Chapter 17 Waves-ll17.2 Sound Waves Wavefronts Pray Fig. 17-2 A sound wave travels from a point source S through a three-dimensional medium. The wavefronts form spheres cen- tered on S;the rays are radial to S. The short, double-headed arrows indicate that elements of the medium oscillate parallel tothe rays Point source, point S that represents a tiny sound source. Wavefronts are surfaces over which the oscillations due to the sound wave have the same value, such surfaces are represented by whole or partial circles in a two- dimensional drawing for a point source Rays are directed lines perpendicular to the wavefronts that indicate the direction of travel of the wavefronts racic Ape N-so17.3 Speed of Sound |The speed of any mechanical wave, transverse or longitudinal, depends on both an inertial property of the medium (to store kinetic energy) and an elastic property of the Imedium (to store potential energy). Using the velocity of the string (see previous lsections), we can write va. [7 =, [elastic property ~ Vn \ inertial property In case of the air we can guess that ,. will correspond to the volume density p of air. But} |what about the elastic property ? E. Matar - springNDU -201517.3 Speed of Sound As sound wave passes through air, potential energy ‘ociated with periodic compressions and expansions of small volume elements of the air. Bulk Modulus, B, determines the extent to which an element of a medium changes in volume when the pressure on it changes. Bis defined as: Here AV’ is the fractional change in volume produced by a change in pressure Ap lastic property But, — inter' andif B replaces cand preplaces 4, This is the speed of sound ina medium with bulk modulus B and density p. E. Matar - springNDU -201517.3 Speed of Sound; a Derivation of result \ ie S "Ga wt dark Lipeapa Let the pressure of the undisturbed air be p and the pressure inside the pulse be p+ Ap, where Apis positive due to the compression. Consider an element of air thickness Ax and face area A, moving toward the pulse at speed v. As this element enters the pulse, the leading face of the element encounters a region of higher pressure, which slows the element to speed v + Av, in which Av is negative. This slowing is complete when the face of the element reaches the pulse, which requires| time interval : Ax At=— Vv E, Matar -springNDU-2015 sBervatonerresut’ — n= p-AV= p-AR Ae phv.dt by fmas pA: phy oe During At, the average force on the element's trailing face is pA toward the right, and teh average force on the leading face is (p + Ap)A toward the left. The net force on the| lelement during At is : F = pA-—(p+Ap)A=—ApA |The minus sign indicates that the net force on the air element is directed to the left. |The volume of the element is AA.x, so we can write its mass as : Am = pAV = pAAx = pAvAt |The average acceleration of the element during At is a = at o~ dv by E. Matar - springNDU -201517.3 Speed of Sound; Derivation of result Aw @ AV Moving aie (Quid element) ng ak (ul lees seapvede Pulse be (a) = ae —- » Thus from the second law of Newton, we have (F = ma) : —ApA= (pavany which can be written as : Taw. ap aia E. Matar -springNDU -201517.3 Speed of Sound; Derivation of result Moving ar (Did element) aa AD pe Ts a 7 Jax} Pulse aed (a) = —laxl— Sar w |The air that occupies a volume V (=Av At) outside the pulse is compressed by an jamount AV (=AAvAt) as it enters the pulse. Thus, AV _ Advat_ Av “Vv Avot ov |The previous equation can now be written : —— AP _ pv? = hen v= [ p E, Matar -springNDU-2015 817.4 Traveling Sound Waves bi ‘Compression Expansion @ ‘na left and right as the wave Nok moves through it. See de ie ipl cane +f — Oxcaning id element a5 a” Equilibrium (position Fig. 17-4 (a) A sound wave, traveling through a long air-filled tube with speed v, [consists of a moving, periodic pattern of expansions and compressions of the air. The ]wave is shown at an arbitrary instant. (b) A horizontally expanded view of a short piece of the tube. As the wave passes, an air element of thickness Ax oscillates left and right in simple harmonic motion about its equilibrium position. At the instant shown in (b), the [element happens to be displaced a distance s to the right of its equilibrium position. Its maximum displacement, either right or left, is 5 $(X, t) = Smcos(kx — wt) E. Matar -springNDU -201517.4 Traveling Sound Waves Displacement (a) Hast) = ty conte af) Oscillating term (Apts = App sine XS Presmire ample - Pressure variation Fig. 17-5 (a)The displacement function and (6) the pressure-variation function of a traveling sound wave consist of an amplitude and an oscillat- ing term. Diplaceamemt (pi) ¥ as ax AV = AAs. V = AAx 8(X1) = 5, CO(KX — a). Pbracostke = wf)] = —ksp sin(kx — wt) x v Ap(x.0) v APm sin(kx ~ a). Ap = Bks, sin(kx — 1). Pm = (BR)Sq = (020k )Sn- E. Matar - springNDU -2015 as ax” 10Example, Pressure and Displacement Amplitudes [The maximum pressure amplitude Ap, that the human ear |can tolerate in loud sounds is about 28 Pa (which is very Imuch less than the normal air pressure of about 10° Pa). What is the displacement amplitude sq for such a lsound in air of density p = 1.21 kg/m’, ata frequency of 1000 |Hz and a speed of 343 m/s? oo [The displacement amplitude 5, of a sound wave is related io the pressure amplitude Ap,, of the wave according to Eq. 17-14. |Calculations: Solving that equation for 5, yields ing known data then gives us i 28 Pa °m ~ "G43 misy(1.21 kg/m')(2m)(1000 Hz) = 11 10%m=11 wm, That is only about one-seventh the thickness of a book page. Obviously, the displacement amplitude of even the loudest sound that the ear can tolerate is very small. Temporary ex- posure to such loud sound produces temporary hearing loss, probably due to a decrease in blood supply to the inner ear. Prolonged exposure produces permanent damage. The pressure amplitude Ap, for the faintest detectable sound at 1000 Hz is 2.8 x 10°$ Pa, Proceeding as above leads to 5,,= 1.1 X 10" m or 11 pm, which is about one- tenth the radius of a typical atom. The ear is indeed a sensi- tive detector of sound waves. (Answer) E. Matar -springNDU-201517.5: Interference Let us consider in particular, the interference between two identical sound waves travelling in the same direction. Two point sources S; and S2 emit sound waves that are) jin phase and of identical wavelength .. Thus, the sources themselves are said to be in phase. We are interested in the waves that travel through p. The distance to P is much greater than the distance between the sources so that we can approximate the waves las travelling in the same direction at P. The interference at P depends on the difference in the path lengths to reach P. @ Fig. 17-7 (a) Two point sources 5, and S emit spherical sound waves in phase. The rays indicate that the waves pass through a common point P. The waves (represented CRS If the difference is equal to, say, 2.02, then the waves arrive exactly in phase. This is how transverse waves ‘would look. Oy with transverse waves) arrive at P (b) exactlyE. Matar -springNDU -2015 in phase and (c) exactly out of phase. i~f-y r It the difference is equal to, say, 2.52, then the waves arrive exactly out of phase. This is how transverse waves would look. o 12a ee | xa Ly -L, = nh eee (AL =m (neo. 452 Ly ScSnd Fae Men\ [pace \\ eo Ls na (n=4;3 5 1...) \ - Gai feooap ed APL alan fasp. a7 < \ fey eat ood /} condi AL Marti ray « — p - AL17.5: Interference Since path Z, is longer than path Z,, the difference in path lengths means that the waves may not be in phase at point P. Their phase difference @ depends on AZ = |Z, —Z;| Phase difference ¢ can be related to path length difference AL, by noring that a phase difference of 2z1ad corresponds to one wavelength Therefore, Pent de (k Fully constructive interference occurs when @ is zero, 2x, or any integer multiple of 2x. b= m(2z), form =0,1,2,... (ally constructive interference). far _ 5 v _ AL _ 7 7061.2... (fully constructive imterference)| a t a" and A= Fully destructive interference occurs when ¢ is an odd multiple of = b= (m+ 1m, form =0,1,2,... (fully destructive interference). AL (2n+1) 13 and A=2 (ully destructive interference) @ E, Matar -springNDU -2018= Tn Fig 17-0 pont sours and which ae pas] Example, Interference: and separated by distance D ='1.5A, emit identical sou waves of wavelength A. (a) What is the path length difference of the waves from S| and $; at point P;, which lies on the perpendicular bisectoy of distance D, at a distance greater than D from the source (Fig.17-85)? (That is, what is the difference in the distan from source $; to point P, and the distance from source S| to P,2) What type of interference occurs at P,? Reasoning: Because the waves travel identical distances to reach P,,their path length difference is AL=0. (Answer)| @ E. Matar - springNDU - 2015 uWExample, Interference: T [Te citterence in these path longths is D, a. which equals 1.52. Thus, the waves arrive exactly out of phase @ (b) What are the path length difference and type of inter- ference at point P, in Fig. 17-8? Reasoning: The wave from 5; travels the extra distance D (= 1.5A) to reach P. Thus, the path length difference is AL = 15a. (Answer) (c) Figure 17-8d shows a circle with a radius much greater than D, centered on the midpoint between sources S, and S>. What is the number of points N around this circle at which the interference is fully constructive? (That is, at how many points do the waves arrive exactly in phase?) Reasoning: Imagine that, starting at point a, we move clockwise along the circle to point d. As we move to point d, the path length difference AL increases and so the type of interference changes. From (a), we know that the path length difference is AL =0A at point a. From (b), we know that AL = 1.5A at point d. Thus, there must be one point along the circle between @ and d at which AL = A, as indicated in Fig. 17-8e. From Eq. 17-23, fully construc- tive interference occurs at that point. Also, there can be no other point along the way from point a to point d at which fully constructive interference occurs, because there is no other integer than 1 between 0 at point a and 1.5 at point d. ‘We can now use symmetry to locate the other points of interference along the rest of the circle (Fig. 17-8f). ‘Symmetry about line cd gives us point b, at which AL = 0A. (That point is on the perpendicular bisector of distance D. just like point a, and thus the path length difference from the sources to point 6 must be zero.) Also, there are three more points at which AL = A.In all (Fig. 17-82) we have E.Matar-springNDU-2015__ N= 6. (Answers17.6: Intensity and Sound Level The intensity / of a sound wave at a surface is the average rate per unit area at which energy is transferred by the wave through or onto the surface Therefee, 1 =P/A where P is the time rate of energy transfer (the power) of the sound wave ands the area of the surface intercepting the sound Pa The aiitensity 718 \ elated to the displacement amplitude s,, of the sound wave by E. Matar -springNDU -201517.6: Intensity and Sound Level Consider a thin slice of air of thickness dr, area A, and mass din, oscillating back and forth as the Expansion sound wave passes throngh it left and right as the wave The kinetic energy dK of the slice ‘moves through i. ofairis dK = $dm v3. as + But, or = em sin(kx ~ wn). Therefore, ‘Equitiortam (position dK = 3(pA dx)(—asq,)* sin*(kx — ot). i If the potential energy is carried along with Anil, SE avai salir — ol, the wave at this same average rate, then the at wave intensity J, the average rate per unit Then the average rate at which area at which energy of both kinds is kinetic energy is transported is transmitted by the w 2(dK/dt) ay (4) = bpAvedsh[sin’(kx ~ ot)log dt ayy = lpAvers,. Identicalto Pag = $4Vu"y%, (chap. 16) - ” E. Matar - springNDU - 2015 717.6: Intensity and Sound Level: Variation with Distance In some situations we can ignore echoes and assume that the sound source is a point source that emits the sound isotropically. That with equal _ intensity directions Let us center an imaginary sphere of radius r and the power of the source is Py, the intensity 7 at the sphere must be: Ps 4nr? where 47? is the area of the sphere. Fig. 17-9 A point source S emits sound waves uniformly in all directions The waves pass through an imaginary sphere of radius r that is centered on S. E. Matar - springNDU -201517.6: Intensity and Sound Level: The Decibel Scale I = (10 dB) log [2 (10 4B) log = Here dB is the abbreviation for decibel, the unit of sound level. irereerenetta| ndard reference intensity (/ 107? W/m?),) ar the lower limit of the human range of Toi chosen n hearing, For] =Iy gives B=10 log 1 =0, (our standard reference level corresponds to zero decibels) Sound can cause the wall of a drinking to oscillate. If the sound produces a standing wave of oscillations and if the intensity of the sound is large enough, the glass will shatter. (Ben Rose/The Image Bank/Getty Images) eNDU-2015Example, Cylindrical Sound Wave: JAn electric spark jumps along a straight li L = 10 m, emitting a pulse of sound that Joutward from the spark. (The spark is said to be a line |source of sound.) The power of this acoustic emission is P, = 1.6 10° W, (a) What is the intensity / of the sound when it reaches a distance r = 12 m from the spark? (1) Let us center an imaginary cylinder of radius r= 12m Jand length L = 10m (open at both ends) on the spark, as shown in Fig. 17-10. Then the intensity / at the cylindrical surface is the ratio P/A, where P is the time rat which sound energy passes through the surface and A is the sur- face area. (2) We assume that the principle of conservation lof energy applies to the sound energy. This means that the rate P at which energy is transferred through the cylinder must equal the rate P, at which energy is emitted by the source. ee cylinder of radius rand length L that is centered on the spark. Calculations: Putting these ideas together and noting that the area of the cylindrical surface is A = 2zrL.,we have 1-24 “A ark” This tells us that the intensity of the sound from a line souree| decreases with distance r (and not with the square of distance| ‘ras fora point source). Substituting the given data, we find 16 x 10°W © 2x(12 mj m) = 21.2 Wim? ~ 21 Wim? (b) At what time rate P,is sound energy intercepted by an] acoustic detector of area A, = 2.0 cm*, aimed at the spark] and located a distance r = 12 m from the spark? (17-34)| (Answer) Calculations: We know that the intensity of sound at the| detector is the ratio of the energy transfer rate P, there to] the detector’s area Ay: (17:35)| We can imagine that the detector lies on the cylindrical] surface of (a). Then the sound intensity at the detector is the| intensity (= 21.2 W/m) at the cylindrical surface. Solving| Eq. 17-35 for Py gives us Pa = (21.2 Wim?)(2.0 x 10™ m?) = 4.2 mW. (Answer) E. Matar -springNDU -2015 20Example, Decibel, Sound Level, Change in Intensity: Many veteran rockers suffer from acute hearing damage because of the high sound levels they endured for years while playing music near loudspeakers or listening to music on headphones Recently, many rockers, began wearing special earplugs to protect their hearing during performances. If an earplug decreases the sound level of the sound waves by 20 dB, what is the ratio ofthe final intensity Z,of the waves to their initial intensity J,? Calculations: For the final waves we have By = (10dB) bork. and for the initial waves we have B= (104B) ost. ‘The difference in the sound levels is (17-36) B- B= (1928) (oe — log Using the identity E. Matar -springNDU -2015 we can rewrite Eq. 17-36 as B- B= (1048) og 0737) Rearranging and then substituting the given decrease in sound level as 6, ~ 8, = ~20 dB. we find top = Pr—B _ =200B "8, 10dB ~10dB We next take the ang ofthe far eft and far rght sides of this equation. (Although the antilog 10-2” can be evaluate: mentally, you could use a calculator by keying in 102.0 o using the 10" key.) We find = -20. +. Jog"! (—2.0) = 0.010. ‘Thus, the earplug reduces the intensity of the sound wav to 0.010 of their initial intensity, which is a decrease of tw: orders of magnitude. (Answer) 2117.7: Sources of Musical Sound Fig. 17-12 Theaircolumn within a digeridoo (“a pipe”) oscillates when the instrument is played. (Alamy Images) Musical sounds can be set up by oscillating uitar, piano, violin), membranes (kettledrum, snare drum), air columns. (flute, oboe, pipe organ, and the digeridoo of F (marimba, xylophone), and many other 12), wooden blocks or steel bars oscillating bodies. Most common instruments involvemore than a single oscillating part E. Matar - springNDU - 201517.7: Sources of Musical Sound A. Pipe open at both ends ‘occur at the open ends. Lenk | \ —_——— @ o iG -22-: Second ~~ 7 »-s eet: a nad = = AaU/4=1/2 * ta "Two open ends— any harmonic fata, forn=1.2.3.... (pipe.twoopencnds)! A 2L B, Pipe open at one end only Z = « ews | - 3 | Third ce. Ww = ROR SZG eas Fe ue o (One open end— only odd harmonics forn = 1.3.5, (ipe.one open end). L=(2ns\ \ A eo E. Matar-springNDU -2015 23Example, Double Open and Single Open Pipes: Weak background noises from a room set up the fundamen- al standing wave in a cardboard tube of length L. = 67.0.cm |with two open ends. Assume that the speed of sound in the Jair within the tube is 343 m/s. a) What frequency do you hear from the tube? KEY IDEA With both pipe ends open, we have a symmetric situation in lwhich the standing wave has an antinode at each end of the tube. The standing wave pattern (in string wave style) is that lof Fig. 17-136. [Calculation: The frequency is given by Eq. 17-39 with In = 1 for the fundamental mode: (1)(343 mis) ~~2(0.670m) If the background noises set up any higher harmonics, such las the second harmonic, you also hear frequencies that are (Answer) integer multiples of 256 Hz. (Thus, the lowest frequency is| this fundamental frequency of 256 Hz.) (b) If you jam your ear against one end of the tube, what fundamental frequency do you hear from the tube? With your ear effectively closing one end of the tube, we| have an asymmetric situation—an antinode still exists at the open end, but a node is now at the other (closed) end. The standing wave pattern is the top one in Fig. 17-140. Calculation: The frequency is given by Eq. 17-41 with| n= | for the fundamental mode: 1 _ (GBs) aL 4(0.670m) If the background noises set up any higher harmonics, they will be odd multiples of 128 Hz. That means that the frequency] of 256 Hz (which isan even multiple) cannot now occur. = 128Hz. (Answer) E. Matar -springNDU-2015 2417.8: Beats When two sound waves whose frequencies are close, but not the same, are superimposed, a striking variation in the intensity of the resultant sound wave is heard. This is the beat phenomenon. The wavering of intensity ‘occurs at a frequency which is the difference between the two combining frequencies. Sp =5_COSaxt — and) = 5, COS ay, 5 = 51 +82 = Sq(COS anf + COS wn). = 25m cos|}(@ — w2)t] cos[}{a + w2)t]. Ho + 02) wf =}(@,—@) and 5(0) = [25p,608 wt] cos at. (beat frequency). Fig. 17-17 (a,b) The pressure variations Ap of two sound waves as they would be detected separately. The frequencies of the waves are nearly equal. (c) The resultant pressure variation if the two waves are de- tected simultaneously. E. Matar -springNDU-2015Example, Beat Frequencies: ‘When an emperor penguin returns from a search for food, how can it find its mate among the thousands of penguins huddled together for warmth in the harsh Antarctic ‘weather? It is not by sight, because penguins all look alike, even toa penguin. ‘The answer lies in the way penguins vocalize. Most birds vocalize by using only one side of their two-sided vocal or- gan, called the syrinx. Emperor penguins, however, vocalize by using both sides simultaneously. Each side sets up acoustic standing waves in the bird's throat and mouth, much like in a pipe with two open ends. Suppose that the frequency of the first harmonic produced by side A is f4y = 432 Hz and the frequency of the first harmonic produced by side B is fy = 371 Hz. What is the beat frequency between those two first-harmonic frequencies and between the two second-harmonic frequencies? a ee eee ‘The beat frequency between two frequencies is their differ- ence,as given by Eq. 17-46 (fea = fi ~ fi) Calculations: For the two first-harmonic frequencies fy and fy.the beat frequency is Sreas = far ~ Sm = 432 Hz — 371 Hz = 61 Hz. (Answer) Because the standing waves in the penguin are effec- tively in a pipe with two open ends, the resonant frequencies| are given by Eq. 17-39 (f= nvi2L), in which L is the| (unknown) length of the effective pipe. The first-harmonic| frequency is fy = v/2L., and the second-harmonic frequency is fy = 2v/2L.. Comparing these two frequencies, we see that,| in general, h=h For the penguin, the second harmonic of side A_has| frequency fx = 2/4, and the second harmonic of side B has| frequency fo = 2/m- Using Eq. 17-46 with frequencies fi and fya.We find that the corresponding beat frequency asso-| ciated with the second harmonics is Sreu2 = Sar — Sra = ar ~ 2a = 2(432 Hz) — 2(371 Hz) = 122Hz. (Answer) Experiments indicate that penguins can perceive such large] beat frequencies (humans cannot hear frequency any| higher than about 12 Hz). Thus. a penguin’s ery can be rich] with different harmonics and different beat frequencies, al owing the voice to be recognized even among the voices of] thousands of other, closely huddled penguins. E. Matar -springNDU -2015 2617.9: Doppler Effect Shift up: The detector ee eer See ‘When the motion of detector or source is toward the other, the sign on its speed must give an upward shift in frequency. When the motion of detector or source is away from the other, the sign on its speed must give a downward shift in frequency. (general Doppler effect), Here the emitted frequency is f, the detected frequency f’ , vis the speed of Fig. 17-18 A stationary source of, sound S emits spherical wavefronts, sound through the air, vp is the detector’s ‘shown one wavelength apart, that ex- speed relative to the air, and vgis the a source’s speed relative to the air. detector D, represented by an ear, moves with velocity Vp toward the source. The detector senses a higher frequency because of its motion. E. Matar -springNDU-2015% Delechoy vk rest deed wower waving tumrde 2B el ei > + Deketo af rest ond sores. Waving owtoy oO ¢ es ‘UaeEee 1 U4, +? Vekcho a - Wwrds ovd wre st vet x, 4 Dwon4 Veoh ene ate nati pg Utd 4 V917.9: Doppler Effect (@) D Intime ¢, the wavefronts move to the right a distance vf. The number of wavelengths in that distance vf is the number of wavelengths intercepted by D in time 2, and that number is wW/A. The rate at which D intercepts wavelength which is the frequency f detected by D. is ) faa 7 eK In this situation, with D stationary, there is no Doppler i effect—the frequency detected by D is the frequency emitted bys. Fig. 17-19 The planar wavefronts (a) reach and (b) pass a stationary detector D; they move a distance vtto the right in time t. E. Matar - springNDU -201517.9: Doppler Effect; Detector Moving, Source Stationary @ D bt X 6) ak Fig. 17-20 Wavefronts traveling to the right (a) reach and (6) pass de- tector D, which moves in the opposite direction. In time /, the wavefronts move a distance vi to the right and D moves a distance vpf to the left. IfD moves in the direction opposite the wavefiont velocity, intime f, the wavefronts move to the right a distance vf, but nowD moves to the left a distance vf Thus, in this time ¢, the distance moved by the ‘efronts relative to D is vf +yz¢. The number of wavelengths in this relative distance vt +ygf is (vt +ypf/A Therate at which D intercepts wavelensths in this situation is the frequency f°, given by (vt + vo/A _ v+ vp t a v+tvp vt vp vit : Similarly, we can find the frequency detected by D if D moves away from the source. In this situation, the wavefionts move a distance vf -v7f relative to D in time t, and” is given by f= E. Matar - springNDU -2015 2917.9: Doppler Effect; Source Moving, Detector Stationary Detector D is stationary with respect to the body of air, and source $ move toward D at speed vs. If T/ =1/f) is the time between the emission of any pair of successive wavefronts W, and W,, during T, wavefront Wy moves a distance ¥T and the source moves a distance sf. At the end of T, wavefront W, is emitted In the direction in which S moves, the distance between W, and W>, which is the wavelength 2 of the waves moving in that direction, is (7-151), ID detects those waves, it detects frequency f given by “VT =v vif — vif “lis Vs" Inthe direction opposite that taken by S, the wavelength 2 of the waves is again the distance between successive waves but now that distance is (V7 —vs7). D detects frequency f given by =f ‘i vtvs- E. Matar -springNDU - 2015Example, Doppler Shift: detecting reflections of, ultrasonic waves, which are |sound waves with frequencies greater than can be heard by a human. Suppose a bat emits ultrasound at fre- lquency fy = 82.52 kHz while flying with velocity 'i, = (9.00 mis)i_ as it chases a moth that flies with veloc- ity Tq = (8.00 m/s)i. What frequency fag does the moth detect? What frequency f,g does the bat detect in the returning echo from the moth? as |Detection by moth: The general Doppler equation is pas ttto viv. (17-56) lHere, the detected frequency f" that we want to find is the lirequency fg detected by the moth. On the right side of the equation, the emitted frequency f is the bat’s emission lirequency f,, = 82.52 kHz, the speed of sound is lv = 343 mvs, the speed vp of the detector is the moth’s speed. I'm = 8.00 m/s, and the speed vs of the source is the bat’s Ispeed 1, = 9.00 mis. E. Matar -springNDU -2015 We have the speed of the bat in the denominator of Eq| 17-56, The bat moves foward the moth, which tends to in] crease the detected frequency. Because the speed is in thd denominator, we choose the minus sign to meet that ten| dency (the denominator becomes smaller). With these substitutions and decisions, we have fase = 343 mis — 8.00 m/s = (252 KH2) 5 mls = 9.00 ms = 82.767 kHz ~ 82.8 kHz. (Answer] Detection of echo by bat: In the echo back to the bat, the ‘moth acts as a source of sound, emitting at the frequency fu ‘we just calculated. So now the moth is the source (moving ‘away) and the bat is the detector (moving foward). The rea- ‘soning steps are shown in Table 17-3.To find the frequency ‘Juasletected by the bat, we write Eq. 17-56 as 343 m/s_+ 9.00 mis = ETERS mis + 800 v5 = 83.00 kHz ~ 83.0 kHz. (Answer) Some moths evade bats by “jamming” the detection system with ultrasonic clicks, aL17.9: Doppler Effect [Bat to Moth Echo Back to Bat Detector Source Detector Source moth bat bat moth speed Vp = Vm speed vs = v5 speed vy = v5 speed Vs = Vn away toward toward away shift down shift up shift up shift down numerator denominator numerator denominator minus minus plus plus springNDU -201517.9: Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves cc) Fig. 17-22 (a) A source of sound S moves at speed vs equal to the speed of sound and thus a fast as the wavefronts it generates (b) A source § moves at speed vs faster than the speed of. sound and thus faster than the wavefronts. When the source was at position S; it generated wavefront W,,and at position it generated W,, Alll the spherical wavefronts expand at the speed of sound v and bunch along the surface of a cone called the Mach cone, forming a shock wave. The surface of the cone has half-angle @ and is tangent to all the wavefronts. Ee (cnet The r ’s/v is called the Mach number. E, Matar -springNDU -2015 33