What is a Join?

RetrievingDatafrom
SeveralTables

A join is a collection of data from multiple tables.

It combines two or more tables to retrieve data from

multiple tables.

The primary keys and foreign keys are used to join related
tables to one another.

What is a Join?
Types of Join

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Types of Joins

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Types of Joins

Equijoins or Inner Joins

The equijoin or inner join combines two tables with a

common column which is usually the primary key.

Syntax:

Equijoins or Inner Joins (cont.)

Example:

SELECT DISTINCT name, size,

order_items.quantity

SELECT TABLE1.COLUMN1, TABLE2.COLUMN2...

FROM product, order_items
FROM TABLE1, TABLE2 [, TABLE3 ]
WHERE product.id = order_items.prod_id
WHERE TABLE1.COLUMN_NAME = TABLE2.COLUMN_NAME
AND product.quantity = order_items.quantity
[ AND TABLE1.COLUMN_NAME = TABLE3.COLUMN_NAME ]

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Types of Joins

Types of Joins

Natural Joins

Natural Joins (cont.)

The natural join removes duplicate columns in the joining

columns.

Example:

SELECT product.*,
order_items.quantity

Syntax:

FROM product, order_items

SELECT TABLE1.*, TABLE2.COLUMN_NAME

WHERE product.id = order_items.prod_id
[ TABLE3.COLUMN_NAME ]
FROM TABLE1, TABLE2 [ TABLE3 ]
WHERE TABLE1.COLUMN_NAME = TABLE2.COLUMN_NAME
[ AND TABLE1.COLUMN_NAME = TABLE3.COLUMN_NAME ]
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Types of Joins

Non-equijoins

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Non-equijoins (cont.)

It combines two or more tables based on a specified column

value not equaling a specified column value in another table.

Example:

SELECT EMPLOYEE_TBL.EMP_ID,
SALARY_TBL.DATE_HIRE

Syntax:

FROM EMPLOYEE_TBL,

SELECT TABLE1.*, TABLE2.COLUMN_NAME

SALARY_TBL

[ TABLE3.COLUMN_NAME ]

WHERE EMPLOYEE_TBL.EMP_ID != SALARY_TBL.EMP_ID;

FROM TABLE1, TABLE2 [, TABLE3 ]

WHERE TABLE1.COLUMN_NAME != TABLE2.COLUMN_NAME
[ AND TABLE1.COLUMN_NAME != TABLE2.COLUMN_NAME ]

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Types of Joins

Types of Joins

Outer Joins

Outer Joins (cont.)

It produces all rows that exist in one table, even if there are
corresponding rows do not exist in the joined table.

Syntax:

SELECT TABLE1.COLUMN_NAME, TABLE2.COLUMN_NAME

FROM TABLE1

{RIGHT | LEFT | FULL} [OUTER] JOIN

The left outer join preserves every row in the left-hand table.

TABLE2 ON TABLE1.COLUMN_NAME = TABLE2.COLUMN_NAME

The right outer join preserves every row in the right-hand

table.

Example:

SELECT EMPLOYEE_TBL.EMP_ID, SALARY_TBL.DATE_HIRE

FROM EMPLOYEE_TBL LEFT OUTER JOIN

A full outer join, preserves all rows from both tables.

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SALARY_TBL ON EMPLOYEE_TBL.EMP_ID = SALARY_TBL.EMP_ID;

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Types of Joins

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Types of Joins

Self Joins

The self join combines tables to itself.

Syntax:

Self Joins (cont.)

Example:

SELECT A.LAST_NAME, B.LAST_NAME, A.FIRST_NAME

SELECT A.COLUMN_NAME, B.COLUMN_NAME,

[ C.COLUMN_NAME ]

FROM EMPLOYEE_TBL A,
EMPLOYEE_TBL B

FROM TABLE1 A, TABLE2 B [, TABLE3 C ]

WHERE A.LAST_NAME = B.LAST_NAME;

WHERE A.COLUMN_NAME = B.COLUMN_NAME

[ AND A.COLUMN_NAME = C.COLUMN_NAME ]

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Types of Joins

Cross Joins

It returns all possible combinations of rows from the two

tables.

Syntax:

SELECT *
FROM TABLE1 CROSS JOIN TABLE2

Example:

SELECT *
FROM ORDER CROSS JOIN PURCHASE
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