Geomative GD-10 D.C Geo-Electrical Res/IP Instrument

GD-10 D.C.
GEOELECTRICAL
SYSTEM
ST Geomative Co., ltd

2015.06
Content
Concept
Composition
Function
Feature
Operation
Case
CONCEPT
DC RES bases on the electrical conductivity differences
of Rock (ore) stones, it observes and studies
underground distribution regularity of artificial electric
field to survey.
Apparent resistivity
V
I k is polar distance constant
2
1
1
1
1
AM
AN
BM
BN
Electrical field equipotential surface
VMN
Current I
Induced polarization, bases on
IP effect difference of rock and
I0
Current
ore stones in the earth crust, it

Potential
Difference V
t0
t1
Time t
V2
0
t0
t1
Time t
1. Concept
V2
VIP(t)
V0
V1
2. Composition 3. Function 4. Feature 5. Operation 6. Case
1
charge
prospects
geological
V1
4
discharge
observing
5
ts
and
solves
problem
and
the
by
studying
distribution regularities of DC
(time domain) or AC (frequency
domain) induced electric field.
ST Geomative Co., Ltd
CONCEPT
DC electrical method
DC electrical method devices have three classifications:
electrical sounding, profile and intermediate gradient. There are
also different kinds according to electrode layout way, 4-pole
device is the most basic one.
Wenner or Schlumberger
High density method

High density method, layout electrodes one time, it
continues to measure automatically, it gathers VES and
section method together, its able to gather multiple
devices and polar distance together.
Dipole device
Electrode
space
increases
Dipole-dipole device
Three-pole device
current
point
Intermediate gradient device
1. Concept
SYSTEM COMPOSITION
Mainframe
LCD screen
Function button
480*272
Up-down page
Full color
Menu
High light
Return
Short cut key

F1 F2 F3 F4
Intelligent cable
Accessories
Solid non
polarization
electrode
1. Concept 2. Composition 3. Function 4. Feature 5. Operation 6. Case
Snobrolling
menupress
for select
Geomative Studio software
BP-145 DC
power source
Star
electrode
The platform of design

and data management.
SYSTEM COMPOSITION
- Intelligent cable
For imaging survey, it needs to cover the entire

length of the cable cross section, cables and
switching equipment to constriction operations
have a very significant impact in the field.
Compact size, light weight, convenient preparation

and handling
Construction wiring easy, convenient, fast and
improves wiring efficiency
Each cable contains 12 taps,

taps the P1 and P2 connect
ors include 2 separate;
Each P1 and P2 can be used
alone, can also carry large
current in parallel, or as the
transmitting and receiving
circuits, respectively.
Special
winding
frame
addition to the retractable
cable, and can also be built
into cable ends, not only
improving the compactness
of the unit components, but
also protect the cable and
cable end.
Reliable and durable, low fault rate in the wild, the

long-term use of low cost
Self-locking plug,
you can quickly
swap and automatic
locking, easy and
reliable.
Intelligent bi-directional cable head,

integrated control and switching circuits,
focused two way control after two cables;
As core components of the density test

using aluminum alloy shell sealing design
of high reliability and long life; Seal rating
IP66; 1Kg.
Used plastic injection molding

process, waterproof performance can
be adapted to various applications;
Simple structure, no electrical parts,
high reliability, low replacement cost.
10 m spacing: 10 Kg
5 m spacing: 6 Kg
SYSTEM COMPOSITION
Centralized method
- Intelligent cable
GD-10
Distributed method
Combined the advantages

of centralized and
distributed method:
Cables and cable head
separated, individual
maintenance or
replacement is available;
Advantage
simple principle, low
cost cable, high
reliability
Advantage
Simple layout, suitable for
long section
Disadvantage
Need a lot of jumper
cable for long section
measurement; cant take
solid non-polarization
electrode for IP survey
Disadvantage
The structure of intelligent
cable is complicate with a
high cost. Any failure on
one take-out will result in
the effectiveness of the
whole cable
Low cost and easy to

replace broken cable,
cable head with a long
life;
Unique exchange
program to enhance the
compactness, reduced
weight.
Weight
Compare
GD-10
BTSK
AGI
ABEM
64Kg
74Kg
100Kg
100Kg
120
119Kg
channel
167Kg
174Kg
150Kg
180
173Kg
channel
260Kg
248Kg
232Kg
400Kg 332Kg
282Kg
60
channel
240
228Kg
channel
SYSTEM COMPOSITION - Intelligent cable layout

Cable joints and cable connected to
the first, and to either sider or any
side of infinity
Host
automatically
detect cable
leader state
and define
the location
General Res
test mode
Double-Res
test mode
Max current: 2A
Max current: 4A
General IP
test mode
Max current: 4A
Select the
cables and
electrodes
arrangeme
nt styles
Testing
grounding
resistance
detection
electrode
connection
Double-IP
test mode
Max current: 4A
Two sets of cables in parallel, tap corresponds to one

by one, each electrode position formed by two taps
and four joints;
Every joint independently assigned for transmitting or
receiving electrodes are very flexible.
SYSTEM COMPOSITION
- power source
Transmitting Power
Working Power
Built-in battery
Battery capacity: 7.8mAH
Working voltage: 11.1V
Charge voltage: 100~250V @50/60Hz
When the built-in battery is exhausted, or you can use

any DC power supply output voltages in the range of
5~70V
Specially configured for portable external power

supply
BP-145 intelligent control of power supply, you

can choose 48V,96V or 144V output;
Car cigarette lighter power supply
While three series, superimposed voltage of 450V,

with 2 a output current, up to 900W power.
Car battery 12/24V
Using the generator and rectifier combination of

source, you can further increase the transmit
power until full launch.
BP-145 batteries 48V

* In the wild for a long time operation of the system
SYSTEM COMPOSITION
-Software
Engineering/data management
Script management
Managing test data
Manage Task script

1D Script
Simplify
input
Indoor
Define project
Define survey
area
The wild
New task: Sele
ct project surv
ey area
Extensive tes
ting to classif
y objects ma
nagement
2D Script
Geomative Studio
3D Script
Project
Survey Area
Tasks/Data
For
later
The platform of
Geomative devices
Device management
Manage GD-10 device
data
modeling
For
measuring
task in the region
/Data merge.
Through the device

management to
continue the
Geomative Studio
and the GD-10
firmware upgrade.
Set parameters
Upgrade software
FUNCTION
- 1D VES
1D Res sounding
Full power(1200V*6A) launched in

support of high-power induced
polarization tests;
Support up to 100 iterations, improve
test accuracy;
In addition to custom arrays, you can
script, enter four device in advance of
running parameters
1D IP sounding
4 pole vertical sounding
Dipole Device
Upgrade by
Measuring data scatter diagram
online software,
3 pole vertical sounding
future.
measure
on
one
point
it will support
more arrays in
Repeated
Intermediate gradient device
Discrete degree react the test

conformance
Discover bad point to ensure

the reliable data
1. Concept
FUNCTION
2D Res/IP Imaging
Six generic appliances

Wenner
Wenner
Three-pole direct array (A array)
Three-pole reverse array (B array)
Schlumberger
Wenner
*Scalable, supports more devices

* Customizable installations
1. Concept
2. Composition
3. Function
4. Feature
5. Operation
6. Case
FUNCTION - 3D Res/IP Imaging

Three commonly devices: pole-pole,
pole-dipole and dipole-dipole;
Devices of 2D and 3D are

interchangeable;
Device is customizable.
1. Concept
Function
- The Programmable Script

2D script
3D script
Supports a variety of generic device type, when a device is selected, based
on number of devices and electrodes automatically generate a complete
sequence of measuring points;
Set the filter conditions,
combined
with
the
selected layer, or click
the mouse, delineating
testing targets, test to
skip meaningless points,
only for the test points
of the garget area, so as
to inform and improve
testing efficiency.
Adjust the measuring sequence, in

creasing the intervals between
adjacent test point, thus reducing
interference between adjacent
points of.
1. Concept
Point-by-point or layer with the specified number of iterations, for shallow strong signal without
iterations to quickly measure to improve efficiency; deep on weaker signals, through several
iterations to enhance testing accuracy. Both efficiency and accuracy.
You can use Excel to edit the point sequence table and import to implement a custom device.
FUNCTION - Rolling
Measurement
2D rolling measurement
Measuring the initial section;
Rolling cable laying;
Establish a rolling section ;
Replication the script;
Measuring the rolling surface.
* Repeat the above steps until you have completed the

entire cross section measurements.
Rolling measurement
3D Rolling Measurement
Apply to 2D and 3D tests;
Limited cable length

section measurement;
Long section completed;
Measuring point is not repeated,

extremely high efficiency.
corss-
Measurement procedures consistent with 2D

scrolling;
Only along the y direction (perpendicular to

the cable extension direction) scrolling;
Scroll step size is not limited to a multiple of

12 (not every time you move through a cable).
*Fix long plagued section survey
1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5 6
FUNCTION - IP central gradient array section

High-power IP scans of the original function, set
via scripting, can greatly improve the efficiency of
scan.
Emitter A, B pick up ordinary cables, fixed;
Receiving m, n high density cable, serpentine

routing, and automatic switch;
Cabling,
completing
measurements;
cross
section
Constantly extending outwards, A and B, until you

have completed the entire scan to work.
Current curve
1. Concept
Decay curve
Data list
FUNCTION
- real-time monitor environment
Monitoring Station
Gathering Station
Internet
The Field Monitoring
Programmable Logic Controller PLC
Onsite
Sensor
Level Pressure Flow Temperature Analysis Location Other
RS485
GD-10
Real time monitor the test

condition;
Real time analyze the data;
Form report ;
Issue a warning
1. Concept
GD-10
supports
protocol
The standard modular PLC

apply
for
the
different
requirement.
Modbus
Underground pollutant change detection
Seawater Intrusion Detection
Dam Detection
Underground tank leak detection
Slope failure detection
FUNCTION
- Self-potential method and rock sample measure
Self-potential method
M2
M1 M3
Rock sample measure

M4
geologic body
Spontaneous electric field method based on field observation

method can be divided into two by potentiometric method and
gradient, potentiometric method is used more generally, current
in the industry tour only noise when the gradient observed.
* Used for logging and monitoring
No emission source
The construction is simple, high efficiency
Data tampering
Since m-potentiometric method
MN-gradient method
1. Concept
Rock core
clay
Basic line
B
clay
insulating mat
Determination of parameters of rock samples

Collection of geology, stratigraphic information, and providing
a basis for resistivity method.
Exposed in outcrop method the natural or artificial outcrops of

rock with a small scale the Schlumberger unit determination or
three-pole apparatus.
Specimen method as shown in the figure. Power supply
electrode is inserted in the outer end of the clay core principle
power, plug the measuring electrodes measure data the clay close
to the core.
Analysis the analysis of the survey area has information,
to know the formation resistivity.
FUNCTION - survey on water& cross-hole survey

Survey on water
Super waterproof (protection grade IP68 cable joints and cable),

to ensure measurement of water environment on GD-10 can
easily cope with.
Surface testing security and stability;
Automatic and continuous measurement;
Built-in GPS, coordinates the record host, automatically save
the data.
Delineation of freshwater and saltwater interface
1. Concept
Underwater karst pits

Looking for alluvial deposits
Delineation of dissolved
limestone district
Underwater geological
mapping
Crack/fault
Cross-hole survey
In each of the two holes drilled
into put a certain number of
electrodes, through multi-core
cable is connected the ground,
between the two electrodes
forming hole electrode array.
Data acquisition and first
electrode parity group power
supply electrode (AB) odd
couple pairing combined power
supply, the remaining electrode
measuring electrode(MB) total
measurement
Probe point closer to the goal, abnormal signal is a direct

reflection of the;
Transmission path simply signal fidelity and improves the

signal to noise ratio, more accurate data.
Construction costs are high, step is more complex.
Dam seepage areas, widely used in cave, GoB, isolation,

barriers, and the fracture zone, exploration of both high.
FUNCTION
- Grounding R test
Electrode ground well, is used to test the quality and reliabili

ty of data one of the most important, so each pole,
grounding resistance test is needed. GD-10 in addition to

providing a variety of test methods and electrode
The measuring electrode
grounding resistance data integrity preservation, and as

part of the test results.
One dimensional electric sounding tests, support manual

for A/B/M/N four electrodes for grounding resistance test.
That is next to the GD-10 setting and m reference electrode
Terminal, and then manually A/B/M/N four electrodes
respectively, n-Terminal and testing the grounding resistance.
2D and 3D high density tests, GD-10 supports automatic
continuous grounding resistance test, use cable head flexible
and powerful switching capability, swap the electrode to be
measured as n pole when connected, all other electrode
swap connections at the same time as m (that is, reference
electrode). Compared to the conventional method of using
an electrode as reference electrode, this method is more
accurate and objective.
1. Concept
Test Methodauto, continuously
The test scenario
Rg test for all electrodes to find the

grounding resistance
It can Rg test for all electrodes connected in the long

section after layout
Rg test for all the electrodes connected to

the particular cable
Rg test can be done for single cable&other

consecutive cables connected in the long
section(relayed by cable leader)
Provision to set the standard Rg

value(according to terrain
grounding conditions). It is arbitrary
to assign any value for Rg.
After testing all electrodes. It will show the

faulty electrode or electrode with bad contact
to the ground.
Rg test can be conducted for any single

electrode in random fashion.
You can test the particular faulty electrode after

bringing proper contact of poor electrodes.
FUNCTION
- Star electrode for decrease Grounding R
Lower grounding resistance is the most effective way to enhance
Star electrode
Simple electrode
Length
380mm
300mm
Weight
0.35Kg
0.3Kg
Materials
Stainless steel
Stainless steel
Grounding area
300cm2
88cm2
Rgdry ground
325
427
Rgwet ground
313
414
RgSaline ground
56
127
the ground area of the electrodes, new design plum blossomshaped cross-section, reducing weight and increasing the ground
surface area, effectively reduce the grounding resistance.
FEATURE
Test method
Onsite manual
trigger
1D
2D
3D
Remote
IP
centr
rollin
al
g
gradi
ent
manual trigger
Script control
Method
trigger
Program timing
Induced
polarizati
on
Selfpotential
trigger
Ground
1. Concept
Underground
Well, hole
Water surface
Improve efficiency, reduce cost
Lightweight and compatible
Reliable, few failure, backup device ensure

the project schedule.
For
the
filed
For
the
user
Apparent
resistivity
Environmental
For
the
test
Professional equipment, simple and easy

operation
Low maintenance for long-term use
Pay as Grow the equipment

investment can be synchronized with the
development of business.
Data is accurate, objective,

comprehensive, which is the
fundament.
Full function for any method.
Test procession is visible for any

problem immediately.
FEATURE
- high specifications, multi-parameters

Measuring Parameters
Technical Specifications
1D RES/IP Sounding
2D/3D Imaging
Max voltage
1200VP-P 2400V
800VP-P 1600V
Max current
6A
Max power
7200W
Receiver
CurrentIp
PotentialVp
4A
Pseudo RV/I
3200W
Apparent R R0
Distance constantK
Self-potentialSP
Latitude
Test
Time
Ground
resistance
Temperature
and humidity
Weather
24V
Voltage precision
0.05%
M0~M4 time window
Late recalculated
SP compensation
10V
Half decayTh
95dB, 50 or 60Hz
(optional)
Save the whole decay

curve
Res method
AttenuationD
DeviationR
Integrated
parametersZp
Res survey
Customized wave
IP survey
U
Impulse (optional): 0.125s, 0.25s, 0.5s, 1s, 2s, 4s, 8s, 16s, 32s, 64s
1. Concept
Environment parameters
Voltage range
Suppression of power
frequency
IP method
CurrentIp
PotentialVp
Pseudo RV/I
Apparent R R0
Distance constantK
Self-potentialSP
Include all important parameters
Add environment parameters
Reconfigurable parameters
FEATURE apply for different field exploration

7 protective measures
Apply to different environments
Seal
Over voltage
Inversed
grafting
Lighting
strike
Leakage
High
temperature
Over current
short circuit
GD-10 Mainframe
Operation Temperature -10~+50
Storage Temperature -20~+60
Operation Humidity 95%
Protection IP65
Vibration and fall protection : shock

proof rubber ring
1. Concept
FEATURE
- Software upgrade, share global experience
Software upgrade
Software system (including Geomative and GD-10

Studio software platform firmware) can enjoy free
lifetime upgrade online.
* Shared global experience with the world.
1. Concept
User problems found during use;
Through communication
information;
Development team based on the feedback of

information to improve and optimize software
systems;
Through the device management software systems

are upgraded.
Through user dialogues and research teams,

software system has been optimized and the
instrument easier.
and
user
feedback
FEATURE
- No waste, low cost
Modular design
hardware/Lice
nse/software
separately
Upgraded system for high configuration
Free
backup
model (only for
specific area)
3D IP
3D RES
No waste, low
cost in hardware
Purchase in low
configuration,
upgrade locally,
avoid tax
2D to 3D+ vision
could improve
high power IP
function.
2D IP
2D RES
IP
IP
SP
VES
300W
0.25% ,0.25%
1. Concept
2400W
0.2% ,
0.1%
VES
0.1% ,
0.05%
IP
SP
VES
3200W
2D RES
IP
SP
3D RES
SP
VES
3200W
0.2% ,
0.1%
0.2% ,
0.1%
2D RES
2D RES
IP
IP
SP
VES
3200W
2D IP
SP
VES
3200W
0.2% ,
0.1%
VES
3200W
0.2% ,
0.1%
OPERATION
In door
Fully prepared
Internet
Extended
Edit script
Define project
Define measuring
www.geomative.com
Authentication, active, upgrade
License;
Collect application suggestions and
defect feedback ;
Release new version, Provide online
support.
GD-10
Parameter setting is simple and rapid;
Data browse is convenient and visual;
Equipment state self-inspect, record.
area
Inverse modeling
Data pre processing
In field
Layout, turn on
The new task
Start the test
Convenient
and efficient
1. Concept
More processing
Evaluation of quality
Data browsing
Data collection
Intuitive
and clear
OPERATION - In door
Define Script
Define project/measuring area

2D
1D
synchronization
3D
Define the project Make plan to build

project, and record the basic information of
Download the new
project before test.
project and script file
Define the measuring area To set different

measuring area in project management
1. Concept
to GD-10 through
USB or Bluetooth.
Define the script in accordance with the

construction plan, established the appropriate run
program. Script includes a one-dimensional script
and two-dimensional and three-dimensional scripts.
When you define a script, you can select the
electrode assembly electrode and measurement
delineated areas, specifies the number of iterations,
and so on. Free and efficient testing.
OPERATION
-Before test
Simple, Fast
Fast wiring: cable

system connected
to the closure, at
winder's
help,
efficiency has been
greatly increased;
Layout
New Test
Turn On
Cable
Leader
Track
Measure
Rg
1D
2D
Environmental testing: start cable head roll call measurement Rg, quickly
completed;
3D
1. Concept
New task: whether it's a

new dimension, two
dimensional or three
dimensional
task,
simply select and enter
parameters
OPERATION
- In test
1D sounding list, select a dimension

for measurement tasks;
Enter task data detail;
Select measurement points, press "F4
measure" measuring the point;
The rotary knob, switch to the next
point to continue to measure.
* Continuous press F4 to repeat the

measurement the current point
1. Concept
3D Imaging Test
2D Imaging Test
1D Sounding Test
In a two-dimensional cross section

list,
select
two
dimensional
measurement tasks;
Press the "Menu" menu;
In the menu select the measuring
mode.
In three-dimension select three

dimensional test tasks in the task
list;
Press the "Menu" menu;
In the menu select the measuring
mode.
* Press "back" you can pause the

current test
* Press "back" you can pause the

current test.
OPERATION - Real-time data estimate
Voltage Curve
The plotted values of voltage depicts the
curves which reflect the real state of the
current receiving channel such as
frequency, interference, signal strength etc.
IP Decay Curve
Induced polarization measurements, currentexcited electron reflection phenomenon.
While browsing Windows and each window
of the corresponding parameter values.
2D data profile
It shows all the measuring points
of current survey. The bad point
could be retested directly.
Real-time data estimate
Current Curves
Current point of pristine current curves
can reflect the true state of current
transmission channel.
1. Concept
VES Curves
For a one-dimensional measurement is the
sounding point as a whole reflected.
Corresponds to the relevant model to
determine formation.
Proposed Section
For
two-dimensional
cross
section
measurement. Measurement can be
carried out directly into this page, real
time monitoring data. Compared to the
right corner of the data details, directly
reflect the measurement data.
OPERATION
- Processing
Browse
Synchronization
GD-10 is enabled with USB cable to

download the measured data from
device to the Geomative Studio Software
installed in your PC or Laptop.
Hence, Downloaded data will be default
stored
in
the
Geomative
Studio
Database.
1. Concept
Data is presented in the form of raw data

and graphs;
Besides the measurement data, you can

browse assigned task , properties,
environmental
parameters such as
grounding resistance for each electrode,
wind, temperature, GPS co-ordinates etc;
You can also edit the parameters, such as

adjusting
the
IP
window,
water
parameters are calculated.
Download
Input terrain file;
Exporting to DAT format, processed for

RES software;
Export
to
EXCEL
format,
you
can edit and manipulate the data in EXC
EL.
CASE
Resources
Exploration
Underground
water
Mineral resources
Environment
Detection
Slope detection
Seawater intrusion
the groundwater
pollution in the
landfill
1. Concept
Engineering
Exploration
Condition
Cave exploration
Pile foundation
Others
Geological mapping
Archaeology
Drilling/cross hole
detection
Case Study
Groundwater Exploration
Proposed Test Well
Proposed Test Well #3
60 electrodes
10m spacing
Wenner Array
60 electrodes
10m spacing
Dipole-Dipole
The bottom image is a

Terraserver aerial photo of
the site from Aug 15, 1998,
showing the location of
the ERI transect 1-2 and
the test well and proposed

new well location
Both ERI array configurations show consistent geologic features with elucidation of a pair of lenticular
channel bodies within the Mehrten formation volcaniclastic horizons, located at depths between 100240 feet deep, which correspond well to the electric log for Test Well #1, located to the left as indicated.
The Mehrten Formation channel located to the southeast (right) side of the image on both arrays has
apparent resistivity values approaching 100 ohm-meter near its core, which is consistent with a sandy
gravel filled channel. Such gravel bearing channels in the Mehrten Formation tend to have the highest
ground water yields and a proposed test well is located in the channel axis as indicated at electrode
station #41.
Both ERI array configurations show consistent geologic features with elucidation of a sandstone
layer within the Mehrten Formation, located at depths between 100-220 feed deep, located on the
east(right) side of the profiles. The Mehrten channel sandstone imaged on the profiles has
apparent resistivity values between 45-90 ohm-meter (dart green to orange) consistent with a
sandstone. A "low resistivity anomaly" caused by groundwater in fractures, bisects the channel
between electrode stations 41-43 (between vertical blue lines) and corresponds to a joint fracture
zone located within Dry Creek (heavy yellow line on aerial photo).
Case Study Tunnel Erosion

Tunnel erosion, also known as Piping, is the subsurface erosion of
soil by percolating waters to produce pipe-like conduits below
60 electrodes
ground especially in non-lithified earth materials. This is a type of
1m spacing
mechanical soil movement where by fine subsurface sediment
Wenner Array
moves in underground channel ways through permeable materials.
Interpretation for the ERT Imaging :The length of the survey line was 60mts ,with 1m electrode spacing ,totally 60 electrodes are involved. These distorted layers impregnated with
freshwater are delineated from 5m to 10m depths. The low resistivity that ranging from 100 to 130 Ohm M at the depth of the 6m on either sides of vertical structure in the profile implies
the presence sand pipes in the study area. These low resistivity layers are engulfed by the freshwater zone with a range of resistivity values from 35 to 122 Ohm M below 6m from the
surface. The high resistivity zone of base rock is identified with 1581 to 2577 Ohm M at a depth of 236m. The low resistivity zone of circled image indica tes the path of the pipe like
structures which clearly depict the resistivity value that ranges from 536 to 786 Ohm M.
Case Study
Hydro-Carbon Contamination Study
Hydro Carbon Contamination Study:Electrical resistivity surveys have

been used for many decades in hydro geological, mining and Geo-technical
investigations. Considering the difficulty of imaging a resistive target in a
complex geological framework an integrated approach is probably best.
Godio and Morelli (1999) used a conductivity meter for reconnaissance
with which to plan the GPR survey. GPR was then used and followed up
with an electrical resistance tomography (ERT) survey to detect and define
the lateral distribution of the hydrocarbon pollution.
Interpretation for the ERT Line I :This profile runs along East -West direction which is shown in
Google map.. The lithological section can be interpreted as four layer model. There are low resistivity
contours up to the 1m depth from the surface in the top part of the profile indicating the presence of
saturated silty sand with cobbles and pebbles. High resistivity contour suggests the presence of
medium to fine unsaturated silty sand up to the 4 m depth. Saturated Oil sands generally have low
resistive value than the alluvium and some of the value is overlapped between the two. The slightly
low resistive value of 100- 300 suggest the presence of the alluvium of fine to silty sand with oil spill
on the sands upto depth of around 9m. Most of the oil seepage is visible at chainage 16m and around
32 to37m. The low resistive region with contour 10-100 suggest the presence of the ground water
aquifer. The contrast in the resistivity of the sand at third and fourth layer.
60 electrodes
1m spacing
Wenner Array
Interpretation for the ERT Line II : This profile runs along East West direction which is shown in
Google map.The lithological section can be interpreted as four layer model. There are low
resistivity contours up to the 1m depth from the surface in the top part of the profile indicating
the presence of saturated silty sand with cobbles and pebbles. High resistivity contour suggests
the presence of medium to fine unsaturated silty sand up to the 4.5 m depth. Saturated Oil
sands generally.
Case Study
Quartz reef investigation
Quartz reef is used for several applications in indusial purpose. 2D Electrical

Resistivity Imaging (ERI) investigation is suitable method to determine the
geotechnical problems and it is used for estimation of the high quality of quartz
reef bed thickness. 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging with Wenner array was
conducted within the Quartz reef area in Varasanadu, Theni district, Tamilnadu.
The geology of the study area contains red soil, quartz reef and weathered
gneissic rock which signify good target for 2D electrical resistivity imaging
techniques. The interpretation of the resistivity data along the profile shows the
model of resistivity pseudo-section in quartz reef area. The highly resistivity
zone range from 103 407 ohm.m at a depth of 4.06 m to 5.96m indicating the
presence of hard quartz reef rock.
ERT Line I
30 electrodes
10m spacing
Wenner Schlumberge rArray
ERT Line II
Interpretation for the ERT Line I : The profile trends NW-SE direction to a length of 120 m. The upper part
of the layer reveal as Quart reef deposits. The inversion resistivity values for these bed rock that ranges from
201 ohm.m to 27630 ohm.m.The resistivity values for intermediate layer of weathered Quart reef ranges
from 28- 73.2 ohm.m. The lower part of the layer represents weathered composite gneiss with freshwater
indicates low resistivity . values that ranges from 0.6979 to 11.3 ohm.m indicates alluvium deposit [1] due to
the palaeo river channel; measuring a series of constant separation traverse with the increase of electrode
spacing with each successive traverse. Quartz reef deposits in granulitic terrain at Varasanadu .
Interpretation for the ERT Line II :The profile (Fig.6) is trends to a length of 120m.
The inversion displays the ranges by resistivity values from 7.45 Ohm.m . to 27.4
Ohm.m indicating that weathered soil up to a depth of 6m. The intermediate
second layer exhibits resistivity values that ranges from 41.4 ohm.m to 130
ohm.m represents the weathered Quartz reef reef. The high resistivity zone of
pseudosection with range of resistivity is 200 to 10000 ohm.m at a depth 21.5m
indicating the quartz reef rock intrusion in the granulitic terrain .
Case Study
Sub-Soil Foundation Study
The Bridge Foundation Study focused on mapping vertical variations of

electrical resistivity to enable detection various layers with different lithology
in the subsurface at the abutment locations. The objectives of the survey are
as the following: To establish 2D Electrical Resistivity sections of the ground
profile showing different layers of overburden and bedrock .To find out weak
zones and water bearing zones in the specified survey areas
Interpretation for the ERT Line I : This profile runs parallel to Kaligandaki River in its right bank. The 2D
ERT result up to 45 m depth and respective lithology are shown in ERT I. The position of proposed
abutment is also shown in the same Figure. The ERT result is discussed below. There are low to medium
resistivity contours in the top part of the profile near chainage 80m, abutment location and near chainage
250m in the upstream part (marked by a). It indicates presence of overburden composed of alluviums
with more gravels and boulders. Second layer is marked by low resistivity contours (marked by b) near
chainages 80m. 150m (near abutment) and 250m. The low resistivity suggests presence of alluvial deposit
with more saturated sands in these locations. These alluvial layers together extend to about 30m depth
near chainage 80m, 12m near abutment site and 8m near chainage 250m. Near chainage 125m (20m
downstream of present abutment site) the alluvial layer has mainly gravel boulder and extend only to
about 9m depth. The underlying layer is marked by medium to high resistivity contours. This is may be
layer with more gravels and boulders or weathered bedrock.
60 electrodes
5m spacing
Wenner Array
Interpretation for the ERT Line II : This profile runs parallel to Kaligandki river in its left bank. The
centre of profile is at the proposed abutment site. The ERT profile layout is shown in ERT II. There
are medium resistivity contours in the top layer from chainage 80m to 180m, including proposed
abutment site. The medium resistivity suggests presence of gravel boulder layer. It extends to
about 7m depth from ground surface. The low resistivity contours are present near chainages
50m, 80m to 180m and 240m. These are the zones with dominantly saturated sands. This zone
extends to about 24m depth near the proposed abutment site and 9m depth near chainage 250m.
The underlying layer is represented by higher resistivity contours. This may be hard bedrock layer,
which may extend from 20m depth to well over 45m depth. However, at locations near
chainages70m (previously drilled location) and 200m the bedrock may extend from a depth of 6m
to over 45m depth.
Case Study
Prediction & Control of Landslides
Landslip Study: The aim of the study is to attempt the landslide prone zone in
the, Ooty region, Tamilnadu, India. The survey was carried out using GD-10
Series, multi-core cables & electrodes. Survey is assigned with Wenner
configuration. The aim of the survey is to identify the landslide prone zone .The
study reveals that the investigation area is highly vulnerable to landslide which
is evident from the low and high resistivity zone noticed in the study area. The
water body with loose sand is identified from low resistivity value, highly
weathered zone indicates the presence of charnockite and compact charnokite
gives high resistivity value in the study
ERT Line I
Interpretation for the ERT Line I :The Elevation variation in pseudo-section
ranges from 1060m to 1100m. The Top layer constitutes Lateritic soil with
resistivity ranges from 49.4 ohm m to 68.8 ohm m. The Intermediate layer
of Weathered zone of Charnockite rocks with resistivity ranges from 128
ohm m to 902 ohm .The bottom layer with resistivity ranges from 902
ohm m to 5010 ohm m, indicates the presence of Garnetiferous
Charnockite.
ERT Line II
Interpretation for the ERT Line II :In the second profile , the
pseudo-section denotes that the top layer is covered by
Mud with highly weathered soil in a width of 125m and in
depth of 10m, the resistivity ranges from 12 ohm m to
53.9 ohm m. The Intermediate layer of weathered zone
with resistivity ranges from 73.9 ohm m to 112 ohm m
.The hard and compact garnetiferous rock shows the high
resistivity ranges from 235ohm m to 1040 ohm m.
30 electrodes
5m spacing
Wenner -SchlumbergerArray
ERT Line III

Interpretation for the ERT Line III :In the Third profile ,shows
the Elevation variation in pseudo-section ranges from
1078m to 1058m .The Top layer constitute Lateritic soil
with high saturation of water ,with resistivity ranges from
12 ohm m to 24.8 ohm m. The bottom layer with resistivity
ranges from 25.2 ohm m to 106 ohm m, indicates the
presence of Garnetiferous Charnockite .
Case Study
An Integrated Site investigation of shallow bedrock sites using seismic

response study
The objective of this study is to generate subsurface profiles at shallow bedrock region using integrated site investigation testing. In this study drilling of borehole with
SPT N value measurement, seismic testing of MASW and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) has been carried out at selected locations in Hampi, Karnataka, India.
SPT gives soil type and density, MASW gives shear wave velocity and resistivity testing gives layer thickness. Integrated subsurface profiles are generated and are used
to understand variation of subsurface layers in shallow bedrock sites and validate 1-D site response study assumptions. These subsurface profiles may be further used to
understand difference of 1-D and 2-D site response.
60 electrodes
1m spacing
Wenner Array
Interpretation for the ERT Line I & II
Typical 2D subsurface profiles generated by combining the three methods ie, ERT,SPT and MASW
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Geomative GD-10 D.C Geo-Electrical Res/IP Instrument

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GD-10 D.C.

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Electrical field equipotential surface

Induced polarization, bases on

IP effect difference of rock and

ore stones in the earth crust, it

2. Composition 3. Function 4. Feature 5. Operation 6. Case

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1. Concept 2. Composition 3. Function 4. Feature 5. Operation 6. Case

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Two sets of cables in parallel, tap corresponds to one

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BP-145 intelligent control of power supply, you

Car cigarette lighter power supply

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1. Concept 2. Composition 3. Function 4. Feature 5. Operation 6. Case

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