AA SAA NS ASAIO TA ooo LoXoX6 0010 LOLU LONE TS 9 OTAGLOLOLOLGTSIOTS salaxsie}03036101010z0301610152515152570107010101 SET eb Drawing ofa buterfy made in England by or. Stacey 1696. les the eaves dated example ofa Typewriter Art Edited and witha introduction by Alan Riddell London Magazine EditionsBy the some cuthor ‘TheStopped Landscape poems) Elpe Conerste poems Copyright © 1975 London Magazine Pubied by London Megane ions So Thurice Pee, Landen SW7 Altrighs reserved. Therighs for ech work remain the propery ate incvdeal author except ncases where Thapare the property's previous pubisher| ‘Designed by Ron Conta and printed England by Shen 1501900626992 -End-papers: Chroma permutations by Lig Ferro (967) for AnnContents List of plates page 8 Introduction poge 10 Pioneers poge I7 ‘Contemporaries page 31 Some relevant books page 149 Biographical notes poge 149 Acknowledgements page 154 Index by author page 156 Index by country page 157 “orictheformat ofthe book some works haved tbe slighty entarged or educed|t of plates user. Flora FF Sacer frontpiece Figwe!Typewriver poor. Chur Bremer poge|3 Figwe2:Typeeriter poor: Emmett Wills 13 Figure 3eTypewrter poor, RelohardDohl 12 “ypeprine HN. Werknun 19 Typeprinc HIN. Werkman 20 Typeprine HIN. Werkman 21 TYpeprine HN. Werkmain 22 Typeprine HN Werkman 23 Tpenrin HN Werke 24 Fypepring HEN, Werkman 25 Typerine HN. Werkan 26 Contraction exercise, Biuhaurtadent 27 Gonsrecson enerce Buchs tudent 28 CConsrecson exercie Busha tudent 29 (ethlebira Jeremy A Ugh Pere GormlerandSeihi kun 34 Fountain jt Kol 38 ‘Fexcure poam forthe mean of stars. Peter Finch 36 Moon song Trin GrayHube ‘37 ‘Giyseapes Simon Part 38 Gaeape. Donate Cine 39 Citteicape Jeremy Ader sOand4l “inguely i Kol a2 Branca a Kelse $3 ‘Worm Sab Cabbing Bird Heart Chopin 4 Dates te Teeon ‘Avs the dnd Paulde Vee 7 Intmeryman Clas Sremer 48, Dove. Claus Samer Srake-MirabTodorowe 50 ine ane vin Sh The honeypot An Ridlll_ 52 Vine: ite sod Praere Gxier 53 Untied. Pl de View 4 Liteslotery Pale roe 5S Seutonroughatreesrone | P- Ward. SéandS7 ‘Vege se ana Pee Garnier 38 Scishany: Pat Cre 58 aon loom Treen Gray Hue 6 Sean, RobereCalwell” Grd & Simon Prete 2 ‘Fan types Andrew Besey: 63 Typewrer Guy Blake 64 Pokce dog Face Wil Hols. 65 ‘ara Wl ols 66 Porta aftheareat' wl, Zaan Popovlé. 67 Gandhi ial fareee CoppefDeansW-A. Coline porert of Cre 69 DekeotEdinpurgh Dem W-A calls 70 (Queen Elaabeth Denn W.A Collins 71 Fane Chopin. Robere Morgan 72 FettraM. Luther King Pl de Vree 72 ‘Aanouncement Khu fear Denker 74 Space. Arrigo LareTotho 75 ination rom leper novel lafrmed Sues. Wi Pape om ypewrie sve oiler Nathing Raymond Federman. 77 Gripe pot Hear Chopin 78 Tdelence of powery hae Gibbs 79 ‘es Ere an 80 Condereson-Tinm Uris BI ‘Typesact Dom Syverer Hovdcaré. 2 eights at Tanenberg Ine and PerreGarior 46 ] | tealic og. Dom Syiveser Hoveda 3 ‘Srna lovecong. Bom Syveter Housdard. 04 {Fypestrac Dom Sylvester Howedaré 5 ‘TYpestact Dom SpvesterHouedard BE EeEangemene vic Havel 7 inva steve arching songin the shape of 1 doecps. Emmett Willams 69 Garris Yuta! Paariays 70 Sick Mavis Nanmvee! 3b Yellow: Maurie Nannuce3 Yypererac Dom Syivste Houtéard 94 Homage to Vasarely. Al Rigel 95 Une Ble Kern 96 Unite. W. Blom Kera 97 Aver ieiKolir 98 Frestafche Yin Yang ce. Peter Mayer 9 {ypeerace Dom SyivesterHoveuard 100 Bouchiemmantr Robin Greer 101 SixmodtavonsTeahike Shimizu 102 ‘Via ese Stefan Themerson 103 Towarismenrtingabook Tom Edmonds 1040107 Torccontguous paras iom ‘Carnival steve McCafery OBand 109 Chroma permocsion, UsghFerro 129 itege Ale Rigdll" Tit ‘Peoria Alin Riddell 112 imomy ota comate. Pik Brigwater 113 ee fue 114 eds Valoch 15 Uneed Seika 116 Unced Jka 117 Molions Richa Keslanet 118 Foun for Rovomarie- Charles Cameron 120 Usted tse and sre Garnier 121 Uti Amela Eiger 122 United. Ame Eigse 125 Soncwaier Dom Syverter Houddaré 124 [Shjinth tin McDonough 125 Chromatic permutation Luigiferro 126 hromatepermationsLsigiferra 7 CChromate permutation LsighFerre 128 Ninemmediarionsonathome ot Kel. Zdenek arborka 12910 137 Lecter ypegramoet anys 138 Schdsiphntrancmaion Andrew oy 139 Unetea Mats: Bengtson 140 Unt Mate Sengeson HI Untied: Benge Emi Jobson 1 Homage ojobn Cage Berge Emil Johnson 43 ‘Wteand Shobachirs Taam a Prompt for magaine Mara Emmett Willams 1S Sunday Helmut Zenker 146 ‘Whisper pece Bob Cobbng 147 Benttovenoday. Bob Cobbing 4The image in the machine ‘An American, Christopher Latham Sholes, is widely held to be the inventor of the first practical typewriter. His machine, perfected in the early 1870s, was bought by E. Remington & Sons, gunsmiths, of Ilion, New York, and put on the market in 1874. ‘Mark Twain wrote to his brother in 1878 of this ‘new-fangled writing machine’: ‘It will prin faster than I can write. One may lean back in his chair and work it. It piles an awful stack of words on one page. It don’t muss things or scatter ink blots around, OF course it saves paper.” In the century since then, the typewriter has become so much a part of life that itis hard to imagine our present society without It. More than taking the drudgery from writing, it has transformed business and created the largest female workforce in history, the monstrous regiment of typists. “The typewriter's role as an artistic instrument is less familiar. In choosing these 119. works by 65 practitioners from 8 countries, | have tried above all to pay tribute to the machine itself, nd its particular qualities. Thus the images are not arranged by author, by country or chronologically, but mainly in juxtapositions to show the range of effects possible with the typewriter. For example, Simon Parritt's "Grid 4° and Andrew Belsey’s “Train types’, on facing pages 62 and 63, both use the same building block ~ two horizontal and two oblique strokes: /—7 — but to quite different purpose. And the nine heads grouped together on pages 66 to 74 illustrate the varied possibilities in figuration, from the almost photographic realism of Will Holls's Arab to the stylised study of the artist's wife by the Jugoslay Zoran Popovié ‘Where the appearance of an image has not determined the choice of the next, the theme may be the link, as with Helmut Zenker's ‘Sunday’ and Bob Cobbing’s ‘Whisper Piece’ on pages 46 and 147. In general, figurative works predominate in the earlier part of the book and abstract and geometric ones towards the end. | have departed from this arrangement, however, in the opening pages, which are devoted to three pioneers of the 1920s ~ Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman, Pietro de Saga and an unidentified Bauhaus student of Josef Albers’ = whose works give an historical context to the profusion of present-day experiment. ‘Although these three showed how the typewriter could be used to produce imagina- tive art, people had been experimenting on the machine since it came on the market. In Britain, the typewriter in its early days seems to have been regarded with the same blend of idealism and hard-sell that attached to the computer in the 1960s. Propagandists claimed that it would benefit not only business but also education (by improving spelling and punctuation) and the emancipation of women (J. M. Barrie wrote a play, “The Twelve-Pound Look’, in 1910 about the independence being able to type gave to women), In the 1890s, typewriter manufacturers and secretarial agencies organised public speed-typing competitions, and also competitions for typewriter drawings. Tive laccer seem to have been popular with typists ~ or type writers, as they were then called ~ though our frontispiece, composed by Miss Flora F. F. Stacey in 1898, is one of the few ‘examples to have survived. Pitman’s Phonetic Journal, which printed it, commented: “We think it will be generally admitted that the illustration is in the highest degree creditable to the artistic ability, skill and patience of the lady, and to the unique capa~ bilities of the Bar-Lock for this class of work. It may be noted that in competitions for typewriter drawings Miss Stacey has been extremely successful. ... An outsider, or one unaccustomed to the use of the typewriter, can scarcely realise what an expenditure of time and patience is necessary in order to successfully execute one of these curious drawings. The paper has, of course, to be turned and re-turned, and twisted in a thousand different directions, and each character and letter must strike precisely in the right spot. Often, just as some particular sketch is on the point of completion, a trifling miscalculation, or the accidental depression of the wrong key, will totally ruin it, and the whole thing has to be done over again.” Ie would be hard to better this description of one approach to typewriter composi- tion. However, if the decorative border of Miss Stacey's work is discounted, one sees its basic weakness. With the exception of the letter 0, the keyboard's alphabetical characters are not used: the drawing is composed of brackets, hyphens, points, oblique strokes and a single asterisk. They make up a sketch of a butterfly which could just as well, and far more easily, have been done with pen and ink, and one which denies rather than affirms the instrument with which it was made. H. N. Werkman’s ‘typeprints', by contrast, illustrate how a gifted artist sets out to exploit a medium. Werkman, who was born in 1882 in Leens in the Dutch province of Groningen, began his working life as a journalist. He later moved into printing, first as manager of a comparatively big firm and then, after the economic collapse following the First World War, as a small jobbing printer. He had already begun to paint in oils during the war but now found a new way to express his creativity. The jobbing printer must personally master the related skills of typography and layout, typesetting, com- posing (che insertion of the type into the iron chases in which it will be printed), and the printing itself. These came easily to Werkman, and he went on to become a typographer of originality and a maker of intuitively structured prints using the stock in-trade of the printing shop — large display types. rules, inking rollers, even the rectangular mounts of the letters themselves. His work in both these areas has been increasingly recognised. Werkman’s typewriter experiments also date from this time ~ 1923 to 1929 ~ but it is only now, fifty years later, that these are coming to be fully appreciated (pages 19 to 26). Werkman uses the rectilinear grid of the typewriter as a framework against which to explore the abstract visual rhythms of the keyboard's signs and letters. Two of his techniques are worth pointing out. For any given typeprint he generally allows himself ‘two Insertions of the paper, one at right angles to the other; and he disengages the typewriter’s line-spacing mechanism and moves the paper up or down as required to get unstraight lines. By the first of these devices he produces elaborate patterns of Crosshatching, and by the second a delicate interplay between the straight and wavering lines. One is reminded of electrical circuit diagrams and the contour lines on maps. ‘At the same time as Werkman was experimenting in northern Holland, Josef Albersin Germany was using the typewriter as an artistic tool in his preliminary course at the Bauhaus in Dessau. The works reproduced here were done under his tutelage and were exhibited at the big Bauhaus show at the Royal Academy in London in 1968. Unfor- tunately, neither Professor Albers nor the Wirttembergischer Kunstverein, which organised the show, have been able to trace them since then and so only enlarged halftone illustrations taken from the exhibition catalogue are now available. This accounts for the furriness of the straight lines and the breaking up of the letters and other signs. However, the originality of these ‘construction exercises’, as Albers called them, is immediately apparent, notably in the scylish way In which a three-dimensional image is created. In two cases this comes from the use of horizontal and oblique strokes (on page 29 the closely-packed diagonal lines also give added weight of tone and the effect of shading to the geometrical form). In the other instance (page 28), three- dimensionality is created by one plane cutting through another. (Horizontal and oblique strokes also form the basic technique by which Dom Sylvester Houédard produces his three-dimensional effects.) Little is known about the third member o' this pioneering trio, Pietro de Saga, beyond the fact that this was the pseudonym of Stefi Kiesler, wife of the Austrian architect Friedrich Kiesler, who in the 1920s published typewriter work in the Bauhaus magazine when it was edited by Walter Gropius. She later emigrated to the United States, where she Is believed to have died. The 1930s were a dead decade for typewriter art, but by the end of the Second World War the Pole Stefan Themerson, who had settled In London, was publishing his ‘semantic divertissements’, which wittily combined typewriting used in a visual way with illustrations by his wife Franciszka, the painter. But these were mixed-media experiments; his contribution here, done in 1946, is purely a typewriter work and forms the bridge between the pioneers of the 1920s and the present generation of practitioners. ‘Although Themerson uses a text (page 103), and so looks forward to later typewriter ‘experiments by the concrete poets, itis easy to Imagine his approach finding favour in both Groningen and Dessau. The international concrete poetry movement of the 1950s and 1960s gave a new impetus to typewriter experiment, and also added @ new element to It: semantic content. Poems combining the verbal with the visual were composed on the typewriter in increasing numbers. Some of these concrete poems could be realised in print or ~ later, when it was invented - with transfer lettering such as Letraset. But others, because of the difference between typesetting and typing, are difficult, or impossible, to realise in print. For instance, to superimpose one line on another in printing requires ‘two separate lines of type to be set, two separate formes to be composed, and finally ‘wo separate printings ~a costly operation. With the typewriter one simply pushes the carriage back to the beginning of the line, or uses the back-spacer, and starts typing again (figure |). ‘Another distinction between printing and typewriting is that the print letters vary in width, an m or a w being much wider than an |, whereas the typewriter’s characters are all the same width, This means that a typed text in which successive lines are Fire Cau Bremersconrate pos xpath ‘perro npeimpn oe to teer Saresbie) casita lesbares in unlosbares ibersetzen lesbares in Ubiesbizon libberbaren ‘Ubbesbicte reduced in length by one letter will have a straight diagonal outline, as in the Stefan ‘Themerson work. In print, the diagonal outline would come out irregular and the crisp geometry of the design would be lost. Several concrete poets have suffered from misguided attempts to translate their typewriter works into normal print (though a few printers do have a special ‘typewriter’ typeface with the letters all the same width). Paradoxically, this distinction of the letter widths no longer exists with some advanced typewriters which were developed as an alternative to typesetting when printing labour costs rose in the 1960s. These ‘near print’ machines have keyboards which give the same spacing and appearance as conventional type. Books produced by this method are characterised by ragged margins on the right. Many typewriter concrete poems cannot be typed on ‘near print’ typewriters. ne eee a EEE SEE EEE EES BELEEEE ESE ES geeseee BEST E29 SEESS SES » Feel IEF Se Pa» PESO EE ES SSE ow SES SEES TISS BE a See RES , oh egg EeE TOES rag one nettcens ator Heth io egg Riles OB. é ralsptey ee Brier oe y re oe ef. e Fure3_ Anse eagle, by Reinhard Don of pdt cect petreacle Cp ao ig Fiure2_ tomers Wills typewriter concrete poumle__ saying up) Foratpenttt cone poem erceyectcingtntheCcsbrenervemtetop, _ weisactari mri arne Tm ee the ine Heweresathongh profes arta Sealants pelicea ee tare Saterene in av cimension, famine oly 2 border primes thee thre concrete poems. kev linac oftypewrer a m a much moreinaretingNot all typewriter concrete poems can be called typewriter art. Only those which explore the instrument's visual possibilities interestingly are considered so here, and many otherwise excellent poems have had to be left out of the body of this book. Figure | is an example of typewriter poetry which is not typewriter art. Figures 2 and 3 are borderline cases in which the visual element is stronger than in figure |, though not yet as strong as in Timm Ulrichs similarly structured but more visually dynamic ‘Condensation’ (page 81). Some works coexist elegantly in both genres: for example, Paula Claire’s ‘Sea shanty" (page 59) and Jifi Kola¥’s ‘Fountain’ (page 35) are as good concrete poems as they are typewriter art In other works of typewriter art, the letters used bear no intelligible relationship to the image, as in Jeremy Adler's ‘Leaflikebird” (page 33), a graceful abstraction of move- ment in which subtle differences of tone and texture are produced by typing rows of a's on a sheet of paper rotated by small degrees through 130 degrees. ‘Understandably enough, pattern-making is popular (Ferro, Nannucci, Etlinger), and the typewriter has had its op artists (Ulrichs, Valoch, Kostelanetz). In fact, looking over these works one sees that many recent art movements have been reproduced on the typewriter. Constructivist and systems art, op and gestural abstraction have all been typed, and sometimes not only under the influence of other media — Ulrichs’ op effects (page 119) were being produced in the very early 1960s at the same time as Bridget Riley's. There might appear to be a similarity between typewriter works and computer ‘graphics, but they are not really alike. The typewriter artist makes one mark on the paper by depressing a chosen key once, and a succession of such choices ~ often an infinitely laborious process ~ is required to finish the design. The computer artist feeds his mathematical programme into the computer, which transforms it in a matter of minutes into mind-bending curves and forms. His skill comes in the programming, and in the selecting of the images produced — computers can make elaborate and appealing designs when programmed in error or when set to operate at random. ‘A medium closer to the typewriter is the teleprinter, and | have included one example: an illustration from Willard S. Bain’s teleprinter novel, Informed Sources. ‘One traditional craft has a similarity to typewriter work: embroidery on canvas. This has a rectilinear grid on which the design is built up one stitch at a time. And where the embroiderer uses different coloured thread to produce light and shade and shape, the typewriter artist as a rule does so by choosing letters of varying densities Coloured typewriter ribbons and coloured carbon paper can, of course, be used, though many practitioners prefer ordinary black ribbon ~ and black and white is more readily accepted for publication. Nevertheless, when colour is used well it can add {greatly to the expressiveness of a typewriter work, as in Tom Edmonds’ “Towards me ‘writing a book’ (page 104), completed not long before he died in 1971 at the early age of twenty-seven. This was typed with red and black ribbon and blue and black carbon paper. Luigi Ferro offers another ingenious colour effect by typing with red and black. ribbon on to transparent paper and then inserting an orange-coloured paper behind this. The resultis a three-colour composition achieved by the simplest means. Typewriter images can also be reproduced in colour by silk-screen printing or by the traditional colour-printing methods used in book-production: as in ‘Aubade’ on page I. These give almost unlimited colour possibilities. So far as | can see, the late Will Hollis achieved most of his colour effects by tinting black and white works, as photographers did before the introduction of colour film. But his skill in separating a photographic image into its constituent tonal values, matching these to the weight of different typewriter characters and then reconstituting the image on the typewriter is truly remarkable (pages 65 and 66). His method must have been very much the same as that used by Dennis Collins in Def che sens che Duca Scab sr Couto ina letter to me: “What started me on these was when | was with an advertising agency. My employer always had a prime-position page ad. on the inside front cover of Advertisers Annual and one year | had the idea of taking a small thumbnail photo of him, from which | had ‘a coarse half-tone block made, and then having a proof of this blown up to the full-page size, At first glance this was rather a puzzle with the very large half-tone dots, but was clearly his face when held at arm’s length. This set me thinking of the tone values of typewriter characters, and | made a graduated scale of tones, from the lightest (a full cee ere a eee a graph. “The Queen's portrait and the Churchill one were done on an old portable on which spaces could not be finely adjusted - this accounts for the horizontal white strips across een en sia ora coasts vet. Some other techniques may be worth pointing out: using masking paper or ‘whiting out’ with paint to produce an outline; overprinting images through duplicating stencils; using carbons to get blurred or smudged effects. There are, of course, limitations to the typewriter as an artistic medium. An obvious cone is the narrowness of the paper the machine can accommodate, But this can be overcome by planning a large design in panels and typing these separately. Steve Bee dey a orice oy ene reson sea cornporkion ack at vse sixteen separate sheets (two contiguous panels are reproduced on pages 108 and In fact, much of the pleasure of typewriter art lies in the way in which individual practitioners have overcome the technical problems. But more than this: by welcoming a technological commonplace like the typewriter, the contributors to this book show how technology and art can continue to reinforce each other. Indeed, many of the most exciting works here are among the most recent = notably those composed in the 1970s by Tom Edmonds, Steve McCaffery and Dom Sylvester Houédard. ‘Alan RiddellPioneersFeeeveysebeenenneedeeneneensS == = aes By ; / ITUNES ee = TILT YR 1 CLR ER ENE PUM, RR RS i “mn SS Se 7 gS Bi BS jee: Sone Tyoeprin: HN. 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Bengtsson (196) Untied Mate G.Bengeon (1964) “Pana eon Ao are 4 i a ie é 5 : Sones peas GaP 3G eh Sone Ny eke Eanes 45 : “aE : ttt44 Waterland_ Shohachie Takahah (1969) : - ray R aes ah Pane Cae 3 we stl, See UK CS eet ot Pesoeee war, ‘zag Se ag . a ty Sat *F rey % con Fo Reed Eee Bi ace a iM eet: vd opt Be A 0c > 5 oe ey eae, a eee, mA a, aa Tecate se lias go 4 esas Yo sanete mig oS %, Prospects for magasinetaterial_ Emme Wiliams (1958) _Sunday Helene Zenker (1971) Whisper piace Bob Cobbin (196) ureee ah Sane ae qos og20q ou99 Beethoven today Bob Cobbing (1970) Some relevant books Fo ne wing nr hl todo ye Sapa es TA ete airy Marna Venog Arhor Nig 1967) ‘a Aacogy of onerete Px. Ele by Emmett Wiliams (Something Eke Pros. 1967) Concrete Pou: onneracioneantiey. Eied and wih Sr"introdecion by Stephen Bann (London. Magaine ucion by try Elen Soe ‘dndians. University. Press, ine. antlogy of concretsm. Eéiead by Eugene Wildman (Swallow Pre, 196) Poners of Matern Typorapy. Edited and with an inte- action by Harbare Spencer {Land Humphries 196) The Ward at mage. Edited and with an Introcucton by Berout Bowie (Sadia Vira, 1970), Inereducton by Ricard: Kosteanetr [Ovterordge & DBientroy, 1970). “Edad and with an feroduction by John J (German-speaking ethers only) Edited vilpRacam Suns 197), tte Pres, ced by Klus Peer Denker (4. DuMont Dreakeogh cts. Eéted and with a atrodcton by Richard Ketlanete (Something Ee rea 1973), Biographical notes fei Cotes (Uandon Univers), Beg lrspices 4 Elvaton Galley, Loncon, Bristol Arr Cece, Gol Emlee’ Cage: Publahed In Peat Review, London Maeatna rsh Book News Krelick Kontos Type ‘eer ee Publis: Apbabor 1972 (Areas Forum) Tero Cords 1979 (bre Pre); Abtobet Ms. 1974 (soho rate rand Wr fore) tr CA, Bain, wird torn 1938 in Sin Antonio Tos. Afar {dusting irom Reed College Forlag, Oregon 960, Stored three and shal yeere se» newer forthe San Frandaco Boren of the Aurocueed Press, Weote tle Printer novel lfomed Sauce, publahed in Arvrie 1967 rain rein 970 abe) Barbora, Zdendk: born 1938 in Rokyeany. Czecho Raeio.Pobirbed transl poetry “957-44 since then ‘iperimantng witha series of textes procesuls™ Com fmbuter to anthology Concrete Posy a. World View Publieons: Testes procesuel and Les textes pour To Belsey, Andrew: born I942in Huntingdonshire England eetrcr im Pilsophy at University Calpe Cari Pablietions: five Converse porcarde (concrete 20°) ne Animande, 2 eoliscion of trader! pasty. 1974 (Cusp Publis. en, Musca 3¢ wll ered we pouty In Swadon with Bengt El ohason.Publation: Maerackr 1364 albare Bonners Forlag). Blake, Gary; torn 1948 in Wellington, New Zetland Sadie’ grepic erign st Royal College of Are, London, ne with partnes now ronea smal deg grou in Landon ‘pecan nfm and prise communienon Bremer, Clas; born 19241n Hamburg Theatre director 2 wall playwright and post. Lverin Zorch, where ‘wo of is las hate been performed. Dichter Unbkann. 157, and ramaturg 3 Ds Zari an eae Bridgwater, Prick; bor 193 in England, Lecturer in Ercole: Inoged Wordh & WordedInoges and MingleCaldwell, Robert: barn 1946 In Whitie, Cablorni Fomatr tn eer of Tpewetr, «reve starch {Stl specsing in pewter works, hough not exes sively Past Ofice Box 409, lows Cle, lows 5240 USA), His work here was publahed in Typewriter. Made wood nd pie wood eructres 197072 Pobiabons 3. To73 "iran the Bar) sna Wands an animaced eld pos ‘wth Reve Zimmerman, 1973 (ir inthe But). cameron, Charles Born in England but now lives Ia Gtited Seiten where be efits 4 mgnsine. Organised Second Brith Inrermaionl concrete poetry exubiion Siesta stdene at Oford in 1965. Published In Inthology The Word os mage. “Chopin, Henri: born 1922 ln Pari. Founded Cinque ‘Soh. review for conrate poetry snd theorceal exss far sound poetry. in 1958. Founded review OU in 1964 Fu pioneered ue a threat microphone Insound poetry {ince 1985 Moved to England in 968. Retrowpectveone- tmur show st Sonderand Arse Caner n 1972 ane Wee hapel are Gallery, London, 1974 Publation include: Sees 1957, Arita, 1959; La Crvete Meares 1967, Ie'Dermer Ramon du Mende, 1970. Le Cimere, 177, Record: Aupocns, 1974 (Tangent TESTO. Cinicolo, Donato; torn 1948 n Sa Bartolomeo, sou relly Hes ved in England wince 1956. Trae 282 ‘Seehanal engineer. then studi grapes at Wacord nd st Mardis shoal of are. Now with 49 environ ‘Revel desig consertiam, Werke published In various Tannines needing Typewriter. Mis pewter ly ape here was comnmlatoned by Calder & Boyars me [Site dasgn for Aim Robbe-Grile’s novel Fret fore ReoolitinIn New Yak Claire, Pals; horn 1539 ia. Northimpton, England ‘rte sound and vil poser. perorns in Brian and rend, ten with audience parucpation Besides poems ingles in conuncion with husband, sine arts Pad Son’ Cavan, racent work includes scorer mark posms, rs exhibited at the Earopala exhibition. Be Bum, i974, and pieces with stone shapes and cexures Pastiains,Sounéword 1972 (Write Forum): Stones Improvisation rear 1974 (Weiers Frum) Cavin, Hans: born 1946 in Simler, Holland. Funder, {aro and ear of mapsine Supers His concrete poety tas boon exhibited in froup shows in European South Anica, Fubision: Untied histle 1968; Open words 1968 Holand vor. 967.1970 (De Taeronds. pee oe emi {Cobbing, Bob; born 1920 n Enld, England. Co-editor Sed publer ef Wricere Forum Posts and founder, with Peer Hayes in 1968 of Wastminear Groap (WOUP) sf experimental poets Coveitor with Dom Sylvester Houthurd of sourd poctry maging Keotot Bogan he (reer ass pancar, bu har ben experimenting with ‘ypewriter and mimeographed typewriter works since TBAd and sound’ pocms sine 190). Organized seventh Inceretiona sound poetry fetval at National Pos Ceres Landon, in 1974 Has made several ound poetry Scores, ncoding’ one with Ernst Tandl Publeaions Fncoge: Sound Poema, 1965: Eyer, 1966; Kursirari, 1967, 0 Sec ans, 1979 (ll Weiser Forum). Astor: (CloU and WOUP, i974 (Ate Pubcon}. CGolins, Denis W. Acs boom 1912 at Sutton Coll, Enclond, Bogan creer ss eomercl att in Birming fam Moved io scvertaing agency In Lverpot in 193 ‘Aer Seconé Ward War went Iran, and nine years {Ger bean drawing rip cartons ince 1988 has awn “he Feraher forthe OalyMiror- Has exited drew: inet and paintings with the Wirral Salty of Aree Writes some poet. Dencher, Kus Peter: born 1941 in Lobeek. Germany. Poot arti and tlevision maker: Works i fim and {1 deparcmen univer of Evangen-lurberg, Won Caltaral pve of doy of Erngen, 17 and pie of the ‘German Foreign Ofic, 1974 Makes vial postry on ape and fm ané room evens and_commenictions Setatons. Complad Tent Bigs, an ethology of visual pociry ps and preven 1972 (4. DuMont Schauber) de Sogn, Petro, Tht was the pasado of St Kiser TF se Ratan” renee Friedrich Riser. who “xperimented with the typenrier at the same Cine BPR" Werkoon war werting o,Holland and Test ‘bers wis wang the ypewriver in his course at Oe Buutnes a Germrny She may have bean avoid with ‘the Baba er work was published nts magazine in the. 5200 She emigrated to. Ameria, there she ft brlired eo have doa de Vree, Ful; bor 1997 n Antwerp, Balglum.Teacher post ater, flmomaker rie Founder and director of FOvew De Taleronde and coveunder of review Lota Powe. Several eneiman. shows, inding 3 Studio Sanuandre Pian. 972 and Stoo Brescia, Bresl 173 Taya putlictionsIncode:Experteven, 196: Puc In fan, 1968: Zrprovsaies, 1968: Vorea! elect, 197; Dein, 171; Persie 197% Dahl, Reintard: ora 1994 in Suter, Germany. [Aste at the Instat of Literate an Linguists at Orversity of Suge Many wal poems published In Book and pumphet form sn I Txt 1960; among them Teen fib 1961 Apfel Ware, 1965: Get gee und get, 1967 Man, 988 Edmonde, Tom; 944. Born a¢ Aylesford, England (One of the finest English concrete poet and artists Shove work war achieving wide sccm in the Yer Tmedlaty.beore hs geath at tweneyseven. Won Bidlph Sehoraip, 96S. Was parece teacher at Leet and Ghelesachols of ar’ Mace rst box em ‘xructions ung receding Iyer of leers. Posthumous ‘how ofthese and bis "ype tac” a Serpontine Gallery, Uncen. in 1972 Etlinger, Arla: born 1933 n New York, Makes ‘hang Ing peo? lect, in some of hich astra puter ae typed on sath. Orga coneete poetry exons ‘WEvmanus Bleecker inary, New York, 197. Typewtter tnovkspublhed in De Tafsronde ang Konto Fareed, atl; born 1941 In Mysore, Indi. Werke for ‘Eecve yer in the Police Doparmane bute now 3 fxligrapher in Urdu ae the Cena nse of Ian angusges Mysore. A poet of Urde “pu, his wore as Seen published in Government and private magazines Sod Ses pera prs ae won we Rayong; born 1928 ia France Profesor of Ccmperative Urerture st Sis Unversity New ork ie Bufia. Apare from works in iterary eviews (Adar London; Papache, Cheng). he has oP feared in nthlogies Breokibrugh Feners a Inoged Viers a Woved Images. us published wo Siingel (trench Engi poeryeoleciom, two books on Smut fectec, ani atypamrier novel Dube or Nothing, 1971 (Swallow Pres Ferro, Luigi: born 1931 a Vere, aly. In 1967 be protuced tro cots of conerce texts = "Chromatic Perms kacogrs, ning te mean tree dimensions! modular forme. In 1968, he put on 8 taal game een with modules, whieh he publ waked to pvepae st mao, Ano and Novar fran shows. calery Ten, London, 1968, Centro doce MMereavone. vais, Plaenss, 1968. Galleria Sineron, Brose, 1969; Disque Rouge, Brussel, 1969; Raseara Fedele Mian. (91l and Resepna 5. Fede 2, Contra Suture Trin 972. Publatonr: meepcanone (Gomer. Femme Anat Pa nds. Finch, Peter; born 1947 tn Cardi. Eator of Second ‘eon Pecans Manager the Welsh Ares Covnels ‘Cerdittookahop, Oriel Won Wen Ares Counc exper frontal powtry Cusny 1968-70. Edad anthology ype Uiter Paems. 1972 (Second Aton ane Something Ele Pros) Har pelshed ten books and parphes poetry, Insoding wort inthe easton el Garnier, ls; born 1927 in Kaieraucern, Germiry Catahoriter a many works, with husband Pere. Garnier, Pine; born 1928 in Amiens, France Eator Since 962 spaiiee review Ler Lettres, Publications inclde: Les hes deo Tore, 1954 (Andra Siva) Seande Gogrpie, 1958 (Gallimard): Praypes, 1964 (Sinare) formes” froncnjpura, 1966, wth Seiichi ita (ive): Sptlame at Fone Concrete, 1968 {Gslimara), an Eager Ploes, 1972 (vars): feordy tude with lee Garnier and Selch Ni Tester sar Spatane, 1972 (Columbia Recores 3. Gibbs, Michel: horn 1949 in England, Eder of waa! Doeery magne Kontos Har exhsied in several group ‘xow One exibition seln-Out Carer, Amsterdam, 192m, Indes In amhologer Mingpy ana Typewriter Poems. Pubistions Ufe tre 1972 (Contents) and Cor rates, 1973 (Second Aeon), Gray Hulse, Tristan; born in Cheshire, Enhind. Became Srteted tn val pouty though the works of Det Ret and Dom Syvester Howsderd Publahes“Logegrans” (Govcrace has) Hanke Byway 8, winter 972-73. Greer, Robs Lives a London, where he wat ative in onerte porry movement nmi 19608 spacing In fypemrier works, Coneribuar fo ancology The Word & Tope Havel, Vila; born 1536 Prague. Resident playwrighe A Thence of te Buatrade in Prague as had to plays bpevlormed, The Carden ery and Memorandum. Contre Eiter co anhoioles Concrete Paty 0 Wold View and te dntolony of Concrete Poet. Pubitions Include The ‘ascatestypograiesl poem Hirt, Jozef; born 1920 In Chomuiéky, Ctechesovai ‘Frminon, post tether, ural, editor. Co-dlor wrth 8 Grogerove of anthology Poste experimen That neue in fae of Ceehoslora concrete postry published bythe Sedalia Museum, Amserchn in 1970. Centibucr to anthologies Caner Pot World View tnd antag of emeretam. Publtions inude: Slow, vos ehes hey TET, and Jab Bj, 1968 (both with B. Grea, Hollie, Will; 1892-1973. For fy years librarian co the Inperti Typewriter Co. In Laster, Will Hols per Feetod his plovoraphe sl of eypewricr pores In the years follwing the Second World War. It Rot Known wether fe ever saw Dennis Colina” sir ‘forts. He died early in 1973, without knowing that is ‘works ~ which e cle “alityps”~ were aboct to te ‘hed fr the first sme, athe Typewrier Are ea ‘Sonat che New 7 GallaryinEainburgh in Novembe. Honys, Jose: 1919-69. Born in iin, Cacholoaki [Arist wall xpos, Incuded in folder of Cxehosiorak Cercle oer gated bye. Stele Hoan Houtdard, Dom Syveter; born 1924 in Guernsey, ‘Chanel lds ae bean Benescine monk at Prinhash ‘Abbey, Glowceszes sinc 1549, Was + prominene figure iminodueing concrete poetry to Brizin In 196h tnd nce then at become fe leading theorist 35 well as an ‘Sutsanding practioner. seein, with Bob Cobbing, St aound poery review Krabi. His typewriter cm postion {wich necals"typertracs) ate Dee exhib Tivover the worl and he hs aa onesman shows the Uso Calley. London, the te 1960, st the Victoria {nd Alber Mseum London, 771 anda the Lalog Are ‘Salery:Newessorin 1972 Hleworl ha ne yet speared nook form, bet among his pamphles ae: Kraan 1965 tnd Tanne Poems Perhoe 1966 (both Wriers Forum) andl, Erni: born 1925 In Viean. Teches at grammar ‘choot tare. Hos een experimenting with aw forms SF poet since miGe1950e One of the Mose succesful Stud pocts be ctablnhed Ninel nd perhaps sound postin gener = athe Albert Hall poetry fetval Pepe in 96h His viuly oriented eypewrier works sve nly marginal to he main wor ithe sound and Coneete fed, Pabst icuaa’ Anere Agen, 1956 {Gerglane Vrig); More grat, 1964 Eugen Gorrings): Ino hr ropfn ie Bl 1965 (Writers Fru): Laut tr Luu, 1966 (Walter Vera) Sprecbesn, 1970, and ‘Be Renice um, 1970 (both Hermann Luchearand) Johnson, Bengt Emil; Born 1936 in Senden, Sweden. Worked there 3 shopieaper ti 1965, then moved t Stoctholmy where he works in the mic department of Sedan Redle. Pans and composer ar wel snl and ‘cunt pot In erly 1960s procueed series of expresion- isce typewriter picture poss and since then bas writen ‘Sound peas for radio and cage performance Organiseof figs se international sound postry exile held in Stock in conuncion with Swedth Radio. Publ tons inclu: Hylingarna, 196; Esty am Bro” Bork conde dita 1904 (Abure Bonners Forlag) Gab ‘raking, 1968: Semilon (with Lare-Gurrar Bedi) Kern, W. Bem; born 1942 in Philadelphia, Arcs at Well to sound and val pot Fit prt aclpere and Fairing how 3 Aran Gallery. New York 969 Direczor {nd founder of Sound Posty Workshop of new fens peru, ablicdon: ued snl'vilal sepeeses Med ‘lonemetevenemedtatans, 1974 (New Rivers Pes) ola, Js born 1914 in Procivin, Ceechosonaia. One oft man prominent figures In he Caren seat garde ‘Worked ar fener, nbouer and water before becoming iter in 19h late 140s became member of arses Ersup 42. Edzor of Prague poblahing Hoare of Dil {o4staa. Oneman ows ahs callges In London, Genoa Vienna: Mant and ekewbere, Has written to Bye, Pat In Athen, 1965, and Unser tape Bret 1968. Con {tibutor to anthotoger Coerte Pare Worl View, An Snthogy of Conerete Posey, ané Ten der. Polietions Includes Aammogs on K.Meleven. 1959: ¥ 1. 1960: vacate eae, 16S: Der Aso us Werschowits. 196 ostelanetz, Richard: born 1940 In New York. Has {sited numerous snthloge, among them Inoged Word: 1 Warded images 1970 (Outerbridge & Diente) and BreakthroeghPeoners, 1973 (Something Ese Pres) is ‘ther pulatlon inclode: postry ~ Vee Langue, 1970 assembling Prot) entchm The Thats of Manes ‘Means, 1988 (Dal Prony, and Metamorph ite Ars, T972 (Abrams): and. mucsbogrphy. = Reecing. 1974 (dsembling) As editor: Joe Cog, 1974 (W-H. Ale). Loyd, Andrew; born 194 in Surrey, England. Contib- ‘ore Rontett snd arclogies Mindy ana Typewriter Peeme. Publestion: The Quieter le (Vargo) Lora-Totino, Arrigo: Sora 1928 in Turin. Founded ‘sperma erew anepngi In 19603 module, 1966, Sexe numberof whch wen an Internation! anthology of oncrte poetry. Hi paintings, and poor i plexi ‘ove been widely exhibited since i rst one-man show in tian in 1959, A series of Ne chromate typewring tots wat pobised in De Talelrende, 1967. He te up ‘wich Carlo Belo the Muncum of Contemportry Poetry {Turin Organieed concrete poatryextition at Venice Biennale 968 Hs sund poetry, Poses, was published fn dee by Frans Mon, 197 (8 Nese 2m Rin), and By Souree, 971 (sue 0.9 Sacramento, Calfornn} Stove orn 947 in Barney, nglnd, but Ms Tved ta Toronto ence 1968. He hat been expe Imenting with langage darnegraon|remtaraion och fonialy tod viealy since 196. Has wxhbted 3 the ‘Stele Museum, Amsterdam, and in Seattgert Pars find London Hele oedtar of Gronk cofounder ‘tthe Toronto Reseirch Group (th 8. Nica) and tmomber of the sound postry enumble The Four Horse Ion. Puicacions: Creund Pon fr © Speaking Ci. 1970 (Anoebeyond res) Trostoes toe Best 1970 (Ging Pree: ope fret londscop, 1972 (Ganglia Gon): Coral fist pene 19677, 1973 (Coach Hose Pres: O's Watf 1973 (Cech House Pre}; Lou Ri legend, 179 (uszaug Eton). McDonough, Tim: born 1949 in Saginaw, Michigan ‘Werks in publhing in New Yorke Has rece exper: ‘mentee wth auceneepertiipaion sound poems and as risen 1 series of mature pears with Magic Marker en Jebycoinch poserbonrd. 1979 publtes srmallecie werson of Chyseape Modular Maral Poem’ tn Aasmbing, ind gave reading of “Piva the fester words In the dendom Hove Dictoa'y ef he Eglsh Lonuoge a he ‘Fenth Annual Avane Garde Are Fetal in New Yorke A ‘sletion of is poems appeared in Typewriter in 1974 Mayer, Peter: born 1925 in Bri. Tacha vital come pti Goleite’ Colege Landon Unirei) ‘Group (WOUP) of experimental poets. Makes 3D/film poome. Has lectured on viual poetry at Insuaate of Ecneemporary Aree and. Natioal "Poetry Contre London.” showed in “Europala. exhibion, Bolum 1974. Maghine coerbutions include saya and en ‘al arcs in Poetry Resew and Joural o Typographic esearch: Represented tn antholopes Mindy ed Tb ‘ter Poems Pietone Yin Yong cbe, 1968: Comme Ge gonme, 1970: Ermeats, 1972 Morgan, Rober: born 1930 in New York: Now Ives in London, where he works a eter in fim procucion tthe London Colloge of Printing. a3 fim decor S iny of televison docomensries~ and a freelance Graphic deiner. His coneibation here Is pare of i Feten forthe leave ot Henri Chopin's ecard Aspens Nannucci, Meuriio: bare 1939 in Florence. As wal at ‘exhibiting throughout Europe in ero shows since 196, fetes Rad 7 one-man shows between hi fst atthe foley La Cirize in Bret in 1965 and hs neon work tthe Salone Annunci n Pian in 1973, Member of he group of the Stadio dt Musica slecronca §2 FH, in Florence Has made object poems, books, mulls ahd researched Into the applicant athe computer In the ‘alu teal Eo [Nin Sich born 125 n Send pan Founder and teitor of magni for concrete pootry and spatial, ‘Rex 1904" Sine then hi conctee. Posty bas Been bites and anthologised in Europe end Amati. In tress, we ving in Par ealiecsted with Pere Garnier producing Pome fancepanet, 2 series of Viral tate which combine pager typed O9 npanase nen ehore'on Western typanrizer. Onean show at Weechae! Gallery, Londen, in T97H. Conerbutor te ‘rthologies Concrete hey» World View Aw Atha of Concrete Petey and ontaog of cocretin,Publeaions Include: Zea! On, 1943, Fanetseh = on Manga En trons, 1968" Mer (with Ise Carmien), 1986; Ups ond rarrtt, Simon; born 1950 in Wimbledon, London. dled a Croydon ar hoo! and Goldens’ Cale Exhibited pewter works at Wiagies Tape, Londo, nd’ Goldsmiths Callage in 1973. Works publaned In Mierophone (cover) and A Both in 1972. Publicson eae, 174 Pazarkcaya, Yokel: bore 1940 in lms, Turkey. Lives a Germany se writen pay for the tage ar elas tion ard povtry (rational and concrete). Con- Sauter to anthologies Kotete Pane eratora. 1966 (Hansjorg Meyer, Stttgar), and Tere Bier. Popovic, Zorn; torn 1944 In Jugelevia. Lives in Bel Sie otene babe netaled js eaereesreun yale {naira regia contrintar tothe review Signal. Core ‘ited co Jugesay eveneart performance at Demarco Galory ae sinbigh Fava, 1973 Publichedin anehalogy foxes, Riddell Alan; orn 1927 in Townville, Austral. Brought linturgh in HED Storied me Catto! poet but bop ‘writing concrete poetry in 1963, ster being Inerocoees {o the genre by lan Haron Fly. Pubmed se visa poem fn Eocousar In 1955. Wan Heinemaan Pri in [Rusa in 986 and South Arce Counel Pooty Prize in 1968: Onesnan conerate show a New 57 Galery, Eainburgh, In 97 Publewons: Beneth the Summer, [9st (aedonal, Eainourgh)s Mjercon Interioe1960 (Macdonald. Earburph): The Stopped Lonaeabe 1968 (Rye ne Ee cone poem (eer ‘Shiri, Toshio: born 1929 In Chis, Ipan. Photo- Erphor and zn rte st well a artist an poet Member of target’ roup VOU, founded in Tokyo a [938. Made ft ietorpietures in 96S, nd ine then ior heres extn npn te nt Stacey, Flora fF. Nothing & known of Flora Sescoy Seyond the far that in the late 1890 her typewriter raving were much admired in Brian for ther pala ‘ing sll an eateanchp Takahashi, Shhachieé: born 1932 In lap. Post and Drotopraper. Member of Japnese wantarde arte froup VOU. Lice his end Tostiiko Shimizs, has Fisted in mary iternsionl group shows. Oven Shs at Galler’ Yamagoa, Kiskam, 1961; Centro Tool Misr, 1971s Gri Senatora, Stature, I9TI. Publics ‘os: Ques, 1964; Vet. 1968: Ombre 1968: Tere #e50 ters feu, 190; Domaine eo" 197 ‘Themerson, Sfan born 1910 In Flac, Poling. With wife Pancake painter made several evant garde fms In Waraw in the 1930s Served in the Polih army in France during the Second’ World War and exaped to England ater Ue fll of France. Since the war har written Alnor extn Enlah Publications ude: oper? Inentl poetry" Sumnte Drereszeman 1962 (Gaber ocehus Pret} norls = Bam. 1949 (Ediwone Poetry oan). Cera Pasi, 196, and Tom Harti, 1967 (bork Gibarbochu) stories ~ Wf Waff r Who Kile Nicerd Wage? 1931. (Gnberbocts): and. esos factor 7.1956, Kor Schwiters i England, 1958, and ‘Apalinae’s Lyra! Kegroms 1968 ll Gaberbocen) ‘odorovie, Meojub; born 184) in Shape, Jugsovia Founder of Sgralam, an sane gir movernere apd eh elon of Sig ies maganine. Ha existed (n ineer fadinal grou shows aed fas bad ona Sows Jegevi Pableaons include: Mont 1965, Sgn 170, jer, 1970; Tt Starland. 1971; The igi a oxen Swimmer, 1971: Gift Pores, 1972: Certainly Milk lame ite 1972: Tir Silt Poems, 1973: Approaches. 197. Usrichs, Timm: born 1940 in Berlin. Staded architecture Hanover, 1959-6. Hs visual poetry. exes, ples, ‘bjt, fg and. aoeronmants avs’ Been shown in ‘Gera and itereationaly since 196. He s ow pro- ‘cing works of ta arden art body are nature sr, instant sre hoi at placebo ae ete Has had wiry. ve (Seeman shows. Conrbutor 16 arte of coer Prbleston ncuge Keres, 1966 Spon, 199% snd Welter n Tere 1989. \Valoch if: bon 1946 in Bro, Czachsovakia. Works In'princ rom of museum x Brno, where he aoa art critic and theert. His typewriter works have teen ‘widely published in magazines and is bjets have been thown in many exhibitions. Publications Inlades Tw [rom ronan ontleion parestore, T964 Mees. ‘ci 965; Por ete! 1967; and Sch. 1967 ‘Ward, .P: born 1937 in Flextome, England. Lectrer In Engh at University Cologe,Swansen “Organized ‘Wait Arts Cecil concrete poetry hibition in Carl 1909. Experimental and concrete pouty. publibed in Powtry Review, Time Out. Londen Megane, Contrasts Second Aeon nd in anthology Typewriter Poems. Publes- fiom, two colleclors of traditional poetry. The Other ‘Ma and The Lire of Kose Bath Christopher Deve) nd folder of conerat, Fem Abpabet to Lagos, 1972 (Second Reo, Werkman, H. N- 1882-1948. Born in Leens, Holand ner an sieiy corer ae + journalist, becme a stall {ebbing printer in the enriy 192019 the uniersty town [E-Groningen Seganto make one-of pies sing printers Stotvle= dy type rule, roller: and soon = 30 wall 2° pioneering typeoine’ on the eypewrcer. Was ordered by Nase ew dae bfore che Hberston of rorthere Holin in pi 1945, His eyograpicl oii Tey i apprsed in Herbert Spencer's Peers of Madera “ypegropy 1969 (Land Humphries). ana sare gover INDENT Werkmon, 1967 (Verag Aru Nig, ‘net Clue Gromer an Daniel Spore wth sath of wham Fe colborsea In Darmengt in founding the sare gee Imagine Matern 197. This war completly set on {ypewsters and ona of his paces here wat taken from Mrisue devoted to Willams own works now chet ttitor ofthe Something Eve Pass for whom he eed ‘an otsany of Concrete Poy I 1967. Pablctons I Glades 12 Varstons on 8 wards of Gerace Sti, 968; “Zenker, Helm; bor 1945 in Se Valentin, Austria. For {ina yee asthooiteaner, hel ow a frassnce write In Vlonna andthe Tyrol, Sine 1968 hs vl anes fave Zppeared in various magisines, including Wespennes Cover, Anigurium, Neues Forum, Essie tnd ‘Aeewoge, Conrbuter to anthology TerBider, Show of ‘ira! exert Camera Obscura, Vin 196, 9Acknowledgements For permision to print the works In thie book che {oloningsknowledgemens are made: Jeremy Adler: ‘Leahabid” from London Magazine an Wild § Rte: Mantraton from novel lfrmed Saree (970), co Faber & Faber se the nuthor “Zdanth Barbora: "Nine meditations on theme of Ko tothe Sod Museum and the author. [Andrew Belay Tran Sper from Landon Mageing, (0 ‘he muthor Mats G. Bengsson: Two pages from Nutcracker (Albert BomiorsFartag, 964, tothe author. cary Slate: Typewrter’ tthe author Cave Bremer! "Labret in unlebares_dbaraton ‘rom Cncrete Poetry on imran! erly Ladan Maguine Edcons, 1967) "Dove rom Tex der (P Button Schaubarg, 1972) and "anteman, 2 the ParietBeidgwater: “Anatomy of «tomate! from Imoged Words & Werded_ Images (Cuterbrgge & Dienstey. 1370)40 the auto bert Caldwel Sura’ from Typewriter, tothe thor "ord as lope (eoio Vis, 197) tothe sthoe ‘ene Chopin! ‘ir’ and “Graphic poem rom Le Dernier Rann ds Monde (4, Cyan, 1970) othe author Donato Cielo: “Ciyrape, 2a Crider & Boys and he author. Paula Claire: “Sex shany’ from Sauedoord (1972), 10 ‘Weitere Forum ane the author Cavin av othe author job Cobbing: "Whisper piece’ from The Ward et Image (Studio Visa 1910, fo che author: ‘Worm from Kisremeni (1967) apd “Beethoven today from Sole eps (1970), to Writers Foam an the author Denna W. A. Calg: Church, Duke of Edlnbargh and “Queen Basset tothe author. Kiser Peter Denker: “Announcement the author Pleero‘de Sagar Compontion’ Irom Rosees of Main Typorropy Lund Humphries. 196) so erbert Spencer Paul'de Vree: Untied from Eaplestlren (De Tfelrond, 196) ethaauthor:"Te Mra, Luther King “Ara the aa and “Utes a locery” from Zinprovsaes (De Tulslronde, 196), co the author. Reinhard DBM "Ral unter auc thesuthr. Francs M Newnan and Dr Edmonds ‘Amelia Eiger: United (paz (23) from De Tafironde he cover design rom Kanes, nthe author igh Fareeds"Ganch to te suthor. Raymond Federman: fage from novel Dale or Nethng ‘Gwliw Pros 1971) tthe author Luli Ferr:Chromati permaraton tothe author. Peer Finch: Texture poem fr the moors of sas rom Tyfewriter Peas (972), to Second Reon and the author se Garnier a lere Gurie). Pierre Garnier: Untitled from Prototypes (André Siar, 1964), coe author: Light fom Potmes rnc jopnels (sare Svaire, 966), co sien Nikuniand the author: ‘Deen ofthe Teutorie Knghs a Tannenberg from Tener (1, OsMone Schonberg, 1972) t0 thesuthor Nina’ trom Exqte Palatine (andra Sir, 197), 15 the authors "Vegetal sig" rom At ANDODAY of Concrete Poetry (Something Els Pres, 1967). 0 the Michael Gibb: “In defence of postry’feom Constatoe (973), 0 Second Aaon id the autho. ‘Tein Gray Hulse’ "Moon song” and “Hoon loom’ e2 the thor Robin Greer ‘Baduhit mantra from The Words Inpee {Stuco Vis, 1970 tothe seth a \Vaelv Havel" Extrangement (rom Modul, tothe autho Jost Hisal: 44th Go the Seaslfc Mascom and the ‘Will Hola: “Arab and “Police dog Tova, to the Brie “ypewrzer Mesum Josel Honys: Later eypogram’ tothe Stalk Museum. ‘Bom Spvetar Houbaards Sone wate’ irom The Word 3 ime (Stude Vist, 1970-0 the author: ‘Oracle Stupor “Groovy fora good Ling to hppen” and ta ted rand he ype, 0 te sata ‘ypereract from A tothe thor 4 Eine Jan: ‘eo from Sprecbsen (Hermann Lach and, 1970), 0 whe ashor Bengt El Johnson: ‘Homage to John Cage’ and untied ‘rem Escer am Bror Bask ech andra dtr (Abert Bonnirs Forlag, 1964). to te author .WBlem Kern Two pages from Medtaensmedestens meitetin (ew Rivers Pres, 1974) tothe nthor AETROIEY "Alber and “Tigusy” fam At Ant of “Concrete Pocry (Something lze Pre, 1967), tthe fathers “Fowles amt Tentidor”(M. DuMont Schasberg 1979, to the author: "Sranca” and’ ro AichireKorelanec:"Mullont” from ito! Languoge {Assembling Pras, 1970), tothe author. ‘Andrew Lloyd: “Sth dolphin wansmision” from Type ‘wer Poems (1972, o Second Aeon ad the author ‘rigo Lore Totine! Space’ from Caneee.Peaty= @ oid ew (rans Unversity Pre, 189, 0 te Stave MeCoery: Two pnaerom Corral (Coach House Press, 1973), to theater Tim MeDonouph: "byes the author Peter Mayor: cet ofthe "Yin Yang’ abe, the author Roser Morgan’ Hen Chopin’ to Tangent Records and The auhor aurslo Nance: "Black, White ané “Yellow 0 the akon. Sieh Nlikuni:"Lighe from Poemes francojopanal (Andee ‘Siire, 1960 t9Perre Gariar andthe author Simon Perit: “Grid and "Ctysrpe’ from Ato the uth. ‘dts Bzsraya:‘Guerilafrom Text-der(M, DuMont Schabera. 972, f0 te author ‘Zoran Popeve: ore of the ari’ wi’ from Text iger DuMont Stauber. 1972), tothe thor ‘Alan Rigas "Homage o Vasarely “The honey pot 2nd “Alacefrom Eclpe (1972) co Calder & Byars and the sutior; “Two fags from London Maguane, to the ther “Toshihiko Shimiau: “Six meditation’ to she author. Shohuchirs Tous: Wace nd, tothe author ‘Stefan Theerson: "Visa ext 0 Peter Mayer andthe Mirai Todorov: ‘Snake’ from Textile (M. DuMont ‘Schauberg, 1972) othe author. ‘Timm Ulric: ‘Condenaion’ from Aankrete posse (Pip Recham Jun, 972) nd Typotertrs to the author. vif Valoch: Une, tothe Seda seu and the Suthers and’ rem Cinrete Potty! 2 Wert View Uidians Universe ress, 1968) the author J.P Ward: ‘Scion through 2 traearunk from From Aipabe totapes (1973), tSacond Anon and the author HUN Werkman: Typeprite on pages 19.21, 2.24 25 sod 26,9 Groninger Moser: ypeprines on pages 20 n623 to tele Museum tmmece Willane: “Uke arse Uke” and A festive teaching ong inthe shape of 10 dna cape fom Gancret Pony: an itematenal onlay (London ‘Magesine Editon, 967), tothe suthor: and Prospect forvmagsin Meter ethe author. Helmut Zerker “Sindy fom TexeBlder (H. DuMont ‘Schsuberg, 1972) wo We author. rey fore en ean mde to tate the owseriip of Ccpvriche mate‘ ond make ful sckaowtedgement for Apart from hanhingallthe aris, poets ad eypogrphers wethout whose cooperation ths Book would now have oon pone, would lke to thane pareuarly the followog: ‘Avsander Molt, harman of the New 57 Gallery Com tntet, Edinburgh fort the ft place encouraging Hea ofan Inarnsional exhibton Of typewriter art an ‘then shawing eat he Now 5) In Nevorber 1973; Rehan ‘Alin, Babiion Conan oth Polytechnic af Centra tEndon for bringing the Edinburgh thw te the Con ‘burt Gallary, Londen in February 1974; Lsbeth Com tel Asitant Curator, Department of Applieg Art Steele Museum, Amterdom, for lending = mumber of {the Catchoslovak works for incision in the exhibitions td this book J van Loeren Marsinet Head of the Pritt eam, Steele Mare or lori ix Werktan aig als tthe Edinburgh shows Mark Haworth Booth, A= nt Keeper of Ciresaion Vitoria & Alert Masur for lending the Tom Edmonds type ticks tothe two shows tnd Mis Frances Me Newnan and. br Eémonés for Blowing thom to bs In the book; W. A. Beeching Direcor, British Typewnter Museum, Bournemouth, or Tending the Will Holts ealleyper tothe ewo shows ind ‘llowing them to be inthe Sook: Derae Norman for Photographing meny werks for the orginal exibion [indarker, ofthe Betas Coun forfclltaung ove phate: ‘raping ef the Houecard typeset Alen Barker, faoting& pre's eye over the Ineoduction, A. G:F. rego, of Pleman for unearthing Ms Stcey= buster fy from + mound of ed numbers ofthe Ponet Jourtal lays Bab Cobbing and Petar Mayer for helping co feverouy yeaig boot ao sozesig meso issIndex by author ‘Aaterlaremy 14,32, 40-1 Werkoanc HN 10,11 19,2021, 22,23,26,25,26 Bain Willard’. 14.76 Witte Emmett 13,8914 Barborka, Zdensk 129-37 Zenker Helmut 10.46 Bauhaus stedene 10, 12,27, 28,29 Boley. Ancren 10-63 Bergson, MatsG. 40,41 Bake, Cary 64 Bremer, Cus 13.48.49 Srigenen Pec Hi Caldwal Rabert. 6 {Gemeron, Charles 120 Chopin: Henet 45.72 (porrae of) 78 {inteao, Donato 39 Chae, Paste, 58 Gavin Hane. Cobbing, Bob 104,147, 148 Colins.Dannis W- A 15.68,70,71 Bence, Kau acer fuSaga Patra 10.12.20 Se Vees Pal” 47.54. 55.73 Deh Reintard Edmonds Tom 14,15. 1087 Etlinger Are 1, 12,123 Farwed goal 68 Federman, Reymond 77 Fervor LaiglEna-paprn 1, Finch Peeer 36 Gari, tbe 4653-58, (21 Gurl, Pleree 34, 46,8358, 121 Gibbs Plebael_ 7 Gray Hulse Tristan 37.60 Grea, Robin Ia vel Vic 67 Hira Joel 114 Holts Wil 1015, 65,66 Hong Jose Hovadird, Dam Speer 12,15, 62 83,84 85,86, 94 Shson Bengt Emil 42,143 Kola J 1435 42,42, 98, 116117 Kestelinecs Achard 14,118 Uioyd Anarow 139 LorsTonino,Acrgo. 7S Mayer Peer 99 McCay Stave 15108-9 Hederough,Tim 135, Morgan Robert 72 Nannoce, Mauricio 14.91.9293 Nin Sach 4 Parte Simon 10.38.62 Pacrkayn Yoko! "90 Popov Zoran 10,67 Rigel ls 52,95 1,12, ‘Shimis, Toshiko 102 Stay Fors -FFromipece, 10,1 Themarsan Seton 12,163 Tocorowe Hired $0 Girt Tm 1314815119 aloe 4. 8,118 Ward iP. Se? 124,127,128 Index by country Avstraia ‘Aan Riddell 52.95.11, 122 Petro de Saga 10,1230 Heimat Zenker 10, 46 PuldeVres 47,54 55.73 canada Steve MeCafery 15,1089 zechostovai densi Bartoree 129-37 SHE Role 1435.42, 4,98, 116,117 Seloen ‘Th 68115 net Chopin 45,78 ae Garnier 483,58 121 Porro Garman 34, $6 5,58, 121 Germany Beutavsstaden: 10, 12.27,28,29 Claus Bremer 13.48.99, lou Peter Bercker 74 Remhardant 13 Finn Ulriche 13, 14,01, 119 Holland HineClavia HIN Werkmar 10,1119 2021,22,23,2425,26 Inia Igoal Fareed 62 DorteoCniote 29 Lager Enpper, 14 110, 26527, 128 ‘Arrigo lorsTovno "73 Suro Nonmest 14,9, 92,99 Seen Nikuni 34 Toshiko sme 102 SkohachrS Tahal 144 ZoranPapevie 10,67 eve 50 Poland Sofia Themersea 12,103 Sweden Mase, Bongeson 14,141 Benge Emil Jobson 142, 43 Turkey ‘Yolod Peary, 90 United Kingdom Jeary Adler 1 33,40-1 ‘Andrew Seley 10.63 Patrik Beige 113 Charlee Cameron 120 . Puulciaee 1439 Bow Cobbing 144,147, 48 Denn W.A. Coline 1568.70.71 ‘Tomtsmonés 14 15,107 Peer Finch 36 Mlemel bbe 79 Trias Gry Halse 37.60 Robin Greer IO) it Helis 10,1565, 66 Dom Syltestar Housearé_ 12,15, 62 63, 4,85, 8 94, Andrew loyd 139 Simon Patric 10,38, 62 Flora kf Sacey rontpice 10,11 Le ware 37 United States WillrdS tae 14.76 Robert Caldwell "$1 ‘mela ogee 14122. 123 Wien Ker 6.97 fRovereMorsn 72 Emnte Wiliams 12,69, 45