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Isaac Newton wrote:

"That gravity should be innate, inherent, and essential to


matter, so that one body can act upon another at a distance
through a vacuum without the mediation of anything else, by
and through which their action and force may be conveyed
from one to another, is to me so great an absurdity that I
believe no man, who has in philosophical matters a competent
faculty of thinking, can ever fall into it."

EVU
Isaac Newton knew nothing about electricity, & as an intellectually
honest scientist he could not but state the consequences of his
research into gravity. Following these consequences The Electric
Vortex Universe now replaces the "Dead Gravity Universe" which less
judicious ever since have hotchpotched from the "laws of gravitation"
in their delusion that the gravitational formulae were the same as the
gravitational force. The EVU by simple observations, experiments & by
returning to logic arguments explains the natural events experienced by
mankind in historical times, as well as the preceding & ongoing natural
mechanisms prevailing in & governing the evolution of the universe
quantavolutionery processes from electric energy in its primary
aggregate form up to the creation of substances & their uniformly
driven movements throughout the universe.
The EVU rests on the Grundlegend Neue Erkenntnisse in Physik,
Chemie & Himmelsmechanik, ie New Elementary Perceptions in
Physics, Chemistry and Celestial Mechanics, as known since 1962.
The full German text is published in www.paf.li/erkenntnisse.htm,
English in www.paf.li/perceptions.htm. The replication of experiments
is, of course, left to anyone's option (though paf@paf.li would like to
hear about results which will easily prove the fundamental irrationality
& ludicrousness of all current & fundamental theories in physics,
astronomy, & history.

New Elementary Perceptions in


Physics, Chemistry and Celestial
Mechanics (1962)
English-German Glossary ............................................................................................................. 6
Part One ....................................................................................................................................... 7
The Function of Induction .............................................................................................................. 7
The Function of Induction .............................................................................................................. 7
The Formation of the South and the North Pole............................................................................. 9
The Law of Repulsion.................................................................................................................... 9
The Formation of the Annular System of the Iron Chips Grouped Around an Electric Conductor... 9
The Law of Induction of an Electric Conductor............................................................................. 10
Extra Current............................................................................................................................... 11
The Function of Induction of Chopped Direct Current.................................................................. 11
The Undulating Motion of the Nanoparticles ................................................................................ 12
The Thorough Explanation of Coulomb's Law ............................................................................. 12
Ohm's Law .................................................................................................................................. 13
The Cause of the Increasing Cross-section and Decreasing Length of the Lines of Force .......... 13
The Electromagnet ...................................................................................................................... 14
The Permanent Magnet............................................................................................................... 14
The Inhomogeneous Vortex Field of the Permanent Magnet....................................................... 15
The Experimental Proof of the Vortex Gradient on the Bar Magnet ............................................. 16
The Cause of the Iron Chip Patterns in the Magnetic Field .......................................................... 16
The Law of Induction of a Permanent Magnet ............................................................................. 17
Proof of the Existence of the Vortex Accumulation Effects........................................................... 19
The Function of the Transformer ................................................................................................. 21
The Skin Effect............................................................................................................................ 22

The Induction Process in a Current-generating Machine ............................................................. 23


The Induction of the Magnetic Field of the Earth.......................................................................... 24
The Induction Principle of Remote Transmission and Remote Reception.................................... 25
The Megavortex of the Earth ....................................................................................................... 26
The Flow Direction of the Megavortex Field of the Earth ............................................................. 26
The Solar Gigavortex................................................................................................................... 26
The Disturbances of the Gigavortex ............................................................................................ 26
Recording, Geomagnetic Differential Motor ................................................................................. 27
Parts of Characteristic Diagrams ................................................................................................. 28
The Actual Electricity of the Sun and the Earth............................................................................ 29
The Properties of the Actual Solar Electricity............................................................................... 30
The Nature of Heat and Coldness ............................................................................................... 30
The Cause of the Electric Resistance in a Conductor and of Thermal conduction ....................... 31
The Increase and Decrease of the Electric Resistance Due to Temperature Increase................. 31
The Law of the Thermoelectric Voltage Sequence ...................................................................... 31
The Nature of Thermoelectricity .................................................................................................. 32
The Cause of the Shift of the Hottest and Coldest Days of the Year............................................ 33
The Influence of the Actual Solar Electricity on the General Weather Situation ........................... 34
The Formation of Clouds and Hail ............................................................................................... 34
The Cause of the Absolute Zero Point......................................................................................... 34
Summary..................................................................................................................................... 35
1. Contact pressure (attraction) and repulsion ............................................................................. 36
2. Electricity................................................................................................................................. 36
3. Potential and actual geoelectricity ........................................................................................... 37
4. Geomagnetic field.................................................................................................................... 37
5. Heat ........................................................................................................................................ 38
6. Induction.................................................................................................................................. 38

7. Potential and actual lunar electricity ........................................................................................ 38


8. Negative electricity .................................................................................................................. 39
9. Planetary zero point................................................................................................................. 39
10. Positive and negative electricity............................................................................................. 39
11. Potential and actual solar electricity....................................................................................... 41
12. Prospects to new tasks.......................................................................................................... 41
Part Two ..................................................................................................................................... 43
The Primeval Phenomenon of Substance Formation................................................................... 43
The Formation of Substance ....................................................................................................... 43
The Cause of the Periodic System of Elements........................................................................... 49
Summary..................................................................................................................................... 51
Part Three .................................................................................................................................. 53
The Function of Gravity ............................................................................................................... 53
The Gravity Law .......................................................................................................................... 53
The Cause of the Atomic Weight and the Acceleration of the Fall................................................ 53
The Gravity Law .......................................................................................................................... 54
The Gravity Constant................................................................................................................... 55
Part Four .................................................................................................................................... 57
The Nature and Spreading of Light.............................................................................................. 57
The Nature and Spreading of Light.............................................................................................. 57
The Primeval Phenomenon of the Light Beam............................................................................. 57
Types of Refraction of Light......................................................................................................... 59
The Generation of the Spectrum in a Prism................................................................................. 60
The Formation of Normal Spectra................................................................................................ 65
Reflection of Light........................................................................................................................ 70
The Cause of Reflection .............................................................................................................. 70
The Radiometer........................................................................................................................... 70

Goethe's and Newton's Conception of Light ................................................................................ 70


A New Proposal for Measuring the Speed of Light Depending upon the Earth's Rotation............ 71
Summary..................................................................................................................................... 72
1. Light ........................................................................................................................................ 72
2. Spreading of light .................................................................................................................... 72
3. Speed of light .......................................................................................................................... 72
Part Five ..................................................................................................................................... 73
The Cause of Movement of Celestial Bodies ............................................................................... 73
The Cause of Movement of Celestial Bodies ............................................................................... 73
The Formation of Our Solar System ............................................................................................ 73
The Secret of the Sunspots ......................................................................................................... 74
The Gigavortex of the Sun........................................................................................................... 75
The Megavortices of the Planets ................................................................................................. 75
The Minivortices of the Moons..................................................................................................... 76
The Polar Position of the Planets and Moons Relative to the Sun ............................................... 77
The Cause of Planets and Moons Orbiting Around the Sun......................................................... 77
The Formation of the Elliptical Planetary Orbits ........................................................................... 77
The Cause of the Zodiacal Light and the Polar Light ................................................................... 77
The Years of Sunspot Maxima .................................................................................................... 78
The Cause of the Rotation of the Sun, the Planets and the Moons around their own Axes.......... 79
The True Cause of High Tide and Low Tide ................................................................................ 81
The Law of the True Lunar Orbit.................................................................................................. 81
The Peculiarity of Uranus ............................................................................................................ 83
The Cause of the Reverse Orbits of Some Moons....................................................................... 84
The Comets and the Formation of their Tails............................................................................... 84
The Comet Orbits and the Reverse Orbits of Some Comets........................................................ 85
The Spiral Nebulae...................................................................................................................... 86

The Milky Way System ................................................................................................................ 86


Proposal about the Construction of a Flow-bound Mini-satellite as an Anti-gravity Aerodyne ...... 86
Epilogue ..................................................................................................................................... 89

Glossar Glossary
Deutsch
Aktuelle Elektrizitt
Krfteball
Erdenelektrizitt
Grsstwirbel (zB. der Sonne)
Wrmestauung
Mondenelektrizitt
Kraftmass
Grosswirbel (zB. der Erde)
Kleinwirbel (zB. des Mondes)
Kleinstteilchen
Kleinstwirbel (zB. eines Kleinstteilchens)
Erkenntnis
Lichtrakete
Potentielle Elektrizitt
Anpressung
Sonnenelektrizitt

English
Actual electricity
Energy ball
Geoelectricity
Gigavortex
Heat accumulation
Lunar electricity
Measure of force
Megavortex
Minivortex
Nanoparticle
Nanovortex
Perception
Photonic rocket
Potential electricity
Pressing-on
Solar electricity

Part One
The Function of Induction
The Function of Induction

Our present imagination of the lines of force of magnetic and electric fields is based mainly on the
iron chip images of permanent and temporary magnets and live conductors. The characteristic iron
chip images generated by scattering iron chips on a sheet of paper above a magnet or an electric
conductor are schematically illustrated in Figs. 1 through 4. As these so-called lines of force are
unique in the entire scope of physics without any similar phenomena, they still have a particular
position without a scientific foundation. Thus, as it is impossible to compare these line of force
shapes with any other physical phenomena, nobody knows until now what to do with them.
However, the explanation of the entire complex of magneto-electric phenomena depends upon the
correct explanation of these shapes. Indeed, whoever is able to correctly explain these line of force
shapes holds the key to all kinds of phenomena and motion in physics, chemistry, and celestial
mechanics in his hand. When dealing with the basic and initial problem of electricity research, our
imagination about these line of force systems immediately led us into a dead-end street from which
we have been unable to find a way out up to now. What would we have thought about the cause of
magnetism and its phenomena if we had not had these very illustrative iron chip images before us!
Certainly we would not have easily developed the ideas of line of force arrangements in magnetic
and electric fields if our attention had not been positively directed to these ideas. Without the
characteristics of the iron chip images, we might perhaps have developed hypotheses more closely
to the real situation in parallel to known physical phenomena.
Now an attempt is made to illustrate the formation of the characteristic iron chip images.
When one looks to the generation of the iron chip images as the result of a flow law in analogy to
aero- and hydrodynamics, fully concrete ideas about vortices and their flow and accumulation
effects are gained instead of the abstract particular position of the line of force shapes. Everywhere
in nature we find inhomogeneous flow fields, i.e. wherever, for example, air or water flows occur
we do not find uniform homogeneous but non-uniform inhomogeneous flow velocities. These nonuniform flow velocities which may result from friction or other forms of resistance always cause the
formation of vortices which can be easily observed in wind and water flows. One can say that

wherever inhomogeneous flow fields occur a basis for the formation of vortices is present. Now
what is the story behind those vortices? Many years ago, the entire civilized world regarded
Flettner's rotor ship as a tremendous sensation. It is a ship equipped with rotating cylinders instead
of sails. If a cylinder is allowed to rotate in a flow, a vortex field is generated within this flow
because due to the friction on the cylinder, the medium surrounding it is entrained in the same
rotating direction. Fig. 5 illustrates the principle of Flettner's rotor. The air flow is represented by
simple arrows. Within this flow a cylinder rotates in the direction marked by a circular arrow. The
air engaging the cylinder is entrained by it in the same rotating direction due to the effect of friction.
Now the following effect occurs:
On the left side, the cylinder moves in the same direction as the air flow, but on the opposite right
side the air flow moves opposite to the rotating direction of the cylinder. As the velocities increase
on the left side while decreasing of the opposite right side due to the counterflow occurring here, a
suction effect builds up on the left side and a pressure or compression on the right side. This
phenomenon is known in physics as Magnus's effect. The cylinder tends to move from the pressure
to the suction side. To be exact, this means the generation of an inhomogeneous field because the
velocities are higher on the suction side than on the pressure side.

Fig. 6 shows a natural inhomogeneous field caused by a water jet, let's say from a fire engine. The
air surrounding the water jet is entrained by the water jet in its moving direction wherein the
velocity is higher in the direct vicinity of the jet and decreasing in proportion to the distance from
the water jet. One can say that the velocity of the entrained air decreases as the distance from the
water jet increases. So we are facing a positively inhomogeneous flow field of the air. Now if we
place an object such as a cylinder or a ball within this inhomogeneous flow field, Magnus's effect
occurs exactly as with Flettner's rotor. Namely, a vortex is formed which, due to the
inhomogeneous field, has its higher flow velocity on the left side of the ball facing the water jet and
the lower flow velocity on the right side of the ball. As a consequence, there is a buildup of suction
and pressure the effect of which moves the cylinder or ball obliquely to the flow, i.e. opposite to the
water jet. Thus, Magnus's effect acts in both examples. In order to impart to the cylinder or ball a
movement transversely to the flow direction, it does not matter whether such object is rotated in a
homogeneous field or whether it is not rotated in an inhomogeneous flow field.
Now let us look at an electric conductor according to Fig. 7 from the point of view of an
inhomogeneous flow field assuming that what we perceive in its effect as an electromagnetic field
around an electric conductor was nothing but a weak outer parallel continuation of the inner current
flow. So when we place an iron particle into this flow field we find the same rectangular motion
phenomena as in the water and air flow examples described above. The author asks to firstly accept
what is called "flow" herein as a hypothetical "flowing thing" until at an appropriate point the
necessary preconditions for a more detailed explanation are provided. One might object that there
were no way to talk about a current flow outside the electric conductor as even the most accurate
instruments were unable to detect such flow. However, the impossibility of measuring such a flow

becomes understandable when one figures the field to be filled with vortex cores which during an
even current flow remain in a static condition. A further explanation will be attempted below.
When we place a number of ferromagnetic bodies (iron particles) side by side on a plane extending
at a right angle to the electric conductor according to Fig. 8, a south and a north pole are formed.

The Formation of the South and the North Pole


Each of the individual bodies shown in the drawing as ferromagnetic cylinders is surrounded by a
vortex in the same rotating direction, i.e. clockwise with regard to the cylinders on the right side of
the electric conductor and counterclockwise with regard to the cylinders on the left side, as shown
in Fig. 8. Let us take hereinafter this counter-rotation as the polarity which is designated by a white
half cylinder as the south pole and a black half cylinder as the north pole in all respective
illustrations and projections. The author denotes the pole facing the earth's north pole as south pole
as it is also usual in a number of other countries. This choice was not arbitrary but based on the
considerations about the pole regularity of our solar system in the last part of this paper. Figures
shown later in this document also show magnetic needles or balls instead of the cylinders. when we
think of swiveling our viewing direction by 360 around the electric conductor we find that of
course all cylinders grouped around the electric conductor have the same sense of rotation.

The Law of Repulsion


As illustrated in Fig. 8, we find opposite flows between the individual bodies caused by the same
sense of rotation of the vortices, and thus an accumulating effect similar to Magnus's effect which
mutually repels the bodies from one another in accordance with their intrinsic flow intensity. As the
parallel flow decreases as the distance from the electric conductor increases, the vortex intensity of
the ferromagnetic bodies decreases as well. Therefore, the mutual spaces between the bodies must
decrease outwards at the same proportion up to a particular space defined by the intensity of the
earth's field, of course neglecting the friction resistance between the bodies and the substrate.

The Formation of the Annular System of the Iron Chips Grouped Around an
Electric Conductor

9
Fig. 9 shows an axial view of the body plane A-B in Fig. 8. In this figure, we immediately perceive
the known annular system of the iron chips grouped around an electric conductor. This annular
system is the natural consequence of the like sense of the vortex flows and the resulting mutual
repulsion of the polar bodies radially arranged side by side. The annular system is inevitably formed
and can be most easily explained in analogy with the vortex flow laws pertaining to water and air.

Thus, this annular system has absolutely nothing to do with the very popular experimental evidence
of a single pole circular movement around an electric conductor.

The Law of Induction of an Electric Conductor

10
Now, if we imagine, as shown in Fig. 10, a number of such annular systems being arranged
alongside the electric conductor, the distances between the individual annular planes would again be
the result of the repulsion or the intensity of the vortices rotating in the same sense. In this case,
however, one would not perceive anything of a parallel flow alongside the electric conductor but
only a vast number of individual vortices. But as these individual vortices would be at fixed
positions under conditions of a constant current flow, we would perceive the entire vortex field as a
static field in spite of the internal current flow. Let us firstly assume for a better understanding of
the following that the entire vortex system according to Fig. 10 consisted of firmly anchored
resistances within a water or air flow caused by mutual repulsion, the main flow of which would
occur in the center, i.e. instead of the electric conductor. If we moved a channel provided outside
the vortex field parallel to the main flow against, i.e. obliquely to, the main flow (feathered arrow 1)
with its open side at a right angle, we would generate in the channel a flow opposite to the main
flow in accordance with the affected vortex side. If we exceeded the center of the main flow with
this channel continuing in the same moving direction or if we swiveled the channel by 180 and
brought the open part back to the initial position, we would have in both cases, due to the internal
affection of the vortex sides, a reversion of the flow inside the channel, i.e. we would have the same
flow direction as the main flow. If we tried to swivel the channel by 90 and to move it towards the
main flow direction (feathered arrow 2), we could not realize any flow inside the channel because
the opposite flows of the right and left vortices would cancel each other inside the channel.
Although these flow laws apply to water and air, they correspond in all their movements in
principle with induction. Let us return to our hypothesis about the energy field flowing in parallel to
the electric conductor and let us think of the visible ferromagnetic bodies as unperceivable material
nanoparticles, so we again face a vortex field regularly grouped around the electric conductor the
effect of which is an electromagnetic, static field. If we replaced the channel by a wire and
connected its ends to a galvanometer, we can observe in the latter that, if moved in the same
directions as with the channel, the induced current has the same directions. One might thus assume
that the vortices of the nanoparticles having a charge of a certain intensity depending upon their
distance from the electric conductor deliver their charges in the direction present at the affected

vortex side. The opposite vortex side is not affected because the particles have to stop at the surface
of the electric conductor, i.e. are unable to pass through it.

11
Starting from the idea that initially no current flows through the electric conductor, we have to
assume that substances are grouped around the conductor which normally are subject to the
horizontal intensity of the earth's field and are spaced apart accordingly. If we sent a galvanic
current through the electric conductor according to Fig. 11, according to our hypothesis the
nanoparticles grouped around the electric conductor are charged according to the current intensity
and their distance from the electric conductor so that they repel one another as strong as their vortex
intensity allows. According to our hypothesis, we would have generated a potential of the magnetic
field, so-to-speak a positive magnetic pressure which would be largest at the electric conductor and
which would outwardly decrease to zero. Thus, the nanoparticles subject to the earth's horizontal
intensity would exercise from the outside a concentric pressure onto the vortex field of the electric
conductor which on the other hand provides a counter-pressure of the same strength. Both vortex
fields would be in a state of mutual equilibrium. (This mutual dependence easily allows measuring
an unknown field using a known field.) During repulsion, the nanoparticles wander rectangularly
outward according to Fig. 11 and deliver their charge - as it represents a positive magnetic pressure
- towards the affected vortex side to the adjacent induction conductor with the direction, as in our
channel example, being opposite to the main flow.

Extra Current
As the nanoparticles located in the interstices between the molecules of the electric conductor also
wander rectangularly from the periphery of the conductor towards its central axis when the electric
circuit is closed, they deliver their charges to the electric current itself with their direction being
opposite to the current direction in the conductor (extra current). If the circuit is opened, the
nanoparticles wander back to their original positions in accordance with the intensity of the earth's
field and this time affect the induction conductor with the inner vortex side so that the induced
closing current has the same direction as the main current. In case of alternating current, the vortex
directions alter in correspondence with the alteration of the main current.

The Function of Induction of Chopped Direct Current

It becomes easily clear from this vortex kinematics that a so-called chopped direct current also
results in an induced alternating current the directions of which can be determined with equal
accuracy. For induction, it is principally unimportant whether the nanoparticles are moved in a
reciprocating manner or whether they are left together with their vortices at their position as a static
field while having the induction conductor affect the vortex sides. Likewise, it is unimportant to let
the induction coil stationary while moving the electric conductor including its static vortex fields in
a reciprocating manner.

The Undulating Motion of the Nanoparticles


The above description of the function of nanoparticles during opening, closing or altering the
current clearly illustrates the undulating motion of the nanoparticles. In the moment of closing, the
nanoparticles of the earth's field are driven outward in an undulating motion due to the increasing
vortex intensity causing a mutual repulsion in accordance with the velocity of the progressing
current, while on opening the current they are pushed back to their point of origin also in an
undulating motion due to the static pressure of the earth's field. The faster the interruptions or
directional alterations of the current, the shorter the undulating motions of the nanoparticles.

The Thorough Explanation of Coulomb's Law

12
This vortex kinematics is in no way contradictory to the existing basic mathematical principles of
the magnetic field. On the contrary: Coulomb's law indeed derives from it its thorough explanation
and logical interpretation. This law cannot be applied to free poles, as we know that such poles do
not exist, but it applies to the two-pole nanoparticles which are mutually repulsive due to their
ascending vortex. As all vortices have the same sense of rotation, all north poles are located on one
side and all south poles on the other. When we designate the mechanical force with which two
nanoparticles repel each other as P, the force or vortex intensity of the repulsion of the one particle
as M1 and that of the other particle as M2 and the distance between both particles as l, and when we
assume a constant to define the state of the space between the particles, we find that the mechanical
force with which the two nanoparticles move away from each other due to their opposite vortex
flows is P=(M1M2)/12 Dyn as an absolute measure. We can also demonstrate Coulomb's law in a
very illustrative manner by generating water or air eddies. If one makes two balls attached to a
flexible shaft at a distance l rotate in the same direction within a liquid or in the air, the balls are

repelled from each other with the force P due to the accumulating effect created between the two
balls in accordance with the momentum, i.e. the generated vortex intensity.

Ohm's Law
Ohm's law, too, finds a complete and satisfactory explanation by vortex kinematics wherein
a) the voltage of the current corresponds with the vortex intensity and/or the distance between the
nanoparticles of a conductive substance,
b) the amperage corresponds with the vortex density, and
c) the resistance corresponds with the vortex-related accumulating effect occurring between the
particles.
Hence the vortex density is proportional to the vortex intensity, i.e. the distance between the
nanoparticles while the vortex density is inversely proportional to the vortex-related accumulating
effect.
Vortex density = vortex intensity / vortex-related accumulating effect
Vortex intensity = vortex density vortex-related accumulating effect
Vortex-related accumulating effect = vortex intensity / vortex density

Also, the existing conception of tubes or lines of force is clearly and unambiguously explained by
vortex kinematics.

The Cause of the Increasing Cross-section and Decreasing Length of the Lines of
Force
According to the aforementioned, the nanoparticles located one behind the other form, so to speak,
a chain; the north pole of one particle is always directed to the south pole of the other nanoparticle.
As a consequence, a tensile force is generated in longitudinal direction as shown in Fig. 12. So,
such a nanoparticle chain would be nothing but a line of force. If, as assumed in our example,
several such lines of force or better chains of force are located side by side, the mutual repulsion of
the nanoparticle vortices generates a pressure force transversely to the direction of the tube of force.
Thus, all characteristics applied to the lines of force such as an increasing cross-section and a
decreasing length are clearly explained by this conception. However, in vortex kinematics the
relation between the so-called density of the lines of force and the number of lines of force is
opposite to the previous conception. In vortex kinematics, the maximum density possible of lines of
force will logically have only one nanoparticle chain per square centimeter, and the field strength l
will gather the largest number of chains on the square centimeter. This easily becomes clear from
this point of view because the mutual distance between the nanoparticles is greatest at the highest
vortex intensity and smallest at the lowest intensity. As a consequence, the intensity of the lines of
force is greatest when the square centimeter comprises the lowest number of nanoparticle chains
while being lowest when the largest number of such chains is located on that square centimeter.
Now, the claw of induction shall be explained in more detail from the viewpoint of this vortex
hypothesis and in connection with permanent and temporary (electro-) magnets. It will become
clear that this vividly described vortex kinematics can be applied very well and successfully to

theory and practice as it explains extremely complex processes in a very illustrative and simple
manner.
If one looks at the deeper regularity of magnetic fields and at the induction of permanent and
temporary magnets logically following the vortex hypotheses, one arrives at surprising and
unambiguous explanations of numerous phenomena of magnetism and electricity.
Let us first assume that a vortex field is nothing but a parallel flow concentrically arranged around a
pole axis, so it will become obvious that the field of a current conductor in the form of a rollershaped coil (solenoid) found to be a parallel flow forms kind of a circulating vortex flow the front
sides of which have to be north or south poles depending upon the flow direction.

The Electromagnet
If a soft iron bar is arranged at the center of the axis of such a flowing vortex, we have an
electromagnet the poles of which correspond exactly to the poles of the flowing vortex. This
electromagnet retains its magnetic properties as long as it is exposed to a flowing vortex.
If the vortex is switched off by interrupting the current in the coil or by making the vortex
ineffective by putting on a second coil wound in the opposite direction which generates a countervortex or by initially providing for only one coil having a bifilar counter winding, the magnetic
properties of the coil as well as of the soft iron bar disappear. When the flow intensities of the two
counter vortex fields differ, it is clear that the iron bar becomes magnetized in accordance with the
intensity difference.

The Permanent Magnet


So it seems that the only difference between an electromagnet (temporary magnet) and a permanent
magnet lies in the fact that an electromagnet has an artificially generated vortex field while a
permanent magnet has a natural one, the vortex flow intensity of which must be of the same
strength as that of an electromagnet of equal capacity. Here the decisive question suggests itself
immediately about the origin of this natural vortex field of the permanent magnet. This question
inevitably arises when one looks at the vortex fields, and it is not difficult to find the correct answer
to this significant question when one consistently walks on the path described herein. The context
of all considerations will have to show whether this answer corresponds to the plain truth, for one
finally may, in all probability, consider those findings as true which are supported by logical
thought and comprehensive observation. The natural vortex field of the permanent magnet is in
itself the result of the inhomogeneous flow of an even larger vortex field which we will discuss
further in the course of our investigation.

13
Let us first try to find out in the light of our above considerations whether a vortex field can be
found in case of the permanent magnet and whether this field fits into our above view with respect
to the pole arrangement. Fig. 13 shows a bar magnet with a number of magnetic needles arranged
on the axis plane which might be substituted by iron chips as well. One glance at this figure shows
clearly that the north poles of the magnetic needles face the south pole of the bar magnet while the
south poles of the magnetic needles face the bar magnet's north pole. We had found out in our
above considerations that a magnetic needle or a ferromagnetic substance always takes a position in
which its vortex axis is at a right angle relative to the flow direction and that in this case the south
pole of the needle is always located on the left side if the electric conductor above the needle
extends away from the viewer (Fig. 8 and 9).
When we mentally apply this fact to our example according to Fig. 13, we surprisingly discover that
indeed there is a vortex flow around the axis of the bar magnet, presenting a descending trend at the
poles and an ascending trend in the neutral zone. The descending and ascending direction of the
vortex flow is perceivable from the positions of the magnetic needle.

The Inhomogeneous Vortex Field of the Permanent Magnet


Although our example does not provide for an electric conductor arranged at the poles in a coil-like
shape, but in the same sense the more dense flow of the inhomogeneous vortex is directed inwardly
near the poles while the more dense flow of the inhomogeneous vortex is directed outwardly in the
neutral zone and at both sides thereof. The dots on the left side of Fig. 13 represent the arrow tips
directed towards the viewer while the crosses on the right side represent the arrow feathers, i.e. an
arrow direction away from the viewer. So, in case of the permanent magnet we see a vortex flow
descending from the outside towards the poles and ascending from the neutral zone towards the
poles. When we look at the direction of the vortex flow, i.e. the position of the magnetic needles,
we find the north and south poles exactly on the same side as in case of the artificially generated
vortex field of an electromagnet or solenoid. With a view to the vortices flowing down to the poles
and the vortices flowing from the neutral zone up to the poles it is not contradictory to common
sense to assume with regard to the permanent magnet that a streaming-in occurs at the poles and a
streaming-out occurs at and near the neutral zone. In anticipation of our considerations below, let us
designate the matter which streams in and out shortly as "actual solar electricity".

The Experimental Proof of the Vortex Gradient on the Bar Magnet

14
Strictly speaking, the vortex flows facing the poles must have a certain gradient so that the magnetic
needles located within these flows show a certain deviation from the poles because they - as we
have seen in the parallel flow field of the electric conductor - always take a position at a right angle
relative to the flow. Fig. 14 schematically shows how the actually existing gradient of the pole
vortices can be proven by a simple experiment. The figure shows a bar magnet A arranged so as to
pivot around its south pole in an inclined position l, a soft iron bar B rotatably suspended on the
elongated inclination axis of the former and provided with a mirror C, and further a light source D
for projecting the mirror's deflection. Before starting the experiment, the iron bar is brought into the
inclination position without the influence of the bar magnet in order to hopefully prevent a later
twisting of the silk thread. As the deflections, i.e. the vortex gradients, are fairly low, it is
recommended to use a light beam index having a minimum length of three to five meters. Now, if
one swivels the bar magnet A from its position 1 into position 2, a definite vortex diameter of the
south pole enters the region of the iron bar B with the latter moving into a position rectangularly to
the vortex gradient or vortex flow thus making the light beam index deflect from its central position
into position 2. If after recording the index deflection the bar magnet is swung from position 2 via
position 1 into position 3, the opposite vortex diameter enters the region of the iron bar and again
aligns it rectangularly. As both opposite vortex gradients are offset relative to each other by twice
the angle ratio at their contact diameters, we observe a light beam index deflection being twice as
large as in the first case. In correspondence with the vortex gradient, the direction of movement of
the index deflection indicates the flow direction of the vortex. As the gradient is nearly indiscernible
near the pole, it is best to suspend the iron bar at some distance from the bar magnet.

The Cause of the Iron Chip Patterns in the Magnetic Field


As in our previous considerations, intrinsic vortices flow around the individual magnetic needles,
too. As all vortices of the magnetic needles have the same flow sense, an accumulation of the
opposite flows occurs between the needles. Thus an accumulation effect occurs which forces the
needles to be mutually repulsive.
If we use iron chips instead of magnetic needles, this mutual repulsion creates the characteristic
lines of the iron chip patterns (cf. Fig. 1-4). The flow intensities of the smaller vortices are

proportionate to the flow intensity of the main vortex, i.e. the bar magnet. Large intensities result in
large distances between the iron chip lines and large ranges of the chip pattern while low intensities
result in short distances and small ranges.
The aforementioned considerations show that the entry of a resistance into an inhomogeneous flow
field a vortex emerges the flow direction of which is always in the same sense as the more dense
and intensive side of the flow field. If an even smaller resistance is immersed into such a vortex it is
logical that within the vortex flow a respective smaller vortex flow must be generated the flow
sense of which depends upon the first vortex flow, namely again upon the more dense, mire
intensive side of the vortex field. One might continue in this manner up to the nanovortex of a
nanoparticle and on the other hand up to the megavortex of a spiral nebula "spiral nebula".
Now let us become familiar with the effect of induction of a bar magnet.

The Law of Induction of a Permanent Magnet

15
Let us assume that the bar magnet shown in Fig. 15 is surrounded by invisible material
nanoparticles as discussed in the context of Figs. 10 and 11. In the present figure, these
nanoparticles are shown as balls in the axis plane of the bar magnet at a very large magnification
with their south poles being defined by black areas and their north poles by white areas to provide a
clearer illustration of the polar pattern. It is clear from the aforesaid that these nanoparticles within
the large vortex of the bar magnet have their respective nanovortices so that they all, due to their
flow intensity, repel each other and are, like the visible iron chip pattern, invisibly arranged
according to the intensity distribution of the descending and ascending flow vortices of the bar
magnet. The flow directions of the nanovortices are marked by small arrowed ellipses. A number of
larger loops are drawn within this field of nanovortices to schematically denote an induction coil,
i.e. a coil having several wire windings. The loop side facing the viewer is provided with an arrow
denoting the direction of the induced current if the loop or induction coil is moved in the direction
of the feathered arrows.
It can be seen from the drawing of the nanoparticles that their polar axes at each location are at
different angular positions relative to the polar axis of the bar magnet. It is therefore difficult to
achieve a high degree of induction efficiency. Similar to the bar magnet which provides an

ascending vortex, or better a vortex streaming out, from the neutral zone towards the poles on both
sides, we find a vortex streaming out from the neutral zone of the nanoparticles. It is clear that in
case of a nanoparticle a stream of force can only be found at the ascending vortices of the neutral
zone, while it is impossible to detect it on the descending, in-streaming vortex sides, i.e. on the pole
sides because the particles are packed closely together. It is this ascending vortex streaming out the
potential of which is led off at a movement of the vortex field or the induction coil in the direction
of the impinged vortex flow.
If we look at Fig. 15 with this in mind, we can easily identify the movement of the coil most
effective for induction. We see that the most vortex potential can be derived in the direction of an
axial movement while at the same time maintaining a concentric coil position. So it is highly
interesting to determine with reference to this figure to which direction the induced or derived
current flows in the coil when it is moved in the direction of the feathered arrows. When we at first
move the coil axially and concentrically with the axis of the bar magnet towards the north pole of
the bar magnet, only a weak derivation or induction can be found in the coil due to the only partial
contact of the windings with the ascending vortices of the nanoparticles. If the movement towards
the poles is continued, the contact with the ascending vortex sides of the nanoparticles surrounding
the north pole of the bar magnet increases so that a considerable current increase can be observed.
This direction of movement of the induced current on the north pole side of the bar magnet is
counterclockwise in accordance with the impinged vortex sides of the nanoparticles. When we
continue to move the coil in the same direction, we more and more encounter the descending polar
flow or the south pole sides of the nanoparticles the nearer we come to the neutral zone. As we have
mentioned before, the pole sides of the nanoparticles are not provided with an outwardly directed
potential so that no current can be derived or induced here. If we move the coil beyond this zone
towards the south pole of the bar magnet, we again and increasingly encounter the outflowing
vortex sides of the nanoparticles. But as we this time impinge on the rear side of the nanovortices,
the current in our induction coil alters its direction. Here, on the south pole side of the bar magnet,
we have a clockwise current direction. The current increase and decrease at the south pole side is
similar to that at the north pole side when the coil movement continues. If we now move the coil
backward towards its original position, we impinge on the nanovortices in each polar zone always
on the opposite side. As a consequence, the direction of the induced current is opposite to the first
movement direction.
If we now move the coil away from the axis center of the bar magnet but parallel to it, it is clear that
we induce only a small portion of current compared with the concentric movement described above.
It can be seen in Fig. 15 that, away from the axis of the bar magnet, we derive only the difference of
the flow intensity between the nanoparticles near to the poles and those located farther away. If
there were no difference between the vortex intensities, an induction would be impossible because
we have an equal flow sense of the nanovortices away from the bar magnet and because these
nanovortices would cancel out each other in the coil as was described with reference to the channel
example. Of course, the direction of the induced differential current depends upon the flow
direction of those nanovortices which are located near the poles and thus have a larger flow
intensity. When we move the coil within the neutral zone of the bar magnet towards the latter, we
again impinge on the ascending vortices of the nanoparticles and derive their potentials in the coil.
Here, too, we induce the difference between the nearer and the farther nanovortices. During the
backward movement, we impinge on the vortex sides facing the bar magnet and thus obtain a
reversion of the current direction.
The derivation of the potential of the nanovortices means that a movement of the nanoparticles
themselves or the coil during the impingement acts as a forced intervention into the static balance
condition of the nanovortices and thus generates a potential or gradient towards the original
balanced state. Due to their mutual vortex repulsion within the main vortex of the bar magnet, the

nanoparticles are, so to speak, firmly anchored resistances which make way only for forces being
stronger than the forces of their own mutual support. Without moving, the nanoparticles thus are in
a condition of static balance. In the very moment, however, in which only one single nanoparticle is
expelled from its static coherence by means of a coil or the like, a gradient towards its original
position is created. Thus, the vortex of the nanoparticle flows towards the facing side of the coil
wire and transfers, in accordance with the gradient created, its flow in the same direction to the coil
wire. So, the generation of the induction current is connected with a mechanical working power
which according to the energy principle is the energetic equivalent to the electromagnetic power of
the induction current.

16

17

With regard to the induction processes schematically illustrated in Fig. 15 it has to be added that it
is not the same whether the induction coil is slid along the bar magnet in a right-hand or left-hand
manner. Although the direction of the induction current is not altered at all, mistakes might be made
if one neglected to take care of the pole alteration of the coil connections when the coil is turned
around. Again, this example proves the logical consistency of the perceptions of the induction
processes described here. Fig. 16 shows a left-hand coil with the view direction towards the north
pole of the bar magnet of Fig. 15. If this coil to which a galvanometer is connected is moved away
from the viewer, the impinged flow sides of the nanovortices transfer their flows in the same
direction to the coil, i.e. counterclockwise. On the other hand, Fig. 17 shows the coil after being
turned by 180 so that its windings appear ascending to the right. At the same movement of the coil
and the same direction of the induction current, the galvanometer suddenly changes because the
turning of the coil was not accompanied by an alteration of the poles of the coil connections.

Proof of the Existence of the Vortex Accumulation Effects


The following experiment provides another clear proof of the existence of the vortex accumulation
effects. As with most of the experiments mentioned herein, the author predicted the course of the
individual rotation directions of the liquid in the various flow portions of the bar magnet. Fig. 18
shows as a cross-section along the line A-B a glass vessel into which a bar magnet was immersed.
Above and below the magnetic poles, two conical metal rings 1 and 2 are arranged, respectively.
Around the magnetic poles, two metal disks 3 and 4 are attached, respectively, while two metal
cylinders 5 and 6 surround the so-called neutral zone of the magnet. The space in between is filled
by some polar groupings of highly magnified nanoparticles as well as a conductive liquid which
fills the glass vessel nearly up to its rim. The drawing below the glass vessel shows the crosssection along C-D including the metal cylinders 5 and 6. The partial view left of the cross-section
A-B shows in the view direction E the upper conical metal rings 1 and 2. The two partial views
right of the cross-section A-B show the metal disks 3 and 4 surrounding the poles in the view
directions F and G, while the partial view at the lower right side illustrates the lower conical metal
rings 1 and 2 in the view direction H. If a plus and minus voltage is supplied to the conical metal

rings and the cylinders according to the drawing with each voltage coming from a separate battery,
i.e. from a total of 5 batteries, the entire liquid rotates in the sense of the feathered arrows in the
drawing. If the plus and minus poles, e.g. of the conical metal rings 1 and 2, are exchanged, the
liquid rotates within these portions in the opposite direction although the rings and cylinders 3, 4
and 5, 6 maintain the same rotation direction as described above. If now the plus and minus poles of
the metal cylinders 5 and 6, too, the liquid rotates in exactly the same direction as the portions of
the upper and lower metal rings 1 and 2 the poles of which had been altered before while the
portions 3 and 4 maintain their opposite direction. When we have a somewhat closer look on the
various drawings, we can easily conceive the causes of the directing pulses. Firstly, we find that
part of the nanoparticles are metal ions which due to the battery current migrate from the plus
metals to the respective minus metals. As soon as the metal ions have left their plus rings and disks,
they are surrounded by the helical flows of the bar magnet (as shown in Fig. 15) and therefore take
their respective polar position during the migration according to Fig. 18. The same applies to the
nanoparticles of the liquid. The direction of the ionic helical vortices is determined by the direction
of the descending and ascending vortex flow of the bar magnet, while the migration direction of the
ions or nanoparticles depends upon the direction of the battery current. As can easily be seen in the
drawings, accumulating effects, i.e. pressure forces, emerge on one side of the nanoparticles due to
the opposite flow directions of the vortices as well as of the battery current, while suction forces
emerge on the equidirectional flow side which forces make the ions or nanoparticles rotate around
the bar magnet in the direction of the feathered arrows. The effect of the pressure and suction forces
can be conceived very easily in all figures from the arrows denoting the flow of the battery current
and the vortex arrows of the ions.

18

The Function of the Transformer

19
After having tried to explain a number of induction phenomena in a simple, illustrative manner, let
us now deal with the function of a transformer. Fig. 19 shows its operating principle, for reasons of
simplicity illustrated in a form resembling Fig. 15 except that it is not a permanent magnet but an
electromagnet. A primary coil is provided in its center while secondary coils are provided on its
poles. The secondary coils are connected to each other so as to have the induction current flow in
the same direction in both coils. In principle, it does not matter whether an intermittent direct
current or an alternating current is sent through the primary coil because in both cases an alternating
current is obtained on the secondary sides. For our description we prefer a direct current which we
interrupt by means of a pushbutton. It is known that uninterrupted direct current cannot be
transformed because the statically balanced nanoparticles stay in their positions. The figure shows
the moment of interrupting the primary current. We have mentioned earlier that normally the
nanoparticles are subjected to the intensity of the earth's field and thus are spaced apart from each
other at certain distances. These natural, given distances between the nanoparticles are smaller than
those within the field of a bar magnet or a live conductor. So, if we deal with a permanent bar
magnet as shown in Fig. 15, the mutual distances of the nanoparticles within the magnetic field are
larger than those within the earth's field. However, the distances gradually become similar to those
of the earth's field proportionately with the growing distance of the nanoparticles from the magnet
as its intensity decreases. Within the magnetic field, we would thus have a positive pressure being
largest near the poles and becoming weaker towards the outside. It is now quite obvious that in the
moment in which the larger vortex intensity of the nanoparticles within the magnetic field is
decreased to the normal vortex intensity of the earth's field - which can be easily done by
interrupting the current supplied to the electromagnet - the positive pressure disappears and a
sudden migration of the nanoparticles from the outside to the inside begins until a pressure balance
with the earth's field has been achieved, i.e. until the nanoparticles have reached again the distances
determined by the earth's field. (The function of an oscillating circuit, too, goes back to a positive
pressure generation within the earth's field.)
In the end, the largest vortex intensity of the nanoparticles is nothing but the energy quantity
required for making a current flow which quantity can be more or less regained when the current is
interrupted. If the nanoparticles migrating at high speed from the outside to the inside hit an electric

conductor as the secondary coils in our example shown in Fig. 19, they transfer their extra or
surplus energy to the coils in the same direction as their impinged vortex sides. However, the
nanoparticles flooding back hit not only the secondary but also the primary coils which fact is
called self-induction. Thus, a rush of current is generated not only in the secondary coils but also in
the primary coil wherein the current direction during the flooding-back of the nanoparticles in all
coils is the same as the current direction in the primary coil, as becomes evident from Fig. 19. The
large breaking spark generated when the primary current is interrupted is a result of the
impingement of the nanoparticles flooding back on the windings of the primary coil.
When we close the circuit according to Fig. 19, a flow vortex is generated around the soft iron bar
flowing in the same direction as the primary current in accordance with our previous considerations.
All nanoparticles located around the iron bar are seized by this vortex, charged, and repelled from
each other to larger distances depending upon the intensity. So, when the circuit is closed, the
particles migrate from inside to outside while transferring their potential in the direction of their
impinged vortex side to the coil windings which are hit by them. The direction of the induced
current, however, is opposite to the primary current when the latter is closed because this time the
opposite vortex sides of the nanoparticles are impinged on. The primary coil, too, is hit by the
nanoparticles migrating outwardly and is induced in the opposite direction. Thus, when the circuit is
closed a rush of current is produced in the primary coil, too, which is known as extra current the
direction of which is opposed to that of the primary current. It is clear that this so-called extra
current must be detrimental as it weakens the primary current according to its own power. In the
case of direct current, this disadvantage occurs only when the current is delayed during closure and
when the poles of the direct current motors change while in the case of alternating current each
period shows this weakening in the primary coil thus considerably decreasing efficiency. This
weakening is called recoil or reactance. As the inward and outward movements of the nanoparticles
are radial, it is easy to understand why the quantity of induced current does not depend upon the
length or circumference of a winding, but exclusively upon the number of windings.

The Skin Effect

20

The function of induction becomes very clear in the so-called skin effect of a high frequency coil
according to Fig. 20. It is known that the high frequency current of a coil flows mainly on its inside.
Fig. 20 shows the coil in view A, in the plane view and the cross-section along C-D. The bold,
uninterrupted lines in the plane view B and the cross-section C-D mark the location of the current
flow on the inside of the coil. When one studies the peculiarity of the current flow on the inside of
coil B with a view to the vortex theory, one finds out that no recoil occurs when the current is
altered because the vortex direction of the nanoparticles moving radially on hitting the opposite part
of the winding is the same as the direction of the current flowing through this part of the winding.
However, if one observes the induction process according to the schematic coil view A, one
immediately perceives that the nanovortices moving along the longitudinal direction of the coil
have an opposite flow direction when they hit the next winding and thus exercise a slowing
influence on the main flow at the surface proportionate to the induction. On the other hand, an
induction effect caused by the nanovortices flooding back occurs on the outside of the coil only
when the field decreases to zero.
In summary, one can say that the skin effect on the inside of a high frequency coil is caused by an
addition and between the windings by a subtraction of the induction.
In the field of electrotechnology, there is no physical process which could not be fully explained in
an illustrative manner by means of this vortex kinematics. It would be going too far to discuss all
phenomena of magnetism and electricity by way of examples. Therefore, only three induction
principles shall be concisely discussed here, namely the function of the generator or a currentgenerating machine, the cause of movement of a current conductor within a magnetic field, and the
function of wireless transmission. Indeed, these three examples indicate the existence of the
statically balanced nanoparticle vortex fields within the megavortex field of the earth.

The Induction Process in a Current-generating Machine

21
Fig. 21 schematically illustrates the induction process in a machine generating alternating current.
For clarity, only one winding has been drawn around the rotor. When the pole pairs are opposite to
each other, all vortex axes of the nanoparticles are aligned parallel to the pole axis so that the wire
winding during its passage between the poles impinges on practically all vortex sides of the
nanoparticles located in between. In the generator, not only the windings are moved, but also the

nanoparticles flood to and fro when the rotor poles approach the stator poles and thus increase their
impact speed because their reciprocating movement is always opposite to the movement of the
winding. As the direction of the nanovortices between the poles is exactly equal to the direction of
the main vortex of the magnetic poles, we find the same flow sense of the nanoparticles within the
two so-called homogeneous pole fields. If the winding is rotated according to the feathered arrows,
the upper part of the winding impinges on the left vortex side while the lower part impinges on the
left vortex side of the nanoparticles. This causes a simultaneous duplication of the induction. When
we swing the winding out of the pole region, it more and more impinges on the pole sides of the
nanoparticles until, after a 90 swing, i.e. in the so-called neutral zone, the induction current has
decreased to zero. When the winding moves beyond this zone, the current direction alters because
the original upper part of the winding now impinges on the left vortex side of the lower
nanoparticles while the original lower part of the winding impinges on the left vortex side of the
upper nanoparticles. If we swing the winding outwardly by more than 180, the induction current
will for the second time decrease to zero at a 270 swing having then again the same direction as
during the swing within the first 90 zone.

22
In this context, it might be of interest to also explain the cause of the movement of a current
conductor within a magnetic field using the vortex accumulation laws. Fig. 22 shows in its upper
part a cross-section of a magnetic field between two poles and two conductors 1 and 2 and in its
lower part a cross-section along A-B. When a current flows through both conductors in the
direction of the bold arrow, the flow direction of the nanoparticles between conductor 1 and the
magnetic field is rectified while the flow direction of the nanoparticles between conductor 2 and the
magnetic field is opposite. As a result, the conductor 1 moves towards the magnetic field in the
direction C-C while the conductor 2 moves away from the magnetic field in the direction D-D. So
in this case, both conductors have the same moving direction because a suction or thinning occurs
on conductor 1 and a pressure or compression occurs on conductor 2 due to the flow accumulation.
If the current direction of the conductors 1, 2 changes, the moving direction of the conductors
changes too.

The Induction of the Magnetic Field of the Earth


With regard to the current-generating machine, we face the fact that we derive the potentials of the
nanovortices generated by the positive magnetic pressures by means of a natural (permanent) or

artificial (temporary) vortex field and that the emerging energy gaps are filled up by a continuous
inflow of new energy from the megavortex of the earth. In other words: we generate an electric
gradient or potential when we disturb the state of equilibrium of the statically balanced nanoparticle
vortex fields by a forced and timed intervention..

The Induction Principle of Remote Transmission and Remote Reception


Basically, the function of wireless transmission is similar to that of an electric conductor and an
induction coil except that the conductor is replaced by the antenna of the transmitter and the
induction coil by the antenna of the receiver.
In both cases, the nanovortex fields distributed over the entire earth field represent the medium of
induction. We have seen previously that with regard to induction it is irrelevant whether the electric
conductor or induction coil or the nanovortex fields are moved in a reciprocating manner. As the
former is impossible in wireless transmission, the nanovortex fields of the earth field have to be
moved reciprocally which can only be implemented by intermittently charging and discharging the
nanovortex fields of the earth field. Basically, this can be accomplished in two ways, namely quick
closing and interrupting of a direct current circuit or quick alternation of an alternating current
circuit. In all transmission systems, the earth field is in a quick sequence additionally charged and
discharged by irradiating electric energy in an all-round or directed manner. In the earth field, too,
the movement of the nanoparticle vortices is always rectangular to the flow or ray direction of the
emitted energy, so that for best reception results the antenna of the receiver must be aligned in the
ray direction, because in this case it is impinged on by the largest number of nanovortex fields. The
rectangular movement of the nanovortices in horizontal direction, i.e. parallel to the earth's surface,
is limited by the finiteness of the earth's circumference and therefore weak in range and induction
effect. The mutual distances between the nanoparticles conditioned by the natural field of the earth
cannot be extended horizontally by additional charging as it is possible vertically; therefore, the
range and the induction of the vertically moved nanovortices are better than those of the
horizontally moved ones. The so-called reflection of short waves on the ionospheric stratum which
is registered as an echo on the earth is connected with the vertical movement of the nanovortices. It
is highly probable that only the additional amplification of the earth field which is represented by an
additional charge of the nanoparticle vortices and the expansion of their distances can be induced.
As will become clear in Part Four about the nature and spreading of light, the mutual distances of
the nanoparticle vortices expand due to solar irradiation, so that at daytime a smaller number of
nanovortices impinge on one square centimeter than at night. As the particles, due to the finiteness
of the earth's circumference, cannot expand horizontally as far as vertically, the density distribution
of the nanoparticle vortices around the earth has an oval shape as in Fig. 23. As temperature, too,
has a considerable influence on the distance expansion of the nanovortices, as explained in the next
chapter, induction further depends upon the temperature variations. The explanation of the cause of
this influence will be left to the next chapter.

23

The Megavortex of the Earth


We have found that the vortex axis always extends at a right angle to the flow and that the south
pole of the axis is always on the left side when the larger intensity of the flow occurs above the
vortex axis and the flow direction is away from the viewer.

The Flow Direction of the Megavortex Field of the Earth


When we, with this law in mind, look at the various positions of a bar magnet or a magnetic needle
on the different degrees of latitude and evaluate the positions with regard to their mutual
relationships and in their entirety, we find out that there exists an east-west flow around the earth
from the equator to both sides up to higher degrees of latitude, as well as a megavortex flowing out
from the earth, and an inflowing vortex on each of the earth's magnetic poles. The two inflowing
vortices and the one outflowing vortex of the earth have the same flow sense as with the bar
magnet. Just as we have realized the flow principle in the world of the small, we can apply the same
idea to the world of the big. As the earth represents only a small part of the solar system, the vortex
flow principle must have exactly the same effect in the larger scale of the sun as in the scale of the
earth.

The Solar Gigavortex


While the rotational axis of the flow vortex of a bar magnet takes a position rectangular to the flow
of the earth's megavortex, the latter takes a position rectangular to the solar flow vortex. If we have
an equal flow sense of a bar magnet and of the earth, we have consequently a rectified vortex flow
of the earth and the sun. As we have perceived earlier, the cause of the rectangular position is the
accumulation of two opposite flows. With respect to the bar magnet (magnetic needle), we find this
accumulation on the vortex side facing away from the earth. Thus, we have the same flow sense of
the earth and the magnet while on the magnet's vortex side facing away from the earth there is an
opposite motion between the magnet's vortex on the one hand and the earth's megavortex on the
other. Just like a bar magnet or a magnetic needle is kept at a right angle to the earth's megavortex,
the earth, i.e. its magnetic pole axis, is kept approximately at a right angle to the solar gigavortex.

The Disturbances of the Gigavortex

It is a fact that disturbances occurring within the solar vortex have an effect on the earth's
megavortex wherein these disturbances are passed on to the smaller vortices and nanovortices.
Thus, the daily, annual, and secular disturbances of the solar vortex are passed on to the earth's
megavortex which bears influence on the vortices of the bar magnets and magnetic needles which
confirm in their daily, annual, and secular deviations in correspondence with the course of and the
processes on the sun the underlying context. In another chapter we will try to present further
reasons for these conclusions.

Recording, Geomagnetic Differential Motor


Fig. 24 and 25 show, as designed by the author, a geomagnetic differential motor equipped with a
remote transmission system for continuous recording of the geomagnetic field. This motor provides
highly interesting insights into the deeper relationship between the geomagnetic field and the sun. It
is known that the geomagnetic field is subject to continuous variations between daytime and night,
in the various seasons and during cloud formation. These variations as well as the protuberances
erupting on the front and rear side of the sun are recorded in a very characteristic manner. Also,
there seems to be a relationship between certain earthquakes and the geomagnetic field. For
example, some steeply ascending curves coincided nearly at an hour's accuracy with the earthquake
in southern France and the earthquake in the pacific region in 1959. The author was also able to
detect a relationship between geomagnetism and the distances of the sun (aphelion and perihelion).
In connection with the ideas discussed herein, this observation allows the conclusion that the
geomagnetic field is not basically an intrinsic one but an intrinsic field of the sun representing
nothing but the solar gravity field being contracted in correspondence with the distance of the sun.
One might conclude as well that at an appropriate distance the gravity field of the earth also
contracts and acts as magnetic field. A number of interesting and more accurate results will be
obtained in the future when a number of geomagnetic differential motors will continuously operate
within the various degrees of latitude and meridian circles.

24

25

The motor consists mainly of a rotor equipped with a roller contact collector and a rotor field kept
constant, plus two stationary stator coils provided with a constant but weaker stator field. It is the
task of the latter to compensate for the frictional forces of the rotor being reduced to a minimum so
that almost exclusively geomagnetism will act and be recorded. Furthermore, the zero position of
the motor is determined by this constant stator field by swinging the motor with its north-south-axis
(1-1) by 180. In this position, the stator field 3-4 which is connected to the motor is adjusted so
that the motor comes to a standstill. In this position, the writing-pen of the remote recorder is put
onto the zero line. Following this adjustment, the motor is swung back by 180 into its original
position so that the two north poles of the stator coils are directed towards the earth's north pole. In
this position, the motor starts to operate and receives its respective speed in accordance with the
density of the earth's stator field. This speed may vary between 10 and 100 rpm. If the density of the
earth's field increases or decreases, the motor will operate slower or faster, respectively. Due to the
centrifugal force, the speed bears influence in radial direction on two weights each being attached to
a lever diametrically to the other. These weights are connected via chains with a counterweight
being slidably mounted on the rotor axis. Beneath the lower front side of this weight, a
rolling/feeling lever is arranged which frictionless transmits the movements of the weight via a gear
to a remote transmitter resistance drum being connected to a remote recorder. In certain intervals,
an electrically controlled pressing lever brings the feeling lever into contact with the resistance
drum and thus transmits frictionless the respective actual values of the geomagnetic field.

Parts of Characteristic Diagrams


Fig. 26 shows the course of the geomagnetic variations during one week on the 49th degree of
latitude and the 8th eastern meridian. Regarding the constructive features of the geomagnetic
differential motor, it might be added that the spindle bearings of the rotor operate in specifically
designed prism ball bearings the friction resistance of which was reduced to a minimum. In the test
model, the step-down ratio between the spindle diameter and the balls is 1:5. The transmission of
the constant current to the collector is not accomplished by conventional sliding contacts but by
roller contacts with a step-down ratio of 1:50. The actual friction of these specifically designed
roller contacts of the collector is next to zero and thus prevents practically any frictional influence
even in case of a higher contact pressure. Although the breaking sparks of the collector are mostly
extinguished by capacitors, very tiny, nearly invisible breaking sparks on the running surfaces of
the collector and the roller wheels would in the course of time form an oxide layer which would
have an adverse effect on the measurements due to the increasing resistance, unless the rotor were
installed in a container filled with an indifferent gas. The top of the container formed as a floating
bell is provided with a glass window to allow a convenient observation of the rotor. Of course, the
measurement would be ideal if the rotor were not subject to a varying resistance by atmospheric
pressure variations, i.e. if it were installed in an evacuated container.
For the sake of completeness, it be noted that the rotor operates even without the stator coils 3-4,
but in this case the measurement is affected by certain friction differences.

26
Another interesting experiment which will be of importance for later considerations should be
mentioned in the context of this motor. If at a short distance a soft iron bar is arranged as a
continuation of the pole axes and if a permanent magnet is brought near its outer end, the motor
speed increases due to the influence effect. If the soft iron bar is heated by a gas flame or the like,
the motor slows down due to the influence of heat. On the other hand, the motor speed increases if
the soft iron bar is refrigerated.

The Actual Electricity of the Sun and the Earth


If one seeks clarity about the idea underlying the design scheme by studying the interaction of a
number of particular components, e.g. a fob watch, there are basically two ways to arrive at the
same objective. The most obvious and usual way is to most accurately study the laws governing the
action of the various components, then to categorize these components, to connect them and to
conclude from the function of the individual components the function of all. This way leads from
the individual material elements to the idea of the designer. The other way is the original, direct
way from the designer's idea to the material effectiveness of the components. When we want to go
this way, we have to try to dive into the designer's world of ideas. We ourselves have to imitate the
designer in order to pass from the task to the idea and from the idea to the individual components.
We ourselves have to impose the regularity on the element and to determine and calculate the

individual, group and total functions beforehand. If our expectations are met, our modeled ideas and
thoughts were correct. If our expectations are met only in part or not at all, we have perceived the
designer's idea only partially or not at all. We may denote the first way as the empirical, experiencebound way from the material to the spiritual world of ideas and the second way as the perceptional
way from the spiritual to the material world. In our further considerations, we prefer to follow the
perceptional way. It is the more difficult one but it leads us to our objective safer and faster.
In order to illustrate and explain the various induction processes in our considerations, we had to
assume invisible power flows as they are familiar to us with a view to the laws of gas and liquid
flows. This assumption even allowed us to determine the directions of the invisible flows and the
basic relationships between earthly and cosmic processes. We called these invisible power flows
actual solar electricity.

The Properties of the Actual Solar Electricity


We can imagine this actual solar electricity as the east-west helical flow originating from the sun
the effect of which represents the solar gravity throughout the entire solar system. We shall discuss
this relations in more detail below. For now, let us just state that the effect of this actual solar
electricity resembles the aerodynamic and hydrodynamic flow laws. Hence, we have to assign to the
actual solar electricity similar properties such as expansion due to heat and contraction due to
coldness as well as the fact that heat is generated by motion, friction, accumulation while coldness
is generated by the absence of friction and accumulation, i.e. by rest. One might say as well that the
heat pole is related to motion and the coldness pole to rest. Thus, the actual solar electricity is the
moving electricity while the potential electricity is the resting electricity being at the lowest
coldness pole. These relationships, too, will be dealt with in greater detail below. The potential
electricity or energy is the original physical condition of all substances, so it is the first physical
condition of matter and forms the prerequisite for the gaseous condition just as the latter forms the
prerequisite for the liquid condition and this on its turn forms again the prerequisite for the solid
condition. Therefore, the potential electricity or energy is to be regarded as the building material of
the material world.

The Nature of Heat and Coldness


If we apply our perception that the state of heat is only a result of friction and accumulation to our
actual electricity, we find out the following: From this point of view, let us have another, closer
look on the figures shown above. We realize accumulations of opposite vortex flows in all spaces
between the nanoparticles. So these accumulations must generate heat irrespective of whether we
look at an artificial or a natural vortex field such as the one generated by a permanent magnet. As
the actual solar electricity whirls the nanoparticles around more or less intensively depending upon
their substance and physical condition, we can observe a certain heat condition of the matter due to
this accumulation. It is known that in regions which lack solar irradiation for several months
temperature never falls below -67C. This ostensible temperature retention is on the one hand a
result of the accumulation of opposite nanoparticle vortices caused by the actual solar electricity
and the actual geoelectricity and on the other hand by the nanoparticle ball accumulation zones
which will be discussed later. Certain substances such as substances containing radium have a
higher accumulation heat due to their internal structure. But similar to the fact that the final
temperature of an artificially generated vortex field of an electric conductor cannot be exceeded
because the amount of heat continuously delivered to the environment equals the heat generated by
the accumulation of the actual solar electricity flowing through, the final temperature of the vortex
field of these substances cannot exceed a certain amount above the ambient temperature. Within an
electric conductor there are no vortices to be found in the conductor axis because the nanoparticles
of the conducting substance located are surrounded by flows on all sides. The vortex formation

increases towards the edge of the conductor cross-section proportionate to the radius from the
conductor axis so that the vortex intensity of the nanoparticles is strongest on the edge or near the
surface of the electric conductor.

The Cause of the Electric Resistance in a Conductor and of Thermal conduction


If an electric conductor contained only those nanoparticles which we have described above as being
particles located in the space outside the conductor, only little vortex formation and accumulation
heat generation would occur inside the conductor so that the spreading of vortices (thermal
conduction) would be faster and the specific resistance be smaller. But in practice we find different
vortex intensities and vortex spreading velocities depending upon the structure and material
condition of the conductor. One can say that high and dense vortex intensities spread slowly to the
adjacent particles because a large vortex formation or large charge requires a certain amount of
time. Large vortex intensities cause large accumulations, i.e. strong heat generation. Hence, large
accumulations result in a high resistance. Alternatively, one can say that low vortex intensities
spread very quickly to the adjacent particles because a lower charge naturally requires less time.
Small vortex intensities cause small accumulations and little heat generation and thus a low
resistance. Silver, for example, has a specific resistance of approx. 0.016 ohm and a thermal
conduction level of 0.00035064 kcal at a length of one meter, a cross-section of one square
millimeter and a one-hour temperature difference, while graphite has a resistance of 40 ohm and a
thermal conduction of only 0.00000360 kcal while the other conditions are similar to those of the
silver example.
The vortex intensity of the material nanoparticles cannot be increased infinitely as there exists a
saturation limit.

The Increase and Decrease of the Electric Resistance Due to Temperature Increase
As described in greater detail below, the resistance must increase until the saturation limit has been
reached while it must decrease when this limit is exceeded. This saturation limit has long been
exceeded in some non-metallic substances such as carbon in its graphite form, lead superoxide,
manganese superoxide, silicon and carbide due to their high specific resistances and low thermal
conduction or spreading values. Hence their specific resistance decreases at a temperature increase
while the specific resistance of metallic substances having less resistance and higher thermal
conduction coefficients increases at a temperature increase. As soon as the saturation limit has been
reached, the expansion or thinning of the actual solar electricity becomes effective when the
temperature increases. The accumulation and with it the resistance decrease.
The specific resistance and the thermal conduction within a substance are reciprocal values, i.e. they
have a reciprocal relation with each other. In order to let these reciprocal values become like, a
Joule effect expressed in kcal generated by the specific resistance must be used in the same time
unit. Accordingly, the Joule effect of silver is:
Q=0.00024J2Wt=0.00024120.01636=0.014 kcal/h.

In comparison, the Joule effect of graphite is:


Q=0.0002412403,600=34.560 kcal/h.

The Law of the Thermoelectric Voltage Sequence

As the thermal conduction coefficient is an expression of the velocity of charging and the Joule
effect a measure for the receiving capacity of the nanoparticles of a conducting substance, the
product of both factors is a measure of power or intensity of the charged nanoparticle vortices.
When one calculates the vortex intensities of a number of substances and puts them in a list
according to the magnitude, one can see that this order of magnitude corresponds in principle with
the empirical thermoelectric voltage sequence. The following table comprises the author's
calculation of some conducting substances in their order of magnitude one below the other. The
vortex intensity relates to a substance temperature of 18 C. At lower or higher temperatures the
sequence of vortex intensities and accordingly the thermoelectric voltage sequence changes due to
the excess or underflow of the saturation limit.
Substance

Bismuth

Specific
resistance

Thermal conduction
coefficient

Joule effect

Vortex intensity

6 mm/m

kcal/cmsecdegree

Q=0.00024JWt/sec

KQ

1.2 - 1.4

0.0194

0.0003360

0.000006458

0.45 - 0.5

0.0540

0.0001080

0.000005832

Platinum

0.108

0.1664

0.0000259

0.000004309

Tin

0.110

0.1570

0.0000264

0.000004144

Gold

0.023

0.7003

0.0000552

0.000003865

Silver

0.016

1.006

0.00000384

0.000003863

0.0175

0.8915

0.00000420

0.000003744

0.09 - 0.15

0.1436

0.0000216

0.000003101

Constantan

Copper
Iron

The Nature of Thermoelectricity


If two different substances are joined and heated at the joining point, it becomes obvious that no
vortex equilibrium can exist at the right and the left of the joining point because the vortex intensity
on one side is higher than on the other side. So, a clear potential or gradient exists here. As a
necessity, an electricity flow starts from the higher to the lower vortex intensity, i.e. the expanding
actual solar electricity flows from the substance with the higher temperature increase to the
substance having the lower one. In correspondence with its nature, the actual solar electricity
expanded by the heat always flows to the colder zone. The larger the heat difference, the steeper the
flow gradient. However, it is also important for the flow direction which substance has the lower
resistance during the temperature increase, i.e. which nanoparticles have already exceeded the
charge saturation limit. In view of the aforementioned, to generate a thermal current does not
require the joining of two different substances, but it is sufficient to heat a conducting substance at
any spot and to move either the heat source or the heated spot to and fro. If in a first test the heat
source is kept stationary beneath the conducting substance, a vortex intensity or potential
equilibrium exists on both sides. The expanded actual solar electricity tries to flow off to both
colder sides but remains balanced due to the state of equilibrium. Thus, the equal gradients flowing
off on both opposite sides cancel each other out. If the heat source is shifted to the right or the left,
the potential equilibrium is disturbed, and the expanded actual solar electricity begins to flow off to
the side having the lower specific resistance. As we have found out earlier, the increase or decrease
of the specific resistance in case of a temperature increase depends upon the vortex saturation limit.
For this reason, the current direction is equal to the moving direction of the heat source with regard
to a number of substances such as copper, while with regard to carbon-containing iron and other
substances having a low thermal conduction coefficient the current direction is opposite to the
moving direction of the heat source. If in the case of copper the heat source is moved to the right,
the higher thermal capacity is located at the left. As the specific resistance of copper rises together

with the heating, the current finds the lower resistance on the right side having the lower thermal
capacity and hence flows off towards the right side. If one moves the heat source to the right
beneath substances having a low thermal conduction coefficient such as coal, lead, stibium, carboncontaining iron, the specific resistance on the left side having the highest thermal capacity is lower,
due to the oversaturation of the vortex, than on the right side having the lower thermal capacity.
Consequently, the current does not flow to the right but to the left, i.e. opposite to the movement of
the heat source.
The potential equilibrium of an electric conductor can also be disturbed by heating one end of the
conductor and positioning the other cold end onto the heated end. In the same moment, the potential
equilibrium is significantly disturbed, and the current flows, exactly as described above, to the side
having the lower resistance until the state of equilibrium is reached again by heating the cold part of
the electric conductor.

The Cause of the Shift of the Hottest and Coldest Days of the Year
It is known that the hottest and coldest days of the year do not coincide with the longest day on June
21st and the shortest day on December 21st, but we have the hottest days approximately in mid-July
and the coldest days approximately in mid-January. One has to assume on the basis of the previous
considerations that the highest and the lowest temperatures of the year cannot occur during the time
of the longest and shortest days because at those times, so to speak, a resting state exists in the
distance grouping of the nanoparticles. Only after the change of the day lengths and midday heights
of the sun the earth's surface and with it the actual solar electricity flowing around the earth are
heated up differently. The solar irradiation begins to weaken only after June 21st causing a gradual
contraction of the actual solar electricity, i.e. the distances between the nanoparticles in the
atmosphere become smaller and their vortex accumulation heat larger because there exists a larger
accumulation density per area unit. So, the additional larger accumulation heat of the opposite
nanoparticle vortices has to be added to the relatively strong solar irradiation in mid-July. The same
applies - in the opposite sense - to the winter. The increase of the solar irradiation and hence the
gradual expansion of the actual solar electricity or distance increase between the nanoparticle
vortices starts only after December 21st causing a relative decrease of the accumulation heat. In
addition to the solar irradiation being still weak in mid-January, the expansion of the mutual
distances between the nanovortices and hence the decreasing accumulation heat withdraw
additional heat from the earth. For these reasons, the hottest and coldest days cannot occur on June
21st and December 21st, but only some time later when the distance changes of the nanovortices
have started and the effect of the solar irradiation does not yet decisively influence on the
temperature increase or decrease on the surface of the earth. The practical utilization of this
perception regarding heat and coldness will probably be in the near future that very high thermal
degrees will be achieved by a periodically swelling voltage increase of magnetic fields while a very
low coldness will be reached by enlarging the distances between the nanoparticle vortices and
reaching highest thermal degrees in the opposite sense by reducing the voltage, i.e. by shortening
the distances between the nanovortices.
It goes without saying that there exists an internal relationship between the law of coldness
generation by increasing the distances between the vortex fields and heat generation by decreasing
the distances between the vortex fields and the law of the expansion and contraction of solid, liquid,
and especially gaseous substances at hot and cold conditions as well as voltage change. In all cases,
the actual electricity flowing around all nanoparticles is the cause of the expansion and contraction
of substances. Expansion is caused by voltage increase and contraction by voltage decrease of the
actual electricity. The voltage increase is accomplished either by heat or by increasing the current
gradient while the voltage decrease is accomplished either by coldness or by decreasing the
gradient. The distances between the vortices become larger or smaller depending upon their

intensity. However, not only the actual solar electricity but also the actual geoelectricity is involved
in the expansion and contraction of substances. The latter is specifically earthly and has its origin
inside the earth. The actual geoelectricity which will be further explained in the following chapters
is the cause of the earth's gravity. It differs from the actual solar electricity only in its voltage
condition. The actual solar electricity comes from the sun and has, due to the large distance from
the sun, on the earth's surface not the same high voltage as the actual geoelectricity the distance of
which to the inside, i.e. to the zone of dynamic equilibrium, of the earth is relatively short. Due to
its high voltage condition, it cannot be measured in the same manner as the actual solar electricity.
Only the force of the falling acceleration provides a direct measure of its voltage condition. Thus,
the actual solar electricity has on the earth's surface a voltage condition and density in accordance
with the distance from the sun while the actual geoelectricity has a voltage and density
corresponding to the earth. All earthly substances are subject to the vortex of the actual
geoelectricity but also to the actual solar electricity in the same flowing sense, differing in the fact
that the geoelectricity has, due to the distance, a significantly higher voltage and lower density than
the actual solar electricity, the effect of which was perceived as the geomagnetic field in the
discussion of the geomagnetic differential motor.

The Influence of the Actual Solar Electricity on the General Weather Situation
The actual solar electricity exercises a considerable influence especially on substances in a gaseous
physical condition. The atmosphere, for instance, is continuously affected by this influence. If the
vortex intensity of the actual solar electricity increases within the earth's field, the air pressure
decreases, while the air pressure increases when the actual solar electricity decreases. By and large,
one can say that the influence of the actual solar electricity determines the general weather situation
on the earth. Likewise, the actual solar electricity is, irrespective of the solar irradiation,
considerably involved in the phenomena of heat and coldness. We also have to make a difference
whether the field of the actual solar electricity - with or without solar irradiation - increases or
decreases. Generally, it can be said that the decrease of the actual solar electricity field causes a
temperature rise and the decrease a temperature decline just because the heat is a result of the
opposite actual solar electricity's nanovortex accumulation and the distance change of the
nanovortices.

The Formation of Clouds and Hail


During the formation of clouds and hail we can observe that coldness occurs when the field of
actual solar electricity increases considerably causing the condensation of the water steam in the
atmosphere which results in the formation of clouds, hail, and thunderstorms, i.e. a discharge of the
actual solar electricity (lightning). Also, the distance increase between the nanoparticles makes the
atmosphere more transparent thus expanding and enlarging the range of view. The practical
utilization of this new perception will in the near future allow to exercise a considerable influence
on the local weather situation. It will be possible to prevent, for example, a local hail by inducing
the charged earth's field by quick movements of the nanoparticles - either by artificial lightnings or
by explosion-like vibrations. To this end, appropriately designed and well grounded antennas would
have to be positioned in the regions to be protected. On the other hand, rain could be generated by
charging the earth's field. Large-scale tests would be necessary to find out how this charging could
be performed best. It might be possible, for example, to spread finely distributed, electrically
charged substances by planes flying in large heights. This extra charge of the atmospheric
nanoparticles would increase their mutual distances causing a cooling effect and thus a
condensation of the atmospheric water steam which would then fall down as rain. The
aforementioned coldness generation by voltage increase would thus already exist in nature.

The Cause of the Absolute Zero Point

As, according to this vortex theory, electricity and actual solar electricity are alike and differ only
with respect to voltage and density, the phenomena of accumulation, heat and resistance must also
be the same. As heat is generated by an accumulation caused by the opposite vortices, this
accumulation may also be denoted simply as resistance of the actual solar electricity. When in case
of pure metals the electric resistance, which is just a result of the vortex accumulation effect of the
electric current, amounts to approximately 0.4 % per degree of temperature decline, this must apply
to gases, too, when the temperature decline is to correspond with the decrease of the opposite vortex
accumulation. This is the case indeed because the accumulation decrease of gases is at the same
time connected with a distance decrease of the nanoparticles and thus with a volume reduction
which, although not evenly down to the lowest temperatures, amounts to 0.3662 % per degree of
temperature decline, i.e. the resistance of the actual solar electricity decreases in gases by 0.3662 %
per degree of temperature decline, while it or the electricity amounts to 0.4 % in pure metals such as
copper, lead, aluminum. So it is easy to calculate that at 100 % or a temperature decline of minus
273 C the resistance and hence the vortex accumulation and accumulation heat must completely
disappear. In other words, this would mean that starting from -273 C the actual solar electricity
within the substances is no longer subject to vortex formation and therefore flows through the
substances without any accumulation or resistance. The only reason for this behavior of the
electricity can be the fact that the actual solar electricity which arrives on the earth at a certain
density and voltage is neither expanded nor contracted exactly at minus 273 C, i.e. that exactly this
temperature corresponds with its voltage condition on arrival. So the actual solar electricity would
no longer have any vortex gradient, accumulation and heat generation beyond minus 273 C.
However, the actual geoelectricity remains unaffected by this temperature because its voltage
condition is much higher than that of the actual solar electricity. Due to the voltage dependence of
the actual solar electricity upon the distance between the sun and the earth, a turning point occurs in
the regularity of the kinetic gas theory at approximately -273 C. The laws of the kinetic gas theory
are no longer applicable beyond this turning point.
The clear consideration shows that although we are unable at present to lower the temperature
below -273 C, there is no reason to stop at this temperature in our further reflections. Indeed, the
inexorable law of logic lets us assume with a view to the structure of substances described in Part
Two that temperatures far below -273 C are possible and legitimate. Furthermore we come to
perceive that the temperature of -273 C is a specifically earthly value which must not be applied to
celestial bodies having other distances from the sun, and that indeed each celestial body within the
solar system has its own specific so-called absolute zero point. For instance, the mean specific
absolute zero points in C of our planets would be as follows:
Mercury -106
Mars -418

Venus -197.5
Jupiter -1425

Earth -273
Saturne -2610

Uranus -5250

Neptune -8230

Pluto -10800

In the experimental determination of the lowest temperature the nearest and farthest distances from
the sun must be taken into account because both have to produce different results.

Summary
Now that the author has made an attempt to roughly outline the new, universally effective vortex
law, we do not want to conclude our considerations without looking once again at the essential
features and characteristics of this law in order to perhaps further illuminating some of the new
perceptions. For the sake of clarity and brevity, let us put the perceptions obtained in an alphabetical
order as independent members of the integral whole.

1. Contact pressure (attraction) and repulsion


The so-called attraction which we denote as contact pressure according to our ideas always means
pressing forces acting in space from outward to inward, i.e. in a centripetal way, while repulsion
means centrifugal forces. In order to make this difference clear we have to start from the normal
condition of the earth's field. We know now that the nanoparticles or energy balls in the earth's field
have definite mutual distances. When we deal with e.g. a bar magnet within the earth's field, we
realize that the energy balls of the earth's field are additionally charged at the poles of the bar
magnet by the descending pole vortices and therefore are spaced farther apart near the poles than
elsewhere. Thus, in the region near the poles we have, so to speak, an energy ball dilution which
appears within the earth's field as a positive pressure because the earth's field always attempts to
achieve the normal distances of the energy balls. When we move the south pole of a second bar
magnet towards the vicinity of the north pole of the first bar magnet, as shown in Fig. 27, the state
of static equilibrium of the energy balls is disturbed as soon as the two diluted energy ball spheres
come into mutual engagement. Now the earth's field attempts via the outside pressure to push into
each other the two diluted energy ball spheres despite of their opposite polarities in order to
achieve a state of equilibrium in the smallest space. This pushing into each other, however, is
possible only because the vortex flows between the energy balls of the unequal poles have the same
flow sense and hence do neither accumulate nor repel each other.

27
Repulsion only means that the flow sense between the energy balls of equal poles is opposite and
causes an accumulating effect which in its entirety acts against the action of pushing the diluted
spheres into each other. In general, all chemical compounds and reactions are based on the same
principle of contact pressure and repulsion as we will see later.
2. Electricity
In its nature, electricity is concentrated actual solar electricity, the gradient of which relative to the
normal condition of the earth's field can be either positive or negative. As electricity is always
induced by disturbing the state of equilibrium of the earth's field, there exists always a balance
between positive and negative. The disturbance of the state of equilibrium may be accomplished in
different ways:

1) by mechanically shifting the energy balls within a statically balanced energy ball field
(induction, frictional electricity);
2) by producing a thermal gradient by means of differing vortex potentials (thermoelectricity,
galvanic electricity);
3) by evacuating the potential core electricity of an energy ball (photonic rocket, photostream).
3. Potential and actual geoelectricity
The potential geoelectricity has its origin in the center of the earth and was ejected out of the sun in
a tremendous eruption in the most distant past. On the other hand, the actual geoelectricity is that
force which, like the actual solar electricity, flows in an east-west direction from the earth's zone of
dynamic equilibrium as an ascending, highly tense helical stream around the earth, whirls around all
substances and presses them towards the earth by means the emerging accumulating effects. This
means that the substances are not attracted, but pressed against the earth in a centripetal direction.
Indeed, the actual geoelectricity is the earth's gravity. The actual geoelectricity influences in part on
the moon's orbit around the earth and is further, in combination with the position of the moon, the
cause of low and high tide. All further details will be discussed in a later chapter.
4. Geomagnetic field
The inhomogeneous megavortex of the earth contains a vast number of energy balls the distances
between which depend upon the intensity of the megavortex, the temperature and the solar
irradiation. Due to the inhomogeneous megavortex, all vortices of the energy balls have the same
flow sense. The solar irradiation additionally charges the energy ball vortices located on the
daylight side so that their mutual distances are increased. Thus, the number of energy balls
impinging on one square centimeter on the daylight side is smaller than on the night side where the
energy ball density is higher. One might say that on the daylight side a blowout or distance
expansion of the energy balls occurs - or one might as well say a reduction of the number of energy
balls per spatial unit, while on the night side a contraction by distance reduction or an increase of
the number of energy balls per spatial unit occurs. If one wants to induce the geomagnetic field, the
highest current is obtained when the induction coil is moved towards the equator of the energy balls
the south poles of which are all directed towards the magnetic north pole of the earth wherein the
inclination and the deviations caused by field disturbances have to be taken into account. If the coil
is moved towards their poles, the current also equals zero. With respect to the geomagnetic field,
too, it is possible - as described with a view to the magnetic field of an electric conductor or a
magnet - to keep the induction coil stationary while moving the energy balls in a reciprocal way as
soon as the geomagnetic field is subject to periodic and additional amplification. The latter can be
achieved by high-frequency currents (transmitters). In this case, the induction coil would be the
receiving antenna. It is obvious that only the additional amplification of the geomagnetic field
which causes a charging of the energy ball vortices and an increase of the distances between them
can be induced. It is further clear that the best induction is only possible at night and at the same
time at a low temperature because in this process a larger quantity of energy ball vortices per square
centimeter is impinged on than at daytime and higher temperatures. The directing effect of the
transmitters is caused by the fact that the additional amplification of the geomagnetic field spreads
the electric transmitting energy in a ray-like manner and lets the energy balls move rectangularly to
the ray direction by means of the conditioned additional charge. The best induction or the best
reception is ensured only when the antenna is aligned in the ray direction because the largest
number of energy balls is induced by the movement across the ray or flow direction. The
rectangular movement of the energy balls towards the earth's surface is limited by the finiteness of
the earth's circumference and therefore has only a weak induction effect. The energy balls cannot

enlarge their mutual distances in a horizontal direction as far as it is possible in a vertical direction.
Hence the induction or reception of the vertically moved energy balls is better than that of the
horizontally moved balls, and the range is wider in the former case. Depending upon the vertical
distance expansion of the energy balls, the time of the reciprocal movement will also differ. If in
case of a transmission pulse the blowout towards outer space is large - which is to be expected
particularly on summer days -, the rear movement pulse will require more time than vice versa. As
the vertical induction of the energy balls is better than the horizontal one, it is recommended to
design the antenna as horizontal strips having a wide and horizontal plane base.
Proportionate to the distance from the earth, the mutual distances of the energy balls become
smaller so that the concentration towards outer space continuously increases just as we have seen
the distance reduction of the balls in the fields of the magnets and electric conductors proportionate
to the distance.
5. Heat
As regards its nature, heat is accumulated actual solar electricity. Wherever equal opposite
electricity flows occur, they cancel out each other's effect. But wherever inhomogeneous electricity
flows occur, as in all vortex fields, accumulation, friction and hence heat and expansion of the
actual electricity is produced by the flows penetrating each other in opposite directions. The vortex
intensity of the energy balls increases, and their mutual distances become wider. The number of
energy balls per spatial or area unit is reduced causing a positive pressure in that unit.
6. Induction
As regards its nature, induction is based upon a shift or disturbance of the state of equilibrium of the
statically mutually aligned energy ball vortex fields. Induction can be fully understood only if one
imagines the entire geomagnetic field as being completely filled with nanoparticle vortices. These
nanovortices are spaced apart at definite distances in accordance with the flow intensity of the
geomagnetic field. If these given distances are additionally expanded by the inhomogeneous vortex
field of a permanent or temporary magnet or by the inhomogeneous flow field of an electric
conductor causing a charging of the nanovortices, the nanovortices move outward until a state of
static equilibrium between the geomagnetic field and the additional field is regained. When the
nanovortices hit a closed conductor (induction coil) during their migration, they hand over their
additional charge in the same direction as that of the vortex side impinged on. When the additional
charge disappears due to a current interruption, the nanovortices move back to their original
position and hand over their additional charge to the induction conductor when hitting it. However,
as the vortices hit the opposite side when flooding back, the flow direction of the induced current is
reverse this time. The same induction effect can be achieved when the nanovortices remain
stationary while the induction conductor is moved towards the equators of the nanovortices. The
pole axis of the nanovortices always takes a position rectangular to the flow field (see also
Geomagnetic field.)
7. Potential and actual lunar electricity
As regards its nature, the lunar electricity is geo- and in the end solar electricity. The potential
electricity has its origin in the center of the moon and is also on the absolute cosmic coldness limit.
Just as the earth was once ejected out of the sun, the moon as a volume of potential energy was
eruptively ejected out of the earth. The actual lunar electricity causes the gravity on the moon. All
other moons of the other planets have had a similar fate and also possess potential and actual
electricity.

8. Negative electricity
(see positive electricity)
9. Planetary zero point
Each planet has its own (absolute) zero point which, depending upon the distance from the sun, is
highest with respect to Mercury and lowest with respect to Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Due to the
increasing distance from the sun, the voltage of the actual solar electricity decreases as a result of
the temperature decline while its density per spatial unit increases at the same ratio. Thus, the
actual solar electricity whirls around every planet and its substances at a different voltage and
density and expresses itself as magnetism. As with regard to substances being in the gaseous
physical state the mutual distance of the energy balls and their accumulation heat is caused mainly
upon the voltage and intensity of the actual solar electricity, these distances and likewise the
accumulation heat change when its voltage changes. If one wants to achieve lowest temperatures on
a planet, e.g. on the earth, then this is possible only down to that degree at which the existing
voltage of the actual solar electricity can no longer be raised by lowering the temperature of the
energy balls' zones of dynamic equilibrium. From this point onwards, the temperature achieved in
the zone of equilibrium prevents the actual solar electricity from further expanding so that no more
vortex formation and accumulation heat generation occur. Hence, it is impossible to reach
temperatures below -273 C by known methods because from there onwards the actual solar
electricity no longer acts as accumulation heat generator. In accordance with the different actual
solar electricity on the other planets the achievable lowest coldness limit relative to their actual
planetary electricity voltage is also different. This achievable coldness limit, however, has nothing
to do with the absolute cosmic coldness limit of the lowest hollow space temperature of the sun, the
planets and the moons.
10. Positive and negative electricity
Actually, the two kinds of electricity differ only in their opposite deviation from the normal
condition of the geomagnetic field and in the direction of the gradient or potential. In order to make
this difference clear we have to start from the notion of a normal condition of the geomagnetic field.
The normal condition is that condition of the geomagnetic field in which the mutual vortex
distances of the energy balls or nanoparticles is determined without outside intervention such as
additional amplification or weakening of the geomagnetic field. If the distances between the energy
balls are enlarged by additional charging - which is similar to a reduction of the number of energy
balls per spatial unit and is obviously best possible at the surface of substances -, we have positive
electricity before us, as soon as the energy balls give away their additional vortex charge and return
to their normal condition. In this case, the extra actual solar electricity flows outward from the
inside, i.e. centrifugally. If, however, the mutual distances between the energy balls are reduced by
reducing their normal charge determined by the geomagnetic field - which means an energy ball
increase per spatial or area unit -, we have negative electricity before us, as soon as the energy balls
regain their lacking vortex charge and return to their normal condition. This time, however, the
charging actual solar electricity flows inward from outside, i.e. centripetally, until the energy balls
have achieved their normal condition again. When we in this context compare Lichtenberg's
patterns as shown in Fig. 28 and Fig. 29, we find the complete confirmation of the aforementioned.
The present conventional idea that the electric current flows from the minus to the plus pole has
caused some confusion even among experts. This idea was based on the migration of the electrons
which runs opposite to the current flow rearward through the vortices. Also, it is not quite clear why
just the negative pole is described as having many and the positive pole as having few electrons. If,
in order to avoid this confusion, the minus and plus signs had been consequently exchanged, this

would have corresponded to the internal current flow, but in practice this new pole designation
would have caused even more confusion.

28

29

According to the vortex laws described herein, the whole matter is no problem at all. We have
perceived that a higher vortex intensity exists on the positive side than on the negative side.
Therefore, larger vortex distances, i.e. less energy balls per area or spatial unit, are present at the
positive pole than at the negative pole. So, one might denote the negative pole as having many and
the positive pole as having few energy balls (Fig. 30). The force which causes the distance grouping
of the energy balls is the actual solar electricity whirling around the energy balls. The higher the
vortex intensity, the larger the distances between the energy balls and the higher the voltage of the
actual electricity. As the distance expansion and distance reduction of the energy balls can only take
place on the surface of solid substances but not in their inside, the voltage compensation of the
vortex intensities takes place via the liquid from surface to surface in spite of the higher internal
resistance. It would be wrong to say that the current flowed from minus to plus, because it is a fact
that the positive electricity or the gradient originates from the substance having the highest vortex
intensity and indeed the least number of mobile energy balls on its surface. The positive electricity
or the gradient of the solar electricity always originates from the substance allowing on its surface
the higher vortex intensity by detaching the energy balls so that it consequently corrodes.

30
Thus, the usual pole denomination is correct only in a qualified manner and applies only to the
external current flow. The internal current flow streams from the positive substance to the negative
one. Hence, it is wrong, absurd and incorrect to say that the current flowed from the minus to the
plus pole. But if a difference is made between internal and external current flow, the controversy
has been settled once and for all, and the current flows in the internal as well as in the external
circuit always from the plus pole to the minus pole wherein, of course, the positive, currentsupplying plus pole is located at the beginning of the internal current flow.
11. Potential and actual solar electricity
The potential solar electricity is the first physical condition of matter. Its origin is the center of the
sun at the lowest cosmic coldness limit. The transition from the potential to the actual solar
electricity forms the zone of dynamic equilibrium of the sun. The temperature of this zone is about
6,000 C. In its potential state, the solar electricity has its highest density and its least voltage. It is
the initial state of force. The actual solar electricity flows continuously from the zone of dynamic
equilibrium of the sun towards both sides of the sun's equator up to high degrees of latitude from
the east to the west in ascending spirals and thus encompasses the entire solar system. The effect of
this helical flow is the sun's gravity and the cause of the sun's rotation around its own axis from the
east to the west as well as of the orbits of planets, planetoids and moons around the sun. Further, it
is the cause of magnetism and of the specific earthly zero point of minus 273 C.
12. Prospects to new tasks
After having clarifies the deeper regularities of magnetic and electric fields, the question arises
whether it were possible to utilize the gradient of the actual solar electricity, which we have
recognized as an east-west flow in our earth, for the benefit of mankind, just as it is possible to
transform air or water flows or air or water gradients into usable energy. Indeed, we utilize this
gradient in the dynamo machine by expending much energy, but not in the naturally given way. The
utilization of this gradient in contemporary dynamo machines is finally the same act as if we would

pump the water which nature supplies us as rain in low plains up to the mountains and then
transform the resulting gradient into energy. Nowadays, we tap this natural east-west flow from the
poles of permanent and temporary magnets, i.e. from the descending helical flows, instead of
designing facilities to catch the east-west flow either directly by generating natural gradients or to
catch the escaping ascending helical flows by physical manipulations, in which case diamagnetic
substances would have to act as mediators if applied in the correct flow sense.

Part Two
The Primeval Phenomenon of Substance Formation
In the first part of our dealing with the vortex theory, we have sought clarity about the nature of heat
and found out that that the potential solar electricity as well as the potential geoelectricity are, in
their primeval physical condition, at the absolute cosmic zero point and that the actual solar
electricity always attempts to approach its primeval condition, i.e. coldness. We have also pointed
to the equal nature of solar and geoelectricity realizing that on the earth they differ only in their
different voltage condition and their density. Our logical thinking had to come to the conclusion
that the so-called absolute zero point of -273 C in no way has to be the lowest cosmic absolute zero
point. When mentioning a cosmic absolute zero point hereinafter, let us relate the term "absolute"
only to our solar system.

The Formation of Substance


After we have removed our ideas and thoughts a little bit from the conventional and familiar, let us
put up a more basic hypothesis on the basis of our previous studies. Should this hypothesis be near
to the absolute truth, it would have to be able to explain all phenomena of the natural sciences
without exception. We shall realize that we are next to truth when we deal with the phenomenon of
light and the motion laws in our solar system. At first, we have to try to correct our idea that -273C
is the lowest coldness limit. When at nearly -273 C the electric current passes through a conductor
without any resistance, our perception found here suggests that no vortex accumulation occurs at
that point. The electric current does not find any gradient towards the nanoparticles of the
conducting substance; hence the current flows without vortex formation and thus without
accumulation or resistance and without heat generation. What we nowadays measure as temperature
is only the accumulation temperature between the substance particles but not their core temperature.
As soon as the opposite flow accumulation ceases, we have reached -273 C. At this temperature, it
seems that the actual solar electricity ejected from the sun has reached its highest density on the
earth in accordance with the distance between the sun and the earth. Before we deal with the
aforementioned hypothesis in greater detail, we have to understand by means of the following
consideration that it is easily clear that temperatures far below -273 C must exist. Let us make the
following consideration about the law of force and counterforce found by Newton and proven in
classical physics by numerous tests: It is known that one gram of Radium sets free 10 billion Joule
of heat up to its complete disintegration. When calculated as to the heat equivalent, this would equal
2,390,000 kcal. Let us now assume that these 2,390,000 kcal would suddenly be released by any
event while on the other hand this release were to be efficiently countered. Nobody will doubt that
this release might be efficiently countered by coldness. So an equal amount of coldness would have
to be confronted with this heat of 2,370,000 kcal in order to create an equilibrium so as to avert the
enormous danger inherent in such heat release. But as a sudden release is impossible under normal
conditions, it has to be assumed that a continuous balance of heat and coldness exists, i.e. that force
and counterforce are always balanced. The force would be the potential energy or potential solar
electricity in the core of each substance particle at its lowest coldness limit. One can imagine that
this potential energy resting in itself can only maintain itself in this enormous coldness condition.
The counterforce would be the force which we have learned to be the actual solar electricity which
due to the outside temperature attempts to approach its primeval condition, i.e. the coldness limit.
The zone in which force and counterforce are balanced would be the zone of dynamic equilibrium
of a nanoparticle or a moon, a planet, or the sun. If one wanted to disturb the balanced state of this
potential energy, this would only be possible by changing the outside temperature because by doing
so the force balance of force and counterforce would be shifted outward or inward. At an increase
of the outside temperature, the diameter of the dynamic zone of equilibrium would become larger

while it would be smaller if the outside temperature were lowered. As substances having a different
atomic weight also have different core temperatures in accordance with Joule's equivalent, the
diameters of these nanoparticles differ in size, too. For this reason, the outside temperature must not
be boundlessly increased because in this case there would be a risk of blowing up the dynamic zone
of equilibrium of the nanoparticles due to regrouping the different nanoparticles of a substance
which would mean a direct contact between the potential core electricity amounting to millions of
degrees coldness and the outside temperature so that this potential core electricity would, due to its
thermal sensitivity, expand in an enormous explosion during which the released potential electricity
would burn everything within a certain range. A difference should be made whether particles
having the lowest core temperature, a high density and low voltage or particles having a higher core
temperature, a low density and a higher voltage were subjected to a maximum outside temperature.
In the former case, the blowup of the dynamic zone of equilibrium would result in a high current
density and low voltage while in the latter case a low current density and a higher voltage would
occur. Thus, substances having the lowest core temperatures, the highest density and the lowest
voltage would be less dangerous than substances with higher core temperatures, low density and
high voltages such as hydrogen. (Meanwhile, this experiment has been confirmed by the
development of the "atomic bomb".)
If the interior of the sun were as hot as it is cold in reality, it could not be seen as a ball in its present
shape on the sky, but it would since long have had the same fate as the nova Pictoris or the nova
Hercules. The possibility of the nearly inexhaustible reserve of potential energy of the sun is based
solely on the assumption of a lowest coldness limit.

31
Let us eventually deal with our aforementioned hypothesis. Let us assume that our earth had been
ejected many millions of years ago in a huge eruption out of the interior of the sun as a volume of
potential electricity at a coldness of approximately minus 5 million C. This volume of potential
electricity would immediately have taken the shape of a ball of concentrated force outside the solar
zone of dynamic equilibrium and within the outside temperature because this volume had been
located in a space of a considerably higher temperature. According to our perceptions gained so far,
this process would have taken place as follows: The actual solar electricity bordering on the
periphery of the ejected volume would have attempted to centripetally reach its primeval coldness
condition (Fig. 31) while on the other hand the periphery of the ejected volume would have come

into contact with a warmer zone. As the potential volume is very heat-sensitive, it would have
tremendously expanded in a centrifugal way on its periphery. So the forces would have opposed
each other so as to cancel each other out and to form, so to speak, a zone of equilibrium. As the
opposing forces were of the same amount, a spherical shape would inevitably have been formed similar to a soap bubble which is also characterized by a balance between the internal and external
pressure forces. One should not think of this zone of equilibrium as being rigid and immobile, but
rather as being dynamically mobile and characterized by permanent unrest. This continuous flowing
into each other at the periphery would of course generate heat so that one might say that the zone of
dynamic equilibrium is at the same time a heat zone. Now, one has to imagine that this heat zone
decreases outwardly as well as inwardly with the inward decrease being much more abrupt than the
outward decrease. If, during this continuous spherical equalization effort of the zone of dynamic
equilibrium, the heat zone comes nearer to the internal potential electricity which we will now refer
to as geoelectricity, the latter would, due to its heat sensitivity, enormously expand - maybe like an
explosion - and blow up the zone of equilibrium in some spots. At the same time, the same which
happened on a large scale during the ejection from the sun would now happen on the smallest
imaginable scale. Nanoballs would be formed the core temperature of which would be adequate to
the zone from which these ejected volumes of potential electricity originated. As all nanoballs
would have the same degree of force, density multiplied with voltage, they would only differ in
their core temperature and thus in their diameter. Hydrogen, for example, would have been formed
first on the outermost periphery and hence would have the lowest core temperature and thus the
lowest density, but at the same time the highest voltage and the largest diameter. One might go on
this way with regard to all elements up to one of the heaviest, uranium. Although this is not a pure
element as pure elements cannot exist at all, but is composed of a number of different nanoparticles.
After all, the majority of these particles has nearly the highest density, the lowest voltage and the
smallest diameter because the core temperature in a large number of them is at the lowest coldness
limit which rests in itself in its primeval state. The continuous disturbance of this state of rest is
caused only by particles having a larger diameter, a lower core temperature and a higher internal
voltage. The particles are incoherent and thus generate a temperature being 2 - 3 degrees above the
ambient temperature which accelerates disintegration. Unless the element helium with its large
diameter and high internal voltage were present in between, even uranium would not disintegrate.
The core electricity remaining in its state of rest becomes actual electricity on its borders to the heat
zone which means that the zone of dynamic equilibrium emerges from inside. It is highly probable
that these nanoparticles have been ejected out of the deeper regions of the earth in enormous
eruptions near the end of the substance formation process. As the nanoparticles of the substances
represent a center of force due to their potential energy, let us refer to them as energy balls. If we
have a somewhat closer look at the dynamic zone of equilibrium of the energy balls which we have
also denoted as heat zone, we find out that more specific heat has to be supplied to hydrogen due to
its lower heat zone than to the other energy balls having higher heat zones in order to increase its
temperature by 1 C. On the other hand, uranium has the highest heat zone and accordingly the
lowest heat supply (cf Table)
Designation

Symbol

Order No.

Atomic weight
1x

Specific heat
1x

Specific weight
1x

Hydrogen

1.0078

3.43

0.09

Helium

He

4.002

1.25

Lithium

Li

6.940

Beryllium

Be

9.02

0.424

1.93

Boron

10.82

0.306

2.5

Carbon

12.00

0.534

3.51

Designation

Symbol

Order No.

Atomic weight
1x

Nitrogen

14.008

Oxygen

16.00

1.4292

Fluorine

19.00

1.14

Neon

Ne

10

20.183

Sodium

Na

11

22.997

0.297

0.97

Magnesium

Mg

12

24.32

0.249

1.74

Aluminum

Al

13

26.97

0.218

2.7

Silicon

Si

14

28.6

0.171

2.34

Phosphorus

15

31.02

0.182

1.83

Sulphur

16

32.06

0.175

2.07

Chlorine

Cl

17

35.457

0.226

1.5S

Argon

Ar

18

39.944

0.124

1.38

Potassium

19

39.096

0.187

0.86

Calcium

Ca

20

40.08

0.149

1.55

Scandium

Sc

21

45.10

Titanium

Ti

22

47.90

0.112

4.5

Vanadium

23

50.95

Chrome

Cr

24

52.01

0.112

6.7

Manganese

Mn

25

54.93

0.11

7.39

Iron

Fe

26

55.84

0.113

7.86

Cobalt

Co

27

58.94

0.103

8.6

Nickel

Ni

28

58.69

0.1081

8.8

Copper

Cu

29

63.57

0.0936

8.933

Zinc

Zn

30

65.38

0.0931

7.1

Gallium

Ga

31

69.72

0.0802

5.92

Germanium

Ge

32

72.60

0.0737

5.459

Arsenic

As

33

74.91

0.0830

5.72

Selenium

Se

34

78.96

0.1125

4.8

Bromine

Br

35

79.916

0.1071

3.14

Krypton

Kr

36

83.7

Rubidium

Rb

37

85.44

Strontium

Sr

38

87.63

2.54

Yttrium

39

88.92

3.8S

Zirconium

Zr

40

91.22

Niobium

Nb

41

92.91

Molybdenum

Mo

42

96.0

0.0646

9.0

Masurium

Ma

43

Ruthenium

Ru

44

101.7

0.0611

12.26

Specific heat
1x

Specific weight
1x

5.5

2.155S
0.0792

0.0660

1.52

6.4
7.37

Designation

Symbol

Order No.

Atomic weight
1x

Specific heat
1x

Specific weight
1x

Rhodium

Rh

45

102.91

0.0580

12.1

Palladium

Pd

46

106.7

0.0592

11.5

Silver

Ag

47

107.88

0.0565

10.5

Cadmium

Cd

48

112.41

0.0549

8.64

Indium

In

49

114.71

0.0569

Tin

Sn

50

118.7

0.556

7.28

Stibium

Sb

51

121.76

0.0503

6.62

Tellurium

Te

52

127.61

0.0483

6.25

Iodine

53

126.92

0.0524

4.942

Xenon

54

131.3

Cesium

Cs

55

132.91

0.0481

1.88

Barium

Ba

56

137.36

0.068

3.8

Lanthanum

La

57

138.92

0.044

6.1

Cerium

Ce

58

140.13

6.8

Praesodymium

Pr

59

140.92

6.476

Neodymium

Nd

60

144.27

6.96

Il

61

Samarium

Sm

62

150.43

7.7

Europium

Eu

63

152.00

Gedolinium

Gd

64

157.3

Terbium

Tb

65

159.2

Dyprosium

Dy

66

162.46

Holmium

Ho

67

163.5

Erbium

Er

68

167.64

Thulium

Tm

69

169.4

Ytterbium

Yb

70

173.04

Cassiopeium

Cp

71

175.00

Hafnium

Hf

72

178.6

Tantalum

Ta

73

180.88

0.0326

16.6

Tungsten

74

184.00

0.0338

19.1

Thenium

Re

75

186.31

Osmium

Os

76

191.5

0.0311

22.48

Iridium

Ir

77

193.1

0.0323

22.4

Platinum

Pt

78

195.23

0.0320

21.4

Gold

Au

79

197.2

0.0311

19.2

Mercury

Hg

80

200.61

0.0334

13.69S

Thallium

Tl

81

204.39

0.0326

11.85

Lead

Pb

82

207.22

0.31

11.34

Illinium

5.815

4.77S

Designation

Symbol

Order No.

Atomic weight
1x

Specific heat
1x

Specific weight
1x

Bismuth

Bi

83

209.00

0.0303

9.8

Polonium

Po

84

210.00

Alabimium

Am

85

Radon

Rn

86

Virginium

Vg

87

Radium

Ra

88

226.05

Actinium

Ac

89

227.0

Thorium

Th

90

232.12

0.0275

11.0

Protactinium

Pa

91

230

Uranium

92

238.14

0.0280

18.7

222.00

1x) Landolf Brnstein: Physikalisch Chemische Tabellen [Physical Chemical Tables]

The fact that on the one hand the accumulation heat of the dynamic zone of equilibrium is a
function of the core temperature as well as of the ambient or external temperature and that on the
other hand the weight is a direct representation of this function in connection with the earth's
megavortex lets the external temperature of the elements appear as nearly constant. So there exists a
more or less constant relationship between weight, accumulation heat and the external temperature
of the substances. If one wants to increase, for instance, the external temperature of substances by
one degree, a definite amount of heat has to be supplied in addition to the accumulation heat
(atomic heat) already present in the substances in order to maintain the existing constant
relationship. As hydrogen has the highest core temperature and hence the lowest accumulation heat
among all elements, the largest amount of calories have to be supplied to it in order to increase its
external temperature by 1 C.
The nature of potential core electricity is the reason why the near constant is only applicable within
definite temperature limits because the low hollow space temperature becomes effective when the
external temperature is increased. This applies in particular to multi-atom gases such as water
vapor, carbonic acid, ammonia, etc. Here, the amount of heat to be supplied, i.e. the specific heat
increases significantly together with temperature. Wiedemann, for example, found the following
values:
Gas type

Specific heat
0

100

Cp at 200

Carbonic acid

CO2

0.195

0.217

0.239

Nitrogen dioxide

NO2

0.198

0.221

0.244

Ammonia

NH3

0.501

0.532

0.563

Ethylene

C2>H4

0.336

0.419

0.502

When we consider heat and coldness phenomena or the weight-related mutual dependence of two or
more substances contained in organic or inorganic compounds (valency) in the light of this
perceptional theory, we come to a clear understanding about many aspects of the effectiveness of
the world of substances. According to this hypothesis, the earth would have developed from the
invisible to a gaseous, hot-fluid and solid world of substances with the present earth's core still
being in the invisible condition, i.e. with the potential energy still being at rest here. The zone of

dynamic equilibrium or heat zone would be next to it still representing the gaseous and - farther
outside - the hot-fluid condition. The solid condition would have developed millions of years later.

The Cause of the Periodic System of Elements


The volume of potential energy ejected from the sun would of course immediately have become
subject to the vortex law of the solar megavortex and would have gained its drive from the eastwest flow which we will discuss in greater detail in the last chapter. At any rate, the formation of
solid substances is also closely connected with the respective constellation or the earth with respect
to the other planets. We can achieve an illustrative idea of the effect of the mutual influence of
effective fields of force when we suspend a number of bar magnets spaced apart in definite
distances so that equal poles are positioned at the top and the bottom, respectively. If one of these
bars is deflected from its position, the other bars react immediately by taking new positions. As our
planets on their orbits have their north poles on one and their south poles on the other side,
respectively, in a similar way, they also interact, especially when Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Earth,
Venus and Mercury are positioned on a radial line with the sun. One can easily imagine that during
the period of solidification of the earth's surface, respective similar planetary constellations caused
eruptions leading to the formation of substances having respective similar physical and chemical
properties. So we could come to a clear idea about the formation of the periodic system of elements.
When we look from this viewpoint at Erdmann's (1) helical scheme of the periodic law of the
chemical elements (Fig. 32), we would have to assume that the elements positioned on one ray were
formed at like planetary constellations, respectively. One might thus refer to Erdmann's scheme as
showing the law of substance development. Here, too, hydrogen would be positioned at the
beginning of development while uranium having the highest atomic weight would represent the
final member in the chain of substance formation.

32
Spiral table of the periodic law of the chemical elements
The elements on each side of the two halves of each continuous ray form two branches of one family.
The distances from the center of the spiral are the atomic weights.

It is well conceivable that at such planetary constellations with respect to the sun powerful eruptions
took place on the earth which became stronger and stronger with the increasing solidification of the
surface. These stronger and stronger eruptions ejected volumes from deeper and deeper original
locations having lower coldness degrees which volumes formed the energy balls having lower core
temperatures until in the end of the solidification process uranium with its lowest core temperature
and its smallest energy ball diameter was formed.
The role of the planetary constellations with respect to the earth and the sun during the substance
formation can still be perceived in the repulsive forces of the substances, i.e. in the accumulating
forces of the helical energy ball flows. Just as the earth has its intrinsic east-west helical flow -

caused by its actual geoelectricity which permanently expands due to its bordering on the heat zone
and which causes the earth's gravity -, all planets have their intrinsic east-west vortices of actual
electricity which even now penetrate the geosphere and in particular whirl around those substances
which have been formed during definite constellations of one or the other planets. A pair of gravity
scales developed by the author shows in a very illustrative manner the influence of the respective
position of the planets onto the various metals, especially those of the earth during its orbiting
around the sun at perigee (being near to the earth) and apogee (being far from the earth).
The author has not yet completed his tests in this respect. The aforementioned device will be shown
in the next chapter dealing with gravity.
Not much new needs to be said about the union of energy balls to form a substance. We have seen
that the actual electricity whirls around the energy balls and that the accumulation effect or the
emerging polarity compounds them to form so-called elements. The vortex direction of this actual
electricity flow of the energy balls always depends upon the earth's megavortex field and hence can
never change its polarity. The actual solar electricity, however, whirls also around the energy balls
with the whirl ceasing at minus 273 C. All chemical compounds and reactions are accomplished by
the additional solar electricity vortex. Inside the substances, this actual solar electricity vortex is not
necessarily bound to the flow direction of the actual geoelectricity vortex which means that the
weaker energy ball vortices of the actual solar electricity are always subject to the next stronger
solar energy ball vortex and hence undergo a polarity change caused by the stronger vortices. The
polarity of vortex fields of equal strength cannot be altered. Thus, the fundamental law of all
chemical compounds is based on the fact that each weaker solar energy ball vortex is pressed by the
accumulative effect from outside against the center of the next stronger solar energy ball vortex
with the stronger one causing a polarity alteration of the weaker one. But as the solar electricity
ceases to form any vortices at -273 C, no chemical compounds and reactions are possible any more
at this temperature as we have mentioned earlier.

33

34

As we shall perceive from the spectrum when dealing with the phenomenon of light, there seems to
be hardly any substance consisting of energy balls of equal size only. An ideal case which probably
cannot exist is shown in Figs. 33 and 34. Fig. 33 shows a cube containing 13 energy balls of the
same diameter being arranged at equal distances from each other. When we look at this cube from
any of its 8 corners we realize when looking diagonally through the center of the cube that 6 balls
are arranged at equal distances around the energy ball in the center. In front of and behind these 7
energy balls arranged in one plane according to Fig. 34, 3 energy balls are arranged, respectively.
So there is a total of 13 balls the outer periphery of which forms a sphere or, when looked at from
another direction, a cube. If the volume of the 13 balls is subtracted from the volume of the
peripheral sphere, the remaining volume or the intermediate space equals exactly the volume of 14
balls. The substance volume of this hypothetically assumed substance would amount to 48 4/27 %

while the volume of the intermediate space would be 51 23/27 %. So, the intermediate space of this
idealized substance would be 3 19/27 % larger than the substance itself.
But as we have perceived, all substances gain their inner cohesion and their mutual bonding force
only from the different core temperatures of the energy balls, i.e. from their different diameters and
thus from their accumulative effects acting inward from the outside. Accordingly, the intermediate
space differs in size from one substance to another. When we will have succeeded in registering the
individual substances in accordance with the composition of their energy balls of different sizes, it
will also be possible to determine their intermediate spaces. There can be no substances having no
intermediate spaces. Only the first physical condition of the substances lacks intermediate spaces;
so it fills the intermediate spaces of all substances. What we still call magnetism belongs to the first
physical condition and hence also fills all intermediate spaces of the substances. For this reason,
substances do not form any resistance or obstacle to this physical condition, although we must make
a difference with respect to energy balls moved in an electromagnetic field which cannot penetrate
substances and therefore are screenable because they convey their charge to the conductive
substances according to the law of induction described earlier.
The highest density of water at 4 C also proves that the energy balls of the individual substances
H2 and O have different diameters. As we have seen, the hydrogen energy balls are larger than the
oxygen energy balls. Due to the cooling of the balls having different sizes their diameters shrink so
that a gradual regrouping occurs with respect to the individual sphere positions until at 4 C the
energy balls cannot be any closer to each other. If the energy balls of H and O had the same
diameter, water would have its highest density at 0 C.
Maybe it is not uninteresting to point to crystallization processes in connection with the energy ball
diameters. Wherever energy balls of the same size confront, no polarity alteration but an
accumulation of the helical flow between them occurs instead. No union but a repulsion occurs
within this accumulation which has a plane-related effect between the particles. Thus, the
crystallization process during the solidification of the substance is a process of repulsion among
energy balls of equal size. Depending upon the presence of energy balls of different diameters, the
different crystal shapes are formed which can be split in accordance with the positions of their
accumulation planes.

Summary
We have made an attempt to use a hypothesis to understand that -273 C cannot be the lowest
coldness limit but that at this temperature the east-west solar electricity does no longer find a
gradient and thus flows without accumulation through the conductive substance. What we measure
is not the core temperature of the energy balls but the temperature between the energy balls which is
generated by the opposite flow directions due to vortex accumulation. We have further tried to
understand that it is conceivable to hold the enormous heat reserves of the energy balls, e.g. of
radium, in a balance at lowest temperatures of millions of degrees because this coldness resembles
the primeval condition of the potential electricity which in this condition has its highest density and
lowest voltage. As each energy ball possesses the same degree of force (density multiplied by
voltage), the energy ball diameters must differ corresponding with their respective core temperature.
A hydrogen energy ball has the largest diameter, the lowest density and the highest internal voltage,
but certainly the same degree of force as all other energy balls having lower core temperatures. The
higher diffusion speed of the hydrogen energy balls is also caused by their highest internal voltage.
However, the uranium energy ball has the smallest diameter, the highest density and the lowest
voltage because the solar electricity which has become geoelectricity rests in its primeval condition
here. In all probability, the formation of substances was caused, apart from the equalization or
compensation effort of the zone of dynamic equilibrium, by the planetary constellations which led

to eruptions in large and regular intervals forming the periodic system of elements. The cohesion of
the energy balls is due to the accumulative effect which always presses the energy balls having
higher core temperatures centripetally against energy balls having lower core temperatures. Energy
balls having equal core temperatures repel each other. One might as well say that the link between
the energy balls is their differing atomic weight because the higher atomic weight means a larger
flow vortex which forces its flow direction onto the smaller vortex flow of a lower atomic weight or
alters the polarity of the energy ball having the lower atomic weight so that on the outside opposite
flows exist which cause the centripetal accumulation effect. All substances consist of a uniform,
heat-sensitive material which we call solar electricity according to its origin and planetary or lunar
electricity according to its later affiliation. As long as a temperature difference exists between the
inside and the outside, we refer to this electricity as substance. If, however, a temperature difference
no longer exists, we refer to electricity as the first physical condition of matter, or in case of the
existence of a gradient as power, energy, magnetism, electricity, lightning or the like. In the interior
of the sun, the electricity is in its potential condition at the lowest cosmic coldness limit. It
represents the huge power reserve of the entire solar system; partial reserves form the interior of the
planets, planetoids, and moons. The spherical zones of dynamic equilibrium are the hot zones - such
as the photosphere of the sun or the gaseous and hot-fluid condition beneath the solid earth surface
or similar conditions with respect to the other planets and moons.

Part Three
The Function of Gravity
The Gravity Law
We have perceived in Part Two of the vortex theory that the atomic weight of the substances is a
function of the actual geoelectricity wherein the different core temperatures of the energy balls
determine their diameter and their corresponding distances from one another, as the east-west actual
geoelectricity flow whirls around each single energy ball, accumulating above it and thus pressing it
against the earth. Hence it is clear that the substances are not attracted by the earth but pressed
against it from outside.

The Cause of the Atomic Weight and the Acceleration of the Fall

35

36

The weight of a substance depends upon the number of its energy balls which in turn depend upon
the core temperatures and thus upon the diameters of their zones of dynamic equilibrium and the
measure of force (density multiplied by voltage) of the east-west megavortex field of the earth in a
definite location as well as upon the centrifugal force caused by the earth's rotation. Let us now look
at two examples in an attempt to explain the pressing force or atomic weight and acceleration. Fig.
35 schematically shows an energy ball of a hydrogen atom within the east-west megavortex field of
the earth. Of all elements known up to now, this energy ball has the highest hollow space
temperature and the lowest density as well as the highest internal voltage. Thus, the accumulation
heat or atomic heat within the zone of dynamic equilibrium is lower than in the case of other
substances. As, in accordance with its nature, the east-west flow of the actual geoelectricity, similar
to that of the actual solar electricity, always flows towards its primeval condition of coldness, it also
flows towards the coldness poles of each single energy ball and is driven out again in the neutral,
warmer zone. However, as the east-west flow field is inhomogeneous, a vortex flow is generated
during the inflow and outflow being directed in the sense of the more dense flow between the
earth's zone of dynamic equilibrium and the substance. This is the cause of the formation of the
ascending and the descending helices. As the flow direction between the energy ball and the earth's
zone of equilibrium have the same direction and are opposite on the vortex side facing away from
the earth, this opposition causes an accumulating effect on this side which presses the energy ball
against the earth rectangularly to the flow direction of the megavortex with the force of the
universally uniform measure of force - density multiplied by voltage. As density and voltage of the
east-west geoelectricity flow field are reciprocate to the distance from the earth's dynamic zone of
equilibrium, i.e. that the density to voltage ratio is always the same at each distance, the same
constant degree of force exists with respect to the earth's acceleration, g = 9.80665 m/sec. When
we compare with reference to Fig. 36 the schematic illustration of a uranium energy ball, we

immediately realize the difference in size compared with the hydrogen energy ball.
Computationally, the hydrogen energy ball volume could embrace about 238 uranium energy balls.
As both energy balls have the same degree of force (density multiplied by voltage), the
accumulative force of the uranium energy ball is equal to that of the hydrogen energy ball.
Alternatively, one might say that if the volume of the hydrogen energy ball were made equal to that
of the uranium energy ball, the hydrogen energy ball would have the same weight as a uranium
energy ball. But as the volume of the hydrogen energy ball is 238.14 times larger than that of the
uranium energy ball, the core or hollow space temperature of the zone of dynamic equilibrium, i.e.
the atomic heat, must be much lower than that of the uranium energy ball. Due to the decimals of
the atomic weight and the atomic heat of substances which cannot be brought into a uniform
relation, it can certainly be concluded that each of the elements comprises a number of different
energy balls as we will perceive later when discussing the spectrum. It will be left to science to
determine a precise list of integral numbers of the elements' energy balls including their respective
core temperatures, diameters as well as their accumulative heat (atomic heat).
The accumulative effect P of an energy ball represents the resulting force of two accumulation
components, namely the nanovortex potential depending upon the constant degree of force on the
one hand and the earth's megavortex potential on the other. In addition, both depend upon the
concentration of the actual geoelectricity. Near the equator and in the higher strata, for example, the
concentration is not as strong as near the earth's poles, and consequently the weight of this different
concentration is subject to geoelectricity. The concentration of geoelectricity can only be
determined on the basis of the acceleration of the fall which amounts to 978.030 cm/sec at the
equator and 983.216 cm/sec at the poles. Likewise, the concentration or density of geoelectricity
may be determined by means of the different revolution ratio of the geomagnetic differential motor
described in Part One.
After having developed an idea about gravity, we prefer to not refer any longer to attraction but
only to pressing. The pressing force of the earth including the acceleration of the fall comes to an
end within the earth's zone of dynamic equilibrium, where it equals zero just as in the center of the
earth. Similarly to the resulting pressing forces are directed from outside towards the zone of
dynamic equilibrium, the pressing forces are effective from the center of the earth outward towards
the zone of equilibrium. Hence, a body would practically never fall down to the center of the earth,
but only to the zone of dynamic equilibrium, and likewise, a falling body near the center of the earth
would be pressed outward up to the zone of dynamic equilibrium irrespective of the centrifugal
forces caused by the earth's rotation.

The Gravity Law


It has been mentioned earlier that the difference between a gravity field and the geomagnetic field is
restricted only to the different density and voltage of the actual solar electricity perceivable on the
earth. The so-called geomagnetic field belongs to the gravity field of the sun. As we shall see in
Part Five, a two-arm helical stream of actual solar electricity flows permanently into the large space
in which the planets with their moons are moving. The author presents as an experimental evidence
his geomagnetic differential motor the revolutions of which per time unit and at equal temperatures
have, at perihelion and aphelion, the same ratio as the squares of the earth's distances from the sun.
If geomagnetism were not generated by the sun but specifically earthly, the average revolution ratio
would not change when approaching to or moving away from the sun. The same measuring results
are obtained when one directly induces the earth's field by means of a screened synchronous motor
the momentum of which is kept constant by means of a precisely controlled frequency. The
measurements would have to last many years because the variations of the earth's field are
enormous and are permanently subject to the protuberances of the sun and the constellations of the
planets.

When dealing with Newton's so-called gravity law (1687) "Two masses attract each other with a
force being directly proportionate to the product of the masses and reciprocally proportionate to the
square of their mutual distance" and taking into consideration the law of vortex kinematics, one has
to distinguish whether the masses have the same or an opposite polarity. If to masses having
opposite polarities are confronted with each other, which within the solar system applies solely to
the sun, this law must read "Two masses press against one another, etc., but if the confronting
masses have the same polarity, as it is the case among the planets and planetoids or among the
various solar systems, one must formulate exactly like Coulomb's law, "Two masses repel each
other with a force being directly proportionate to the product of the masses and reciprocally
proportionate to the square of their mutual distance."

The Gravity Constant

37

In the light of the author's experimental studies, it seems to be questionable whether the gravity
constant determined by Richarz and Krigar-Menzel by means of their lead tests is really valid. The
author's experiments showed that lead as well as various other metals are subject to permanent
weight variations so that their weights are only relative. The author made seven precision scales
from maple wood (Fig. 37) and put on one side of each pair of scales gold, silver, mercury, copper,
iron, tin, and lead, respectively. On the other side of the scale beam, maple wood was used as
counterweight. Then the scales were varnished to protect them from the influence of humidity. The
sensitivity of the scales was calibrated in accordance with the respective weight carried. The total
range of indication was 1/10 of the weight carried by each pair of scales with the deflection
amounting to 130 mm. In the course of a two-year test period, it became evident that our weights
increase from the farthest point from the sun (aphelion) to the nearest (perihelion) and from there up
to the next aphelion decrease by the same amount. Further, the author found out by using these
scales that the gravity of the various planets has a weight-decreasing or weight-increasing influence
on definite metals, respectively. This becomes most evident when the planets are on their
opposition positions. The maximum deflections of the scales allow to find out with all surety and
hourly precision which metal is assigned to the planets being in opposition and at which hour the
point of opposition is reached. Up to now, the author found out that there is a connection between
the metal mercury and the planet Mercury as well as between lead and Saturn. Further tests are still
under way.
The author made another interesting observation with these scales in the period from September 6th
to 13th, 1960. During this period it happened several times that all indices "on command" moved to
their uppermost position, remained there for some hours and gradually returned to their original
positions. The times of these extreme positions coincided with the horrible "Donna" hurricanes in
the American island of Puerto Rico, Oriente Province, Gibara, Florida, and New York. These
positions of the scales' indices permit the conclusion that the earth's gravity field increased
temporarily. Further, this conclusion gives rise to the assumption that tremendous eruptions have
taken place within the earth's zone of dynamic equilibrium causing the extraordinary storms. If
other confirmations of these measurable gravity influences were found, the studies of Richarz and
Krigar-Menzel would have to be reviewed again in the light of this aspect.
Up to now, we have always referred to the earth's megavortex only. However, it is to be assumed
that all planets, planetoids and moons belonging to our solar system have intrinsic megavortices and
that all megavortices in turn are subject to the solar gigavortex which covers the entire space of the
solar system. So, the moons are not only subject to the megavortices of their respective planets, but
at the same time are directly subject to the solar gigavortex. From this point of view, the gravity law
of the planets and the sun should be formulated roughly as follows, "The megavortices of the
planets are directly proportionate to their volume of potential electricity covered by their zone of
equilibrium while the resulting pressing force of their opposite accumulation component is
reciprocally proportionate to the square of their distance from the sun".
As long as the gravity law is only applied to the relations among the planets, the terms "pressing
force" and "distance from the sun" are to be replaced by "repulsive force" and "their mutual
distance", respectively. With respect to planets having moons, the gravity law is more complicated
because the pressing forces underlie the alternating additive or subtractive influence of the repulsive
forces. When dealing with the cause of movement of the celestial bodies in Part Five of the vortex
theory, these interactions will be discussed in greater detail.
The gravity law developed herein will allow the creation of anti-gravity by providing a satellite with
the naturally given flow intensity which is directly supplied by the sun, hence has the same vortex
direction as the earth and is thus repelled from the earth. We shall further develop this idea after we
will have laid the necessary foundation in Part Five.

Part Four
The Nature and Spreading of Light
The Nature and Spreading of Light
Now, after we have found the key to the explanation of all events related to motion and heat as well
as the formation of the world of substances, our next step will lead us, with inevitable necessity, to
the nature and spreading of light. Scientific research has perceived - in apparent certainty - the
undular nature of light on the one hand and the material character of light (energy quanta) on the
other. However, the theory of quanta extremely contradicts with Huygens' undulation theory. For
the time being, the latter has the plausible basis of interference and motion phenomena. According
to our considerations, the double nature of the spreading of light being at the same time undular and
corpuscular may survive as long as this double nature is correctly interpreted and thoroughly
studied. Basically, the relation between light waves and quanta is similar to the relation between
water waves and a moving ship or between airwaves and a projectile or airplane. Consequently,
light waves would be nothing but a secondary phenomenon of the energy quanta or, in accordance
with the conception developed herein, the consequence of the nanoparticles and/or energy balls
moving at high velocities and at certain distances between each other. On the basis of our
perceptions gained so far, an attempt is now made to show a way to sensibly and imaginatively
explain the phenomenon of light in all its apparent forms.

The Primeval Phenomenon of the Light Beam


We have perceived previously that the tiniest, indivisible particle of a substance - the so-called
energy ball - is nothing but an energy volume the core of which has a certain degree of coldness and
the shell of which is surrounded by a considerably higher temperature. The characteristic of
electricity to shrink in coldness and to expand in heat has brought the dynamic zone of equilibrium
of the energy ball into being. Thus, the core of the energy ball represents resting, potential energy.
If the equilibrium zone of an energy ball is disturbed by an external temperature rise, the zone of
equilibrium tears open at the location of the disturbance, i.e. the potential core electricity or the
energy being at its primary physical condition extends as a result of this unilateral heating-up and
escapes with tremendous force and speed driving the energy ball away in the opposite direction due
to the reaction force. Basically, a light beam is nothing but the primeval example of a rocket and at
the same time a substance transition or return to its primary physical condition. The velocity of such
an energy ball rocket depends upon the product of density multiplied by voltage of the potential
core electricity. As an energy ball is nearly weightless, the force used for its acceleration is very
low. The known high velocity of approximately 300,000 km/sec roughly corresponds to the
expansion of the potential energy. This mystery of the light beam shall now be explained with a
view to very concrete examples:
As we have perceived in Part Two dealing with the formation of substance, the number of energy
ball diameters equals the number of core temperatures. Even the so-called elements are composed
of numerous energy balls of different sizes in accordance with the lines occurring in their respective
spectrum. We will deal with these items in greater detail later. When we bring a substance - let us
say a filament of an electric lamp - to a high temperature, continuous repulsions of energy ball
rockets occur from the outer periphery of the filament towards all sides until the reserve of energy
balls has become exhausted on a specifically affected or weaker location so that the electric circuit
is permanently interrupted. Fig. 38 schematically shows an enlargement of the edge of such a
filament. When the filament is made to glow by electric power, the energy balls located at the

outermost zone of the filament are first disturbed on their zone of dynamic equilibrium because the
ball surface of the energy balls facing to the axis center of the filament has, due to the accumulation
between the last but one and the last ascending helical flow of these energy balls have a higher
temperature than the unaffected ball surface facing away from the filament. It is easily
understandable that the zones of dynamic equilibrium of the energy balls are disturbed with respect
to the outermost balls only and hence are torn open so that the core electricity reaction repels the
energy balls like rockets while the last but one, last but two, etc. energy balls are evenly heated
from all sides without being subjected to a disturbance of their zone of dynamic equilibrium until it
eventually is their turn to be repelled because their outwardly facing ball surfaces are freely
exposed. As at the same moment in which the outermost energy balls are repelled, the next ones
follow, an uninterrupted chain of energy ball rockets is generated which we, due to its effect, call a
light beam. According to its chemical composition, each substance expels energy balls of different
sizes thus providing - as we will perceive later - the spectrum characteristic of every substance.

38

When light beams hit the surface of a transparent substance at an acute angle, they do not pass the
substance in the direction of incidence, but are deflected inside this substance from their original
direction.

Types of Refraction of Light


Fig. 39 schematically illustrates two beams I and II emerging from the same light source case I of
which comes from the air and hits a water surface at an acute angle. This first case clearly shows
that the energy ball, due to its spherical shape, its definite diameter, its irradiation angle a, and its
impact energy c = (mv2)/2 unrolls towards the irradiation angle a1 and continues its movement in
the water at this angle. When, as in case II of Fig. 39, a light beam hits the water surface at a right
angle so that the irradiation vortex a coincides with the incidence perpendicular, the ball does not
unroll, and the light beam is not broken irrespective of the differences in the energy ball diameters
and the nature of the transparent substance.

39

40

The following examples are meant to illustrate the relation between the colors and the energy ball
diameters and hence the refraction angles. Fig. 40 illustrates the path of two light beams through a
pane of glass having plane-parallel faces. Let us assume that beam I is a red light beam. Thus, the
energy ball rocket has a small diameter, a low core temperature and a high accumulation heat level
at the zone of dynamic equilibrium or so-called atomic heat. Due to the large temperature difference
between the core and ambient temperatures, the voltage of the potential core electricity is low while
its density is high. The product of density multiplied by voltage equals the effective rocket energy,
i.e. the uniform measure of force of all rockets which causes the spreading velocity. As the mass of
the energy ball rockets is independent from their diameters, there must be a reciprocal relation
between voltage and density of the potential core electricity. So if the red beam I impinges on the
front entry face of the pane at an angle a, the rocket rolls off in accordance with its diameter and
spreading velocity to an angle a1 and then passes the thickness of the pane of glass at this new,
larger angle. On the exit face, the rocket rolls this time on the opposite hemisphere towards the
opposite side at the same angle as the angle of incidence a away from the pane of glass.
Now we look at the violet beam II in our Fig. 40. In this case, the rocket diameter is larger than in
beam I. Therefore, the core temperature is not as low while the dynamic accumulation zone is
colder, i.e. the atomic heat is lower. Thus, the density of the potential electricity is lower and its

internal voltage higher. The product of both factors results in the same effective rocket energy as in
the case of light beam I. Hence, all color beams contained in white light have the same spreading
velocity. When the violet beam II impinges on the front face of the pane at the same angle, the
larger rocket diameter rolls off to the angle a2 in accordance with its larger radius and its spreading
velocity, passes the thickness of the pane at this larger angle and exits it like beam I at the same
angle as the angle of incidence a. Thus, the violet beam II has, due to its larger rocket diameter, a
larger passing angle or refraction angle than the red beam I.

The Generation of the Spectrum in a Prism


Now we have arrived at one of the most interesting phenomena of light, the generation of the
spectrum. In former times, this phenomenon was rightly considered as something sacred and was
carefully protected by those in the know. This mystery discloses the dependence of the potential
core energy on the matter, the release of the former and the dissolution of matter by turning into
light. In this context and for a better understanding of the following, we should begin by mentioning
that color itself, i.e. outside of our eyes, does not exist at all, and that the phenomenon which we
usually call color is merely an expression of what we sense by our retina when the outflowing
electricity of an energy ball rocket arrives at the optic nerve at a distinct intensity. This potential
electricity streaming into the eye is the force which maintains the eye's capability of vision. If this
force is permanently blocked, the eye loses its ability to receive light. Normally, the intensity
reception of the nerve of vision corresponds with the scope of the visible spectrum while lower
intensities are not felt any more. However, this does not mean that the eye were indifferent to unfelt
intensities. While ultrared corresponds with the intensity of an energy ball rocket having a low
voltage and a high density of core electricity, ultraviolet has an intensity of high internal voltage
and low density of core electricity. The effective rocket energy per time unit determines whether the
eye receives too much or too little light. A high energy destroys the eye quickly while a too low
intensity destroys the eye gradually. In order to achieve a reasonable adaptation to a tolerable inlet
of normal light intensity to protect the eye from the too-much or the too-little, nature's prudence has
created the iris diaphragm of the eye to regulate the amount of incoming photonic rockets. In order
to not digress too far from our subject, let us now describe the generation of the spectrum using a
quartz prism as schematically illustrated in Fig. 41.

41
Fig. 41 shows the energy ball rockets revealing themselves as colors with their respective diameters
adequate to their colors and in their mutual distances during their travel. For the sake of clarity, they
are ordered one below the other according to their size. In reality, however, their trajectories are
without order so that the largest rocket diameters may occur next to the smallest ones, exactly as the
energy balls are chemically bound within the substance. That is also the reason why the spectrum
becomes visible at a certain distance from the prism, because the smallest and largest rockets arrive
at the entry face of the prism as a mixture. We shall deal with these connections in greater detail
when we discuss Fig. 43.

When we trace the individual rockets as to their size, as they pass through the prism, we realize just as with Fig. 40 - that the largest rockets of the visible spectrum, when they impinge on the
slanting prism surface, have a larger tilting momentum in accordance with their larger spherical
radius and thus are deflected by the prism to a higher degree. When exiting the prism, the rocket
finds the exit surface of the prism at an angle being the exact opposite of the entry surface angle.
Consequently, the hemisphere which entered the prism first exits last so that a tilting momentum is
created again which forces the rocket to become deflected once again by the same angular value.
When we trace the trajectory of the smallest rocket of the visible spectrum in the same manner, we
realize on entry and exit that, due to the smaller spherical radius, the tilting momentum as well as
the deflection are smaller. All the different rocket diameters between these two extremes get their
deflection according to their tilting momentum which depends upon their spherical radii so that we
obtain, in the visible range between violet - the largest rocket diameter - and red - the smallest
rocket diameter - a complete violet-blue-yellow-red color spectrum in which the transition colors
indigo-green-orange are generated by mixing violet and blue, blue and yellow, yellow and red. The
rocket diameter of the ultraviolet beams is even larger than that of the violet beams. Therefore, they
do not penetrate a glass having a narrower pass range and are inhibited or swallowed when passing
liquids and gases as a result of their larger resistance. On the other hand, the rocket diameter of the
invisible ultrared beams is even smaller than that of the red beams. For this reason, these rockets
have a larger penetrative force, i.e. a lower resistance against passing through gases and liquids than
beams of other colors or rockets with larger diameters. The relation between the diameters of the
red photonic rockets and the diameter of the violet photonic rockets is proportional to the refraction
angle of the red and the refraction angle of the violet light beams. Fig. 41 further illustrates the
approximate percentage of the distances between the sequential rockets of different colors or, in
other words, the approximate mixing ratio of the individual rockets per time unit. The following
experiment also provides the evidence for the correctness of the composition of white light of the
basic hues of the spectrum, i.e. red, yellow, blue, and violet. If one measures the brightness value of
white light projected onto a screen via a prism, this value equals the sum of the individual
measuring values of the spectral colors red, yellow, blue, and violet of the same prism provided that
the measurement is carried out under the same conditions of screen distance and illumination
intensity as with white light. The percentage distribution of the measuring values near Fraunhofer's
lines A D G and H roughly is as follows: red 21 %, yellow 60 %, blue 15 % and violet 4 %. Hence,
the chemical effect of the color beams depends upon the qualitative rather than the quantitative
condition. Although the effective rocket energy of all color beams is the same as is evident from the
velocity of spreading, there exists a significant difference as to whether the core electricity has a
high density or a high voltage. For example, the violet light beams with their high core electricity
voltage and low core electricity density bring about the separation of metallic silver from salts such
as chlorargyrite, iodite or bromide while on the other hand the red photonic rockets with their high
core electricity density and low core electricity voltage perform, together with the chlorophyll in
plants, the separation of carbon dioxide to carbon and oxygen with the carbon being used for
creating plants and the oxygen for the respiration of human beings and animals. Nobody could
foresee what would happen on our planet if the radiation mixture would change at the expense of
the red and the benefit of the violet light beams.
This view would add some aspects worth considering to Prof. Max Planck's quanta theory. The
universal constant h, also called quantum of action, would be equal to the effective rocket energy:
density multiplied by voltage multiplied by time. However, one must not say, "The higher the
oscillation value, the larger the quantum of action", but "The larger the number of photonic rockets
per time unit, the larger the quantum of action".
Let us now look at some other phenomena of the spectrum in order to back the overall truth of this
new perception by further partial truths. It is well known that the temperature of the spectrum rises
from ultraviolet to ultrared. What is the reason for this fact? We have perceived in connection with

the generation of energy balls that the largest energy balls have the highest core temperatures and
hence the lowest accumulation heat or atomic heat, while on the other hand the smallest energy
balls have the lowest core temperatures and hence the highest accumulation heat or atomic heat.
When we in this context look at the ultraviolet and violet beams, i.e. the largest energy balls acting
as rockets, we find out that a certain number of heat units has to be added to the ultraviolet and
violet rocket range of the spectrum due to its low atomic heat in order to achieve a temperature
equilibrium with the ultrared and red rocket range of the spectrum having a higher atomic heat.
The number of photonic rockets per time unit also plays a significant role.
Another phenomenon is the determination, using the spectrum, whether a star approaches the earth
or moves away from it. When a star approaches the earth, a violet shift occurs in the spectrum while
a star which moves away from the earth causes a red shift in the spectrum. How can the present idea
of photonic rockets explain this fact? We have stated above that the refraction angle of a photonic
rocket depends on its velocity of spreading on the one hand and its diameter on the other. If either
the velocity of spreading increases or decreases or if the rocket diameter increases or decreases, the
refraction angle always changes. Normally, the velocity of spreading of light is constant in all light
beams, but it changes immediately when the number of photonic rockets per time unit is changed.
So, if a star approaches us, the speed of light rises proportional to the speed of the approaching star
because the distances of the sequential photonic rockets become smaller. Therefore, the light
intensity increases as well. Consequently, the refraction angle of the light emitted by that star
increases so that a violet shift must occur. If, however, the star moves away from us, the speed of
light decreases proportional to the speed of the escaping star because this time the distances
between the photonic rockets become larger. The light intensity decreases, too. Consequently, the
refraction angle of the light emitted by that star becomes smaller, of course, resulting in a red shift.
This Doppler's principle, when applied to the undulation theory, implies the biggest theoretical
difficulties which up to now have not yet been precisely solved.
When we conclude that the speed of light is constant, this conclusion, according to the regularity
described here, applies only to the spreading of light within a space having a constant temperature.
The measure of force (density multiplied by voltage) of a photonic rocket is certainly constant, but
it makes a difference whether the photonic particle rushes through a space having a high actual
electricity density and a low voltage or through a space having a low density and a high voltage. We
know that the density of the actual solar electricity increases at decreasing temperatures (aphelion)
and decreases at rising temperatures (perihelion). So, the velocity of the light beam will decrease
when the temperature falls and will increase when the temperature rises. Should this be proven in a
laboratory by measuring the speed of light within an appropriately long chamber having a
temperature of plus 60 C, this speed of light would have to be higher than in a chamber at 20 C. If
this assumption were confirmed, the red or violet shift of the K line might be explained as being
caused by the light passing through colder or warmer zones, respectively, which decrease or
increase the speed thus resulting in a red or violet shift, respectively. With respect to our Earth, the
red and violet shift would have the same cause. When we mover farther from the sun starting on
December 21, the sunlight has to pass through ever colder zones until June 21 which would mean a
delay of the speed of light and hence a red shift, while on the other hand the light passes through
ever warmer zones from June 21 to December 21 which would mean an increase in the speed of
light and hence a violet shift.
So if tests confirmed this assumption, in which the author has not the slightest doubt, the incredible
thesis that the spiral nebulae with their countless number of suns rush away from our Milky Way
system at a speed of ten thousand kilometers per second would have become void because the
degree of red or violet shift would only be a measure for the varying cold or hot state of the space
which the light from these spiral systems has to pass through.

How can we explain the spectrum alteration when the temperature of a gas to be studied is
increased or decreased? We have stated previously that the zone of dynamic equilibrium of an
energy ball is that zone in which the core electricity expanding due to the influence of the higher
ambient temperature and the actual electricity outside the energy ball which heads for its primeval
condition of coldness are balanced. A rising ambient temperature automatically expands the zone of
dynamic equilibrium because the gradient between the inside and the outside increases while a
falling ambient temperature decreases the gradient resulting in a shrinking diameter of the zone of
dynamic equilibrium. Therefore, a rise in the (ambient) temperature enlarges the rocket diameter
causing a violet shift in the spectrum, while a decrease of the ambient temperature shortens the
rocket diameter causing a red shift in the spectrum.
The reason why the increasing atomic weight of the substances shifts the spectral lines towards the
red end of the spectrum is that the refraction angle of the light emitted by the substances becomes
smaller when the energy ball diameter shrinks as we have clearly seen when we described the beam
path through the prism. As the spectrum between ultraviolet and ultrared covers all known and still
unknown substances, we can regard the spectrum as a scale of the substance components and their
core temperatures. Thus, the photonic rocket diameters and the core temperatures of the energy
balls are of different magnitude in all their positions from ultraviolet to ultrared.
So one cannot say that the photonic rockets of the respective bandwidths of red, for example, have
only one diameter, but rather that across the entire bandwidth a continuous transition from one
diameter to the next is to be assumed. Locations characterized by dark, so-called Fraunhofer's lines
lack the respective rocket diameters so that we see a gap primarily caused by the absence of certain
energy balls or photonic rockets or possibly by absorption. When photonic rockets of such like
diameters are impinged on from the opposite direction, their velocities cancel each other out and
hence disappear from the spectrum, i.e. dark lines appear on these locations. It would be wrong to
imagine the diameters of the zones of dynamic equilibrium of the energy balls or photonic rockets
as the outer border of the photonic balls, but one must rather think of an invisible field of force
extending beyond these tiny balls and essentially contributing to the rolling-off and tilting
movements. This is similar to the nanomagnet the force range of which extends well beyond its
substantial portion. Future chemistry will have to take into account the individual energy ball
diameters in order to achieve full clarity about the possibilities of combination for forming new
substances. In view of this fact, it seems impossible to make any positive statements about the
character of substances of other celestial bodies. The earth is reached by energy balls (photonic
rockets) having a wide variety of diameters and core temperatures which are grouped within our
geosphere with its specific earthly voltage and density conditions in the order in which they appear
in the spectrum corresponding with the prism of their diameter sequence. It is therefore impossible
to assume that the substances of other celestial bodies are identical with the earthly substances. The
common base of the substances of the various celestial bodies is represented by the primeval
components of the world which we have come to know as energy balls or photonic rockets. All
substances of the celestial bodies are made of these primeval components in correspondence with
the respective regularities of those bodies. The regularities of substance compounds on the planets
of our solar system are determined by their respective distance from the sun. What we, on our
planet Earth, call for instance iron, copper, nickel, etc., applies only to the earth. Due to their
various distances from the sun, other substance compound exist on the other planets. Indeed, the
fact that the meteors which beat down on the earth always consist mainly of iron proves that any
substance which reaches a state of white heat due to the friction with the atmosphere is subjected to
the earth's regularity and hence regrouped, and that in this earthly zone with its distinct voltage
condition nothing but 90 % of iron, 8 % of nickel, and 2 % of various substances can be formed.

42
The main objection raised again and again by the followers of Goethe's color theory against the
multicolored composition of white light is the opinion that mixing the individual colors by rotating
the color circle does not result in pure white, but in a dirty gray. The reason is, however, that the
mixed colors are no pure spectral colors except the spectral colors collected on one spot by a
convex lens. The followers of Goethe's color theory deny this latter proof because they think that
the voltage conditions of white light caused by a prism are cancelled out by a convex lens. The
following experiment which the author repeated several times clearly disproves all these illogical
objections. When the pure spectral colors sorted by a prism are mixed by a fast, oscillating
movement of the prism, as illustrated in Fig. 42, a pure white light appears on the screen. If the
oscillating movement is slowed down, the spectrum becomes visible at first at the return points only
while becoming visible over the entire path if the movement is slowed down further. In order to
determine whether the oscillating spectrum appears really white against the white sunlight, a second
prism of the same size is made to join in the oscillating movement of the first prism wherein the
second prism is offset by 120 angular degrees so that no spectrum but only white light hits the
screen from this prism next to the spectrum of the first prism. When both prisms perform the same
oscillating movement, not the slightest difference can be detected between the two strips of light.
Regarding this experiment, one cannot say that the voltage conditions cancel each other out.

43
The second objection raised by Goethe then and repeated by all his followers nowadays is that
immediately behind the prism the eye does not discern any colors but only white light. But if one

objectively follows the beam path through the prism to the screen as shown in Fig. 43, one finds out
that at first the white light hits the whole entry face of the prism. As mentioned earlier, all photonic
rockets of various sizes are mixed in the white light, pass the space without order and hit the entry
face of the prism in this state, they follow their path through the prism according to their deflection
towards the oblique opposite exit face and are deflected there once again. Due to their double, i.e.
total, deflection the photonic rockets exiting from the second prism face have nearly the same size
and distance differences as at the time of their entry into the prism. Due to their differing diameters,
they deviate from each other in their further trajectories so that the visible spectrum from red to
violet becomes coherent only from a certain distance between the prism and the screen with the
width of the spectrum depending upon the width of the exit face of the prism. It is quite obvious
that the eye can only discern white light behind the exit face within an exactly determinable light
wedge (Fig. 43) because this light wedge contains all colored photonic rockets which reach the eye
and create in their entirety the perception of white light. If one takes into consideration that
according to Ramoeny/Cajal every square millimeter of the retina opposite the entry aperture of the
eye holds an average of 13,000 nerval ends plus the receptive elements such as rods and cones, one
will understand that, due to the nearly unconceivable small diameters of the photonic rockets, the
latter give off their charge between the rods and cones thus creating in this tiny area a perception
corresponding to their discharge which, if all colored photonic rockets occurring in white light
discharge simultaneously, is the perception "white". Fig. 43 further illustrates that the region outside
the white light wedge no longer comprises all colored photonic rockets but only the violet-blue and
red-yellow ones. The overlapping or mixed colors indigo-green-orange were omitted. So, only part
of the photonic rockets from outside the white light wedge hit the retina of our eyes so that we can
never discern these edge beams as white light as it is perceived within the white photonic rocket
wedge behind the exit face of the prism. Thus, the second objection of Goethe's color theory has
also become irrelevant.

The Formation of Normal Spectra


Fig. 44 schematically shows the path and deflection of photonic rockets during the passage through
a narrow gap. It is easily obvious from this illustration that those photonic rockets which hit the gap
edges 1 and 2 are deflected in a different way according to their rocket diameters. Here, too, the
smaller diameters roll off less than the larger diameters. Therefore, the first colored rockets of the
first order spectrum appearing at the right and left sides on the screen are the red ones while the
violet ones appear last. The center of the gap allows all colored rockets contained in the white light
to pass and are discerned as white on the screen. This phenomenon can nicely be observed if one
looks to the sun through a gap having a width of 1/1,000 millimeter and a thickness of 1/100 mm,
and especially if the gap is positioned in the focal point of a strong magnifying lens mounted inside
a tube. The gap may also be replaced by a circular aperture having a diameter of 1/1,000 mm. In
this case, however, the spectrum does not consist of parallel lengthwise strips, but naturally of
concentric rings having the same color sequence as the gap spectrum.

44

45
How can we explain the cause of the spectra of the first, second, and third orders in the light of the
rocket principle? Let us first show with reference to Fig. 45 how to imagine the action of the
photonic rockets impinging on a gap wedge. It is possible for any photonic rocket to hit any point of
a front gap edge with its front hemisphere. It is essentially this hit which determines whether the
photonic rockets are deflected to the first, second, or third order or whether the photonic rockets are
blocked, absorbed, or scattered so as to be regarded as diffuse. As the bandwidth of red includes a
large number of transitions from one rocket diameter to another as well as all shades of red, we
want to use in our example the red of Fraunhofer's line A which due to its unique hue has a unique
rocket diameter and hence a unique deflection. This deflection is illustrated in Fig. 45 in connection
with three different impingement points of the front hemisphere of the rocket assuming that the
trajectory angle a1 of the rocket be approximately 60. When impinging at an angle of
approximately 60, the rocket impinges on the edge K1 as an obstacle and rolls off accordingly. The
rocket trajectory inclines to the right, and the reactive force of the rocket makes it drift to the left
near the edge K2 so that we see on the screen the color red in the 1st order and a dark line K3 as the
outermost border line. This dark line appears inevitably and is nothing but the result of like rocket
diameters which have aligned frontally by the gap edge K2. As we have seen before, red includes

many shades which are caused by larger rocket diameters towards yellow. For this reason,
numerous dark lines follow on K3, each line being nothing but the frontal alignment of photonic
rockets of like size caused by the lower gap edge K2. A proof of the fact that these dark gap lines
K3 have nothing whatsoever to do with undular lines is that these K3 lines extend in parallel
irrespective of the shape of the gap line K2 - be it wavy or curved or zigzag - while being in direct
connection with the different diameters of the photonic rockets. These dark K3 lines appear dark
only because they represent the point-chained edge borders of the rocket diameters and have no
effect whatsoever onto the retina. They would not appear at all if the discharge of the rockets
encircling them did not cause a color perception.
The red light strip of the 2nd order represents a rocket impingement angle a2 of approximately 40
relative to the rocket's trajectory. In this case, the rocket meets an even larger resistance in the edge
K1 and hence rolls off more so that the rocket's trajectory inclines more to the right causing the
reactive force to drive the rocket more to the left at the edge K2. So the color red of the 2nd order
appears on the screen. Here, too, the dark lines appear as described above. As regards the red of the
3rd order, the rocket impingement angle a3 is approximately 20 relative to the trajectory. For
exactly the same reasons, the deflection is larger than with the red of the 2nd order. Here, too, the
dark edge lines appear due to the frontal alignment of like rocket diameters.

46
Finally, Fig. 46 shows the formation of the entire spectra of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd orders by inserting
the increasing colored rockets yellow-blue-violet. In correspondence with the increasing rocket
diameters the deflection increases due to the increasing tilting momentum so that the missing colors
are continuously supplemented. For the sake of clarity, the rocket impingements were only
illustrated by the angles a1, a2, a3 and the trajectory by arrows. It is assumed that most probably the
photonic rocket impingements on the gap edge K1 vary within certain limits causing the rocket
trajectories to slightly diffuse which becomes evident by the broader base line of the spectra and the
transitions between the individual colors.

47
After having basically explained the phenomena of light, we now can dare to deal with the
polarization of light. If we were able to make a cross-section across the beam direction of a bundle
of light beams, we would see the result illustrated in Fig. 47: We would discern nothing but a
number of photonic rockets of different sizes having a torn opening on their rear hemispheres from
which core electricity flows out from the smallest diameters at the lowest voltage and highest
density and from the largest diameters at the highest voltage and least density. Let us now direct
such a bundle of beams at a right angle onto a ring R positioned in front of a prism P in Fig. 48.

48
All beams or photonic rockets touching the outer and inner ring edges K1, K2, K3, K4 are deflected
from their trajectories while all other beams follow their trajectories uninhibited outside the ring
and inside the ring hole so that they impinge on the entry face of the prism without deflection at a
distinct angle of incidence a. These beams or photonic rockets pass through the prism, as described
above, are discerned as white light immediately behind the prism within the light wedge, and appear
as colored edge beams outside the light wedge due to their incomplete composition. When we
firstly study those deflected beams which contact the outer ring edge K1 and K2 on their
trajectories, we surprisingly find out that the angle of incidence a1 of the upper photonic rocket is
increased by its deflection angle b1 while the angle of incidence a2 of the lower photonic rocket is
decreased by its deflection angle b2. When we now look to the beam deflection at the inner ring
edge K3 and K4, we find here that the angle of incidence b3 of the upper photonic rocket is
decreased this time by the value of its deflection angle b3 while the angle of incidence a4 of the
lower photonic rocket is this time increased by its deflection angle b4. All photonic rockets the
angles of incidence a of which are decreased, start with the color red and yellow while all photonic
rockets the angles of incidence of which are increased beyond the normal angle of incidence a start
with the color blue and violet. Thus, polarization is a lawful bisection or centered division of the

spectrum on the basis of the subtraction or addition of the respective rocket deflection angles b from
or to the normal angle of incidence a. In Fig. 48, a ring was chosen purposefully because it allows
to obtain all possible degrees of polarization from zero to the highest degree of deflection at 90.
This highest degree of deflection is achieved at the point where tangents of the outer and inner ring
edges extend parallel to the prism axis while the lowest degree of polarization, i.e. 0, is reached at
the point where the tangents of the outer and inner ring edges extend at 90, i.e. at a right angle,
relative to the prism axis. The range between zero and 90 includes all subtractions and addition
angles of the photonic rockets. If in our ring example one performs a circular movement from the
central ring axis upward to the outer ring edge, i.e. from 0 to 90, the deflection of the photonic
rockets increases, i.e. the angles of incidence a become larger. When moving beyond 90, the
deflection angles become smaller again until they reach 0 or the normal angle of incidence a at
180. If one moves beyond 180 downward, the deflection of the photonic rockets increases again
up to 260 but with the difference that the respective angles of incidence a become smaller. From
270 to 360, the angles of incidence increase again and reach at 360 or the point of origin 0 the
normal angle of incidence a. If one follows in the same manner the contact point of the photonic
rockets at the inner edge of the ring from 0 to 90 upward, the respective angles of incidence do
not become larger than in the case of the outer ring edge, but smaller until at 180 they have shrunk
to zero, i.e. the normal angle of incidence a. Likewise, the angles of incidence do not become
smaller than at the outer edge from 180 to 270 until they reach the normal angle of incidence
again a at 360 or 0.

49
What causes the polarization to decrease to zero when the outer and inner ring tangents are at right
angles to the prism axis, i.e. that the photonic rockets are not sorted according to their color values
or diameters or magnitude when they pass through the prism? Or in other words: Why do we see
the light edges at right angles to the prism axis without colored edges? As illustrated by Fig. 49 as a
C-D cross-section of Fig. 48, it is the same principle of the beam path as with regard to planeparallel glass panes which we have described earlier with reference to Fig. 40. When the photonic
rockets K5 and K6 contact the inner ring edges, they are deflected and on entering and exiting
subjected to a deflection a5-a8 relative to the perpendicular or a parallel shift. Hence, no
polarization can occur within the 90 position.
In this context, let us recall the experiment using a gap having a width of 1/1,000 mm and a
thickness of 1/100 mm. If one looks through the gap at a rod positioned in front of a light source,
this rod shows very sharp contours when the gap direction is at a right angle relative to the rod,
while the rod loses its sharp contours when the gap is rotated by some fractions of a degree and
becomes invisible when the gap is rotated by 90. This phenomenon becomes fully clear when
applying the refraction laws of the photonic rockets described earlier to it.

Reflection of Light
When light beams from a light source impinge on substances, the latter become visible and appear
to the eye in a distinct color. The incident beams are reflected from the surface of the substances in
another mixture or composition according to the substance surface. Depending upon the condition
of the reflecting surface, the beams are reflected in a definite direction or diffusely. Smooth surfaces
reflect the beams more or less regularly while rough surfaces reflect them irregularly to all sides.

The Cause of Reflection


When we regard the incident beam of light as consisting of energy ball rockets, the deeper relations
between reflection, color and surface condition of the irradiated substance impinged on are easily
understood. When one considers the dimensions of the energy ball rockets and the distances of the
energy balls at the surface of an irradiated substance, it becomes clear that every substance retains a
certain number of photonic rockets of a certain size, i.e. diameter, depending upon the energy ball
groupings of the substance and the respective smaller or bigger recesses and cavities on its surface.
Consequently, only distinct sorts of rockets from the surface of the substance reach the eye and
cause the respective discharge, i.e. color perception, between the rods and cones of the retina. If,
due to the surface condition of the substance, all or rather the vast majority of the photonic rockets
are retained in the recesses and cavities of the substance surface, we perceive this substance as
black. The light is, as we usually say, absorbed. As a natural consequence, the photonic rockets
transfer their accumulation heat to the substance. If only few or, as with total reflection, no photonic
rockets are retained, we perceive the substance as white, or we see the white light. When the light is
absorbed, i.e. when the photonic rockets are caught by a black substance, they exercise a pressure
onto the substance according to their speed and mass or kinetic energy (mv2)/2 known as
irradiation pressure. As the photonic rocket is an elastic body, it is thrown back or reflected
according to the mechanical law of pushing completely elastic bodies. In most cases, however, it is
highly probable that the throwing back causes a respective change of direction of the rocket's
reactive force as we have described with reference to the normal spectrum.

The Radiometer
When the photonic rockets are reflected from a smooth and white surface according to the law of
pushing elastic bodies, they transfer not all of their kinetic energy to the surface impinged on. If,
however, the photonic rockets hit a black surface, they are swallowed, i.e. absorbed, by it so that the
black surface receives their complete kinetic energy. The difference between the two torques of the
white and black surfaces caused by the kinetic energy determines the rotating direction of the
radiometer which was invented by Crookes, an Englishman, in 1874.
Much might still be said about the spreading and curving of light and its many optical phenomena,
especially about polarized light, the generation of divergent radiation, the iridescent edges of lenses
and their elimination by the use of optical crown and optical flint as well as the double refraction of
light in calcite. Also, it would be very interesting to study the influence of gravity on the photonic
rockets which we have learned to know as mass particles. The assumed existence of photonic
rockets provides also an explanation of the influence of a magnetic field on the so-called
polarization plane of light which in our way of viewing is similar to the photonic rocket alignment
by means of gap edges K1, K2. It is known that even Faraday has proven this influence. The other
effect of magnetism in connection with light which Zeemann found 40 years later is also explained.
On the basis of the light regularity described hereinbefore, everybody can find answers to all
questions in this respect.

Goethe's and Newton's Conception of Light

But what about Goethe's opinion that the white light is not a composite light but the unique simple
light and that the colors come into being only by turbidities or constraints imposed on the white
light by the substances? In the light of our aforementioned studies we have to say: From the purely
emotional viewpoint of his artistic, intuitive perception, Goethe was certainly on the right way to
the full truth, but was wrong compared with Newton in asserting that the white light was the unique
simple light. Newton presented the experimental proof of his conception, although this proof, too,
was not quite sound as we have seen. Exact research has fully confirmed Newton's conception
while it was possible to scientifically disprove Goethe's assertion.
Goethe, and probably all other artists, try to conclude from the whole to the individual, while
analytical naturalists and maybe all scientists take the individual out of the whole, scrupulously
study this individual and conclude from the individual to the whole. Our above considerations
show, however, that the primeval construction material or the first physical condition of the
substances including light is the core electricity, i.e. the potential energy or power, and that every
substantial, heating and illuminating matter emanates from this power. So one may confidently
describe this core electricity in Goethe's words as the "unique simple". However, one must not
generalize this important perception unilaterally as Goethe did, but must accept the facts found as
facts and has to acknowledge that the light perceived as white consists of a sum of individual lights
perceived as colored. Goethe kept a higher conception on a level which would have deserved
thorough clarification. Newton was on the way to this clarification by his studies. Goethe, on the
other hand, used sharp and offensive expressions to renounce a scientific clarification. It was this
renunciation which ruined his color theory. Nevertheless, we have to admit with the artist Goethe,
"The eye owes its being to the light" and "If not the eye were sun-like, how could we see the light?
If God's own power lived in us, then where's divine delight?"

A New Proposal for Measuring the Speed of Light Depending upon the Earth's
Rotation

50
Fig. 50 schematically illustrates a device for measuring the speed of light depending upon the
earth's rotation. This device essentially consists of a constant light source L, two photocells A-B,
two electric display instruments and appropriate optical equipment. The whole device is rotatably

mounted on a vertical axis. The device operates as follows: For the purpose of calibration, the
whole measuring device is at first rotated on the horizontal plane so that the common axis of the
photocells assumes a north-south and the Y axis of the light source an east-west orientation. In this
calibrating position, the values displayed on the display instruments are read. When the whole
measuring system is rotated by 90 so that the X axis of the photocells takes the east-west and the Y
axis of the light sources the north-south orientation, the photocells are no longer scanned evenly but
unevenly by the bundles of beams of the light sources because in the time unit up to the arrival of
the light beam photocell A has reached the A1 position and photocell B the B1 position. Thus, when
moving the whole system out of its original position at a v/c ratio of 1:1, the illuminating force
acting on the receiving surfaces A and B changes. Thus, the light intensity on the light-sensitive
screen A1 decreases while it increases at the same ratio on screen B1. Another reading of the values
displayed on the display instruments yields a difference compared with the values read in the
calibrating position which difference is proportional to the speed of light and the rotation of the
earth. The instrument of photo-screen A1 displays a negative and the instrument of screen B1 a
positive value. As the angle of incidence of the light as well as the two-sided displacement of the
screens A-B in the direction of the earth's rotation can be precisely calculated and thus regarded as
known quantities, the increase or decrease of the surface intensity can be calculated with utmost
precision and read on the instruments calibrated for the speed of light.

Summary
1. Light
Light is a specific perception of the intensity of the core electricity flowing out of an energy ball on
the retina of an eye and represents the transition from the second to the first physical condition of
substances.
2. Spreading of light
When the zone of dynamic equilibrium of an energy ball is disturbed by unilateral heating, the core
electricity flows out of the energy ball with the resulting reaction driving it away in the opposite
direction following the rocket principle.
3. Speed of light
The speed of light depends upon the measure of force (density multiplied by voltage) of the core
electricity flowing out of an energy ball rocket which has the same power in all energy balls.

Part Five
The Cause of Movement of Celestial Bodies
The Cause of Movement of Celestial Bodies
If the thoughts and ideas we have formed on the basis of the vortex theory about the world of the
small - the microcosmos - tally with reality, then they must also correspond with reality when we
apply them logically to the world of the big - the macrocosmos. Indeed, the vortex current law
which we can prove in small-scale experiments corresponds in all details with the law of movement
of our solar system as well as of the spiral or vortex nebulae, and we are even able to determine the
direction of axis rotation of the planets, the moons and the sun as well as the direction of the planet
orbits around the sun on the basis of our knowledge about currents. Further we find a satisfactory
explanation for the reverse orbits of some moons and some comets. Starting from the ideas
developed above, let us now make an attempt to come to a rough, but concrete idea about the
formation of our solar system. In this attempt, we do not want to repeat the mistake of Kant's and
Laplace's theory and abandon ourselves to any blind chance in lawfulness. Also, in considering the
classic experimental proof of the effect of the cleavage of the planets using the well-known drop of
oil, we do not want to neglect the fact that the idea and the power of the teacher form the
background for the rotation of the drop of oil. Likewise, in our considerations about the formation
of the world we do not want to ignore the fact that logically the idea of the world, too, must be the
basis of its formation and that a force must exist to convert the idea to reality. Just as everything on
the small earthly scale is nothing but a simile or image of the unfading big, and just as nothing
happens which has not been worked out somewhere, we have to be consequent in our assumption
that in the world of the big, too, nothing happens without having been worked out beforehand in all
its details and having been determined as an idea. To find out or at least suspect who is the great
and magnificent thinker and creator of all that is happening in the big wide world is the sake of any
individual. What we are dealing with here is related only to the constriction material and the
constructional schedule of the apparent phenomena and movements of a purely physical and
mechanical type within our solar system.
Let us first assume that the space in which our solar system is located was, in a most distant past, a
substance-free cavity in outer space, i.e. that this space was on the lowest possible cosmic pole of
coldness and was filled with nothing but potential electricity and/or matter in its first physical state.

The Formation of Our Solar System


Thus, this potential electricity would have been at its highest concentration in said cavity as it was
at the absolute cosmic zero point. If we had been able to observe this cavity from outside, we would
certainly not have been struck by anything particular except from the fact that this cavity was only a
dark cavity within outer space, just as we nowadays can observe such dark cavities or recesses
outside our solar system. It is true that nowadays these dark cavities are usually regarded as
nebulous masses. According to our considerations, however, they are no nebulous masses but
substance-free cavities in space. How is it possible then that neither a beam of light nor any other
worldly body is able to penetrate these cavities? Our expositions above allow us to answer this
question quite easily. We have understood that substances are nothing but dynamic equilibrium
zones of opposite forces and that these forces are determined by the low cavity temperature of the
energy balls and the ambient temperature of the actual electricity. Now, if the ambient temperature
equals the cavity temperature, then the zone of equilibrium and with it the substance character will
disappear, i.e. the substance becomes invisible, vanishes, leaving behind only the potential core

electricity. Now, as the dark cavities in the universe are cavities of potential electricity being at the
absolute cosmic zero point, it becomes clear to us that anything substantial - including a light beam
- dissolves and physically disappears as soon as it enters such cavities, because the cavity
temperatures of the substantial energy balls equal or nearly equal the ambient temperature, i.e. the
temperature of the dark cavities. The case was not different prior to the formation of our solar
system. Now we can imagine how this dark cavity of our solar system gradually started to rumble at
its outer border due to the omnidirectional irradiation of the surrounding fixed stars or due to a heat
flow from one or several star constellations. Although each beam of light dived into this cavity, its
accumulating heat conveyed at the cavity border caused an irritation triggered off by the expansion
of the core electricity. When in addition major heat radiation had an effect on certain spots,
eruptions at the outer circumference occurred. One can imagine in this way that most gradually a
tendency towards forming a dynamic zone of equilibrium of the space cavity which more and more
aimed at an omnidirectional pressure compensation. This pressure or power compensation could
reach its completeness only in a spherical shape because only this shape allows an even distribution
of the omnidirectional pressure forces. The substance formation possible at first at the
circumference comprised of gases having a low cavity temperature. If there were heat gradients
from certain star constellations to the cavity, the gases must have gathered within the gradients as
nebulae. According to the intensity of these heat gradients and to the imbalance of the cavity filled
with potential electricity, larger and stronger eruptions and ejections of potential electricity
occurred, in particular at the beginning. As heat development progressed from the outside to the
inside, the potential electricity volume entered a space of higher temperature, so that here, too, on
the one hand the ejected potential electricity being at the cosmic zero point immediately started to
expand at its outer border while on the other hand the actual ambient electricity being at a higher
temperature headed for its primary state, the coldness thus forming a dynamic zone of equilibrium
being well-balanced in all directions. In this way we have to imagine the formation of the planets.
for this reason, the development of our solar system started with the outer planets with their large
dimensions. The smaller and more balanced the potential electricity volume became, which we call
the sun today, the smaller were the dimensions of the inner and younger planets. Thus, the planets
are potential electricity cores ejected from the cavity filled with potential electricity and are at the
absolute cosmic zero point. The core of the sun is a still existing remainder of the large former
cavity and is also at the absolute cosmic zero point. >From a substance point of view, one may
define this cavity as well as the cavities of the planets and moons as substance-free cavities of the
solar system.

The Secret of the Sunspots


Since mankind has known the existence of sunspots, this phenomenon has been discussed and
written about. Numerous sunspot theories have been presented so far. Even the recent research was
unable to give a satisfactory answer with respect to the character of the sunspots although the
observations permit certain conclusions. Pictures of the sun taken with monochromatic light (J.
Strobbe Handbuch der Experimentalphysik, vol "Astrophysik") show that material vortex fields
exist above the actual sunspots and that the movement of same proceeds tangentially to the sun in
such a way that there is an inward flow into the spot in the higher layers (15'000 km) and an
outward flow from the spot in the lower layers.
Spectroheliograms of different strata of the sun surface illustrated on page 144 of "Zur Erforschung
des Weltalls" [About the Exploration of the Universe] by Bruggencate and Kopff allow very
interesting insights. These illustrations make clear that the actual sunspots appear to be covered by
light clouds. However, a heliograph makes it possible to penetrate these covering cloud strata so
that only dark, hole-like shapes remain. Although the usual opinion prevails nowadays that the
spots seem to be in no way dark compared with really dark objects such as the moon during a sun
eclipse or Venus when passing the sun. The dark spots are mainly regarded as a brightness

difference on the sun surface with the brightness ratio between normal sun surface and central spot
area being approximately 1:10. The basic mistake in the evaluation of the differences of brightness
also lies in the fact that the distance between the sun, its spots, and the planets and the moon passing
in front of the sun has been neglected. There is a tremendous difference between discerning a dark
spot directly on the plane of a shining base or, as in the case of the passage of the planets, at giant
distances between the spot and its covering. In the former case, the blooming and diffusion of the
light has a most remarkable effect and makes the spot appear considerably brighter while in the
second case the diffuse light is directed so that the object appears considerably darker. Even today
the sunspots permit us an insight into the large remaining cavity. What we see therein is a
substance-free cavity filled with the primary physical state of matter, a remainder of the former
large cavity of that space in which our planets, planetoids and moons orbit today. This is the whole
secret of the controversial sunspots! Thus, there is complete darkness inside the sun because - for
the reasons discussed above - no beam of light can get inside or come outside. The temperature of
the sun's interior may be assessed to be minus five million degrees centigrade. It is highly probable
that the dynamic zone of equilibrium of the expanding potential internal and the shrinking actual
external electricity is the photosphere. Starting from this zone, the accumulating heat decreases
inwards as well as outwards. The permanent enormous radiation of the energy ball light rockets is
connected with a gradual inward displacement and/or shrinking of the sun's dynamic zone of
equilibrium causing, on its part and at the same ratio, an increasing contact between the
accumulating heat which decreases inwardly and the core electricity thus expanding the latter at the
contact zone. The enormous and scarcely decreasing energy resources lie just in the immensely
deep temperature of the sun's core. This is also the reason why an energy ball light rocket may pass
through outer space at a very high speed for thousands of years without getting considerably
exhausted, which however is not meant to say that many light beams do not fade on their way due
to the lack of energy reserves. The latter becomes clear when one takes into consideration the
numerous lines or speed gaps or light rocket breakdowns of the spectra of very distant stars. This
view is also helpful to understand how it is possible that in the world of fixed stars small stars
suddenly inflate to become giant stars such as Nova Pictoris in 1925 or Nova Hercules in 1934. It is
clear that in case of a too fast approximation of the decreasing accumulating heat towards the core
electricity an omnidirectional explosive expansion of the latter and thus an outward displacement of
the dynamic zone of equilibrium, i.e. an enlargement of the star, must occur.

The Gigavortex of the Sun


This continuously expanding core electricity of the sun is driven out of the sun like a nearly eternal
well and flows, in accordance to its primary state, towards the cold zones of the planet space. As
with the planet poles, it has to be assumed with regard to the solar poles that descending helical
flows occur and that whole gas patches adjust themselves like magnets rectangularly to the flow and
are driven from the outside to the poles. In accordance with the vortex laws found in the small scale
and with the direction of the sun's rotation and the vortex flow direction of the earth it is to be
assumed that the cold zones of the planet space extend helically and/or vortex-like. So the
continuously escaping core electricity of the sun would flow towards these cold zones wherein the
vortex law: determines the flow direction between the earth and the sun, i.e. on the day side, from
the east to the west.

The Megavortices of the Planets


Other cold zones are the poles of the planets and the moons. Actual solar electricity flows into these
zones without interruption, expands again near the warmer zones of equilibrium of the planets and
moons and is expelled again within the equators up to the higher degrees of latitude in vortices
and/or ascending helices. The unilateral solar irradiation onto the planets and moons also generates
heat gradients on them which cause the formation of further vortices. As the planets and moons also

have core electricity, here also occurs a progressing decrease of their dynamic zones of equilibrium
and consequently a gradual but continuous consumption of their potential core electricity. Even
within the heat gradients created on the planets and moons, the inhomogeneous actual electric
vortex flow emanating from the sun in a particular direction determines the direction of the
escaping actual planetary and lunar electricity.

The Minivortices of the Moons


Thus there are independent intrinsic vortices of the planets and moons plus an additional vortex
flow from the sun. It shall further be noted that the moons have another additional vortex generated
by the core electricity emanating from their respective planets. So we may say that the sun has a
gigavortex reclamping the entire solar system, the planets have a megavortex generated by
planetary and solar electricity, and the moons have a minivortex consisting of their intrinsic vortex
plus their additional planetary and solar vortex flow. Although the potential core electricity of the
celestial bodies of our solar system has a common origin we prefer to designate their respective
electricity as solar electricity, Mercury electricity, Venus electricity, earth electricity, Mars
electricity, lunar electricity, etc. with a view to their different voltage state corresponding to their
distance from the sun.

51

Fig. 51 schematically illustrates the arrangement of the vortex flows of the actual solar and
planetary electricity in the east-west flow direction we have found on our earth. For reasons of
clarity, the moons have been omitted in the illustration. The moon and its flows in their reciprocal
relation with the earth and the sun shall be explained more clearly below. As can be seen in Fig. 51,
all planets have the same flow direction while the direction of the solar vortex flow runs opposite.
As mentioned already, the moons have, apart from their intrinsic vortex and the solar vortex flowing in the same direction as the planetary vortices -, an additional vortex caused by the
megavortex of their respective planet and having a flow direction opposite to the intrinsic and the
solar vortex.

The Polar Position of the Planets and Moons Relative to the Sun
As we have mentioned earlier, the polarity of a vortex goes back to its flow direction. Therefore and
with reference to Fig. 51, the visible poles of the planets directed towards the viewer are north poles
while the visible pole of the sun is a south pole. Thus, opposite flows occur between the planets the
accumulated component of which causes a reciprocal repulsion. So, a destructive direct collision or
a reciprocal catching of planets is completely excluded.

The Cause of Planets and Moons Orbiting Around the Sun


But as the sun's south pole is located on the side of the planets' north poles, there exists flow
equality between the sun and the planets and flow polarity on the night side of the planets averted
from the sun. This polarity between the additional solar vortex field of the earth on the one hand
and the gigavortex field of the sun on the other causes an accumulating effect the resulting force of
which presses the earth towards the sun. Now, if the flow of the solar gigavortex were no helical or
vortex flow but a concentric annular flow, the planets would be pressed towards the sun
transversely to the flow, i.e. radially on the shortest way. But as the flow of the gigavortex is
helical, the planets are not driven radially but nearly rectangularly relative to the flow direction.
Furthermore, as the flow direction of the helices changes with each angular degree of an assumed
circle around the sun, the direction of the resulting force of the flow accumulation component
changes with each angular degree as well.

The Formation of the Elliptical Planetary Orbits


The continuous direction change of the resulting force as a whole brings about the effect of the
planetary orbit which, depending upon the ascent of the solar gigavortex, is more or less similar to
an ellipse. If the flow of the solar gigavortex around the sun had the form of mathematically exact
helices, the planets would orbit on exactly descending paths. But as things are, we have to assume
that the flow of the solar gigavortex, similar to the spiral nebulae, comprises two main arms at an
offset of 180 having steeper tangential angles each of which imparts the elliptical kick. Recent
research activities have already discovered more than two thousand million spiral nebulae in the
universe 80 % of which being double-arm spiral nebulae. So we have to come to the conclusion that
our solar system is no exception and must be considered as a double-arm spiral systems. Although
now no nebulae are to be found in our solar system, we may, due to the elliptic orbits of our planets,
assume that an invisible double-arm helical flow exists just as the helical flows of magnets exist
without being visible.
Thus we see before us once again and at a maximum scale the accumulating effect described above
several times. When this accumulating effect is effective, the heat and light phenomena associated
with it must become perceivable, too.

The Cause of the Zodiacal Light and the Polar Light

Indeed we find a temperature increase in the higher air strata of the accumulation or night side of
the earth and a temperature decrease on the day side where no flow accumulation occurs. The light
phenomenon associated with the accumulating effect becomes visible as so-called zodiacal light
near the equator where the strongest accumulating effect occurs.

52
The polar light represents a similar light effect. As was described earlier, we find descending vortex
flows at the poles of the earth just like in case of a magnet. At the mutual penetration zone of these
ascending and descending vortex flows, accumulations are generated which cause heat and light
development and thus make the upper air strata light up in a tape-, strip- or beam-like manner
depending upon the intensity of the accumulations (Fig. 52). Beneath the most manifold shapes of
polar lights one usually observes an arch-shaped, undistorted helical or vortex thread of the
descending and/or ascending vortex flows. (It is not difficult to prove this phenomenon in an
experiment by allowing the accumulation zones of a bar magnet to affect light-sensitive plates in a
nearly airless receptacle for a longer period of time.)
The intensity of these vortex accumulations depends upon the actual solar electricity. If the solar
gigavortex field increases due to core electricity eruptions, an increase in the megavortex intensity
occurs on the earth and the other planets which finds its expression in the polar light, the so-called
magnetic thunderstorms, the general weather situation (occurrence of periods of coldness) or in part
in the formation of cirrus clouds. Likewise, the rotational speed of the geomagnetic differential
motor which has been mentioned several times above increases. It would be highly interesting to
determine whether an increase in the vortex flow is able to influence on induction, to increase
gravity and to accelerate the earth as well as to influence the secular flows of the planets and
moons.
As regards the core electricity eruptions (protuberances) on the sun, it is highly probable that these
phenomena are related with the shrinking of the dynamic zones of equilibrium. In view of the
enormous substance masses of the sun's mantle it cannot be assumed that the precise alignment of
the dynamic zone of equilibrium occurs consistently during the continuous shrinking, but it is more
probable that the alignment occurs periodically after having overcome certain displacement
resistances.

The Years of Sunspot Maxima


To all appearances, the years of sunspot maxima seem to be related with the periodical alignment of
the dynamic zone of equilibrium. Thus. it is easy to understand that such an alignment also brings
about a periodical stronger contact between the accumulated heat decreasing inwardly and the
potential core electricity. However, this temporarily stronger contact leads to a temporarily more
intense formation of substance and expansion of core electricity at its outermost border. Indeed, in
such periods the substances are often explosively ejected away from their inner generation zone up
to 900,000 km into the planetary space due to the huge force of the sudden expansion of core
electricity. The so-called spots occurring after such tremendous events are in fact nothing but

openings which have developed in the sun's mantle. These spots mainly emerge within the
ascending vortex flows at latitudes between 5 and 40 degrees to the north and south of the equator
and offer a view into the sun's hollow interior which is at the cosmic zero point and is filled with
potential electricity while being free from any substance or light. Now the expanding potential
electricity flows out through these holes in the sun's mantle until the inner compensation determined
by the shrinking process has been regained. As mentioned above, this escape causes the intensity of
the planets' vortex fields to increase. This increase in intensity is confirmed very clearly by the
graphs shown in Fig. 53. Over a longer period of time, these graphs show the complete
correspondence between the magnetic declination and the occurrence of sunspots.

53
We know from our earlier considerations that a temperature increase causes a voltage increase
while a temperature decrease causes a voltage decrease of the actual electricity. Thus, the density of
the actual electricity decreases with the voltage increase and on the other hand increases with the
voltage decrease. So we have a higher voltage of the actual electricity near the sun and a lower
voltage far from the sun. This means that the resulting forces of the night-time accumulation
components which cause the planets to orbit around the sun decrease with the growing distance
from the sun. Thus, the orbiting of the planets gets slower proportionately to their distance from the
sun. We can realize this with regard to our earth as it has its highest speed near the sun (perihelion)
and its lowest speed far from the sun (aphelion).

The Cause of the Rotation of the Sun, the Planets and the Moons around their own
Axes
The rotation of the sun and the planets around their own axes can be explained in a very simple and
illustrative manner using this vortex theory. We can get a proper idea of this phenomenon by
looking at the known electric wheel or flying wheel shown in Fig. 54 the tip discharge of which
causes the wheel to rotate in the opposite direction. The same principle applies to the actual electric
vortices. The ascending east-west vortex flows of the planets push them to the opposite, i.e. westeast direction and thus impart a continuous torque on the planets. We have found earlier that, apart
from the actual solar electricity vortices, the planets have their intrinsic vortices ascending from
inside. It is this vortex which gives the planets their axial rotation. It should be taken into account
here which heat gradient and hence which voltage and density the ascending vortex has. Near the
sun, the voltage of the solar electric vortex is very high while its density is low; likewise, the
outward heat gradient of the ascending actual planetary electricity is low in the vicinity of the sun,
i.e. the planets being near to the sun, namely Mercury and Venus, rotate slowly around their axis

while their orbiting around the sun is faster due to the higher concentration and higher voltage of
the actual solar vortex and the resulting stronger accumulation components compared with the
orbiting of the planets being farther away from the sun. Thus, the more we move away from the
sun, the more the voltage and concentration of the actual solar electricity decreases, and the slower
the planets will orbit. Alternatively, the planets' outward heat gradient from the zone of equilibrium
gets larger and increases the reciprocal vortex forces, thus making the planets rotate faster around
their own axes due to their higher torques. The nearer the planets come to the sun, the lower become
their torques, but the larger become their resulting accumulating forces which cause their orbiting
around the sun. With regard to the sun itself, we realize a reversed rotation due to the gaseous
physical state of the sun's mantle. Here the substances are not pushed backward but carried along by
the east-west solar electric vortex in the same direction. Hence, the sun rotates around its axis from
the east to the west, being faster at its equator where the voltage of the ascending actual solar
electricity is highest than at a latitude of about 40 degrees where the rotation delay amounts to two
days.

54
Regarding their mutual influences, the planets, planetoids and moons behave quite similar to a
number of bar magnets suspended at certain distances from each other, the north poles of which are
directed towards one direction. This fact of the mutual repulsive impact fully corresponds with the
amplitude of the daily, annual and secular variations, particularly when the planets Venus, Earth,
Jupiter are arranged on an essentially straight line radially to the sun; likewise, this impact
corresponds with the alteration of the mean declination at the times of the upper and lower
culmination. Also, the geomagnetic differential motor shows this impact in a very illustrative
manner. When looking at the vortex regularity of the earth's moon in its dependence upon the solar
and the earth vortex, we obtain quite surprising results. We have mentioned above that the moon like the planets - is also seized by the gigavortex of the sun and thus has a solar vortex in addition to
its intrinsic lunar vortex both having the same flow direction. As the moon is also located in the
zone of the earth vortex, a portion of the ascending earth vortex flows towards the cold poles of the
moon and becomes a descending helical pole flow here. According to the vortex rule, this flow is
directed opposite to the lunar flow, so that we find two opposite vortex flows on the moon which
regulate its orbiting around the sun as well as its rotation around its own axis. The flow of the lunar
electric vortex plus the solar vortex flowing in the same direction are dominant over the opposite
vortex caused by the earth's field so that the moon rotates around its own axis in the sense of the
earth and the other planets. In accordance with the opposite vortex generated on the moon, the earth
exerts an inhibiting influence onto the moon's rotation. It would rotate around its axis much faster if
it were not located within the megavortex zone of the earth. Due to the presence of the moon, the
vortex field of the earth is parted into two stronger ascending vortex flows being offset by 180.
There is a larger accumulation intensity between the moon and the earth because on this side of the
earth a stronger runoff of the earth's megavortex takes place due to the stronger gradient towards the
cold poles of the moon. This stronger runoff causes a weakening of the megavortex on both sides of
the earth while on the rear side of the earth, naturally, the normal runoff of the megavortex takes
place. We have found that the ascending megavortex is the cause of the rotation of the earth around

its own axis just because earthly "stronghold" is, so to speak, pushed back. We have to recognize
the validity of this rule on the earth and extend its applicability to the liquid physical state, too.

The True Cause of High Tide and Low Tide


When we look at high tide and low tide from this point of view it becomes clear to us why during
the high tide the peak level of the water does not coincide exactly with the peak position of the
moon, because the ascending flows between the tropics do not leave the earth radially on the
shortest path from the earth to the moon, but from locations which have long surpassed the
connecting line between the earth and the moon under one and the same meridian. Now we can also
understand why a second high tide occurs on the rear side of the earth if we include into our
considerations the second runoff of the megavortex of the earth being offset from the first one by
180.

The Law of the True Lunar Orbit

55

56

So, with regard to the moon we have to record in essence two opposite flows, the intrinsic lunar
electricity flow plus the vortex flow coming directly from the sun and the vortex flow coming from
the earth. Fig. 55 illustrates how these two vortex flows reciprocally influence on the moon's
movement. In this figure, the earth is shown on its orbit around the sun in four subsequent equal
time intervals during one orbit of the moon. The dotted line designates the earth's orbit and the
dashed-dotted line the true lunar orbit. The illustrations I, III and IV show the quadrature positions
of the moon: first, last, and again first quarter, while II and IV show the sycygial positions of full
moon and new moon or opposition and conjunction. The sun flow acting directly onto the moon
causes its movement around the sun while the flow emanating from the earth and thus being
opposite causes its circular orbit around the earth. Due to the fact that the earth moves forward at
the same time the circular movement of the moon in connection with the solar flow becomes an
epicycloidal movement..
For reasons of clarity, the vortex flow emanating from the earth is shown separately in Fig. 56.
Each of these two flows has its own accumulation components and consequently its own resulting
force a and b, respectively. The force c resulting from these two force components a and b leads due
to their interaction to the epicycloidal movement. When we use the illustrations to follow the
epicycloidal movement of the moon, we realize in the quadrature position of the first quarter that
the resulting moving force c drives the moon to the night side of the earth and that the angle
between the components a and b becomes more acute during the forward movement of the earth
until it reaches zero at full moon. This continuous angular alteration is accompanied by a
continuous alteration of the direction of the moving force c the course of which brings about the
epicycloidal orbit of the moon. Due to the addition of the two components a and b, the diminishing
component angle results in an acceleration of the moon compared with the earth within the ecliptic.
Thus, the moon hurries on ahead of the earth on its night side from the first to the last quarter during
its movement around the sun. When the moon exceeds its oppositional position, an acute angle
opens between the two components a and b, this time towards the opposite side. On this side, no
addition of the components but, according to the opening angle, a subtraction of the components
takes place. Thus, we have a moon delay on the epicycloid orbit during subtraction. While in our
example the resulting moving force c has driven the moon away from the earth from its first quarter
to full moon on the night side of the earth, the moving force c which is now directed to the inside
drives the moon from full moon to its last quarter again towards the day side of the earth. When the
moon has reached its last quarter, its orbiting speed around the sun equals that of the earth again.
But as the moon crosses the earth's orbit towards the inside, the sharp angle of the two components
a and b opens more and more to a right or an obtuse and finally to a straight angle so that the
components are opposite to each other at new moon and the moon delay reaches its maximum. So
the earth has hurried on ahead of the moon during the period between its last quarter and new moon
and up to its first quarter remains faster than the moon in its orbit around the sun. Following new
moon, the components a and b return to form an obtuse, right and sharp angle, the resulting moving
force c of which now steers the moon towards the night side of the earth. Exceeding the stretched
angle is also combined with a decrease of the components b directed in the opposite sense, so that
the delay of the moon from the new moon to the first quarter phase comes to a standstill again. At
its first quarter, the moon has once again reached the same speed as the earth and becomes
accelerated again. With a view to this continuous alteration of the resulting moving force on the one
hand and the secular disturbances of the planetary system and the flow variations of the actual solar
electricity emerging from the sun on the other, it is not surprising that the determination of the
apparent circular or elliptical orbit of the moon around the earth is one of the most difficult and still
unsolved mathematical problems. If one subjects the aforementioned facts about the driving forces
of the sun, earth and moon in the context with the tide phenomena being connected with the
position of the moon to a further review, the regularity of the actual electricity vortex flow as a
universally effective law of the world gains further remarkable support. If one looks at the strong
tide waves during full and new moon, one will find out that at these two lunar positions the

conditions for a stronger flooding away of the vortex arm leading to the moon are more appropriate
than in any other constellation. So, if one or the other of these two positions coincides with the
winter solstice, the flooding-away towards the moon due to the larger vortex intensity in the vicinity
of the sun increases considerably which can be clearly observed with respect to the spring tides then
occurring.
We have found that the intrinsic vortex of the planets and moons and the respective additional solar
electricity vortex emerging from the sun have the same direction and that their accumulating effect
drives the planets and moons around the sun, and that furthermore the flow sense of the flow
flooding from the planets towards the moons has the opposite direction and that its accumulating
effect drives the moons around the planets. According to the vortex law, the planets are mutually
repellent and are pressed towards the sun by the gigavortex in a tangential rather than a radial
direction. Just as the planets are directly influenced by the solar gigavortex, the moons are
influenced by their respective planets and are simply pressed tangentially towards them by their
megavortices. If the moons were situated outside the range of effectiveness of the planetary
vortices, the moons, too, would be repelled by the planets. For this reason, it is unimaginable that
the moons are caught planetoids; in fact, the vortex theory suggests that the moons are potential
electricity volumes erupted during the generation of the planets so that they can never go beyond
the vortex range of the latter. Now and forever, their fate will remain bound to that of their planets.
The opposite flow on the moon which is the cause for the moon not turning around its axis in the
same sense as the planets must have the result that the phenomenon which we call magnetism is not
present on the moon because opposite flows cancel each other out in their magnetic effect just as in
case of a bifilar coil.

The Peculiarity of Uranus


In the solar system, Uranus presents the peculiarity that its north-south axis is offset from the
normal position of the other planets by approximately 90. In a distant past, the intrinsic vortex flow
of Uranus must have been commutated by a violent intervention, probably of a comet with its
considerably larger energy flow, above the planetary orbit from west to east during overtaking. This
commutation happened either at the perihelion or aphelion of Uranus, because both poles, i.e. the
south pole at aphelion and the north pole at perihelion, are directed towards the sun. Thus, in one of
these positions, the north pole must have swung to the left, because in this new, altered position the
turning direction of Uranus around its own axis as well as its moons orbit around this altered
position of the polar axis of Uranus in the same direction. We have mentioned earlier that planets
have their own intrinsic actual flow vortex which is triggered at the contact zone between the
potential core electricity and the zone of dynamic equilibrium. This actual intrinsic vortex of each
planet by repulsion causes their rotation around their own axes and further causes their gravitation.
The greater the distance of a planet from the sun, the larger its heat gradient from the zone of
dynamic equilibrium towards outer space. Therefore, the planets rotate faster around their own axes
in proportion with their distance from the sun. The cause of the planets' orbiting around the sun is
the solar gigavortex. We call the effect of the same the solar gravity. This solar gigavortex generates
by means of its descending helical flows the so-called magnetic poles of the planets, planetoids and
moons as well as by its ascending vortex flows the accumulating effects occurring on the night side
which drive these celestial bodies in a west-east direction around the central star. These magnetic
vortex flows differ from the intrinsic vortices of the planets only in their density and voltage in
accordance with their great distance from the sun.
So, the intrinsic vortex of Uranus which is offset by 90 did not change in any way Uranus' orbiting
around the sun, because now as before the north pole of the megavortex of Uranus resulting from
the solar gigavortex is perpendicular to the orbital plane and thus on top as with all other planets.

Thus, we find in Uranus the unique phenomenon in our solar system that its magnetic north and
south poles wander around its equator in the course of one turn around its axis.
In a similar but much less considerable way, this applies also to our earth. Here, too, a violent
external intervention, probably also by a comet, must once have caused a swing of its axis by 23 1/2
degrees while the magnetic north-south pole axis remained perpendicular on the orbital plane. More
accurate measurements will be required to confirm this.

The Cause of the Reverse Orbits of Some Moons


As we have been able to demonstrate, the orbiting direction of the planets around the sun depends
upon the tangential angle of the solar gigavortex. Likewise, the orbiting direction of the moons
around their planets depends upon the tangential angle of the planet's megavortex and the
minivortices of the moons. As we can observe with respect to spiral nebulae, the tangential angle of
the ascending helices is not always the same. In some spiral nebulae, for instance, the ascent of the
helical arms is very steep near the core of the nebula and at its outer periphery while it nearly
coincides with a virtual circular arc around the core at the center of the arms. If we assume that such
an uneven ascension of the helical flow also exists within the planets' megavortices, we have an
explanation why Saturn's outer moon Phoebe as well as Jupiter's outer moons VIII and IX orbit in
the reverse direction. We might explain the reverse orbit of Neptune's moon in the same way. A
disastrous collision of the planets, planetoids and moons within the solar system cannot happen as
long as the flow gradient of the solar gigavortex and the intrinsic vortices is big enough to maintain
appropriate distances between the orbits of the celestial bodies..
Thanks to the vortex law, it would not be difficult to describe the probable future development of
our solar system in general and in many details. However, this knowledge would only be an
unnecessary burden upon us and might get in the way of our present duties and tasks. Each era has
its appropriate knowledge, and it is therefore unnecessary and useless and maybe even harmful to
anticipate the distant future. For this reason, we only want to make ourselves familiar with the most
fundamental vortex laws and draw from them some conclusions for scientific research of the
present. The deeper we enter into the phenomena of our celestial bodies, the more evident become
our ideas about the driving and supporting forces of our solar system as described in this paper.
There is a special story behind findings: True facts per se cannot always be proven, but if many
similar phenomena support each other, they can be recognized in their entirety and their inner
context as true and established.

The Comets and the Formation of their Tails


When we take a closer look on the comets we find that they too confirm the full scope of the vortex
laws. Judging from their behavior, these celestial bodies, too, are volumina the potential core
electricity of which is at the absolute cosmic zero point and the mantle of which forms the zone of
dynamic equilibrium between the accumulating forces being effective from the outside to the inside
and vice versa. Within the solar system, they are subject to the solar gigavortex and thus have the
same vortex direction as the planets; therefore it often happens that they are thrown out of their
orbits and pushed into another orbit in the vicinity of large planets by the vortex fields of the latter
because the flow direction of the planets' and comets' vortices are opposite to each other. The
comets heading for the sun on parabolic or elliptical orbits change their visible outer structure when
they cross the Jupiter orbit. Their rigid shape disappears with the increase of the voltage of the
gigavortex, i.e. when they approach the sun. Near the Mars orbit, the voltage of the comet's vortex
field which consists of its intrinsic vortex increases so much as to become perceivable in the gravity
and the accumulated heat of the comet. It can be seen that the more or less circular nebulous
atmosphere of the comet shrinks more and more. Due to the voltage increase of the comet's actual

electricity, the accumulating force of the individual comet energy balls which has a gravitational
effect also increases. The decrease of the distance between the comet energy balls causes a
development of heat which is enhanced by the fact that due to the comet approaching the sun, the
intensity of the heat-generating intrinsic vortex of the comet increases, too, until it becomes similar
to the luminous intensity of a fixed star. Many comets remain in this state and can only be observed
through high-quality telescopes; therefore they are referred to as telescopic comets. The voltage
increase of the solar electricity vortex is also connected with an increase of the accumulating
components being effective on the night side of the comet, i.e. the side facing away from the sun,
the resulting force of which components causing an increase or acceleration of the orbital speed.
When crossing the earth or Venus orbit, the intensifying unilateral solar radiation is added the
intensity increase of which often has disastrous consequences indeed. We know from our earlier
considerations that in case of a disturbance of the zone of dynamic equilibrium due to unilateral
heating-up the potential core electricity can escape from the inside like an explosion and that even
the entire zone of equilibrium may explode so that the potential core electricity which is suddenly
released may subdivide into smaller core volumes also having spherical zones of equilibrium
(nebulae). In 1845, Biela's comet split up in two, and the 1882 comet near the sun in a number of
fragments. If the zone of equilibrium withstands the core eruptions on the side facing the sun, at
least a fountain-like outflow of the potential core electricity can be observed. As the beam is
directed towards the sun while the comet movement direction is not directed immediately towards
the sun but makes a curve around it, the reactive force of the outflowing core electricity causes a
torque, i.e. the comet performs a half turn around its axis, so that the outflowing core electricity
now flows away from the sun while in addition supporting like a rocket the resulting force of the
accumulating vortex components which anyway imparts a driving effect on this side facing away
from the sun. The swing of the actual core electricity beam should now again be followed by an
acceleration to increase the orbiting speed. The phenomenon which we call the comet's tail is
nothing but the outflowing core electricity which condenses in an infinite number of energy balls
and starts to light up within the vortex accumulation components of the comet similar to the
zodiacal light. As the emerging energy balls of the substances are subject to nearly the same
conditions of flowing out, they must have nearly equal core or hollow space temperatures, i.e. they
must have nearly the same weight. Spectroscopic tests have also shown that the tail comprises
carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. But as the conditions for the formation of substances at perihelion
differ from those at aphelion, the substances in the comet tail must change during their formation
depending upon the distance from the sun. This is the case indeed. The approach towards the sun is
accompanied by a wonderful change of the luminant colors of the comet. From one day to the other,
it often changes its initially greenish-blue color suddenly to golden yellow.
When the comet turns away from the sun again, the voltage situation and thus the phenomena
revert. In view of the relatively small core volume of the comets they do not have a very long
lifetime due to the large flow loss, especially in the vicinity of the sun. As the comets have only
little mass, their intrinsic vortices ascend very steeply.

The Comet Orbits and the Reverse Orbits of Some Comets


This steep ascent of the intrinsic vortices, combined with the rear-side accumulation component of
the solar gigavortex, causes the lengthy orbit. If the intrinsic vortex is extremely steep, the resulting
force of the accumulation components is directed reversely, i.e. the comet moves reversely rather
than in the same direction as the planets around the sun. Due to this high steepness of the vortices,
all the comets moving in reverse direction have very slim, lengthy elliptical orbits. Until now, we
have only dealt with the vortex regularity of our solar system. There is no reason to assume that this
regularity applies to our solar system only; on the contrary, it is most probable that it applies to all
other stellar systems outside our solar system as well.

The Spiral Nebulae


Indeed, more than two thousand million spiral structures have been found in outer space by giant
telescopes. As far as the observation results about the spiral nebulae have been published, they
correspond in every detail with the vortex law described above - in particular with regard to the
moving direction of the helical arms, the core and the formation of new stars. So we have to assume
that all spiral nebulae including our milky way system to which our solar system belongs are
subject to a universal vortex in which all spiral nebula systems repel each other without being able
to go beyond the periphery of the universal vortex because they would be prevented from doing so
by the accumulating effects acting from the outside to the inside. Likewise, the planets of our solar
system cannot leave this system due to the accumulating effects acting from the outside to the
inside. The basis of the flow principle of the actual solar electricity of our solar system - and all
other solar systems in general - is the movement form of Lemniskata. It starts ascending towards the
left from the sun's equator up to high degrees of latitude and in a clockwise sense heads for the
poles of the planets descending towards the right. Now, the actual solar electricity flows from the
planets' equators to high degrees of latitude ascending to the right and heads counterclockwise and
descending to the left to both poles of the moons. Now the actual solar electricity flows away from
the moons' equators ascending to the left up to high degrees of latitude. Thus the vortex flows of the
planets and the moons harmonically arrange themselves in the flow direction of the solar
gigavortex.

The Milky Way System


Viewed from the outside, the entire ocean of stars within the milky way would be embedded in a
universal vortex. But as our solar system is located approximately in the plane of the milky way
system near its center we have to logically assume - without being immodest - that our solar system
forms the center of the milky way creation. It is by no means acceptable and logically unjustifiable
that our solar system or our Earth or even Man with his spirit should mean nothing compared with
the infinite universe. Such a conclusion could only be drawn on the basis of a unilateral quantitative
point of view while neglecting the qualitative aspects of the world. To assume that man was nothing
in relation to the universe and that he played no or at most an accidental role, indeed means a
negation of our life, a self-denial and a giving-up of our own, higher and creative ego. The creation
of the world is based on ideas and ethical laws of the highest order, and man in his entire
disposition is destined to think about these ideas and to follow this ethics in his life; consequently,
man is an essential member of the universe. Therefore, let us reject the life-negating, unprogressive
and crushing phrase of DuBois-Reymond "ignorabimus" - "we shall never know" - and replace it by
the life-affirmative, optimistic and progressive words "We shall know - but not before it's time!"

Proposal about the Construction of a Flow-bound Mini-satellite as an Anti-gravity


Aerodyne
Our previous findings positively suggest the question whether it were possible in accordance with
the laws of the flow of the actual solar electricity described herein to construct a noiseless aerodyne
which by virtue of the gravity forces could be steered as you like upwards, downwards or towards
the sides. We have learnt that the force which we call magnetism is the gravity field of the sun. We
would not be able to raise ourselves from the earth using this force as the earth's gravity would
prevent us from doing so. We have mentioned earlier that the so-called magnetism according to the
distance between the earth and the sun is the compressed gravity field of the sun, i.e. actual solar
electricity having a higher density and a lower voltage while the gravity field of the earth is
characterized by actual earth electricity having a low density and a high voltage. We have found in
Part One that equal but opposite flow intensities cause an accumulating effect directed from the
compressed to the decompressed or suction side while unequal flow intensities cause a differential

effect. The same applies to the flow relations between the planets and the sun. The gravity field of
the earth with its intrinsic megavortex flow and high voltage and low density causes the gravity
field of the earth, while the gravity field of the sun and its gigavortex flow with the larger distance
of the planets, increasing density and decreasing voltage characterizes the gravity field of the sun. It
is now easily conceivable that the gravity of the earth can only be compensated by an equal but
opposite flow of the same voltage and density while, due to their different voltage and density,
nothing can be done with regard to the magnetic forces in relation to the gravity of the earth. We
have understood that the actual solar electricity always heads for the colder poles and that it has its
greatest density and lowest voltage at the pole of deepest coldness. Further, we have found that the
pole of deepest coldness lawfully is of a spherical shape because the actual solar electricity
naturally heads for the pole of deepest coldness from all directions and on the other hand the pole of
deepest coldness gets in contact with a higher temperature at its outer periphery and therefore tries
to expand towards all sides. We have called the pole of deepest coldness potential electricity and the
moving electricity, i.e. the expanding or shrinking electricity actual electricity. One might designate
the potential electricity as force and the actual electricity as counterforce as well. We have called
the zone in which these two forces are confronted with each other, in which they, so to say, are
more or less equal, the zone of dynamic equilibrium or the heat zone. So, in this zone of equilibrium
the forces confronting each other are equal and therefore form the exact shape of a sphere. When we
will once be able to generate temperatures far below minus 273 degrees centigrade, we would also
be able to store potential electricity within an exact hollow sphere made of insulating material.
Finally, such storage would be nothing but a small artificial satellite which - like the planets and the
moons - would be continually permeated by the actual east-west solar electricity flow in descending
polar spirals which would be forced to evade again in ascending spirals due to the heat zone at its
equator. The intensity of the vortex would depend upon the temperature and the volume of the
potential core electricity of the sphere. As this would be a mini-satellite in which the concentration
of the vortex intensity would be much higher than the vortex intensity of earthly substances, the
satellite - just like the earth - would be directly permeated by the east-west actual solar electricity,
i.e. the electricity emerging directly from the sun, via the satellite poles and would have the same
vortex direction as the earth and the planets. The intrinsic vortex flow of the mini-satellite
ascending from the zone of dynamic equilibrium or heat zone would be at its highest voltage and
lowest density exactly like the east-west ascending intrinsic vortex flow of the earth. For this
reason, no attraction by the earth but a repulsion between the earth and the satellite would occur.
The mini-satellite would have to be charged in an evacuated, vortex-free chamber at a temperature
ranging far below minus 273 degrees centigrade. A coil with a conductor cross section being as
large as possible the power supply of which had to be implemented outside the refrigerating
chamber would have to be arranged around the mini-satellite. The polar axis of the coil would have
to be assembled in north-south direction using a water level wherein the satellite axis would have to
coincide with the coil axis. The current direction in the coil would have to clockwise when looking
southward. At a probable temperature of minus 10,000 degrees centigrade or lower, the
accumulation of the field flowing inside the sphere along the inner turns of the coil should compress
in the center of the sphere to initiate the formation of a dynamic spherical accumulation zone.
Experience must teach how long the outer circuit must be active until a sufficiently large
accumulation of potential electricity is obtained in the core of the sphere or mini-satellite. At any
rate, the vortex intensity of the satellite must be greater than the vortex intensity at the surface of the
earth in order to impart an upward acceleration onto the satellite. Thus, the vortex intensity of the
mini-satellite will depend firstly upon the core temperature of the potential electricity and secondly
upon the volume of the latter. The deeper we can decrease the satellite core temperature and the
larger the core volume is, the larger the vortex intensity and the ascending force of the satellite will
be. To ensure the steerability of the anti-gravity aerodyne, at least three mini-satellites are required
which must be arranged on a larger circle at a distance of 120 degrees. One satellite would have to
be fixedly mounted while the two others would have to be movable on the circle. By shifting these

two satellites with respect to the fixed one, it would be possible to steer the direction of the
aerodyne. The construction of an anti-gravity aerodyne would not pose any mechanical difficulties.
A round, flat dome should be arranged above the satellite triangle to accommodate the crew.
Viewed from outside, the aerodyne would have the shape of a giant, flat bell. The distances between
the individual satellites would have to be wide enough to ensure the equilibrium of the system.
Once the artificial mini-satellites have been implemented, the construction of this anti-gravity
aerodyne would be no problem. Another advantage of the flat, round globe shape would be that it
were fluidically well adapted to the flight within the atmosphere in an oblique upward, downward
and sideward direction. We have sufficiently disproved the possible objection that the potential core
energy would be unable to remain at the deepest pole of coldness in surroundings with higher
temperature by pointing to the fact that any tiny substance particle and any celestial body are
subject to the same phenomenon.

Epilogue
We have learned to know the various manifestations of magnetism, electricity, substance formation,
gravity, light, and celestial bodies, finding out that all these manifestations originate from one
primeval force the potential energy of which ranges between the lowest limit of coldness and the
highest limit of heat. This primeval force is the world's constant; it does not lose or gain anything
but remains equal in its final product: density multiplied by voltage. In its static, potential
condition, it is homogeneous while being inhomogeneous in its mobile (active) condition. The law
of vortex formation as the basis for the law of celestial mechanics is the necessary consequence of
the law of inhomogeneity. Each law results from another, and each one supports and complements
the others. The entirety of laws result in the static and dynamic balance in the universe.
supports and complements the others. The entirety of laws result in the static and dynamic balance
in the universe.

Elucidation
Because electricity in its 1st aggregate is to be understood as the (bipolar) energy per se, in its (as it
were) "last" aggregate it represents the (equally bipolar) conductive substrate, of space per se.

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