 70

2. bfhLJs glUJ nH bfhLJs

TWfSF rahd gig vKJf.
(ii) + 4 = + 6 v l || m.
(i) l || m v + 1=+ 5.
(iii) + 4 + + 5 = 180 v l || m.

3.

glUJ njitahd nfhzf bgafis vGJf.

(i) + AMN Fbj nfhz
(ii) + CNQ xW l nfhz
(iii) + BMP xj nfhz
(iv) + BMN xj nfhz

4.

bfhLJs glUJ tUtdtiw fhf.

(i) uL nrho xj nfhzf
(ii) xU nrho xW l cnfhzf.
(iii) FWF bto xnu gf mikj xU nrho
cnfhzf
(iv) Fbj nfhzfis fLof.
49

maha

5. tU glf l || m v x msit fhf

6. l || m kW +1 = 70 v +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7

kW +8 msfis fhf

7. nH bfhLfgl glfUJ l || m vgJ rah? fhuz jUf.

8. gl l || m v + 1 kW + 2 msfis
fhf.

id bfhf!

1. U nenfhLf iznfhLf v mit xWbfhW vjfY

bto bfhshJ.
2. uL myJ mjF nkgl nfhLfis btntW f btL nenfhL
FWFbto vdgLwJ.
3. U iznfhLfis xU FWFbto btLnghJ clhF,
(m)
U nrho xj nfhzf rk.
(M) xU nrho xW l nfhzf rk.
()
FWF bto xnu gf mikj cnfhzf TLj
ifunfhzf.

50

brKiw toa

brKiw toa
4.1 msnfh kW ftuhaij gagL
nfhzfis mikj :

60, 30, 120, 90

(i) 60 nfhz mikj :

go 1 :

nenfhL l I tiuJ
mj J O
ia F.

vw

go 2 : O

I ikakhf bfhL
VnjD MuKs xU
tl, nenfhil A
btLkhW tiuf.

go 3 : A

I ikakhf bfhL
mnj MuKs tl
Kija tliy B
btLkhW tiuf.

go 4 : OB I nrf. + AOB = 60MF.

OI ikakhf bfhL VnjD
MuKs xU tl tiuf. tl
g VnjD xU AI F. AI
ikakhf OAI Mukhf bfhL
xU tl tiuf. mJ tlij B
btLwJ. BI ikakhf bfhL
mnj MuKs tl tlij
C btLkhW tiuf. thwhf
tlf bjhlJ tiuf. fil
tl A tahf brwJ.
thwhd f A, B, C, D, E kW
F midij tirahf nrf.
ABCDEF xU xGF mWnfhz MF.
nkfh glUJ eh mtJ,

(i) tlgahdJ ika 60 nfhzij VgLJ

rk sKs MW tl fshf fgLwJ.
vj xU tlY MuF rkkhd eh ika
60 nfhzij clhF.
(ii) xU ia Rs bkhj nfhz 360.
(iii) xGF mWnfhzkhdJ MW rkgf Knfhzfis
cslsJ.
51

maha

(ii) 30 nfhz mikj :

Kj 60 nfhz mikJ, wF mjid U rkghfkhf J, 30 nfhz bgWf.

go 1: 60 nfhz tiuf.
(nkfh tiuj csthW)
go 2: A I ikakhf bfhL AB
s ghF nk MuKs
tliy + AOB cwkhf
tiuf.

go 3 : mnj

Muij vLJ
bfhL B I ikakhf
itJ tiuagL tl
yhdJ Kija tl
iy C btLkhW
tiuf. OC I nrf.
+ AOC MdJ 30 MF.

15 nfhzij vthW mikgh?

(iii) 120 nfhz mikj :

go 1 : l vw nfho J O vw
ia F.

go 2 : OI ikakhf itJ VnjD

xU MuKs tl tiuf.
mJ nenfhL l I A
btlL.

go 3 :

mnj
MuK ,
A
I
ikakhf itJ tiua
gL kWb k hW tl
yhdJ Kijaiy

B btLkhW tiuf.

52

brKiw toa

go 4 : BI ikakhf bfhL, mnj

MuKs kWbkhU tl
Kj
tliy
C
btLkhW tiuf.

go 5 : OCI nr.
+ AOC = 120MF.

(iv) 90 nfhz mikj :

90 nfhz mikgjF, nenfhL nfhz 180 I eh U
rkghffshf f nghnwh.

go 1 : nenfhL l J O
vw ia F.

go 2 : O

I ikakhf itJ
VnjD
xU
Mu
cila
tlf
nfhL l I A kW B
f btLkhW
tiuf.
bghGJ
+AOB = 180.

go 3 : A

kW B tiw
i k a f s h f
bfhL, AB

s ghF nk
MuKs tlf
xiwbahW C
btLkhW tiuf. .

go 4 : OC I nr.
+ AOC = 90 MF.

53

maha

f:

1. 60 mss nfhz tiuJ

mj u nfhzF nfhz
Urkbto tiuf.
2. brnfhzij Krk
nfhzfshf f .
3. fhQ mss nfhzfis
mikf:

bfhLfgl nfho nk cs
VnjD xU mjF
brFJ nfhL tiua, _iy
kl fU KiwF khwhf f
Kiwia nkbfhsyh.

22, 75, 105, 135, 150

g 4.1

1. fh mss nfhzfis msnfh kW ftuhaij

gagL tiuf .

(i) 60

(ii) 30

(iii) 120

54

(iv) 90

ilf

ilf
maha 1
g 1.1
1. (i) ` 360

(ii) ` 75

(iii) 325 . (iv) 8 (v) 15

2. 100 .

3. 120 Maf

4. 80 .

5. 216 r..

6. 26 .

7. 7.5 k

8. 15 ehf

9. 156 uf

10. 105 gff

11. 40 ehf

maha - 2
g 2.1
1. (i) 175 br. 2 (ii) 365 br. 2 (iii) 750 br. 2 (iv) 106 br. 2
2. 40 XLf
3. Knfhz tot y
4. kF yhg 100 r.
5. rJu gugs.
g 2.2
1. (i) 9 br. 2 (ii) 26 br. 2 (iii) 150 br. 2
2. (i) 24 br. 2 (ii) 3 2

(iii) 10.5 2

3. (i) 10

(ii) 20 br. (iii) 16.5

4. (i) 18

(ii) 5

(iii) 8 br.

5. bkhj bry ` 1,820

g 2.3
1. 117 br. 2
2. (i) 67.5 br. 2 (ii) 73 br. 2 (iii) 50.4 br. 2
3. 150 br. 2 4. 12 br.

5. 18750 2

55

(iv) 30 br. 2

ilf
g 2.4
1. (i) C

(ii) C

(iii) D

2. (i) 45 br. 2

(ii) 48 br. 2

(iii) 12 br. 2

3. (i) 252 br. 2 (ii) 180 br. 2

(iii) 241.5 br. 2

4. 112 br. 2

5. 24300 m2

6. 12 br.

1. (i) C

(ii) D

(iii) B

2. (i) 90 br. 2

(ii) 118.3 br. 2 (iii) 536.5 br. 2

3. 96 br. 2

4. 80 br. 5. ` 8400

(iv) 58.1 br. 2

g 2.5

(iv) 120 br. 2

maha - 3
g 3.1
1. (i) C

(ii) C

2. (i) xj nfhzf

(iii) B

(iv) C

(v) D

(ii) xW l cnfhzf

(iii) FWF bto xnu gf mikj xU nrho

cnfhzf TLj.
3. (i) + PMB (ii) + PMB (iii) + DNM (iv) + DNQ
4. (i) + 1, + 5; + 4, + 8; + 2, + 6; + 3, + 7

(ii) + 4, + 6; + 3, + 5

(iii) + 3, + 6; + 4, + 5

(iv) + 1, + 3; + 2, + 4; + 5, + 7; + 6, + 8

5. (i) 30

(iii) 95

(ii) 50

(iv) 130

6. + 1 = 70, + 2 = 110, + 3 = 70, + 4 = 110

+ 5 = 70, + 6 = 110, + 7 = 70, + 8 = 110

7. (i) l vgJ m F iz my. (FWF bto xnu gf mikj

cnfhzf TLj 180 iy).

(ii) l vgJ m F iz my. (x = 75 FWF bto xnu gf

mikj cnfhzf TLj 180 iy).
(iii) l vgJ m F iz (y = 60 xj nfhzf rk)
(iv) l vgJ m F iz (x = 110 xW l nfhzf rk)
8. +1 = 44 , +2 = 136
56

ilf

57
57