2 State Origins: A Reappraisal’ RONALD COHEN Powers, coninaoury autor, and rox inv oranition Inthe hiioy of the pois. Even lav ala wea state bat the universal cknosedged pt tbs, to oxpopite oigs tthe largest st nt powecal ulations the world. vel tion dows stp of core: imperil, groupings of nations, and etal eran ms deveop onthe wa 1 bs ois an ol ‘rpm (Nall 967, For aw, owen, and forthe fone Tate Woe soveregaty stops wid aatonal state ound so that sh i en rd po cane a Hw nd an shat sons tch foes gins ISekof agreement atow what arse, about what Soy why or ow it evtoe, nd hor vy nits for ts embers Ts a {en tints ihe welrknown caphoay of academic voles in Which researcher fom eiering Uadom speak past each ote to "eve ever inthe owe open or of heir own Hassel pene Tinta steph yo bey! mh nl Sion My go to sts some modest geneatzaon that pote a ‘othe of petent vce rater than beigheing te euthsae f Tn what wt follow Ill nae the dtl probit‘co ery sate In yew tbe proc sya sd mal ecco lo, oat pear acne Sec me oct tack tbpy eh ae a ne BH {Gren dreciow of Suichood Alloa Ke fo08-may be mule SS cxcya: owe tee tay Cog Weed Sy oa ood these est semarbaiy seo bo mater where Hocus ‘Why ach convergence crue ad part and are a sate Fem LL. Deion of he Site {et estar by syne what he ate ot, Ti wa nook some si approaches sd compare hem. The tate and sey ‘ic ot sunpnmot To sng tha ome setae Olen Wi of ‘hy dees poliea acy and soc conte ses sateood & to beg tc queson If we tenp he postion of Kopp (1983) tea "vbutangrospecontoingorocupying tein re wo be sea ss States whether they te hating tbs or empires, ‘Thi eaves the ‘ptnaton oferty cesta goverment anor, ined ‘Shed The problem of varying deres a oc pltal comple ot reihed by ann ina ems for gna ifevent organic. ‘ona forms. Egatng te ss to any ra pola organizations snakes the wrthehile pint tat all mans fy 10 ve the es ‘ihn some foro sacl ode, at ads raion n power, etry tnd assem of values hat prescbes ome aod prone ‘Ser aces Hower, teens lcs be orgie soi Spoil behaviour doc no mean ta a ave Siar forms im whch wes pace, ' “Ps inte & pote # sie multi commonly soley in ih one cine goep domibnes bese Tee itoSsh ew ele sateen and he eared tc pe an commie etn te ih ee of eae Pre {ny ow a the pone eam n whch te satiation ot "Paps teste othe sat ad ong. Eat sate in Wh ‘meme of on ling ethic pou ave Ro igh od tow pass ‘he polity te common. Fubermore, just a the Saas veal ‘merged nth te Nowmaa congutors of Engh, oo early sate ‘hen witmned the sitatefoton of ely sed ouy Sociucd ih new ean Ta expen the emergent ule of the nnte™ In. more genera sent, hamere, scl wren 9 wives orto eal sas: om Rowse to Mivt and apes, tough ‘Genmeapoary wri such a Pod (196, enya ate dened ‘governmental sem of tal i SECA yas Grainne thos pons vet oer teased stash sce, of Doran on a, he at hal soe sconce of Oh ty bythe cena 0 protest ine pan hoe who sold tack Ii puion The wate therfore he spe, destroys bry, Sepp the Tneguntybetwsen rh ad pos though ed le of property, and ding put the enna teen int pespeual ator, savery ad srcchedew (Harmon 1964 302). Mart and Eagely especial he Ute Cenge 1891), dere the wate fom comparative analyse ike Reuss they ate iio sitet ofc formation (ete) thc the upper slam owners of the mets of product Itc (eveop a sient protec he (krsde 1966 23) Ted taker he same pion wen be eos ‘hat the stte Ley slo government emerge neva Oat of {oil sation neutralize Inet in wich at ll ‘enn in soc ate egal cos fo the resures hat ruta and nhance ie (Fed 1967 186) ‘Since tis faneoml quality (ing group domination by ws of the sine fs unveral atre of eat sta ie to tel With this postion, Bot as sna theory i nt suber to unersal. ‘Some thors eg, Seve 1975) nee the ame evdeos git ‘dre are Inset of seeing staan ae au fey ae they see fear a re wile the oil causes ein the fc enc rey em th ant stl pe par for teem ee ‘Other defntions tendo lump as many cotelates together as pone, tring te efton ofa cay state nt» geveraled ‘ode of spurl form of poi stem Sch ses to be te lof Merdoc's (959: 37} eigcn diagnostic lentares of Aca “ten which Vena (0986157) ster apron ae & seta teatro found mw n mst ober ary statr Reader 1968: 31-8), ‘ows enetily the same tiog png the sate large acy of Teatrs all f which are descriptive geveralantons about «complex typeof sc palit! system. Any of thse detailed propesibon an ‘r hatenped. Ear stn donot for example univeraly proctce ima serie (rock 1959-36, or do they nese) Gemand that mbes iter ace sate tverinty or rej leaving 20 ‘hile ground (Kral 196827).Frere sch defn tendo obcte the sec oon tah Maroc’ lpeen fete and Kreer fog st of as one oc oho sch comptes ele ead fie fe Mart pon tems mre stating The Se ad tection af cnplliy ne nsseoee hcl Ba pees Tpaltiay te move fvard depot contd cote Wye ‘ony be tae been wl caged lore Ra and wy ‘ster hen doc owes ae steal ve et. net ‘Redon tyne ong ad wee poate Wh Rea ‘Ean ters fan staging wo te stae Tabu (191) were sy thet cntenporay wie te depen sae ua Racha ese ery Sear Shichoalcoietine er mason) and bein Jun HR RISE Se sable te comer Nou (O45 6-70 bs Pehl peseinion os orpoit wbih he oes Secon potted sytem hing) centald poem. {Deer ovtpntano a raig pp wisp eg Stsulipen and ste Wiha ow cree ton hi be ‘Shu deion wd by Fos and Eves Pritchard (1980) Tet ‘Sittin ean ptt ns te nd nonstate tens, an Sylulin Sard (049) sexta ner nese oe era Paterno cle sth and ste oman isan es [rine word Sense (175) nis resem work sree with hs poston | {hd ads id Fed (1967), the monopoly of he use ot Related 10 this apposch but dstinet fom it the infomation systems dean led by Wight and Johan (IS; 267 i hee ork ste origi tn Mesopotamia. Working with records of Teta between aiferntnn semen ina region tee a thor emcee of the tnt fo deston-making egalzton ‘thick apcilasdadpinstrative caters ake dessins afecing the Gono lowe eve setletens snd thats The organization Imo have thes or mre levels of acarciy wo function hasnt [Tanimited vo tat information the top secs behaviour wer levels of erry othe pon Tht ectcers aume theclor that groin coed atin of economic ina herrcy af dierent tae sede: ‘bent an indenter of snat devcopements in the governmental ‘Evo of sclety, Unforenately th exact coespondence Detmeen he ‘Sono and polite! oranzston a0 ear in thet Work, ‘Wht cer om al 0 thse sacral dfnions ht srs he npmatonl sibs of sates a esearch sates. In eect all of Su Og: A Reape s these approaches agee tht what cree sopr-ocalautboriy and ‘alized contol sho crete early states Av Service (1075: 272) ‘ost ot, ths sl lees problem since oes ot ising ‘day between chitaney and natehod — between cetaized fois tha re move and those tat are bas compen” States are ‘Emly ongaed race, ba hs daneaton notes pe of [ulies that are of cossered w be presate tens Tn my view, chctoincks sre suey dierent om sates (0 ‘worn! scprsic canst The key iapstefntr iio. All Poll tems pte ie the eu se have se pst of ee formal pial apd demographic rossi, inerent tendencies to ‘reah wp and form sir wt ters be lanesape, Barnes (0967) apy led the spol fects wich che poy bulls op {o'r Eka s then pie op, over suceion puts, land shor. fe or ber ito, ino aller uni that in tate gO¥ aga tower tho ows teeakep thesolds. The sat a Ost ‘overcomes rch yer tendenls, Ths capo rests an ently ‘ow hint of soy Ove tht on expand thd tke nother etic ‘Fovps ove tht cn texme more popuous and more, powertl ‘thou ecssary aving any upper imi is oF ret, Only {he sa among own human poles stom ie apble of uch ‘powthin se and per. "Pay snes peter he fist began of entre pttes whose seid ot poder e pesca” Many estes of res d ‘nda sate are similar. For example Doh have to she Frobioms cf copie change, and bosh mast condi cet Peery tate, However ndueiniatonreuzs such ase ‘ite a popula and sc opinion sucha he development ‘Stitge-safed uae may, trade anions terrain of ecole ‘Shi, acess to Ife snug resources though salts, among IBanysierfeatre tat ite necenay to cogcele of Inte ae nspart indo ose, ith int political prblens, and "Te itu hat has the prmty task of maintaining such com tity In eaty wns the Bueno. BY this T ean a set of ‘ical, pet, nai, slaes, eanash, and he sub-organiations ‘Thomaorge the ainmatine machinery ofthe ste ere. Tey ‘roses i arate whch ten trees chore ed ‘Sas an oficial ad generally pivepd se who muni nd ‘howe rls bemeenperiberal sects of estate and he ropa ‘hictsnss suo hve ofc holders who Bp the cit cary out tovernmenl fasion However, at his evel af politi develope fea enc noel pst inte sactre o he poly am eset replift st extend ea prs wf he yaa stati seta aly Supe eto Serene as ca teber tnoy Seat De any a germ See ern ae etn sede het ws con! ae re pen yt ek oe Seater tayo cones de eet ede pe. sy ey ws tala an ewy oe a oe Silence minutes len hee ants Sa ae ee te : “eae So eneateeme een se eat tet inept ct ae oo ‘choose andlor. legitimate a new monarch: For purposes of convenience Si Seat wou grt say sey 12 Conlaes an Canton ‘The defiton given above k struct tingues he state rome ‘er plea! ystems by viewing at specie set of cached ‘eats lnvlsing an ctepled td radon! stem of unequal aver dito, alee an evolving one As I ave sid eee {Cakes 1973: 71), kag a taxonomy of poi suctures rests « Seetal problem fo plik sevopoogy and provides it ith as ‘genda for srarch The txoaom explains vey lite by isa However, it docs fore ito ae how Be diference some abou, ‘thoes they fave on the pene ho ve within the In eft ‘Sen the dfnnn watts ts ea, end kes ety whose eran evesk “The creates of statehood ae widely known. A ring ds under a mona tht rept wealthy inant the rst of the Ppa om whom the gl mt other welt an vlgitoue etre of ary stn Tha &swocted wih ream arched cpesion of css diflerences andthe Somerton ot oper ‘Ss genni ubsrelre fom" ta otha ioe ste 90. ‘noi on eal race ered RW ei ett apation s Toclysatoaomoas polis The soset abo diferentated by asa aon, Stipe a rua or nan rsdence imo pean, frauen. teaden Fs no, nes entrain’, a any Sher Thisrequzer © Simpy System of ade, are, and 2 {etemue ssn by WHER We Hate dane ncome la cuteney had ‘Ste Onin: A Regia ” od inorder to matin ult and it armed fores. The uper ens so enjoys tury gods bough fo he state trough seT-dvetoped_ fre of ong dtr Wide A complex st tej roe ‘te dovelpe wo date dpe betwee valour semests ng the ‘ola srctuesrasysem of jody and sped: Frean ‘stone se maltaned wih soundog plies who ate often made {opey bce these the mow power nang st soe titin#repon. Stier therefore hae sovereign tetoges mich [Bems ae clue unr tame and spheres of aocaceIehich ‘Sime esi power exes 1h ter quay i resent esl ‘eter to its Begewoaia_coaat to sovereign which operates ‘rib site Hegenon fers fom sone a ht «sine as {Gi aury ever lism within sovereign ale wl al ie odes ss re Tel he cso a es of gous ver Soar Weiser hegemony” Revense cobecioas, ade, wilary Servic abs erally incetsed we of communications, lee {premium on seats fore of record Reeing.t'50t Surprising then that resid Kepng develope widely cnet of ey ate “Tose forsee ees among all these developement, ln ny sim str ven # spurious question (Adam 1975" 243). Ech ofthese festar and many ore enable Be ofhertemerpe and 0 fet romamonp!pomblesouton the cently rganined ctre ‘tthe uae The stare requires these corel, andthe corres ‘ble the sacar to conic rt emere The proces stem Shei” No mater how oe where star, fonction res ‘mens fore the devopmest the atove cree. Fay Sats ae ‘iting in heir variance. Why thi thoul be vo wil become det iS wht flows whon we lnok move corel tthe preconltons and ‘Socopmentl pribeay eh bythe early ster a ty eve oto Previourly ances Ssens 2. FACTORS AFFECTING THE RISE OF EARLY STATES I his masse nor on Mediterranets history Bruel (1972) argos {tat he phys ensonmen wel the emopraghic and sock. ‘ita foes dependent spon f unetie tbe spec stoi Je Selopments of the region But It we gener and ask wheter Tseatonal and geopephia factors pr setae some steal ‘onship to cay rte the matter bosimes murky. What specieuses ofthe environment shuld we fok 2? Food sap, other Sources, and locaton have a been supped by Braue! aod ht than wi of cin tye te ae mana Yo eon Cnt ial prove alntence a-Unedeeof care packed 6) te LSE io ates Stes OOP Foe fect 1968: 108) have noted th fete ofthe emi tent ie ite mearuresutly rae (4's Snot spose Tio eset he oo potent of ein (2 techy peal Sepa at too funded freien cares tm 0) Sesource croement vases iia soph ine In any 0 Tide's (1975) sages tha we we moray ats de 0 food step ss tal mete of enamel ree po ‘eat, bur ieee forme poses How cn me aaa ‘vy ner ame nen Can rte We Sue nt Sat t woul te posible in efert fo menue the Toyah cha. iene, and to ts whether varios prose fod shrage ‘und, ov wares ea oct with argent ce ies Svetopement A ths pot ts siento ete ato 0) ta Sawa of ht mae dened compartos of ery sates I eas ‘i an thre wit ele food shortages. ig specie and Tear nde ote th cet of yng osc ae creat, (196616) ts eels te fran tr event ne Solna Ate Hs taint taney wo prea eer Std mojo sats oa sample of hry ae etd In ares ther ‘Shee in tre He conan tht hehehe iis ch ‘cts entrant (166 162), The forest ess Be capacy of the cna goverment move nen 28 godt Aroopoot he rein note words the forest mais os Aoneny and it majo obtace este sraneion, Lem may vera pot for the atin matry bot when necoery ch ‘tac have bee overcome by tecooogy An obvoes example the ave Sod ae tenderer Seveoped bth Tea ia (tier Soon i cpt ke peal ope of he sae Cerminy Wwe aap precslonial vote Sevclopmen ss Bens ac eho 11975" 572) hate dove, there ery He colton wih eviomena featur eet & ake tack Of Sate deveonmeat ‘ueme cimate sms, to for Noth Americ in (Gy atesoue Gand aoe Eaope, Non Aisin od the Nie Ste Ong A Reap » ‘Vale, he far East nd South Ass ncn nda, Chin, sd pe: (@)2 mde Ameria development inucag Posh Mexico and Yuet tan, south Arias development inte high Andes (3) a Wes ‘Alcan Zone: (3) 8 East Anna sone ia the lake tepon abd he Eihopian hight and (@) Polycsion zne. States may, and robb el deve independent iin these anes, ut conta {it iflsoe wie thon areal well docerestod It tard 10 ‘ie a sath vie aun a coon AY (obide of the exenme nates), eng ina te of te Salling teem fo fate been rine fator in developing ach tae. In Sense pre cation, but bo he isl condi of he envionment Se anportatpredstors. Such soe ft the eles of Sstchood ‘eore then. Uliately howener ll soccer ave bees inp ‘ei ie ortecme eae hems Sn Finally there & te Joana factor of trae. Pore of tae and termi at the en of tae foe ate cea corlated they State developmen. ln cses sch a Beni, Dabo, and the ey ines of the Mederanean we have document even tht ding enmmnie tac population ind Hecome centre! pes ae than many other arse the Rnerand, There 6 hie doe that ‘onrapi etre och egg atbore elements atthe moat oT ‘ves or waa gern bao Tes poston wel woo wae ‘Sie ie selon ond tibet ‘ken ater Tn eximing the Aan tral Glickman 65> trad rovtes do shit” powers become mote permanet. Th the tia thst of Brant (1972) mgument ay vel Although he Seastve to the eles of mounts, as, and pevaling vin, the peopel an ther fetre sopping the se of wwe that inry Du psn sroerpty does ot cry the wae stury oc even ke mow inportan arte. The ade route o ope sity and te ruter hen conpete and tn out ove acter (Braudel 19722278) may 3. DEMOGRAPHY With te pone xeption of wate, popsliton press, oF 30 Inceae in population deity neo he most ie) noted fentresof state formation, Te en ges tack at east Spence (1897) and st Seat the work of ¥. Gordon Chie (1936), Mae recat, Bete bes) hs taco he eee of insted population oo the ital Europe ad om sseent development in ‘Shinclgy tn edo deemed fab pens and eesed produ thy whieh in tarnsoporte larger poplars. Lesh (968 15-6) os ot pre-t sbctis al Glow eve f 1300 persons pet ‘Stict ile ery sae onan onthe oder of 200 ines move ‘oping wih mc higher das pe aan mie, “Coca means forte cee are wot, ring ith aes ante creumsepnn of ppsaton within scones pce Hates {Gori-225 hm ta to compute overall word population before and ter the spread of food producion. He sugess 2 prenetiic ‘orice seer of ply ve eon er Year which one 625 Deryear afer be negton of th elie. More conning ence rs rom Lee (1972) whose data suport the eon ht with ee ‘anerng ess crying of young shen frm cet pce Bush Shae wom reduce he ey aintaie Inger pegs Between fegeanes a eorex of fo SOEUR tically st wet on pr eer ether ay poe fr anh oe ew 97 Sh ‘Athabe (1963) working with pygmy poupe = Cameroon ha also teed hat seston fe aoeited ith age ful. A ‘hoeologeal cen (sruever 1965; Sih and Young 1972) id ‘Stee er containing arg ppalatons wins sed and ‘Snacern ct where he acl epics busting and ethene. ‘Once mrlind 0K on fod production there therfore god ‘rence that population begat apg, Btw dos hi ad {Sine sne? Attr thecpion othe Boi moved fom Sine ona ye adits fie. eed, iy {ood prodcing groupe have romsined in sutosemows seemeat of Coat poser pei nl he ovaing ot den Se Car ‘evo (970) hs thcorzed bat whes he normal xpi of popula Ton raunced by eomapi, oF posi oer fre the {eons and tnt acct wth ret pressure on resources ‘ued conch and ero fhe poplin, Steeped Pee an veye dsr server ie te Nie, or paces whee {onlin elton och rewurs gen tei utr too ‘oy woud tea, unr th tory. 1 Terit migration oot of te ‘ton This auc population Seiya a enbaned Power iertcner “Epil, tee those ft well wih obseratons wade by Net- ting C972) howe the Kya ofthe Jo Pte i Niger: This Ste On: A Rep o suthor (ting 1965, 1972 ha ound that nese pressure 09 and ferlting ther trom irate’ denny or te srinkape o aie {arm rss lnc to nove indica land boing tnd sor intensive Sprite. Thi In rn i atoited mith Rpher and tals. more ‘try demarcated boundaries, elaborate rules of ownership and fnhertanee ieee inter-personal confi, and disputes ove op ey 7h ae a in wd eo penned ‘Spey mse ed cmgeton or ae then ‘ein 1973 Neting then tis t generale thi fining sco erie of ces fSewhere Ibo, TH fukun, and. Alt. Unforamatey, there 90 lntoraton on tbe oxen poplin pres to setaiztion for these oter scetes 10 tha he wins up th only oe eae (Kya) in which ths data spor hs argument. The pot is cea For tough he aa sow how tee Aba oct bul enealing tendencies onto pes sulonomu local sedements 1s deed ‘ter Rave done Horon 1971: Cohen 1974) ~ he i unable ttubute these comrarble development © population expansion Pres, a baled for by the theory. "The theory that population pes contre 0 the formation of states ze theefne onthe aly documented observation tht ‘opalaon expands ia sss and dent) per selement aswell ee Fumes of setlemers per region once man becomes een 008 produce. Tas popdtion expan so nlong wih nase earcies {seo sg preste on sesource force ede to eee their ‘contol over the soc oranznons hey purgte in (Adis 1975 1M} Takes om ce value the theory Seems pale and pt 20 ‘rprng, Long ferm ends Goin fat show invariant ress be ‘neon poplation inreses an cetazation of sth "everhless cose inspection of data, and wel espe aterps to test the feltonship ate begining to eat second hoops: Dunont {apes 320-321) i dota comparison of pote development in the Valley of Metco and Mesopotamia concules that populton Tie ahi do ou sggore oe not tates” ereeed ‘rganzatoal consent and coordination beiween dierentation Sehlement) develoy Ie tesponse to pie oF coveted pressures 00 sores. Alerting the theo) ad Teoing at © ber ‘cent cet of ater, Srv at toa ‘tom ot populition pressure ht provides the means ad pets © Satcond (97S: 216278), for Kin popanion prow an food ‘euces ar enabl’ at canss Of sca omen ated, be Compare opuliteprnue to emp on conomie apr whiehray be been die othe ineption of tributes rater than to any ‘Besurbe incest in prodectvy Tooter word not prewure tn reoure, Bu te intention of demand (Cowgi 1975 S13) 1) tacsigyheartcl auton tems fat eorgnies sxe, jeing lhe appearance of being ager nar proving the onions [Enter gowthn mote dency packed cement ‘omit the most lege desiged testa he popeiton presure ‘teary tbe tha of Wright and obo (1875). Usa the sa of scene per pec and ompuing pital ep in tenmaton, They tore, but canot at yet demote, ha sich {cles in pops ae potahy anced wih earl cond. tows, cot, waar, and possibly an infix of tomas in thee ‘Th sera hypothesis mist wal for fre tag means tbe ppatin they seems to hove sured aly atthe hans the ‘We cn on hs ts orate sates As man changes over to raluace or Htetie and renewals food eoures popention be omer more sedentary, sed ep to Inert 2 much more "pid fat thin ftore. This rus wel Sloe stehoo, and cones on ‘Mer stats are formed. Dats are Taking thst clay rele such Population ieresse to sate formation, Homer, some rsa sp fr the notion of popelcionInresie pt chituiney (Hamer O70), and after sts emcee (Weight td hme 1979), Popaliton nese erie ce me song tne ee Sing 1972) at ins. Stathood ie dependent on oe acon ‘ean oration pity tat slows fr the soorsinatin fae umber of aetenens or nomads Therefore, it crests onahns or agrees of soci unt, but doesnot nad el {epead pon chan icense la ere 1 come ito exten. "K methodoogal pot tof col portance. If we corte popultio ze mith depee of pul compl ne oan ul Flowever ne the polite! unit re incesngly achive eng ‘Hot owe popslton per exon or nnber of stlemens pe ron, Te Sci Soay iin the eogion srenverbed by he atte Incense soe cmplenty may well ove a Feitbation of the ‘opulton ito warty san! settlements with lite oc no over ‘Ring, nthe short om Ur Centers ay Tor example depopaat Ssarby rol arn esving the reson popton sa unenge. ‘A rnedcthonpphic pint sont he sie of ocala cer notes, Senora it tasocated with ined demand {or penons amore in groups, setUements, and domestic un. A= Ste Ong: A Reape a habe’ (196) case sy ofthe changeover trom hating and ether tne to apc ndetes an anced incre tn oye. ager fates and more authority for adult men. He aso note change fom she exchange to tidenealh a the mets of obtaining nes Ea people can tes urden a hutng camp, bat ean ore abo. ‘ore folowes aed sept, wells moe prestige and poner int Teel autonomous coms of food proces Seetin cee © ‘ew vale frre vn tad indo om ony oral meee by whch Toca! proupe can nce cir ze. This fom the nelhic Swart enon acquston bya ante becomes sn important str fo Mie, This face 0 ferened birth ates to adoption, pve Trident, centage, fostering, anderen freble apt td fnsavement of sans who re then sed to add oe and seat Toca Populate sae focal groups cm be maniputd 8 a funion of oc oranzaton, before Sats or eens emerge. The oper ‘ina proces sein moon ty edetazaton i at simply ater of ‘th tes. Intend» wider stem of popnton prow Beis to sorerin wich a owe por touh tact orig Tins ae ot spre evenly aver the Thorpe Soa, poli, ‘ronomi, sad esp foes now at toss coalescing abet ‘soning roups whe sie par of thir sco. Population and ‘ald sgget Insta they eked By the ede rou for extra ‘Bemersand forthe pada ea options to code set umber of people per sci and econome un. Orpaniations ‘hangs that acm ny he tcepton of fond peoditon ao teste Instone sich linnges, vgs, age set systems, ov a ‘stems, in whieh herovchy nod the aumbers of persone per group ‘ome apt an aled sues of pop ie “The relations between prestate plies may salve ora lest be ound a this lve! o! evolutionary development. On the othe: band chiang rts een pole cn cece pros a poly allances und tgemony, aad symbioe laon between groups Ing diferent cong adplatons al ont tothe emergence ented per At the presen sage of knomlee, however1 oot clear exaty tow these lasts opente ia response 10 ‘icing codon. Let x ook bey, a each of the. A, ter ply rae As already noted, writers ike Polanyi (1987), Gluckman (1968) and ‘Brendel (973) hie Steed the rlatom tween de expecially Fone shoe tid and the rie of eariy stats Long dst Wade Involve, trneporig gone between” repons 30 Dat Wadet- the pot of Wish sasted stn ace pont bath the seat he pes snantn developed a poner trsing emer Te concimtant fpowh wt polly poweral site que deny rtd 1 is ‘son trading enter tetneen Europeans and Afeans eye Sil dng these trade (Play. 1965, Further eas ike (1950) tn dhown bow atenpe fo conta he ive tae othe Niet cea IE} to more cetne pial ergniaon in tat Ypion Th Fas ‘Nic, Arabans (967) dened the sume prose among Nya ‘teu ches who incetsed thr power i order to consol trade ‘enen hntertandgrome and Act on the coo Hickeron (1952) ‘etons nore comple rgnuatsn Sevelopiag among the Wisconsin ingens whic be aterotes to hc dose wo contol trade Detmeen {he'Baropeans to the estan the lou 6 the west in my own ranch on pe-tonal ingame i nortbest Nie, ic cle that ny at tong detest were datebute 8) ‘ona inthe rein nd hatte monarchs were deeply invled “fee cial celitonship of fng dstane te however ot 2 sinple one After crtlly mesarng the quant of iterreasna {tae ia Mesopotamia, Wah and Johan (107) coed that sch {tae did notices in volume unl long after te founding ofthe Site, Comerely, mates fom coutal Wert Atsca Dike 1936 Pony 1966; Horton 1968) suggest the oposite. The ase sin Seto ervening factor Hz esate py ora roup othe ek ‘eae ta poner and stbiae conta ver he rate To J ths hey eo pester mitry caput and fall-ime ofc who cn cot ‘tae the increased anager fnetonsasocated with te ade ‘Wii and fohmson 1978 277) "The reste of eh mresed eran Zaton ae he mellow fading ste and pot of tae i ch Smmetes sd goverment ae intimately hed. Comverse, ow ‘Sheth peste py noe lost at esi oda poi ong ‘Se Onn: A Reap ss 1 developing tae route, as with many of the sates of the Wes fen Sadia, long Stans fade as ile of 90 causal sigianct {or the the of ne In ily Mesopotamia wade does crease ‘Brough time“ bu tata afer the founding ofthe sate (Wht ‘n Johonon 1973" 779), In ele the, lng dtance Wade Boh a ‘hoe atm eet state formation, depending oon ators othe Tonal tne with region alot by deBiion cosy sociated wit be fooding fine iferenion i nce, a the ape Tost cordiation pbites of cnet autores ake for an ‘east fow of poor and people throughout te state expecially fo {td fom the cai Ths bs ef and supe the spay of = ‘ota suthory 0 stin Re an eke oreo ose ond Sus ein fate storages 42. Warfare ‘Wart isa tbe aus ofstaeood and a esa, Spenes (1897) ‘eases thatthe organizational expats demanded ty wae, [Mercy and ecotl sommand spread rom the miltay to sos ioron beso Has apd bring itary pie To povernmen “The te of the Mongo! enpte under malar leader et pod ‘rample_ of the powers Gating (1962) decries cea In CCerekee pole sentation atthe ret of eres wate ‘rough ty the fourm of the mecca clon. When one {rowp roel conquers anater, sith tbe Normans in eay {Ents or the Rasa in tenth cntary Horny (Cohen 1973) then {he congctors mut deve a sytem of sdainstation to oordite Where over he we "More esenyOxrcin (170) bs re 1 et thie. He ares (0970: 25-28) hat meatal wate vous high dese fsbo atone, obedience to leader He Sts hat storia is we ‘rend among the mitaryoranaaton of voted scetie I “Mout unveral among cenaied once st bth te Mlany ad {mveremeatal evel Thesore subordination hin We mal leads {rhe developmen ofthe mitry (Oferta 1970: 3, “Athogh theve dia are suggest the esearch dei i 0 weak to any tbe weight he armen Subordnaton exe ars may fact ot arsed soci a pote! He ~ i sting. eos eremonie furl uc, res de pasape, and soon. Why must we ‘Stabe intend edition in gveroment Oly oe tution the poste wl and tet oly fr tha etre wie Jstepaaingvers? Furtermacecentiztion i just tha, more iterated ngol and subordination of ll rps of socal Me Icing the ‘Bitar ei the tepmtion af oc! unis at equles explanation Sot suterdiion whieh ix present bath beter and alt centalzion Bh deeoped “Anccoup of scholars ageot 1872; Andrsjenki 1954 ‘re 1967: Vayda 1966; Service 197) sugges tht societal eolton omer fet, and then rons bass forthe incesied fale, re ‘quency, and roca of wire. Cling Spex cases they te tat ‘nove dsipines, more oraz polity produces tare amis, eter ‘stne agsnet waringneipbors sod #stimalste the we of Warate ‘Se for of tersocet rents, More peal, mare Detwees ‘sing tomas aod ove predators, a deserted in Latimore’s {1940} work {etd in Serie 1973) on worthwert Cina leads to the ‘Hrongerng of seteees andthe emerges of 2 more cenied ity among the sedetty peoples being threatened Final, wale ‘hone soghy equvaen aeigitors ges people an eppeciason ft the proecton tat enraized lesen fords Sec 1975 299). In eles, Serco conser tat peopie scape more cetalized pies Hecate of heal of chm system inthe feof oxte "The apeoach being ken here more sptheticand system. This les met stun hat leven a aes eadng to more eotrstion of sth. and supra loeal cordaton tough herchica contol ten to premure a presale system tovais {ester censloatn Ahoy fr eu cnnecton fo sate forms Eis ie complex | belive wafre ie too a facor I complet ecnte unde erin condone dos not ive re toate, ser ‘ther i dos, se under il thers tlw a ep Fel et pe iutrte thin til with some examples trom iy own reser, In the Lake Chad area of the fourteenth and itenth ‘eorrie,the Teasing Mapu can was freed to leave the Kent trent the arta of fhe Lake. Afer mich wandering about on he oro pit the wero th lake they an th fllowes sete on the uth bank ot rer that protested them from desert ier ‘ian eou wih sce Ueape van anng other css oranae in ‘lar manner Aho lns and Eneages witin them were ‘anked. tere sume to have bern fe cenaized Bureacray, 90 ‘permanent capt anda nt very complex st of es wow adn ‘On the Borns pis they eventually bolt a wabed cy, to protect themes guia the on people, who sem To hive ved In These sonoma apes Slowly, ang heir ape aly, and nits eatery the ope of he wal ey of Kanu hey came {De cl athdte soup afer group of he pammen. Those who ete, ran ay, of were killed or wete take as saves, A he ame ‘ie cen vat) the poopie of he ey sated te develop aye imi mene of admnatering these semiubjot peoples As the Magu sit evn into a tue denote mnsih, sted ries, fn offi of he yal court mee ives Specie vlapes, 0: gained ‘he ps over thems thes owa parle responsibly By the end ‘tthe sienth sonny the Boru plas was ites to 8 poverfal lngdom under is rpc of Birt Gargano” Out onthe pts Tost clue il ured bot more and more the people, Who ‘imsioed inthe ae eae t he thought of and to think ot tem. Sven ae part of «lager ste. In sone arent thee remained {Emuoar i thers it boca 8 ew leat tat ed them and the ‘Serendans nt hs emergent Mun Lingo of the Suan eis not clear excy why the orga Kane chietainy broke op. ‘rt ison hee that tere wa an lnqaed tof acon Suge ove th eisney, and beten he eg lineage of {lan Magus) with one of i own previously separated Segments {Gaal later cont wae de lenceria, popalaion Dresure on siures dese To coma rae route othe Mitre ean ora combinntic fall of tne The ea is homeser gute eae ‘Toelosing and presi damian or "awe clan Si fal Tate Kanes deen fo wander i, apd Sally sete on the Bra lin (Caben 1967: Smith 1979 ee then a aecsenos ln which wart plays 3 dominant le. A chiefly stem brea up, ot an union! occurance One of he ‘cgments departs ond sae ben dong they fn thems tong peopes who are ler eqeped sally. Tie acient ar ther Sense of alta and rig supesney, tgp of 2 id ‘eis of print ss Wins century they ba but the Bea fing of a leat led iy, wing complex imported architect] {Ecbigues, td» Sting tof tae a religious testo otber [yea cetrs ofthe Mastin word They imported ad developed even ‘or try emacs nd weapons and ost portato a ey ‘eeepc, tl pring ssf 2 ise aa sed mulches. ‘Sonu, waar no he whole story. But it played a sginnt roe in urna ooely gains, probably eminem people ito ‘PCcatlands pars, mooarcicl wate’ In eflect nd contr to Sern’ contson (1978-270), this des seem to be anthropos tudor for the pst hat Congest ea nder the prope Ci stances imines develapmetal tjetory that ea 10 the founigg ott tre site, The Fevse & abo tue. Thee ae mn)accounts in West Ate. (Fode and Kaberry: 1967) of ‘ose Ste in whic ap sesdy cenvalizd goverment repine moves "ewhere congue an af hen cs hs new area sovereen tery. wafste and congue do a Service sogpests (97S: {Foy ow state formation However, in spec cumstances, the Teresed coat, wate, of raldlg, in an area ao sts up tendencies towards enalaed government, Apsn, hese, no imple Siren of change apparent Sere (1075. 289,271) notes tha ‘ktcoie mewsure taken pit aig noted i ortest Coa {nd Mesopotm simsated the growth of wale tows intense ear an the rhe sf perf entra goverment Sens ‘Th noma raisers do not newsarly take ower from sedentary ‘cats Ibn Kbaldon sugpeed, bot they may stmaae Dita development he Kant eve ced above is for snes ‘ander, and subjugation of he Boro psn stinsed thre owe Feacor, all of which ecuze. People could runaway and et op ‘lager snewere out of ech generally s ily move forested res thre cary mere las eect They could develope deferie Techniques sch be wall) more dewey pops towns Aad now ‘ary tacts th athe te of be hiver throws in » cl ‘arg or toe mals bt acrosnarow valley Bor. Or they cold sei ep nd bse ut of he ong ave of TA ofthese occured, Uma Boren produced 1 sng of small stele round te borers secondary reaction to os forma ‘on a state, ad i aking aces among peiorg especially owalan people Thus tare, tad defers gaint sncemed stefare can prope previouiy ucealzed auononons ile ato Inger, atifed and eenalycrpnized polities (Cohen 1978, "Ke the not the ead of ty Pasion nomen confit wih sedentary arctan ca take oer ap rea a eat ew sate Tr Sete (ge) and ote areas of Hosta, Falbn omads were tering with sentary cemrazed fovernment. For recon of ‘egous flor, Increasing competion for water apd lan, and an ‘Spon tomas Hoss domino, the pastoral Faas gain, However, they wee asateles people who tok on more cenied Crpinaton for liary and eigow reson Atte fr wench of {HS vast movement some S00-€00 (85-903 ka) mies away to the st, unt nomad Uneages spd cls came ito oat with sa ‘Soostate apiourals vey aco f pstrs, nreted tbs, {hd the own ae sein the Benue Valley (Abubstar 1972) 19 Seve Ogi A Reap » the cay to mid-ivteenth cesury these Adastra Fla organized Under ede, founded the Fontana eniateof You and rested a2 Nerarchaladnineeton at of previously sepmestng fly a0 ‘onomows nomad dan The new sste was aed Wo other Sats but tmerged tan autonomous centaied poy within the Caliphate of "The common (ier hore competition between nomeds and ag- etre, a ene f clara and ego superoriy on he ps {he moma ht atone the ware had or ly wa the ‘oly aned itera segmented oad no lead ting {ean anal sly aioe val I tee ond ‘pains ey bso ster on theater Tt ao pose tat the ey Soto contin was nterated by droohtcononr that incesied the competion berveen nomad td spears, "Thi dasson heer Orr (193) Aeings tht itary suzones are al corlated with dee of pola complet, well the more recent and mach more sophisticated repli af it {ests cared out ty Naral and Dial (1976). Call socal, tnd pil comply ened to mary sapabity, and none o ese Mteomsariy tle terior change wich what these thors tae mearce wate [Ninety per ent of leva change the ‘Neale (1976 180) sample ws the res of warfare] On the ‘ter Rand ear capably ian organisational ware. 1 Thevloe tiv and poulytalogis 0 tears thet ineeaeed ‘orpnantonl eee nthe mir ae covtelt Yo the sme exp livin the pola ean. The shove Scion of css Ident hat ‘he important vacabe snot the mtr) prs ut iio! ness 1 imepalay conf at messued by tar that thw insessed "roe ence nto interpola} scans. It the change that ‘ins respons, bot arta uel The suggested cotton does not ume any spe awe or elect slats sce wrlare can oth 43, Beolyglal Condon: Atough i ns often sted. chansing ectopic conditions can ‘ray serresson between foupe ening terion, conics nda tendency forested egntion. Th inthe se scribed by Abutator 1972, Faun wo came southwards 10 the Benue ‘Vey came fom poorer te beter si condos ad to areas where thei cate produc ware ew decal. They td therefore to Wade ‘Steg eles tbues ceremonies, and prove seul aces to the women for those owning pasturage ares. This provokedIncreasing hoy apd eyed to unity te Fla ais te arc torr Other varales are st work hee t well peo ‘ommuricaton on this polt Robert M. Neting ts previous mark by Derek Stnning nnd ots that pastoralists Wo move to beter pasta. lige areas tendo sdentaze bac they have yeu oun patie, Howeve ee cate ncease rp sd th prosuce coos wth Toe indigenous peoples over land se. This put presere on th ‘nomads soi 9 tee land base and to vty tht Mo {ng into agree (Neng penonal sommnestion Balsced symbols betneen oupr who podice dierent vod can change to the dsadvestage of one of he pari the nines witout ees the balance aa rete confi sd lp {eum howe who have Tost out because of changing somons (Cohen 12) 44 Tabuary ar Cent State Formation “The local leaders ofthe non-state polities surrounding a sate can Increase thei poner and authority by esting the representative of [powerfalnephor. Eases often ask th Eebots, o for sle-conduet forthe eam {iat andmiinyexpeion. Leaders who fake on sch tks eens Ther power. A alrendy noted defensive eactoas fo large tat as tent ore cop on leet foment raring ie Dalene tad Increased population size lend to more dpe: ‘Rediatordecion makers Neighbor sates with iiniy restos feo ‘ten yay buts fo several Inge polis simulanousy (Cohen 197%), Chinants wth hove of he ibary may seek spot oe the suvoundlg erst hat tera con re ected "ig per suppor (Cohen 971), Sometines swell, apc te {Stan's tbontinaton i val to the ire fie Ipereate Const placed there who repre dey Yo the mote power ighbr. The colar rivatry fe scminpeadet st Ne ay Iboe degrees of feedom than aera! segment ofthe nate el bie wealae he re Ste ping pone fay IeSden or opporniam by 2 cool ecing tort up hs ov" King om sich tutes my achieve independence, swith he sib tation ebewhere, of roe up atthe deat oftheir oly domi tt aeighor Saichood thea cesta: hruchies sens neering Stes and soles tat ate inkeeny wale pen the fact tat he Inegsltie of power among il ates and seein region 0 Do Sete Og A Rep s In summary: the eternal relator of on pot others in region tsa potent force in Telping to prodece eal ets, Ware songs trade, etnie and loge competion for dominuase an me, ‘aperionty of miley tebralopy deesive retin fo tii the degrees of ccatralind power and the growth of hierarchical arly S. INTERNAL FACTORS ‘Until quite recent) the most witely wed parti or internal ‘hangs in oly at lead tonade the forme of cy sates as teen ome variant ofa arse apres, Although timo apparent Iarchaoloy with he wrk of Cade (1936, Fred's (967) poston ess gunely on mais theory. By defining sntehoo i. stem of ‘eciized institutions that satan soe ation (Ped 1987 255) be basal aces the els bi of eat sts even hou he Invoices «ses ltndpendent arabes whos ching oar are ‘Ssocnted wi the cevetopment of sraiicaton. Sere 97S" 364 ‘Shon the other tant, after a call Survey of cae materials ron "ound te world ds eer no support forthe nation thst ly States origimte fom the efforts of powerful pope soley wing oer foe, off heat, to poet tel proprctaty snd Une Tihs over resources. Once it come ino exten evare form ‘tsocopoial oration, he ea sate eaty eased, ad fling ls oes, ubutou ave anegul sate soe power {nd wealth Iweuldsem, thee, hat mast theory debe the ‘el rather thane cases of sate formato, ‘The problem bes inthe conuson berwoee cabs sed eect, To make Marist theory to sly cal tal we mst hypotheses, "conspiracy theory of story in whieh an upper he hat Planned or mocked the cation of th ery tae Tes nti sense that Service ert Eat stats rarely emerge oot of lt conics less we sce th coaep fo inde any oF al ous softs my eel between any groupe within soci, which oan. Frthemore in mani no al ofthe eal sus soa horns ‘ts ditions are see by vert owings bse often at not fn contin eso ni. ehntge, wade, an Kishi tat ete [oupe and facioas a the top lng spenents of the popainion ‘We most therloe ik chewher, both within the soscy nd beyond "torte canes whow elects May aslaed it cara cho. ere 1 flow Krater (1968), Horton (1971), snd Serie 1197) ‘ooking a thse fees of pre-e sciie that realy pre ‘ape for developnest to mare complex sysens Tay ww hefundamental etre i ht of propery which provides bai for the ‘evelopment of enegual aco fo Tourer ood prodocon at hopsed wih Bunting and gubering i based on the continous ‘etn sing more than indies sp) of alerts one Se resoures sch a sos and eds. Sich propery relations ate etied asa group's atonal reopied lepimated. and defn ate eoaret sh a cope and hers Sch property telions Notcebete the siaarty of this detion to Fs concep of ‘raiicton (angen coef esate) Property whi i inert inte Neh me scion sei loos ome oy fie ave preset among eters ahd pater tht new hes concen. ‘ater on cana fetes bomece "poop sad I meats of senane In 20 dg Becomes the Ds fr new so sh TTR new sockty empha te comily of elton between ‘poops and he source be Wao flies propery-ornag oupe {o-onesooter in hesly aosomous plier va intceal Coie tnd prestues on resources lis the gop up 20h sab arose he ‘i ic onde coe ay, Te fol = Sd {mal akage to oe snathe sme of wade, igs, as nd son, The mportan poit assem a Alta’ (1968) work te Sedewianzation of hunts and gatherers Uhl exta pons become “nda. Polyyey, chien, spd Drench tend Of exchange ‘marines tenet nore sommon a teeing eae for ‘more persone pr bouschol ad per fay. Ons hn sed no ‘Sod prong communes the ner persons per howeha sn mporan din snd indator of sue produce nd ‘pola sunt ia the hcalyetonomeus potty. Terre me have ace isa then wel below hat f the sat ot Nate deep penonacation itatns uc enigs ‘oper sintom ot tn faces, boxes Hb Ud on remus {Sestne of longer drain than hum ie spr, whe senltane ‘uly and eorelavely ponding advange trp es! property. smn oop In con ft at fo fies, neal scout sours retro an naan and [Seve secmpanincn of masking’ adaptation font prodain "Ar Fred (1967) anothers point ost rank diferense sng pre nats are wierd, Peavest ols fr loa ends eae Sie Ong: A Repriat s ler ward heads faction teers, of Bi Men, ate 8 evel features of such socetes. ‘There ein eflect 4 permanent autor srcre that restesaocaled Wear. Reruns toc ei tom hin srt psnogeitue thine spall up 0 the very open conyetitve form found in Now Guin, There ae sri press, hunt hades, advise tothe headnan, yout end, "party lenders, oes wih species stnying tek os, “Me loaized autonomy 5 rarely made upon of eed the founding group. Stages slnisal and grove om and frm later comers, as opened to owaer-f the land a West Altea), OF soups in the community re ranked tems of tei copied frovumiy in descent terme to's fonting aceon inthe Pee in)” Thus comtunitywise dierent altough- mot sc stave and cary with them some notion of Ngher lower Kes ‘pendiag upon it nto pre segment "Atte se tne ‘citing nits sich bs age seu lee coe, relgios ity, secret sos or communal workgroups deve. Knit ‘arias segments of he local ply together. Service 19950 76-79) ‘kcibes how within repo, groupe of sch vag hiner ‘ocally and cconomialy mith one opin one coming event 0 mint the ae Os theater he fat tat unt very eel there have heen regis where seal oclyautonamosr pup ll Drealed, eg, West Arica New Gunes, or the Amason Wally Indicates tat satieton and rpaloes! author stress ‘chlo plies arena inevtabecocequent thc adaption Polity fasion the limo of acl fein such grou The esl ornmunity expand ae ant to lage for fnd big. People mus evel ater and ft othe fells 50 he Sang ive off and form anew community siewhere Or che sane of te cas population & cained of trough misono nay cont. (Otten there are inerial confit orer pola of. or hnd Yad ‘or the atbution of misfortune ch a knit a op ses to = parcalar poup, who then leave to sct wp ther ow ply ‘loeuhee: Rat wih apart, posily reso with postr ‘sop, tere are open expla errors nal ection is {See boll incese allows the group t0spreid out Over the ‘noms the here, ioegastaran, tendencies nkerent the ‘ganization offences se sd chk by te cotnslng Sion of sch poltis which iether dominant feponse nd sorages and interes conics. Tis Lees each poy orl low level of Berry and makes is foconing the most porn feature of is soio-plitea tdption. Sethe (1973) desc theroses sucinety for New Gaines fo the following wort shin tng erate por ed oc Soap cen x dip of tre snabowed ap by mae poweal hn oF neigh But oupeion tence hp, te dren hs es rac for rue os pcre he ie eben os a wee Reps age 008 So m= ‘wah a Tew changes bere and there 10 ine lineages dnd nage ‘aden this pasage deserber my own etpetiene wah the ‘elope ct aaa astonomour (Bus) vilges la Niger sitowgh whether tinape get ewallwed up” or rnked vanes felon 1 a rnge of wellknown factors (ideton and Tait 1958, Horton 1971. “omeontatic elation ae, nvertbels, hy conned 0 nartow range of determinant conditon. "Tere mst be rfiient ld 10 {xpd into, andlor the poplaton mat remain sible or denne ‘More general te esoure tase mut comin 0 oppo sch ‘olerting popalation ‘Thsre mnt he vo evinw ned corel {ecil resure ke mater, or mda pene on te expenting fade ‘lute: There mist te no need 10 defen! the lel autonomy fom onguet or even ll destecon by pehtous whose ware fn nsvument to gin pls! cong ott tego eter forte ove ‘Se, oF to ineneporte the poup iat tn expanding sae Hany of thet conditions sent met then evans ede enedtly ‘Given sch ‘noma festres of geography, estogrphy, and inter= poi elatios, the serpent of esa snot the formation ‘teary states but hve seemingly homeostatic atonsin-wheh the Society hs been Hed ack fro Gevlpng such ttn woud hypothesize tat «numberof cot eft: hve sowed the proves dows. Fst popusdon growth Let sry Jom by Benes out ‘gration of wiespeaé nterly. In West Affe for example a "ue denis apeoach ty per cet or more, ae theres wel own epions of female fry tat stetch arn ge ands tery (dadevoh 197), Secondly, there the posit tat the poplton bas only tesety changed over fom hunting Sad oateine to 9 food:prasiengtyfife Tos eotony proses cls tuldg hve bot hd enough tine to mand themsches among ical svi Polka systems. Brain (1973) poste thf te the ee non tmany ofthe Hignd New Guinea troupe Thi I would suger tha Taiz stonomis considered ona woken sae ae atthe ‘etpheric of sates. There they have developed though the eee "Brzation of honing Wana Alhabe 1969) of torch ving shed law more nace foe, mousing and desert (Lathrop 1968) “The seeming omeosass o he pil evotston inp a eto tetmogrphe repoting. They ae and svay hive Boe, eng nd adapting to loa conitons Toy they te ps maton aes Sand the inerpoatie plan of cel government somite 0 ‘Sconomic ans developement State budng 8 continuing ‘Ge ths explanation forthe soa suv of nonstate se tons and tenth foc that in at kon muber of css fo roduers tere force Pack no husting sod shhering wap fie ‘that intemal factor ep to ete snd apt asa sity Copies centrally ori polis! wns “The sept clttancy an ees One These ae simpy lacs suioamies that coms to ecogize the seperor author of Sef thet oem In ouplag of smal pois The group sll ese op ‘ey anh may ony we the ci or toe Joi eenon {nd foreign relation anedon.Oshenite each contin pty ines its own alas Each sopmest ofthe chet) awa the ees) fc and functions t0 become. on fodependat sat henever feck pomefleoough oBreak sway. Barua ces {olen eld bythe tne of the chit. note cs oa ede ‘re made to pay soma rues and support the cea ci! for urposes of warfare wn defense. Vanna (196; 287 ae noted hat ‘ier cae such sbegrospe may and o break aay to heme Independent poe, especily when the seal chietacy \teakened by rccentbarrogzes® Both ofthe races fad fo problems. I os sopment eners ae recat rom the city lowe, tod then tc fees bso ered, orf hey se chosen fm tmong intgeose lane then ‘prod to Bog suport tothe cent authori Thee tno ay ‘kept though force We subtue the sche Clean 8s Sie ine power in eect, upsting outward from the cena Authority The cena chara sich ten Sane Bld inp with» sumber of sich system ener tine, Vanna (1970172) foneludes that once he eit starts down the rad to more etal ‘ontol one of ho sata consequences oscars Ek hist 19 ‘enhance centalzaton an the cep beaks po tey saced Sng the woe of coe relter get way 10 the oe of nomsoyal Limmen, and even aon This ove the te ware eat ‘ppomted breucrac who nly sano sucess teloyalty and obedience of ts member.ois 10 the central re, ‘Rhnmt are ave aly subordinate soe they are, potential, Fas Tocehiety power, When ces ith ihe equ oli kil othe eset Gress that favor grster depres of orpaizton crac a hnnging the le of reariment hen ibe sysem tens 0 evovetomads statehood, “Fhe cacunstncesfvoring sch antral change ae hoe sl tive pressures lend deste such a wartre, econo, de Tene reacts, and so om. Feo with sch psu 9 paliy st (Sov s more eeganiaed hence sym, fo sive a an “Stonomouy uni Othrwie wil be morporated int 2 neighboring ly be feed flee more ov sepented pies, be wiped “Tanated ito every Me sich presures vole an ineatd scale andlor trogsney of totic Ecogial amerpion, o {See nai outie rades mw towns lead evitabl fo more {Ses pst! pace whi rn means more confit over Tund ee and ownerhp (Neting 1972). Sometines ss with be Al, {mera ons produce the reenpiton tat ore cena leader. {hips prcced by eights esate gal Southall 1956) Even ‘Tiout sch neighbors to emulate, crested confers between oa Kommune enbaae the power of Toa Tesder, along, wi he Solorty and sie of wetement. Bacase Har 1968) Gta ae 0 imsracive om hs pot etme biely summa. She wots Harts 1968 188-9) that he degre fier polity confit and competion Aiteiynoownted wih the eahanement 0 cet eho anonk (Gre diferent es of pamea Moembe laps Set (Osopong) wit {ow imeriage soa, ow cont wih Too atacer at Nigh Tmeeiiage mariage ct, Tow depees of ator for fc bie, nigh population emit (290 por le). StB (Okum)expenenes Tumeur nacis fom one poup, ies larger more comput ‘ngs, has many fewer mariage betwen lage, overall pope tou deaiy (79 per mile) and mach mow autor for oe hie Wo represented ir setements oot, Set C (Adu) es probs by experienced longer prod sf chs rom ouside, as had mich ‘merge ort andthe competion for ce resurr a0 chit ‘hn done Althoog id ot ocu, Set .fseem me avin vege ef wnijing uae seta paramount chet — or of ‘Cone! tends o enhance biracial coer tough he increased tse of te leaden. However, peste autonomies and chitin ln only tolerates certain br et ot clay spustable level of ‘Se Ongn: A eappial 2 conic before they mt break up oF deep ne igre ist lo: Once the cont ives & mr sepment ef the poy which rere fo recogaze he suo of clears, siting nit tie, Tae dats on thi point are dear and uneguvoa. Prestate Dies io pte the pormal pl! poces. tates do mt ‘Sat emerge ert in tations i which beea-up imposible cor umciepite, Wines the remoe, te impossibly of fon Imeaethat quanta ieaseof oli ey mt be ate by {he tedisonal authori By handing more dpe, orgulang wore Cnmonel sven, big sented bo moe oc, by represent {Sethe poly totem more often, ty banding and restrbuing fi of ong das tde by exeying ot mae a more eibor ‘eremonis forthe pale welt the ladersip must peo ore aa ‘nor tine canyng out fe pol and adminscave Jes. By [iii sch fncton for mre group, more ates nn expanding oe-atoning poly hey io faco have more power and more ‘utony tun belore whem major sus were sed penal rough son "Bt ate wat hs happened, The ply centaie x vem 0 an mcrsedadminisrtoe wrt-load By he ladehip No cs {te iptv no explain ofthe led byte rales The aca ‘hitto the sate and more contain coo istend here of Iteenad needs by fhe popalace for factions that leader ales Prifom (e Sermte 143) Laer, one the ites atv ad none sre routed, andthe wow poner ahieves symbole sd falta epreon, fen we ea peak of Suatied fling cs hat ‘ar uregal acest resources. ‘Sufation an he stole etree cases of people that lead wo sine formation At noch more dosely imo Tn Kisldu's clas! theory: When pastor somads oad apr interac ver tne, mpcion for cont over water and oterresoures lens fo Ste tig bese from the eganing en etn dines When the {ovpe fat bein ntact confi ae eoied by Joking relation ‘ip etree niin omadr an areas tat ep the 0 ‘lene ypbie rion between the two elope, Urinal, the Gute ecome gree than the benef vo be dered by iaining fhe or sranger bwcr status forthe homed. Noms eruneed "bog ines of lei an sepmentry descent may then ovsnze and “fy nee sume of anions apt commen Toei ebemy (Cater 913) Lead or he nomads es come rom a varity of sures. Can roe anor tear song them may Rove eon ranked it the [restate society 50 ats ciel person, with he prope oli sls‘a tke advantage of the stustion an move lovardsgreater power {or hml, Ne amy, and it dexcendant Throughout the amie ‘rv there ae een a tndeney for eious lenders, hla Joost be rsored #0 as mediator andor rang pent ting Previously dsunted geupe together (Eran Prichard 1908, ‘Ktutakar 1972) They he ile ono responses to cate and ‘re terefoe fee to fo foe ose tamd prowp To anoter preaching hay and warae 9 suton to mresingy et relaoe 0 ‘oentary apices (Caben 1979) ‘Once the nomad an reunited sd coordinated for ware they se general sper in number, weaponry, tate for bate hrapated wih les sedentary apcuursn: In many paces ‘Balocstan(Sitanan 1971), ofthe western Sad (Abubakar 1970) ‘he vicious porate fen sem sedentary, eay wre nome a ‘obiaabe free to soot! the lal tOpomosr o small het: {aicy aguas. The ew leaders, fom the nomad groups and thet flower exbiahsedetary bese, aftr a wale town AS 8 {ins hey form ling ete over tote somade wha aes paso: ‘andthe indigenous ager. The cena town becomes ‘nd! ou of which s state begins to form. Spooner (1969: 148-9) bn ‘Secoming how thie oosrred in Baluchiar acter that the nomad ‘Soqueros soon etn to drive the income, se rer, djaort, Sn nur of nomad sighs by exacting tees fom the ai feratite Nomad served primary st source of miitary pow abd ‘onl secondary as a oure of pastoral roduc, At fist the leaders fe dented wth the interes of he pomads, bet Spooner (1969) {cows The Khalgun in noting tat, iia, hey sa na take on the izes of pseltralsts, ay they thenseles, Become. ore entry The ype family ha fouph and Ted he nomad to ‘Sonue tego ptuge and water, Aer ptiod of denn Sn Tendentip however they Bela to shift thee ete to la, ‘top, an pesants In Bact, ani he westeta Soa tle 0 Sper a e going bree tetra em Esnbling cena cont! fa al soot alg. Abubobar (9570. 21S) notes that once he Fale nomads of letents ‘SenturyFombina sist sat hd etubinned their dominion over the loa agers, the unity of te movement begin to beak ‘wn along pil sgientary Bnet of camhip std iespe. Oly through the se fore andthe ceton ost prminent cata ‘fins av ola the Fombies apt lng ih the moral and Ste Ong A Rear » religious mncton ofthe Caghste at Soboto ws the leader and {ander ale old he nent emrte together Utes Fld Clan semen atthe peripheries provided acl Mati leader Toe fie Geveoped 2 aor bin st of adminstitore tthe center, we he Indigeoous agrtutrst ormed now Musi under tsate Sng the tat by tions between thrown vilge Rese, a Tulsi members of he ring group acting the name of the emit (Cates 1973). Tore geerl hort terms whether the te emerges ron & clash betwen tomes and apiaarlss over como! of le toutes, or from apart tesomig. progestely more cx ‘umribed or from etre reson aps ouside enemies, the {ena re remarab sna, Fiona nberet quay of pol ‘Gl Me mut be overtune andthe oon fs parr suey ‘Srcture sun be aurea. To do toe te autheree obtain ety Incense itr capbite by uniting rested opments hoe com {aed warar minponerw reluely lrg, Ate sume tie Some form of pemmanenanagea-bureaucatcfoncions emerge that become more sec. As we fave foted fe operational step tore spedalztion singly mote tine spat at caring Out tninisntve judi Tents Cccsioed getter wtlsabon ot leaders joc sd oer funciona wll a he inert coordi ‘ie of polit and monomer "The early sat emsnatr outwards However they gt int thie positon, as conquers. lineage hea ofthe leadg um, eas of 2 Feaing ‘silage becoming an urban diag andor edmnstetve enter of whatever, he eadg ty nd in he oa! person, {oom the ceaal foc the sit Surouning the monacha sop tes aa ob ms, pts ae df jaar, and tear: keoper of the resin Vann sey of te opaation derentited by cccpatin many be represen We ‘ten tno threes ae ao be onEommon eaence aor escent that wierd peti of reptsetaton can De we fot ‘ch yal purer. A we have ech tw fess ener en ‘numberof posible tackround Inte reste stem. No mater ‘ena? provi, tbe sine reques sch neon 00 t Permanent bss, Waht them, wih fo few ofthe wih 0 fe power, the sate fender and probaly spe st the ist i ot ‘ut state the sminisation wth the people andthe terry ntrok There are wveral ways Yo do the depending pon el Nistoy But wheter sub-group abd erty are consoled ot Aipered nde cent fas wo sdminter them, hehe Bomapare lke dct the hone, ow lel petighe rs, ‘in inkage mater betacen he center and tbe mass of te people ‘Sn ne mt meg. os Setpetate cout em, a retene econ and wall sing, Sue oi regenerate an formation ste hat pons Ee tor se sovreuny. “once te cry she emerges ons peopl ave epi o ft cnpone scent, he owth or teporinn of te ental {und herarhy theo te sutory sacar poly as dieren ‘ie ost om more rexralze fie aepound I now poste torte onary pen, the 00, fe sate, nba 1 elt fas I ubjs or ore gecraly tian, Before te ste, sbsop em o's Py meat crt soins wel This news) ‘cus memesi he sume pouty matt nel cepiance of embahip i cy ened oa groups. Hierrey solves the Dblen by lvemingcizentip ~ the common membership ina Etbrdinson toa cent gverapen tat proven 4 mea of Inetining between diferent clara gross, One government ‘res speci out pei flim oncopations, then everyone as ‘Mote within ie difeestited sper of soe ie Stated imps then no jst species rics, bet peciled ticles whose intcracton wi permet ca fom spout on in human Bory come el an objet of evlston. hon “Ts dopicon thold Boweyer sot be tem 10 Wert. The stahiiy of eaty sates eatve mer” Compared to Teaized Snonomies or chains thy are sical more sable, How Sher ter of power seighbor sates ad oft namber of sources ‘inital coo ay ret te neseniog or ping. Conte Seer cps etree pert yon na ‘rode ach of sch sues (Goody 196). ihe sone pty hs anda ten is t,o fe state spl poss teary at I tordr or subdued by ah outs power who soem supported ty on ofthe internal candies ‘Trad ou an lt king oa © bse sure af eals fora te formed oxgmaly to cord the ig wat tan i tra ad ‘See problams podess a Sporont for neha wats 2d Ineral vale: Sathood does oot re ineroa pce Wha doe. itt ened prevou inti byw form oration that oes pox nce resi put f 1 plea proces 6, CULTURAL FACTORS. Ga. Technology “Tere mo evidence tat he formation of eal sate stems flows in any invariant way the developement of improved tehaoogy. A ‘Bough improved tecinolgies emerge, or ae ellen ssodated ith ‘Rounlned goverment, fon of tee i any contemly appear at Dredisore coaber, cr ageing dees forte onset ex sate ood: Byinproved chology Ten mye and means of eheving {ls though redoed noun of per capa human efor. Sach ‘Epeovemont Jo pear intron wih statehood i predation ‘cemportton, lomaon, proces, chet, and etic Soomfedge. However with hepsi exception of waar capi Imo of thee improvement do not car pre tothe founding of Slates (ef. Goody 1971) ‘The plow and oter forms of machinery do pot univer eer cae or acca flow state formation, On the ter and he fpecalzaion ceasond by ste formation especialy Inthe utban ‘lateral for consented we of tol for sete prpoes, Tht cncentation, in whch aot eveyone ws a snr st of 108, rode the coating socal has for ehoology devlopemet. Sct yf: homcer, a fo Reorganized ecomomy sd pola So ‘ch specials e encouraged nd tppore, "Te ste genralation apples fo fhe pes of tcholgy. Ax we fase sen, only when society as difereauated and develope cor ‘inating, managers bureseratc acs, there capct fo ong Cinta. tade ith improved. tampertion technique, record oping and wring somplerachtectara form well complex Imeturementdevacs All of thee instr fain’ ae he {eae of eialy state formation, One developed they incense the ‘Spciy ofthe bate supply fe aed, and stab autor. Bet the author stem and ie Dutevcrateofcliom are te te ‘hl gents of Iter technologie impeotersents. I tele cont ‘ver ane mater of abo bald monument, od, is, A ‘ante Te deliog with thse obs Adan (1975: 257 notes ht the roe ney cele vs ep hh mica fhe ‘ange ince in of tty. no SA MR He ces Caro (1969) tina that abou echnologkl eps Iyer qantas, there are few sna ttand Ing qualitative notions ha go slong with erty state formation (ni ater as states develop and ply role speciation fo inreasing {86 cna er enue on then de sky Sex ale "The one pose exception ic wate. Cerin, to develops rapidly once tates pear onthe ene Al ety stats most at eurintervals defend themes, pt down reels, or va5 {uah sal sates Coat, cowe-bow, honed carts gunpomder, Sa ost of other cla eves develop apy ater te ince ‘on of ae. Smlay wth tay sty, which becomes 2 ery ‘Somiciourspeclaatin once snirc’s have the sity eld age Smee, Toc, wih oto forme of ecacogy. ware simulated brmatehood Hower, in esc of ste baling wae o note poses compete for ecl conta, with made sn april Then superior mitaryccnology becomes crac in ping the 07 to ope atthe other party. The conus sate does ecu, ad ‘ependsa leas 0 some extent upon the lary tchology of he Visors. Otebein (1970: 4-8) goes ver hs poe, demonstrating & ‘Sulton heveen Weaponry tnd poltial eeatalzaton Whi i Imeited by the degree of proesonalaation inthe tary (1970: 4S) Monet, sine professional sldery often the result of otal eatin dew th tad aay econ Seveopement a Tria pei robles, Witfogl's (1957) origi hypothesis that rescaled impton works ad wl statehood hs heen ‘eporely dered (Woodbury 1961; Ada 1966, Clases 1979) Nevertheless 4 modied vrson # ow tng rvved ia which rg: Son sere to itomiy or flp inthe devapement of centlzton (Cinewen 1995" 56) Toe mechnien seen to be op ey dc. Sed above. As Hunt and Hunt (1974134) ate sarc of watt ington works, and conte esoving poi! hierar iaterc 0 produce (more cafe nd) grater use ofthe conficeresavng festutons As wilh Ind sora, or eomtictos bebo dleae walt inrcted depute iad to fered power for te pesca Ferarchy through enhanced judcland nape faneon. That Iregaton may ineny centalation, other ftom are preset, (water sce, nested umber of dite 8nd» plial erat esposie fr setting conic). Anuter of scholats ave therefore epun to reve Inerest inthe inact of gation (Dowlng a0d Gitson 97s; Caesen 1975), (62, The Belton of Sate Rion 1a prestate societies the authority system cls aed religious bats and proces, Common, focel eadmes ofthe Lcal ees recite tetecn the Wing ad the dead to futher the welle of he ommuniy, "The headnan ften pote his people agunt witches, comes iu Ne may resort to trl by ordeal in which pint Tove exctbejadgeneat, or rely 0 specie vier adsers ho help withthe deciow. Ie aot surprising theefore that hen the ower and suthorty af the los! heaman i nreared 0 tat he ‘Seated by, ad adninitr the fa 2 ow a pies 2 ther chef, then hs supematurl power and the need forthe ‘enforcement, nese Ia sle tad desce conte! oer people and thine \Compated wit es rachel systems chi and monarchs per form more dhterate situa at religous ceremonies. Bloc (1978) fois out that fcraseditssaaon of Behavior ie neler 99 Iseened elaboration of author: Ritual by repetitive natae Collective stuatons enhaszes nn vin fc ii pono ls {or behaving so that be ete cngegnton ac Mt and acy, the thority of then in shrge of te ital pronase In th se ‘ps Bich, ral cultaed and symbole thoy. AS sack ‘ports author. Ths, to lcrease the ital socted with el Tendmn’ of, fnresne orto subettne an sceae fa i thor. "Ad ths in fact what happens. Neng (1972) a note that the oljar chica icrared ther shorty over alacent communis facto land shortages ieressed claboration of land wnetip rls nd the ovrleadng onto the mort competent ajodstr of the opts resulting om sensed conf As ths ous the sper: fatal powers of beathipncetss ro the ial sce with the fice, Each tapos the cers provides linac for Te Increasing power ofthe hints his servos equred mae fe ‘ent bythe peonle TAs weave lend ote, the incensed functions of «pote ‘offer draw to eles amount of power and authonty- One thie focus the emerget ce soe with more stl and more Sigal pone The ipo pot Oa ch pray puters among peste poles. Stat formation sna chic iy abrate these cal ears along withthe development of pol aces ofthe role "ne ec form of uch ial and powers vary, athoup sme are widely dtibute, Octo the respect fel for a al hada eles proach him with em ing symbolic etre offen. To ach Ibe, the sea of his wom swielyconiered tatoo. Special ‘of approach tobe person develop. Inthe western Sadan beep! behind curtain even ages han oe ca come tn cose tothe royal presence. In many places he peril recreates the fet of We ind ad oft acs a the grates of the Tope Seats ot ju for sown heap rag, Dut now forthe ene ‘Adjcaton apd wate praccs often zea ast in the oa tuaitons, some belt ln the superstar pores of the chet. He mimeo sete est eA he hs magia! mea ii He tinct nn tte see ad als nit enemy grows. The fu ancestors, an spice ha hei 0 make bina ire) Extccn men ane the myc fre that contol the waive ‘Conneuted to Re same evolutionary nqurace te development cof rol sega at wel eaborete otis a Dla tals ‘Shcted syns coe, rum, sa tol, or eck est and ‘ce see objec the pat of he praperaa of hed ‘ip literate rpiy i octon wth be emergence of hey and frp oex Te objec symbol the story fhe ene ar, tects the ootinny oe ste toe tnd fey any Sine Icanbents etme Scion ster ested of he obec OF ther we by the blir sch ms Queen Mer (Caen fe) fo lege the now ruler. Sosetson an eal baal Spec eve ‘Sheloped ou ofthe sth of lol lager, bat elaborated pos ‘Soormouty so tat he proces of stallion eats he ince Stove fellow toy it esenip ofthe mate Death vas Placing the ender song ol Sys anor where Be ean be peal fy td inreted wih by mcsecdng morc Sine wien Seve 1975) Adana 1975) ee in tee develop- snes ie clon of ext sno wih theseaey oie Tapp Conan cay water have as igual bebeved {ole sepernatusl poser to sting conf the opal meet abd {Sucre between mans the pods for hee pople- Nevertils, tht should not be forgone he fat ta ach Features oe sip) The labora tte religous neti perfomed hy ea ade 0 prestnte sens Divine hgh is para orm of uch Seer iy cntaocd sopra str in whch i ace Ep, the ‘es qen re ea gal i how ih, though ot a weread Peshek'' prroutrors tte more vigutou form ot te eligion pst! by eaty nates Te mote sencrily appa cm he ae develops holy 19 support authosy seem ging leiinacy that omnipotent {i euperntarh Atte power and aor ofthe lade {Shacd ough the etc! deans pce on his oe BY Bs eon soto ae the religous and symimie mening and bl STNth cabance and expan hu power footers ise hs ocety and Ste Ong: A Reap « beyond. What was prvoutyase fbtes concerned with fertiy of Tanda peep of ete sanctioned and deended by te people The ancestor ad the spas of soa, now Becoae sate Felson ‘thoe svomed pups provide sanction forthe leptin) of he ler, is dt tb people sn they foam an for BS eapaciy 10 ‘Shc and Inte with he pera! forthe belt 63, The Sate as Emergent Ehnicty “Tae prestate chia and lol atonomeus pois are clay omepencou opt many come fom sewer orl oups ta De horbed here may bey deed there ually ace, diferett curl ‘ands woven in Be ite of the poi. However, at a on tne there are widespread commonalities of anguge etre, ates, t= ‘gy. techy amy Te, ep, and soizton Dereon ‘irae eopmente beak and spre over the linda. To ener common stant Wier cele and more iacaive than posal unity ‘Once the sate emerges muli-taicy becomes pombe, even n= cable, Eline pup an manta sem-sparate cen thin = te and te themes by varour meson nto the etal govern {alstroture. The etic poup elf may be aoc wih oly ‘or with one or ao oerpatons or It may be dapersed od be ‘Sapingvarouly Ww he inoporaton. Clery, the depee 10 wich {he etic proupe ar zesieed socal, pote, and economically Sil pred to their dope of continuiy a feats teens ‘thin te sae, Te important point he eapaciy of the ste to “sorb people by enabling in eet, x sparte meas by which thoy site to the shorty srcare Ar we fave een stood Insoles nt simpy sobeey, bet cilzens — ptsons with sulted "hts and due fo comply goveriental apparatus, mater shat ther elt, toga, ad cl ations ae 1 ers i ad ‘otf he nte el "Tis doce not mes that izeship ovarian or vchaaing. Ely ster developed age of technique for incorporating me OUP Ainge tno pce eget he ay ‘hay awe weno eid ome (Coben 1971. The lnc teocted ‘ages from soja ovis To esl conquered one often taking ome or many of he coneredpopalaton tod Juibting them ‘ewhere (Moore 1958 1). Fartheroce, power, xp in he ‘vr governments admiration was uly revered wo pie ‘Ss offen of sma ene background, wth he posse ution of ‘iver, eunuch and royal dat bo share the elt brat‘Once the stat emerges at tn onpaniation of ceter ad ptihery roo thea memberhip fall selesve presure opeaing 0 eat common etm Membership in a common poles! Hers ‘malar eigen, comomic es whi the sate and ost of ftclon iat inccoe contacts aos eta groups all end towards fmt cra tee Fr te, Wingaa franca develop, the se ‘gn domes ever lc liom ae sowed to contin. Lave onthe state to medne between groupe having thelr wn fa ‘tome hese he nw ofthe nd Common senshi rats the ‘Sas or an evoing sate culture. Thus evolution i no Simply Tendeny fo herons ndce, ms Carne (1975) has pointes ox, The numberof states decreases though tine “The shape of the emergent mtonal etre i determines! by so- called perenne atone, The ete tndion& tha the copia and ring prop. Lesset aoa are the of fea oops The pester tndon x aocned wit power, wealth and rot, I spends slowly twas musing sith Tost cares to ‘este lath the nana deny. However, diesen nel ‘Sele, momlom, deep sa! sary cal rot, imation and SRicgtrion fe sultant roup rain homoge. National faiturs ae cmt eng ifae yforegners who jin these [Site and retain prt stamens of their owe. Tus neon Sires gro, infvenced by ete cutaren At the sete forss of ‘iferendon comin, so that homogeneity i never achieved be (se cizemhp ie never baed solely on eure. Engl wok ‘Eerie fo dcop the Enpishman- Justa te process scmed 1 Secret he emp claped, a noe-Eglsh people sted mi ‘ing an becoming sites This has prodaced ew varios within {he poly an tendencies, ultiotly, Towards 4 new sod diflrent tora ctr forte Engi maton, Por the early ates the most wbigous euural feature i te emrgcnce otras sytem of ute and ued, However i ame {pouch fling pou Sierentted ctrl, Incase sens ‘ech a Ind, or Rwanda the sb-poupe may be mute, Neverthe Ica he rtng poop forms nly Seed, atraly tine nity. “Tacymav on laser penton bee pi ol slave-brenocra, ie holds the mary, press oso on. From he sandpowst of 3 ational cise however, ll are eit Tes or raed. The elie {Ben geste 9 sus sstom by lumping eine gous among. the ‘bjeclise ino_one over! poup of commoners and» com ‘lemenaty ruler woup of goverment fnctionareso soles “fn catty fo wi, eeganze, and cooriatebman acthity ‘ont poranent bas Beyond eins He ebormous ape leap (Ghee bythe founding of water Tendencs Yo sate cultures emeras bt coma fore of diferentinton are no cone by statehood ‘Aad this capaiy of unring Bemanity Beyond lea loyalties of Satarebesoed proces of dferentton ad Pst Netory ban we ‘Show iniations aod poses hove yet ote fly taken aa {age of byte species 64, Police Cala and Stthaod Hiechy, resect or ede, and psn ves soit with ineqites i power 29 story ar eens presen re-wate ‘Ste, eqecly ity gutene However presite sens Aso Siew he pushy tat alevemen,penona pla sl, ad SSS. Saat ny elmer fort amine a Sac oil Spm mesrly pve some pace inthe lal or ee set of (Rear ped those wi nfaence” Eprom 8 woven ‘feep nt the sande such ot. Many ye, eee nd BevZamied for bu sens ints Too much css, or een ‘hey cmt! fbe cn be sited to aalvlet fres, be ied to be ought 0 bear on he enorme by he over moze (See Ae ss nr me me eee i or. Tone Stary in ware ay en eso PO thd tert of ponerse nk evry man potent et teVine 1960. THowcrers onthe eat state appear he ethic of eatariansm tendo wien decay Monty and ptheeg ae soit) plianan presse oa rode ein concep of ery ‘hepato nnn Sate onthe ter and Slevte Weary {o's domimat presnnen pace i soc. The peranener of ‘etalon sem pacts inet ate eat ofthe tSuety and" trun athe ost poraat emeot Of pute ‘Shur. Xsesntcntry cur sce nthe Weer Sudan eh {he voor wen te wrote tat people wih a a mamuch wee Inlety ter ot an oe wo fad ale “The dete of pen etre foc on be vale of spete~ shordnate rein Achievement ey salen ooh ot cro ‘reg nen inte sng aia a ase anda ‘itd 1) Ina thre ea oman emp flued upon the posttittes of ference. Hoascold Res, eal Fees, nie, anc atone ese he ret himell escent ont ft, protectors who provide sear at a poston inthe sockty mith acest he neces of enone, sol abd Pla casece the primnry mporiance of earch of pena ‘Sheet dyn esto nthe wigs fbn Khonand of lost all soci sents who have dsr pre-edustia Sine rye Nadel 1942: Sith 1960; Coben 1967). Fler (197 ho pts wall forthe Bagands Ringo sic ST Sey gl ices tae met cet tsa Rinse tenga nto rel ‘SITES SAC Soest boop cht 9 poet San hate ete et ta hate coo Te gonr amoeba sraet yall, and abedice Seba admun ke terse ad no sion yn “Tis pe of everaliaton whch cn be repstaty fund i erly ‘ne Secs gt othe eece he pil cle — ese ‘trates and tio at preserbe the proper way to Behan in obi, othe tow parts nthe bursty 1p fo" by ‘Many, Intend oly snd abedience to sopenar ze rewarded by Movin the ssdaate to achewe greta acess to power and tony, The ate of ite eters sported by 8 fatto sem that places enemous sex on yay, obedient, and the rovade fo be stain! from it Smulaneouy. f cour, the iat elture ao snes the wisdom of Kindness genres, 20d ‘Be att of shorints by sper. Cees aopan, misery ‘err on subordinate, ad therefore power and ath, which [Stow oftee operas i ers of umber of sorts. A food alr er ne he pope and when be Hey AOE os “och scutes emerges as the need for and ection of ticrrchy ccc, At fin tual material sey Band ae se, {ksi ace way, fo represent the ow vlatoships, Leas ae Ved" ae he father of aya” a well lon” or ephan 0 Symbolic anew and engi wate ia retain to dimary people Past aspen to's nd cape, ola end eve ino sam Tributes to chit ted thes a roel leader. The Nyshyusoge-ate of cit puy ‘hie hneweath forthe to eat gues ho wil odes the est eneratin chet. The arena his eae aes for Temi nny conta deneslh Tose, hey ae sie ‘ceca ymbol of their ssn with the eit Ape Ine of Kinship bation fing extended stoi 0s how Ider and subjects se muy noted on each be’ fate. fn ster Sogn ste developement, sch ponent to sup represet the beets be dered om cisrhip andthe eblgtns doef the patel herschy Srclantion nto ely Hate son ates auton trainings nie fs ofen hana on setaze tens (Bary and Psion ‘se Ong: A Rea! o 1971) Chien ata the va of teens of ging respect 1 Seperion, andthe necesty of wtbangsaboeiation as form of ERrrenoy to abain 1 proper pice for themes the sey. But ‘hips tack to the aed forage ore corti oil wits tt {vc sone with aeatare Auton a dip are imports ‘Spoor of food production. Wit) person auton comes more [ory anda grater empbass of subordination. I oer words, “tough posowalttonony m pete and empbeize at peste orchunng bend Incl, tbrtitog abd te sale abo wel ‘Elablabed once edentarznton and food productin develops a ‘Shh age tnd hice organaed bowehols are the ae wit ‘feos Thur subordination, die ya, aod negative eval {hone of tuoneay se pstvelycorelsted with pla compli ‘Onc the fone of ester anditernlchage occ then vaso ‘ordination seay potent porno socey support these ‘hanes ty main evermore emp on tears. ng eater Sh rete amour of payoff 4 tloe tobe tepcated troup ‘Siutvlang Memes contol crater» demand for plied ‘Str tut eohances legitimacy nd emphasizes its Beets, Not a supiugly, ety nats inverbly prac sch an Wok 7. CONCLUSION “The sat ia specie vty of pot systems distinguish by fe cenazed burancracy and dominant ono! free by the ‘ral thorn over subordinate sepent he suet. Compared Sith other this ein isthe Hearse ate of proving» pace Tortie sine tran vera roster of pita soctares whose atone {o.oneanoter form» dverpdan ofthe pal evluion of man Sd asus tht te rractar of story ahi determin- nt quaity of pal actly and organo, ad (tt free icing for Conges aubority ave the tsi cases of politi ‘otutin. At me detded lvl th meas ca Bnd ame The emerson of sch saems by tsting about the sorts of sequences tm events tut pode the dflerences betwen to age ces of ‘uate poles shitnnces and sttes Thi ference, os dae Shere reo the obser fet that ste srctures enable the ‘Sem fo overs faonale pital forces tat up unl hen could ube contend that pty oreak-ep ea sttstaly normal pr of restate pole He “Fhe ergence of stat sears has heen thors 19 hve ben scented for by population pressures, ong distance trae; Toston. ‘ova, conquest detente sternal stifle, o the benef ob deredfrom mare permanent fms of centralized cont. Close examination ft both they and data nats tat one these ators sult tr even coment alecodent 10 ste formatn. In masy stances {Geos nied to hue the tt, eg dese By the rang cso Sienna ae fr ecu Sree with wes ite Wright a Johnson (1975 who cose fhe [ces at tematic one, Whatever tar he gue of tend 0 hae other ques of polite soil, exopome, and clr ie so ‘at fom a suber of ferent staring pois, Tllowing diferent ‘ejector of change, ery compart est eae Wy thn convergence hs ecered in pola evoetion isa ‘nergy nd one teen toned by roe wie sity start to change se authority sactare towed ete rms. ‘eney aod sale rps cl Meare then the pola rel fl [Secomes an ever-ineaingy powerfl determinant of change the conomy, sve) and cre ofthe sem The ene proces a large fetch stm in wich multe posible sets feu n {he ecology economy. society bad intesodetal envionment fay egy or it sombinaion produce more permanent centralized hea. ‘Sie of picl contol” After arial impeen the rr Src tect fede back ona societal acon to mae them mote ‘ray into an ‘veal system tht support he authority nacre ‘This why eal stesso a removed fom one nother a nea Pet, ancient China, Ep eat Europe, o re-sloial West Afric are many string somites of rgoiation, cle and soc. The {lem ofthe sate once evolves tomes a emerge! sce fre {nthe evolton of aman sce er needs and tra sete ‘ressre that are stated by adapting the rest of society —eion, ‘es, nel craniton, etn ent, and sollinton to sat FooTNOTES: ‘dead nthe pen Bean Suth Ae ee soit abe cee eae eae neat SSS ES AEE (et a Ty ae pt te manus emt 9) ‘Sepa eer of ante w ce the ated henge chewhere he Comal sabe mato nd re hip ‘hem ore eee scenery ooreeaetae cis meas TTS alc snot ny co ees ‘Aiaamy RO G85), he cl raniatin of Unsames Com si S P0,Ph Fonr108 Unit PD — "rai eta of ey ae pe ee ana Gi, son on ini Ae aime, co Naas) aay ‘on snr they of tl poe. tn ing (190 Studs a Alea lend we norte Rloes Tile’ Lingenee Foner 1. Anne. 18h Cunpeme sexing hcl Pygmies Bak de FE Andreea S L GO4D, Nita oon sare London: Rou ‘edge and Kegon Posata nan ta an ety eat a aren oefgin (oh Rata at apie fee opie athaen a ht la nw meer eee tee iar eae odes fra ay a afta men ier Ge ea nai tes ei Tees si TE mere cm ne Sage uote rarer Seu soar ip mene Tg cane ce te ct, no aces ree lens wn fear ven tay eRe Tei ot ata cas on cotta i et eee Seta rome ge i NL I cone 1 one (hs cenesimeemne peon te: e cs RETR meta tt SS se cog en eof Be ex Ye nt Gara Ie icon of ert itt cme som Meek te Seems 32,151 — USE cipal? te aie same compan, Fae dered Ante Anes! Auscoe meta, San Pm ‘econ ‘Gea dts} nase someon Wi ol Cont Gor (199, “On ces ad cians of ace and ‘nor upon ge Amgen Agee Ste se tempeh 95 od pln he 18185, Soxtey. Antopolopcal Papers of te Uneery af Arana. 2 ‘Toso: heya Ao Pres Sete Og A Reape a me ting td eh waar Soe ce io ee ~ porihichad EE {8}, The Smut of Chemin. Lamson: Oxford ant OT ply: a tenn mended Ce: "it uses Suances Vl hago: Covermen Pie andor 187) ran ary Ms 8, re An pd ne reo hn 80h, An play ed Man (87 The tn of pb sty New York: Random ‘int ans wat’ ec Amcor Anmpaocal a cot cma merger epaate er SJ tt ene Ra So a ine ane Home ‘in, Pica! ugh from Pla the pent New York: (mts Hy nora peey tegen ven ei pen eed Ser a TRS ieaee mecca 2 eee "reat eee ee a Ta ‘Hiktnon, HL (i962hcThe southwestern Chippema: a thao std ace Saeed Car M13), Th matlab ee Sm et ce ec iiautenal hit mts ey vee laa ope tage Serie ne tri Semeseteneen dt eb seit ons nnge mea i Bt et ier cr ri at re. ices cowem ry fe tee sara Kopp W. (1963), L-Origne Ge Pett. VI Incraional Congres of An™ and Chen ad Lancs (6), Foon of he, Enpeond Cae: rene aml Dl 0 The ng! oni fe i rt ‘re by Richard 8 Leeann DuVore Cheap Asie, tan” Sn (In on nf Cina Pape 2 Lee, Ricard B92), Ppstion growth an he Beans of seenany ie gh Reg Hons Rpt a och 1G eon rs ay of al tin New Levine ith ns and dee, Chg Ai {GneYii ie i ria a Net Yon Weer, nd McC, Dad C (1961), The airing wie, Pineton, 83: Van sia and. Tat, (1958), Ther whut mars, Landon: Rowdee oc A ss, omer and poe nn Po Wes. Con: au’ pin pee oh el i: Now Yor Nase SF LS) hack Byanum Londo: Oxo ety Pr ar Sal igen eet wort ar Pp ace ek [Nara Rial and Dae, (976, Nata lest in ela! eo “eye ender Amen ier Nex Raber Me, (1969) Ease in poet: A comparative sy of ‘Sie eto We Aloe sus Eee by Dod Bink Nie omen Coan ut 38" Sa — SFE te per nd cama: tes foal apo in ‘Ae eps ont ante taphase, BESee ‘pnt Spoma inte: Stt es tlt 70 The mosion of ware New Haven: HRAF Prom tn. 8, Tes ant mate ery emp ln ~ 86 Batomey an hale rae Sete: oes of Washington Stamee” P.C. 971, “Adapaon and pa an Sinen ROOT Sig of 2 al a nan ew Yor Sih HE (197, Tee es oft etl’ a: ary ef Vie Afiae FA Aj asd Me Gonder Wal 78S st tite Zen Lan Or Gey es egaion Ia ae ‘nih Fito EL. and Youn, T. Cove (1972), "The vein of ery ‘rein pane Nepal faite,” Pps ‘Sow hppa! pasos Cai ea, Sate Ong A Reap * festa Aan 1988, Au sc, Came: Heer, Senge et 0, cere cy en Yo: Aon ety Spocge on (1949, ols nip ad eslogyi outeet Pe Steer el 60 Cen see oman fhe ‘opment of ly zs, Amaia Apa 9 Seu An 072 Ofte og eet nd er cor Set Toe {i949 Aa Ewan, of the concep fang capac in: Swvmer Sut (BUR Waodnd whee stlenent een ite "Se i Sey ern aches 8 Med “oi Ri 959, Dr mee Geet Va 4 von Shs ‘Ringloms ofthe savannah, Mason: Univesity of —CaT0)"Cateres Heough tine: A handbook of mated i call on heey Nos Cn Re a Nt iy ‘ttroplgy of arm tonic, by M. Fred, Maa Harstad Rida eo Rea Hen Bae Se watt Rel AGS Ona tim Ne Hote: Yle Une weet spi ann ‘Wy ste trons oa ie an Redgate