Fundamentals of Die Casting Design

!"#
&$ %('*),+.-0/21435+7608:9;%*<=%
>?K>YX@?Z7A:[]\ BDT ^DC7_ÈGFSHJa&ILb?KNb?MPc OR> c7QPdfO e7c >g>
U
S
W
T
X
V
V
vhXhX"i"i"imjGjGkmkm|pgll nonon.n.}ll pgpgjlqrqs?wll nPnJvrsgsgqjujup"t7t}v.qwqwl v5yvfiyiriyxrxt7v5voq"pzpxk,v|jWt7p7l{|nryiJi|t}n5iDnq"jx~vk~"x?l imn5l n.noxLlv|p?p7jlqD}}wqk,vfpDiPv.iDl"qwyiDimvjn5"tpgtjui}vljukyjui~inf|pgi"p7jWx}"l i|i,inPxNvpD}p?jWqzpgv|t7ls?n LzDXp}pgpg|{ml inyDp}jujp"pDlvx}"iyi"x j
vp}"jiUk,tjvlvfqwiDv5jWiynx:t}xLq"p7x"}Dkrjlqwi"vmqwvv"yiUtjjujil inn} vot(nypgt7|q"x:lqx?sl nov|LjiDl}jkmwvfl n5inlvpg"qi0qDp"jv.lqwl vfi0iyx*l x}xLi"p7qwDv.}l yk,t}iDqwv5p(vyvDjul p"n;p?l x}q"iyix
lq"pgDk, "ix?l"qtssLiv|" ijui|iDjuiDq"inzvop"iDjuiv|"in5pg}juyip7x}it7q(ipg}q"x(t}q"x0v"ip"l t7
vlhXn"i"ix?jGkmlnpgvl nojq"n.lx?}l pglwvqvfl pgil xNqnnsg}juq"p}t7x}j?qwiD"v5j]iDiyvjx""tv5irpvv5lkiDpgjk|pg;n|t7pDq"RlqxtsXx?7LliDnjWvjp"kmjl}ll n5x}wniyvfl i~xrpgqkv"qp7twp"x?vv.l vlgy"iyi~ixl i"x}"qwiDiDv.qwjWln.v.juill p?yt7juqin4"n|v5}pDp;`v.vlv|qs,l lnnrx}pgDiDq"p}jil pg" iy{xr}Rq"p}x}jiD{ j
4hXt}i""qjGi*sgkm"t}ltnowsLn.vlipgqp}}jmlq"nRRx}sgiDpgjuj]t}}vqw x"vfiriyt}xt7}v5DpzpDjuiy"ipgl tw|vfp?i(q"t}x?tq"l x;v.lqp?x?p"ql v.nnlvgjylp7}twjwv.vfkl p?ip7q*v|x?jupDt7l gNqiynxk, tp7"vliDx?pgjWl qXn.lnPp?tp"qvnyl pg v|qlnyn4vp}jut}p?q{~nl twqwv.v5pl p?qt}nyq,pDvt7"q"i"x j
jlqwv5iyx;"iDjWn.l p?qny4"t}q}{rpg7
[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T

xLpg"q"twiv0p}"j tw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} ts7iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

T ?K T ^ Y ^ [[TWV _ZX[ V K Y^|^zKY VVYX\P[T K ;[]T K\ "R! Y g^ VXTWVV K 5OJK # 0^yT T ^(V_TWV KK ^V K T K ^[ Z7KK"[]XZXV\ K Y$ zK [ V YXY\PIL[K Y K ^w\ KDT ]Y V ^ [^ [;KK
VK [V z$K*) \ K KK [ T K K Y ^ Y TW^wV T ^ K [V %TW V gK"VK ,Y+ ;K KV Z YX\ [.^-5K T K V Y KV_] ^&Z [ KY ^.^ ^ K YXV \ TWV \ LK"^DK _ ^0Z / Y ^w^ T $4^ K?K \ Y O ^ ;7Y T ^V Y [K ['^ (Y $ VT \
Y V "[ V KK7\ ^ K1$ [ KDYX\ ^ $ T K T K Y ^ TWV [Z7K Y T [ VL^ $ T \) V 7T ^zTWV [ 2Y T [ V3^ K* \WO
# [ [ Z7K.74K YK ^?TZX^ \ K ;_R.YT wKK,"^[ [ V K 7K"T K^ [[[TWV [ [K5Y T ^; ^yT^*YK T [ [ V Y Y^ K[ Y "^ Y _`VY ^ ~Y [K&_ K Z68K K V 7 K9 YX;T YZ Y K V:Y^ YX^ \W_ O<[";[ \[ $4K"Y K IV K ^_KY Y ?\ K T ^ - TWL V;^ Y K7VZ7K YX^VZ K T K ZV 4\ADT ^ OO
) ^ # Y VYIK [ KT K z [ ^ [ Y K ^ K.4 T K>[X$ [' _ Y VK 0 ^ K K"[ [ VT K ^ \ NY Y K K& K>K $ K YV K= K ;Y V:Y KYX_\g[ Y V \ NK Y ^ Y*Y V\ - ^ \ T[ ^ TWV TWV @T K f? ^V KILKgK O V
KDK[ ILY ,K^ K"I^ K 7K?TWDVZ [ ^BVA $ KgOT[ \ _g KDV YY K .^ KUYXK.Y \4 ^ ZX g_?\O TWY V V Y ?KT TY^ [ ^ VzK ^ KDDY[ YVL I^ K XY(V\ [K"K K V [^ ;Y TWVVY 2[TWw V 2K [Y Y ^T [ ^&VKG T ^ X ZVYK VY^ zK V K VY K V YX\ $ ^ K [?T ^ TT KZgT ^Z7KYV ^[ ODzCFTWV V HKE KDK K Y ^|^y ^ T YTWV V O
[ K ^yT [;V ?YXT]) ^ \K?}$4\ Z7 [ KD$2[] HZXT \$\ K Y TWK^,V V K*7[ ) T V ^ K Z [[[V K Y^.^y?ILT T[[]^JV\ XTWVOGV L#[ KDYX5K ;\ ^ [ Y YT [K7^yV\T T^JK"IY IVK# K7Y\ T YK"ITWVK 7[ Z T ^5;[T ^YK ^.T^y[ KT [ VV!KKYXf? ^ \^ ^ [$$4Y[T K 5^B A TW[ V [( K TWV T K K YK ^ TWVTW T V [K H5; Y YK^ ^yTWTT []V VV
T K LK ^K Y ^T ^ K TWYV [\ T \K ^ O T Y S [ \T ^ K.[4z $OZ7K K V "T K _ V YK IK&K P Y [ ^ [ V K"#K []V \YK I K Y $ K"YK V K TWYV ? [ \ Y K 5; K7[Y \ A ZT [ [ V; T TW^,?5V ^ ^ [ T K Y V K[XT ['^ 7N ^BOMAY L _ VT Yy KVT YX^R\TWLQ V ILK[]^ \K XKDV YV K KDYXK \ON[4$ S [ [ 2^ K _
[8K"K V S X VV [K $; \ OTK ; KKV [K _ T K ?T ^ Y ^ VTW[V z$ \ K $ Y ^HK KY IL^ K7\\ [T Z7KT ^ TWY V V zK [ $K TWV K ^ KDYT T K U^ YT ^ VS4$ K7 \ K?[\ Xz HJKXI O T I O37# T^ V K[IL['K ($ Y T \^
K K K M$ K VU'VWVWX K ^ KY Z [*o- K ^ Y K= X V K Y V [ ^ Y V TWV ^ T K V T ^ ^ + ^* Y ^Y [. O
}l*`:dZ\v*[[Naus*]_cyq n^0cefB~B`brzadn aBcepfga0]2fgn ]5n ]icjzh]ih]5n cejBc\a0adadk*aBcl&qRpylR]5j.mMj.n ncon~Bcojk*fBl&sBl0lR`b]Waomzp'f0c\aBl0j0q]lR*c2l.~gq`bv(r*n aBs*f0k.f.~daGn a*tuv&|yadadv8.vRs*n ad~gfBaBsuv>q]hau]5jBvHjBlgaMlRp'f*wGaiq0zsBaB`x]`:mBl,]5n fBj0vRrMsgn aG]ypyn~u:n sBq ]5cjBk.]2l.nazfBcer,aon fzvJv*]5ad`jBnc\*aMn rRn f0fBfr%a\s.{0]5]yf0jBvHaGsBv*nn fB]vRc_vn ]2Bn ncelRcci]5fJB`G|adcKv*lRlRf&fRq g]W|_~Bj0s*s*fB^.r.lRa*q l.hRr&]5n jBadac
vRn fzn az~uf0sBs*cfB]2~gn fBn s*rHqRn]5fB`blRvJ*Bcek*]5q au`D>c5 pyn q ~Bj0s*fBr.aMvJ`s*w%sg]2n ~gs.q B|KjBad~BmMlRB]yulR*`'~dlRw^0s*fgJKj0sBc%n ]k*adaBfcelRq vR<l.`n cn ]%k0s*f*m0`&^g]_l*`

T T

Q K* wK K.4Zg[\ Y V Y,O,T [ [VL ^ S Y OK / V [ Y Y ^ T [[ [ O Y ^S T ([ # K"[?YIK _>Y'K* $K D[ KDY ^ [Z7[Z7[ K KQ V \ T ^ KY O(V H ^T z"[ K \ T KDY T Y _ T"[ [ V _
$$ T \K V K[ T KK# ^ KDY Y ILK V Y[ V $4 [ V5 w[K $z \ K [ K YX\YILK K V [ K DY K T \ ^ ;[Y . KUK K.O;4ZgH \ Y V Z Y K T ^[ K VLV ^0"! _ K.47YK K Zg\ TK ^N^NV TW[V*^^ Y['zT ^ K(GY Y KD[ Y ^
KK.4DZg[ \ Y V !Y ;T [ [ VL ^0K7! \ ! V [V $z[ $z\ K \ K K K TWV TWV K K ^ [XK['Y _ KDY ^[ $4O KIL# K >Y;ILKY 2\ wK&K N^$ ['T zK YT ^| ^* KK ^^ $T [ 7V T ;Y 2 XYOILK # XV[]^ Z7Y K T ^ [GY $ [ T K
Y [ # YILKK ^ KYT K KDY [TWV ;YK wK .? T^ KgO K*4 [ K 7T K ^ YX\ T Z7[ ^.^wT \ KY V Y TWV K K ^ K TWV "[
['[?ITK z_ K VK*$ ^ TY VK VT ^ K KDY ^ T [ [ VLV ^D_ z[ $[ K[ g;V YY w;K K T V YXK \;K Y fO K RT YXY \ _ z\ Y [ V KH ;Y Y K _ KK ;Y [ T^_^ T +G [ KDPY ^\ K ^.^[ ;V Y K*$ KY;YKY T ^ ^0/[
Zg#g\YK Y M^ KK TWV IL K K [YXK Z\7^ Z7zKKD[]KZXTWY(V\ K \YXTWV\YWKgOILO K # `D[ K?[ \Z7K$ Y Y zV KG[ $ [ V T Y K TW?V ;TIL^ []K;\ ILI[K T[Y KTW_JV ST YK T K~\XYK \ =~T [? TWV K TWVV7_T T K YX
Z V ?\ Y T OG#J Y$4K O [^y[ T :V\ A _ O \[ T wK Z [;[[K ^ Z7KKY T TWYXV \_
T$WVY ^ Y ^Z V T K"Y I Y TT [^[K V .O8['E OK QP7O rT [^ ORQ [K"[[ w gK O K"#_ $$4T [ \ ^ [ [ ^\ V K1[$4\ T 4 w[ K M 2 ZL[Y [ V Y Y LT VzT [K $zVL\^yK T S [ V K K \ K YX^.\^ _ # Y YV zV YXO^ [\ z^yT K^~^[. NK[ YT KK T YXY \ ^ TWVTWV ?$T ^ Y ^ [['K
:[ K0[ K ^ Y K^ :Y K1[ []Q [^\ S Z Q KZ7[HY ^ K V ^ K"[ KY VQ ^ [Z YX \Y ^ [Z7[ ^ [ K X^ Z7"[ [ [ V \ rYXO YZ 7T K YX^ (K\ z$ [ KT \V V ILKO K V T K[ zKVL^[7K(IL[KY TWKUV YX\ \ ^ K[ V V K.K[ 4 KgK O^K TW VT ?T [ T ^V K TO ^ ;zY [ ^ TWV\ _
YK d V; #Y Y TK \XV Y K [ ^yT K K^.Y ^D_ [ KND[ Y Y V "[0Y V V [ KT $ [ VTK*4XY Z7YK TZ7z;K KVK V Y =^ Y ?V [1K -oV?[ [ T _TWV $
zVT K Y TWV TWVUY_ T OK [ Z T A[7TWV IO TWV _ YX7Z T ^ ?T [Y ['? gT O1\ T # _ "L [ Q Y IKV [# $;V \ KK V K K _

v*lRfB0aM:kdj0Msg0ceao~gn aBlRfg*]2nfBcevH]cyagn `]5lRj0waB`Wl0w%]5j0saBl.``JwGaBq nv*c]ecus*| m\adcKl.`W^0`blRk*q aBw%c_n fM]5jBax~dlRwwolRfHwolRv*aBq cKl0"]5jBadc2as0àgsl*`fBlH`badceaus0`b~BjMpNsBc

[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T

xLp?"q"ti,vp}"jty"pgiUyvop?p7}x}jt kr:i"kz} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

9
Za K H^ Kz^yY T P^ H \ O_Y&$ a[ ^rH ^*zYXP\H Z Y ^ Y Y ^rT^*K" YXI Zg\T Z7Z 8[ oKZ7[ [ "^ K ! ^K _ ?T [0K [ ^ MVKDY Y []\K ^ K YX^ V7\ $T ILK [ K^yT ZY IL+ KN\K T Z ^ KD[ Y 'XVK TW$4V [ $45 TW[ V 2Y ,JM$[ 7H T [ K I T [\ TTY KT K YX^ Y \ ^ ^ Y TW^wV [ T
^ \ KDKDKY ILK*Y IL^ K7[\ [ V7T T^ ;/ O K V # a YILH K zTWPV H[ 5z[ K V TWV a H K ^ zR[ H^* Y ZgZ7[ [ K K ^ ^ K K K K ^ ^ KKY Y K $4^ [ 5+ [^ ,"K.K47Y Y^ Y Zg\ K [_Y a VH zR[H T ^
^ T \ ^ Z7?[T ^ V^ [[[ TW V \ T ^ ^K^ I '[ T z KmQ ^ [ K ^ K K^ Y KY [ K V ^ ZX$ \ gV [0K Z P[ I'K?\ [ KmT K / O [ V KD[ $L#^ [ ! Y V Z7[[ K ^ KDY $4[ 5 _L^*
Y [^ V Hm\TWVS0 K T \ ^&K ZX Z7'[ [ %! 7K T [NT M K ^Y KYK V?# T I`K [ ^wT $ _T a \ K "K V KM - [ KgMWO #xE&!!Y V ;Y V z[ K ^ O [ \ Ua H zRH
H$ ^ [ Y " K [ V [YX$ ^ Z K7^ ^ \ [$ K K,[$[]T \\["[ Y $ ^ K TW V "\[ K_ YXK ? \ ^ ; T [ [ \ Y$ V^ KmYY Y VV V KIL[;K Y wK K [ D[ T K JK Y [ ^ $ $ TWVV[ V [Z VY [ V \ LK ^y^.[ ^T [ V Z}V\ Y I YJ?zT [ ^K V "K*K[ $ ^_L [^*V z [K $ Y [^ K,ZgY T\ V XDV [ #V K AK
Y T Y .z YXK \]KZ [_ ) Y +GK0[ JY \ [K^|Y0B^ /K [ O #KQXTILK V T K K Y ^ K TWV_ [ Z D[ [ ' VT [ [ V$ # Y JV ["[ "V [ K $ V [[ $ V [ [ $ Y V "[ [ $ V ^HK $ [ ([ YX'*\ ), +.\ -/Y - 0 K L^ K K^
YX\ R [\ Y VL^yT [ T VK ^ [ ?T R^ K I ~JT [ZK [7\ KIL2K 1LY Y I ^ T ^TWG_ V Z Y V[*T ^m$4^*[ "KDKY ^|^^ Y \ # [ _ $Y ^ IK Y T ILK TWVa H zPH K ^ KDY O
a H K zUPZ}H Y ^*T ZXT ZLZ7Y[ K K* TWV*K â KDH Y zRKH ^ O4[ 36 57 ),T898;K":=K ^ <>+,Y ?;V <.+>YX@A\ ^ @B[ ).C7[) [ X ? Y V V ?DY <.)FT ILE>K G UU [)H\ K 89? TWV X G )JK IK+LK89^?DKDGMCY U I VB N [ V@>K +>C70

GMC?D<.)O: V P' - XRQ

[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T

xLp?"q"ti,vp}"jty"pgiUyvop?p7}x}jt kr:i"kz} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

WTZ7S V [Y $4K V K 0K ^ Z7K"[ TW[V ZgK \ K ^ K [Y^ IKY z.^ LKXY ^ TO9 # #V [$ KT +g\^ # Z7[ K []VZ7TW^ V KK _ D# [[ _ YX\ K \ K K V K KDKY Y L ^ K K<*_ #][]Y ZXV Z7[[ $ V K7K \$ V TWV ^ [ [ K ^ K [$Y K / O Y $ T \[ ^ KK8:$ Y T [K LY^T K ILK ^ O9KK T#
;V[ [ K z$4) KILVY K V _gK T [ [ ^ K Y $ "_ T Y #VX$ V T[ \ ^ Z zY [7V[ IL K K7$ \ ^ K K+oT YyKVzIL K [ # K7 \ [^K (Y V V$[ Y VZ zY KY Y VV TK ^ g^ Y Z7Y [ ^K YY YV^ #]K YQ [V V$ \ T^ ^ [[ \ VT ^ T Y^ VT KY V wK T^0) /K _NZ Y TWK KV V T TZX\ K K ^DO_
^ [ Y \ KD []Y ZX\ K K7Z YILK*YX\ ^ K [ *^ *^ \ ^ Y K V ^ K K7\Z Y K # TK K \ T Y K ^ TWTWVVL(^* TWVY V L^ K(Y UVZ"! [ [ ^ Z7K 5[O [ \ Y&$ "K K Y ^ KS :[Z d
Z7K[ V Y K V ^ K^ [Y KNILKK ^ K LT^ [ L# ^ YY ILVK .K z4Z7KD[Y ^V K O^w# TW V ^K '[ ^.^ z K ?K TWV Y K"[K K ^^ [YXZX^ KZ7ILK K V YX[\ TWVzK T I _ T K YXV \ ^ "Y[ K _ TWV K-oK"[KZLY Y K _
^'[ ^ \ D O Z XV7T ^ [ TWV UK ^ [ _ "[ *^ Z ZgZ7K"[IK V TWV *^ K T K V K0[ Y V ; Y K V?V T Z TW V \ K"Y K TWVTWV Y KV TWVZ L[ ^ z[ TWY V V KY TWV7TWT VK Y Y :^ TWT VT [ V TWVDYXd \
$4KDYX\ [ O K ^ Y wK[ H =GY T \ _ # YILK _TWV GY "_ Y yK V [ Y\ T K TWV&^ Y V K:Z7[]\ T O # ^ [ zK 7TWV
[XK ^ YXZXZ7K V [SzK _ Zg\ KY ^ K ^ K V Y Y V "[ Y V $4[ 5 H$4K?\ [ V K Y [S TGY T \ O

I T

[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T

xLpg"q"twi,vUp}"j ty"p?iUyv5p?p7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lts7i"jul tn|jl ln|k xX"i|n l l

Y ^ ? wT K ^ _ [Y ['^ $4^K7\YXY ^ K Y K ^ ^ Y T [ ^VLK^ T K ^ Y [z#"$Y Y ^ T \ K ^ T [ [L^ Y Y VL^ $4[ K [ ^ K7\ .^ O Z7K T?) T \ K Y :K ^ K T ^.[ ^wVLTW^V Y K ^ #K Y ILK K ^ T [ KDVLK ^DV _
#PK KYXY \ T ^ KK [ Y K T; Y Z7V [ Y [V TK;[[ V \ K ^ K K7\ K ^&A \ ^ _ L# ^gA YILY K [ K T K T K d [=Y ^ ;TWVY wK $4K KK ^ YTI}K Y V T \ YT ) \ KYX\ [ TWV K,[ $ KT K O
$^ Z['Y TVKY X[S[V7 Tw K"K??Z[T ^ TWV K T K[T zd 2 ; Y Y^ [ V TWT V[[]VZ7O[]K \ V P[7TWK VILKDK Y K L ^^? KO V [[; z$ [$4\?K TK ^DIL_ K K # A _ TWYV IKK K K K T ^ T T K YKd Z7Y [^ $4TWY KV * TWV\ K L^[ K ^ Z$Y[VY TWV[[T I Z T T'^.K^ ILKYXK \ ^V TWV$ Y [KK
?[T [^ TWV T ^ [ 5;Y Y T [ KV*N T ^ Z [9[:$ Z T KUY ?T ^z[XTWV[' g[ O 5; Y Y \ KDYT [ ^ VK _ Y KUV Y z I [T ^ K K _TWV Y[ V KQ VZg\ Y \ T ^ Kg(O T ^ =$4KY *Z7[ TWV O ?T ^

]5jBaM`bais*q auaBw sB`baBceafBq lR~dlR`bauaumgc_sBn fBvTs*r>fBwov1l*Mwo`~uG0l.lR~d`xqblR&adwzfgc\]^*w%adlRaBfBaB` v*fgxc]a0cfB~dlR]aHlHfp^0^ `bn l&]5jl07 `b|"au[sBv,]5j.[Sn coadk.vRlRn ]lRl*m ` s**q "`s*q lgp'aB`s.f0v R]ai0a v*0s0`v*g|G[q celh^*q agsgc2a8àgsgv

T4

[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T

xLpg"q"twi,vUp}"j ty"p?iUyv5p?p7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lts7i"jul tn|jl ln|k xX"i|n

TWV?TT ^ K \XY DZO K K T _^3 KK $ T Y [K \ K [ K Z7KDT K []ZX\Y K9^ $ TWV [ TWV'YIK^ IL[]_`\ ^XV [ KD K \ K K [ YT V *Z [7\ILK [ ?T ^ K ^ K [XTW['V T ITT K YX\ \^ [[
Z [K T # K ^|"^,[ [ V K $^yT TY] V V O T [ V[ ^ [ [:V K V T Y V K K [ ?KT ^ $4 YX[ \ 5T UY [V 7[ T ^ Y[IL[K U"[ Y V V YzK K VZ [TW$;V \ KK KK [K _ Zg\K KY ^ T K K [ Y V ^ YTWV
z KXO

11+
:V <AC :V +>C7898 V C
X )L-/GMC.) C U
oV EB)L' ? )7' N GMC
+H'*0 '*+>C G/- )H0
:V 02'*+>C>-M5BC X

).C>G 89) )LG )7'
4T

[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T

xLp?"q"tirvUp}"jtw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,iDk} ts7iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

Y ?^ T^ TWV [K [V TWT ^TV KDK T I T K K ^ TWK V [ [ V$4T ^y[ ZLK YT ^ Y O K K<[ ) T K ^ d (Y ^ T ^ TWV L^.^ ^K Z7^ K T )K ^ Y ^yT KT V ^ KgOT K V K K K T K d 7T Y K^ TWV r:^ Z7Y K TT )K
T ^zK T I ? T [K T0zTWV [ V[ \ ^ AKILK K7YX\ T K\ ILK YXZ zK [ ^ K?Or\ ^ QgY ^ K T [ YXVzZ e K T ^ T ^zL^.T Î K T ^ K $ 0TWV [ ?T ^ zK"[K ^ K?K \ T^ T [ $ VL^R[ IV ^ K [ T [ gV V > KDY ^ K [ ^ V Y T \K K ^
K*Y `P VK[ K ^ ^ K [ [ ^;T [ ^ TWVV [Z $ ^K$I [T [ $ YL ^ ^ K.z 4 [ KT ^ K7K [ \ ^ $ K K*?"T[ _ K[ ^ YT KK y KV K K _ K? $ YY zTWV KI}AYX[ \ T [ [_ Y VT K K Y [ ^ YX\? TWVZ \[?YOIKT# [ A VLY^ ILO KK # I} YX[ \YVT IK KT 7;[T ^Y ^ K[ T K^ VK[Y Kg$ O
Y# VK [TWZ7$ V K T [ \ 5; Y YY"IL_K T [TWV V Y [TWV KK ^ Y K ILVYX[ \ T V T [$ K TWV T T K[ VKK _^ V Y T [ K V \ TK^Y ^ [; TWV K V7T ^ ['KD$ TY T \ X V7K [ T V TDK"O O K Y K\ KY ^ ^wK TWV KK Y ^ Y T K V[ K $ T \ Y KUY \ K K7[ Z K K

4 T T

[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T

xLpg"q"twirvUp}"jty"p?iUzyvop?p7}x}jt k,iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

$4Y [ ^ TWV Z [ K [ K^ V ^|;^ Y[ K ^|^ ^ # 'Y # V^r ^T $ [ VK \T[ Y K [V V XY V?[]T T\ YXK\ V K [ V Z K Y V \ T Y[ TYX[ \ VT TWK V T ^ ^ YX[K \ T \ [ $;T K [# Y# ^ KK7TWV \ XTKZ7ILKTWK V^ K L K^ TWVK T [^ Y Y K Z}YXL[ Z7^yVgK TWVV ^mK TWVZ7T [[[ VT K O
HmKDY \^ K [ ; Yg^ -5K*[ _Y V Y YY TVWV ^ KK ^ [+I T Y K K K # ^ V T K K V V K T )g/ Y$4V[ o\_ =zL[ ^yTWVK T Q Z7 [ [ YoV L \ Q_ _ K $ Y KL#^ K PT K Z Y [ ^ 'K T rK T^ ^ IL?KT
[ YX"\L T [ TWV ^4 [K?\ Y ^zKILK\ KT V K ^ YO Ya K V H ^ zY PKTHT [ 4$ V[ [ To^1\V TW V\[DKO [KNZ [ [ ' ZLKY T [K.4 V Y [ VV Y*[ \ [V $ [] \ [YX \ T SU(T $4[ [ ^ [ Z [ !~MPK ^|O ^ [ fK O>L}[X[]['Z7K
[:[[ \ T K [ YV K K ^0/ ^&K ZXa Z7H [ zTWRV H Z [ Y V^ YY ^ T [ Y V K ['K"K(^&Y V YYUILZ7Y [XT \ [Y \ K KYXIL\ TK 1$4$ [ K ZK0[[ V K ^|^ [ K<fO4$ K Q O Y V K YXK \'T ^+ V [K
[KD>Y L^ [ V(Q V [ a [ H z[ PT HO O Y \ KY ^ KMo- [ TWV z K TWVUT Z [7I TWV a H zP H Q ^8 Y V^ Y T [ V ^& ZXZ7[ TWV K L^ K

4LI

[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T

xLpg"q"twirvUp}"jty"p?iUzyvop?p7}x}jt k,iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

O
YYXZXT KYZ d TWVL[XY^ Y ^ [TWV _ $ K K ?V T TWVTW'V LK"K^ Y ^ ^ T K ^K"YKIL^*VK Y [ V Y ^ TW[V^ZgK7\ YZ7Z}^KY T KY ^DV _\ K [ Y VZLY[ V \ [[$ Z7T [ ^yKT [ KK V K TWY V KDK K T K T dYXQ ^ \ ^Y O^ [[TWV \ ^D\ KD_;Y To[^\ _TWV Z}Y V V?K K"T KK A ^D _ \ [Y : :KYYXTW\ V ûA[
K7K ZX\ Y K?ZgK \ Y K $Y T ^ @T K ?5V ^ T )T K V YXK ZXZ [[gK Y ^ $4O[ 5Q: 4 A OLHm^ K \^ K Y gV []?5^\ [ T K T KV ^K K"IY K?^\ []V Z7[ K UY TWVV K V KK ILV K yD$ KDTY \:^ $4Y [ 5K A* K V ^ KDK T K [
TWZ V Y ^yT \ YXK\Y \ &Y_ $ ^yT ^ Y ZX\ K K^ ;Y[ VX$ V V K O TW V [ ,7K*T 4}^ YN[XZg['\ gK O;_ Hm\K ? K[KT;[ [ ^ VA [ Z687K[\ T Y ;[Y2K7\ I^ T [Y \VY K ^ KN;YI VT []\ Y ZT [ V^w^ T [YX \
\ &Y T $Y ^D _]Y*^ K Z T K [Y ^ Y ^ K KTWV^ ) K ^K V VgY TW^ VV (K"K ^ Y KQ ^ [-oY [ VK T \^ Y&K$ [^[ZgZ[Z7 [ [ '^yT K K5K z[;[ RYK4 YXVT \YT _ T $ ^ Z O?T [) Y^ K K [ 5 zK [^ K K T _ ['K *K Z}TWVY ? V [D?OM T ^ # zV [ [X[ V['A gK O Z68[ 7
YXV? T K KIL^ K Y V?T ^TWV Y T _ K*K KU[ K V V [ TWV T K"^K ,[ ^ 1K K T K ^yT VY ^ 7TWT V @ K ^wYXT ]\ T V Y Z V [ 'Z [ ^ K ^.Y ^ Y Y K( K TWV?^|^ T K V T YX\WO [ ^ O K ^ K*:Y L^DK _
Y K K^ YX\T ^ [ K TWV TWV [ ;'Y K K ;O Y [ T YXTWJ\ VL^ [ 5Y V K [ _ [ $,K ) @[ ^ TTWzV7T K TWT V K ?T ^ K IL^ []\ YXzZ Kg! O [ S ^ Y V K V &K $[ [ K V K7XZ VgV ^ K Y V^ 0^ T KK Y ^ _
Y V $ K Y rT K^wTd KY ^ [ TWV 0T K TWV 'Y ^ ^TWV T ;8^ YgV 7 TWK V K [ T ^ TWV YXZgYZ []KZ IL[]T Y \ KHT [ [ V_ YY V ^ Z7K 7T T ) ^ [Z [ [* -oK T ^ ZLO Y [ T 4O ! V K KY ^ [ V
+ TY ~^ [ K V K TWV KDY ^ K[ V $4[ Yo\ 9V/ Y K V^ T M K K7\ K Y ^wT .K Y [TTW[ V V / Y [ V Z} Y Z V7zT K T ^^ *^ Y Y ^ K J [[ K V \ K[ 21 [ V [I $ T ^ + [$ K ?[ T YXK \ ^ H\ YT KK
YY V [ gV K K L^yTWV K T Z K [ 'K gV T [][ \V [ T [K ^^ Z^ OK ^ # K *V T ^ K * TWV ?[T Z7^ K [X'[ Y g3MO #T K K7d \ T YK"I^ K K ^ ?T $^zTT ^\ . KV[ V &^ \ T$Y ^yT . [ Y wT [K"K7VLZ ^
K T K Y ^ TWV Z [K ^.^yT [ V YX\ ^ Y V K TWVL^ T ^ K7\ _ [ K TWV ? \ K* TWV K 'L^ O A

4LI T

[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T

xLpg"q"twi,v0p}"j twy"p?i(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lts7i"jul tn|jl ln|k xX"i|n l l

>g>gOuO e> VWXJ5.K IK^wK T?9]TG VV KC Z7"[ ! Y VV K K^wT[] V KK 'M TWVYXZ ! Z P[[ '^ OTO[ VOO[ O^ O^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
>g>gOO c L; TWT V ^ [ TWV T YX\ KRY Y [ [ gVT [ V OPO[ ^ OO[ OOK OY OO[ O OOJOK O^wT ]OV OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
>g>gOO b a? # V ;K K T YX\YXA\]MS T [ K7\ Y\ ^ T [ OVLO^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
>gO A R[ V \ L^yT [ V OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
ee OuO +Le>8 G I # V - 5>Y[ zG X T ^ T ),[ 7I,VT <>#+>OC>M OG I$KDO8 Y OÔOKDYO^|O^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
e O e Ou> KK 22zz[[ VV YY TT ^^ Y VO OzOK OOY OV7T O^ OO[ V OK?OZ O^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
ee OO ee OO e RQ [V KV [*\ Q J [] \ Y zT [ K V _ OO IOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
ee OO ee OO cb RS [ [zZ K V K .^.^yT2\ K Q [ $Y [ OV OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
G N )7C.8 G V C>+7- C>+.- 0H8 G 8
Ou
> # V [ T [ V OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O e KZ [ K ^|^ K ^zTWV T K Y ^ TWV OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O e Ou> T \ TWV K ^ [ ,^ \ K"KILK OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O e O e M [ r^ \ KDKILK OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O e O E XVgV K ^ ^ K2OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O e O c T K YI T #OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O e O b # V K V^wT ) Y T [ V Z7K T [ Y V JY K OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
4 T4

cb

C.?D'
>> @e

>> c
>> cc
>b
>>
>

ee @>
eege>
e?e c
eA
CONTENTS
M Z7K T YX\ [Z T ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Ou> # ^ K [$ TWV T K Y ^ TWV (T ^ . \ K V # OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
H T T [ V YX\ V [ K[ VUV: zK T YX\ ^yT \ Y T [ V OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O O e T ^.^wT ZLY T [ V K*P`K [ V K KNZ7K Y . K T ^ K OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O O YI T &K P K ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O c Q ^ T Y K ^ [ K T zK ^ YX\ K ^TWV T K Y ^ TWV OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O c Ou> T \ T LTWV 0^ K "T T zK V^wT [ V YX\gY V YX\ ^yT ^ [ Y Y K T ^ T T zK OOOOOOOO
SUT \ K Q ^ YXZXZ [XY OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Y
K ^ K V YXZgZ [gY OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O c O e K Y T [ ^ [ ILY T [ ^ T zK ^ YX\ K ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O b M T T \ Y T NYXZXZg\ T K [ T K YI T OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O b Ou> [7ILK V?TWV K Y T [ VL^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O b O e JK ^wT ]V [ m:Q 4Z7K T zK V ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O M T;Y [ T zK V^wT [ V \ K ^.^;V K ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O A M T;Y (OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O 6 K ^ T [ VL^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
5BC X + N )7C.?9+7- 8 V G @B) - V :
c Ou> # V [ T [ V OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
c O e V?T ILK ^ YX\ T [ K\ [ ^|^ [K T K V ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
c O H ^yT ZX\ K [ $ TWV Y ^ Y T [ V ?T OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
c O Ou> :Q 47Y Zg\ K ^ [ K YX\ \ Y T [ V^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
c O c XZ T YX"\ R[ Z7[ V K V ^TWV 3K E XVgV K Y V K V M ^ K ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOO
c O c Ou> K V OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
c O c O e [ VgV K T [ V OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
c O c O :Q 4ZLY VL^yT [ V ! P[ V Y T [ V OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
c O b Y_ TWV *T YX\ [ [ K K OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
c O b Ou> MK T K ^ P[ VgV K T [ V OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
c O b O e Y Y YX\ K?"\ R[ VXV K T [ V OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
- V : GMC @B)7C 2<>+>CAC7)7- 8
b Ou> # V [ T [ V OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
b O e XZ T YX\ T Y Y ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
b O ; Y \ T 1 NZ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O
O
e
e

@
@

7c

A
A
c@
c@
cge
cge

cA
cA
c
b@
b>
b>
b?e
b?e
b?e
b?e
b
b?b
b
b

5BCAC.)L' ,) 8 G U C
Ou>

>

>
>

#V Ou>gOu[ > RYT [ V &$OY O OJOK ^wOT ]OV OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ]]>>
Ou>gO e R [ VXV K TWV XVgV K ^ K 'zK V ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO e
Ou>gO E K ^wT ^ Y V KOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T

xLpg"q"twi,v0p}"j twy"p?i(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lts7i"jul tn|jl ln|k xX"i|n

@ G + U '*+ N +7-/I,5>- +L?DG V C.8
CONTENTS
AAOuO e># V [K ? ['TT [ zV [ OVA OZO68O7 OOT Y OOYO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
AO AO KOu> ILYX\ T # ^ T NK [ ? [K z? [ [V A z;[ [ V A K7\gT ILY YX\ T Y# OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
AO O e HY \gK V K K Y K KDVY g!^ T YKD;Y ^ K [ VK YPI}\ YK # T Y OT [ OV OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Y KY KYI}Y T Y T [ V OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O Y T Y T [ VL^ [ K Y KY KY _ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

A
O
AO c AO c K Ou> &K [ 2;K K *K Z [ 65
7 ;T [Y K7Y \ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
AO c O e Q:47YK TWY V?TWKV Y KYNK &K ^ P []K \ T^ [ V OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Y K\ gVK V K KYXT K \ Y [YKD^V YTW!\V ^wT YT [;;VLY ^K ?K TWR[ V &KK P K.K 47Y Y ^Y OZX\OK KOTA^ OOc T OOe K*OP`KOOOO^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
S Y K ?[ TWVV K T ^wT [T V KK**K P`P`K K +e$OYOIK OO[ 5O;OY OT [ OV/ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Y
AAOO cc OO c Y [Y [ V^wT K K V ^wT ]&K V P *KK P`K ^ O^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
AAOO b JK ^w3K T ]# VVKY VL^y[ T ) K ^.Y ^ TO[ VORO[ OVLO^yT OK OY OT [OV OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
AAOO A M6 TK ^ ;T Y[ VL(^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

AA cc

AA

>
>
b

??cc
??cc
gb
AA
gAA A

2'PG ?DG IK+.-

- V : M- 5BC U )7' )L- V IHG ? 0

V

T
V

#
[
[
O
O

O e K ? [Tz[ VA z[ K7\ ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O e Ou> Y K Q ^ z[ K7\OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
O e O e KI T Q ^S [ K7\OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D@>
K ^ Y K ^ [ ,^ \ K"K"IK OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D@>
O e O KI T Q ^ T \ Y %z[ K?\JOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D@ e
O e O c SUT \ K Q ^m^ Y K<z [ K?\OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D@ e
O KILYX\ T T N[ K ? [ z [ VA z [ K7\ ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D@
O Ou> Y K Q ^ z[ K7\OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D@
O O e KI T Q ^ z [ K7\ ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D@
^ Y K<z [ K?\ OQ ^ OOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D@
#Z [7ILK Y K z[ K7\OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D@
O O SUT \ K Q ^ z [ K7\0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D@
cO OO c K=OOuc> E K*Q [ 5zK K Q ^K* z[ S 5[ z[ K K?K? \N\ + ; V:O[ zOK7KO\TOOYXOO\NOOz OO[ OOK?OO\ / OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D>D>D@@@ ccc
O c O e JK ^yT ]V Z [ K ^.^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D@
O b M T; Y (OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D@gA
O 6 K ^ T [ VL^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D@gA
Ou>

4J4 T xLpg"q"twirvUp}"jty"p?iUzyvop?p7}x}jt k,iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnfi xX"in

[]Z T

_e @?@g@ _
fO RY S K T

2).C7?DGMC V U H0 89? ) T N V )H8 G U C
Ou> # [ [ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>D@
CONTENTS
O e O e K uO > ? [QTY z\ [ V+KA zO / [ zK?[\ ^ K7O\ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>?>?>>@@

O e O e SUT \ K Q ^ z[ K7\UOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>?>g>
O K V K YX\ T ^ L^.^wT [ V OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>?> e
OO cb E K ^&K H\ ^ V YXY \ V^yT ^ OT ^ OLO^.^wOT [ OV OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>?>?>> b
OO A M6 TK ^ ;T Y[ VL(^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>?>?>>

-/+ N @>G C U V *' I$) +7-/I,5>- +L?DG V C.8

HHOWO e><.+L? ME K*T<7K )";KDKY !R89>=? +>[+e MEA['-/E G 8 K&< KN Y K")7VK0C. ?$Z7#$ [ 8 ^wT &T TI,[ K G )7VLVU^C.V ?9O[G 89O? K 8 ^BO/ &O+KOO0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>> e?egcb
HHOO c EE K*K*KK KDKDKK e OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>> ee

0 L) -/+,?DG V C78 <>G @: G ? < G ) 4+L89?DGMC U !R89?9+>E>-/G 8 < N ).C7?

)7C.8 G ?P0I,<.+>C U ) )&% ),I$? 8

~ OW+>> CBC # VV [ - V : T [ V OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO> b

) )7' )7C>I$)

[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T

xLp?"q"ti,vUp}"j tw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

>
&
# V[ V YK z KKUY3K V K&$"K/ Y Y ^ V; Y ;V Y V (T K [ Y ^ K TWV T K [Y ^ Z}YTWV V7T K ^ ['YILZLK Y V?T[ K V^ K YYILVK K"KZ V(+ ^ J[][X\ K +oM\ K O.1LY Y Y I T \^ SY VK YXM \ K7YJ\ "_
;[Y []V \ Y Y K [z'K V O ^D!_ ! S K ^ K \ YzO / K O Y Y ^ T ^0[! zY KK ^ +e$ K ?T KY^ T[ ^ Vz!L^ [ ^ [ \ ?KT ^Y ^y T .['Yz[T [ ?V T #\ K TWMV'[z^ K / \ YO zY KK Z7YX[Z[ ^
KKSK TT ^^.^w^WT V ['zK V ?[TW$zV \ K [ K[K ^ K [$ \ Y T [ ^ O YX\ a K\ ILY K K K?\K3K ^|$ ^ [ K V V K Z Y [V) ^ ^ K"K Y KY;Y K(K Y gVV K o[\ $ TWV [ KDK Y ^w^ T[ ]VV*^^ T [ ^
TY ^KY V [ Z [[ K"^ I K ^ V WT$ V [ T \V O K S K[[ NK"TWZLV?[7YTIL VK T _K T [rO Y Y [ [N YKZLzY V [ Y VLV ^ T ^ YY YX\ K \ K \ Y [[$ K Z [ KKU Y Y KU^&. Y YX:\^ Z7Z^yK T .T T KU) Y [T [ mZ VUY [ VT ^ Z "K_[ G'V Y [ [ V K Y Y TWV K KY K
['K K Z}Y T ^ V UY \ [[[ ^ Z}Y Y V 1$ K 7T K K ^y[T ]K V ^,^&+uz []\ H [ ?Z TWV[ _ K ^.^0K/Y TWV [ [ K $ T [\ K K<z [ K K K K V [ ^ ,\ Y ^ ^ [*K;\ KY Y T V YXY \ D[ O> #
TO
[XYX\# ^DV _ Y [ ^ KZ7K [ K ^|V ^yT[ TWV \ KTKD[K + NMe @ Z7 K L^K[ $ \ cKT Y@ V [ / [Y VK [ TWVX\ KVV YK L^ T zzT K K[^\_ ^yST V7KK T )^yT ]TY KV V \[Y ^ + TWV KU> TW[!7Vê L[ [^ _zZ [ [ NK /57 O 89?T [N[ K V Y '+ ?T KKY ILK [ K ^ K Y^ [K^
^K 'TK K V K K ^ ! K?T[^ \ zT K?K TWZgV / \ YY Y K VTWV K [ 'K L ^ KK \^.Y ^ 4$ K [ Y 5[ g O [K , ?K ^T ^^wT T]K V[XV O['T ) [ T ^ Z ZLTWY V K1)T ZL[YX^ \ ^TWT VK;ILK[]K_\ ILILY*K[]( \ \ TWVTWV T [ V*K KTWV$4 K"T K KT K V Y Y^ ^ K TWV TWV [ ^Z [ =Y V$K ^|?^ T [K
[]K\ ^yT ; VU[ T ^K7^\ ^Z7_ K7$ \ K 7 T [ ZgO\ Y 'S Y K V V K*$ K [ V T K K7Z Y ^D^ _ TWV Y ^ KTWV [L ^V^ T K [ V T ;) Y V Z TWV K T ZXY \ K ^K _ ^DY_ Y K K(TWV Y V [ YX\ K K _ O K T K
K [ ^ Y KK*4XZX\ Y TWV K Y V K[]\ ;[ K7\ ^ Y K ^& Z7K ^ K K O
Z;K K ^w?T M [K K V T^:K V V [[ K MT ^ zK?4\ [T KQ[ IL_ K _ K : YK ;V T \ T K^Y KVVg[ V T [^ X H V ^ K*KK? & \\ Y TWTWVV T [ YVL^ K ?z T ZK"[XK [ TWKV &[$4 KDTWV[K V ?5ZXK^ \ Y \ T [ VK V YXD\KA A Y YXK"VZ[ K $ TK.+ E Y>KD K / K_[ a[KTK H ^ [ z5$ Rz T HK O
KTWV K [ Y T 7KK T K"IY K [ ^ ^ TWTWVV [X[K; Y Y ^ K Y 7^ TWV TWKKgV Og^ ;Y O K K ^[ ILY K7T \ TW[ VL^ T Y Y V _ ZgK K\ _ XV Y K L K ^ ^ K YT KYK z [XK K K ^Y V V [TWVK"K g[]^ K\ [[ $ [ V a IK HK V zKTP [ H KDV YYX^\ K K K [OST[;T; K ; K V^ K Y VT Y Y T [T V[ Y ^V _

WTVK K [ ['Y T^Y zK TWV?K TWVVK Y [T [K[ ^~[VL^;V [ ^wTWY V ^ []K TW\V [?$ ^ K O (?;IT ^K T [T K\^ Y ['K T T;zY K Y V VV Y $ Y T ^w[ T[ VV _ ^ Y O1VT K ";V ! K [ T ) T ^ [ Z T K TWV ^D_ T V Zg[ \ K Y ^ ,OO[=T ^ ! []V \K K [$^ KDY[ ^ [ K \ V K.[ 4K V Z7IL^&K K V T K"[ K V ?Y YX^ \
z7[ T ^z K?^ \ ^ [ I T \[] \ Y Y TWV.zYX^ \ T K ^V T K) V Z TWKV V T ZX\ K K ^ T$4 [KDY \ Z Y r[ ^' T K KV XK V KDY YX^ \ T Î}YXT \ T TK ^&DO \ ^ O K GY K V^* Y zK [ ^* K?\ \ ^^ [ $ ?T _
YX[ ZgVZ7I KTWY V TWK V ?T [ [_ Y^ V [ [ Y ,KY ^DK_ I T [Y \ Y 4^TWV mT K ^V T K K V [T ) K ^ Z YTWILV KT I}ZLYXYX\\ T^ Y T VD O S K5O>K*E [ K"K K 0 T [ ^ V T [ $4[ + TW2V ^ K [ Y \TW V Y Y .V YXK \^B/
[ TWV K;KY Y ^ K [?IK;K K.47T YY zZgK \ K K T ^ TWV [ [ K V Kz[[ %TWVY KDV Y^ [K %;K [ K7Y \ ^ KILK7Y \ [ Y T KzNK Y ^ Y $ V T \ Y VK (TW[7VILV K K"KK * [TWV [ YXKZ K T [ AV OO
[ [ K Y ;K TW_ V0T K^ Y [ V [ \ L^yT [Y ^;VL^DV _ [ K V[ gX^DV _ Y ^ V [ ! [ Y ^.&^ Y ^ NY Z ^wTWT [V V^\ K O ? [K $ z[ [ V V \ Az[ ^ K K? \ ^0z! ;[ K K7\ [ gY ^ YY ^ KDYKIVK
ZgYX\ Y \ ' \ K Y T [ VK ^_gTWVc / L^ XVg;V K Y K ^ I ^ > / K T T K ^yYXT \]^ V\ [_X$!:b / ZXI\ KgVV rK ^ ÎK?K \ [ T K _7^yTe:/ VZ_ 68K 7 CO T Y KY^ K _ TW:V / [ ZX\gK V K ;[T YK7z\ ^ K Y KK
Z [ K ^ oZ7^[ KD^YY K;^V [ *[VLTW^ V Y VL^ KDY $4Y K^ K ?5TW^ V ZT K V[ K K A K [ ^ K ^TYX[ \ VVLT [^ DO [$4 [ K2 g^wTO ] VTWV<K Y z^[ T KK7V\ ^ T Z) K ^ ;K VY VXK V *K NTWV $ 7?T T ^ $ [T [ \ K Y ^*K \ rK TWV K K [' K K
zgV [ !K K?oV\\ ^ TWK V[ KTKDY ^Z K[ Y [?V ^ I [ TWZ7VLV KD^ []ZX @[ \ K* YX$ Y \ T K _ TW?fV ^ K 'T K K V TWV K T A@K \KDYTY ^ VTWV[ T z:K$4L[ Y^y2TWV *V K Y ^|^KK 'T ^ \ KD[TWY V _ [ Y Z V y[KSK '^; [ [ V T [ K \ DV O \ KD[! Y ^ V V K O Y K ^ K [ [ ;LKY ^ TWVK
^K7\ T T K V TWV KY K[KD.K Y 47Y [TW V K $ K Y [ TWKV [KY^ Z7KN[ Z V K[V) ^ Y [7T \ T Z D[O ' K T [XVV K [ ^ \ B!}TWV ^ ZYXZoYZ7[ K;^ KY V [ 7[ T $ ^ [[ [ TWTV7T [ T KzK7[ \Z
K T K Y ^ K [UY ?T KILK 7T ^ Y K O
Chapter 1. Introduction

"!#$ &%' ((!)* +,-./0/
P['[[ K V ^:Zg\YV T [ Y K [0Y Z7 VL[]X^ VZ \ Y \ KYT [ VTWV O K?[ \ T K*[ _^ K.Y ^KYz KK Z7T [K K?V \ Y [KR TV [ YHVLY ^ K*?K:$ T Z[Z7 K TWV K KV KDY Y ^ ^ K"K KK TWZ7V [ T TWZ V [^K) [>g^ OuO>,$ KZ K K [ KTW'V Z [KD) TY [ ^ ^V K Y T[^ K^ BYZgL! \ [^ z[ YXK ZK
[]^Y ^Z7K YXYSZY YX T [ VV V0 ^TT r[ Y VT^ K [VK* K K \ KK K ^ K [NYXO ZY ÔH2K K ;\ TW|? V YRTWKDV 4 YILT K ^ Xz V K V\ [ T [ ^.VS^ [ [ ^ uK A ^ O ! T^ V K$ ^ K KzV K [ YX\K?K \ Y KST [ Y VLV^ Y?T;ZK YRT$ 4YXT \ K.V V K Z K [^[ ) K ^ [ [V[ Y K
$ Y ^ K V [ YX\K.4 T ^ K^ ['zY K*K $ T YXK\ K K [K z $4K KD^ K VZ [ K ^ K ^ $4+ V[[ K*^4 KYX;ZUK [^ ,O Y V SXZ T TWVYX\ / O _ [ K K KDYT wK KILK Y V ^ Z7TWV [ TWV TWV+ 4L^ Q YW/ _
Z [K ) ^zKDTWYV w KILK K V Z7T K [ TWV Y ^ \ TWT KV ^($ TWVT '?L TW^ V YK KY Y V [ K [r e @ b :O 7A b Z [ ' G+ [ egb d gb ^ YXZ / O XZ T YX\
K7\ Y T ILK Y V K TWV Z [) ^ 2143 V [K*\ $ Z Z [ [ ' Z7Z7K K K K V V 665 5 44Q Q Y Y 5 B87:9B<;;
.+ >gOu> /

=?>A@CB,DAEGF

d~ l*`b}ZIadHy ~dN]jBn ]yazn fMk*s*aBs*gq ]5fglgjBpLl*s0`K`bp'MOauszNlR*l0q]5"v1jB]5aGqj0n m\aMs*aog^0]5]`jBl>lRl*~dàdfBc2p'cov8lRJ*wo*q agq lRv,sBv*`xa\f>aB{&q n^*s*fBadk.r ~ilR]eB&]y]5fBj0aiv*a%BaBa0lu`bf>cpK]efBs*s*aBfBk.`vJlRng]fBlM]Kr szd~d|lRc5fBn c5fBnrRv*q aBaM`w%]ll&v*n fga00qad^Bce`b]yadc2n fGaBfg]5]5jBq 8aG0c]celRad~BvHmGn fza\{0]5~0jBj0azs*fBn f0r.vJa*B|0c]5H`MjBa0]5`j0azsgn]_cyn sc
]5^.jBl.adc2c2c5azn k.v&n q sdn ]BGcg]| l,wGs*m\aGwol*à%^0`l0J]c]5j.n cpNsiB| a0`j.s.^0cW]5j.n cKn cN]5j0aG`bausBc2lRf%]5j.su]Wcelw%s*fg%vRn a_~gsgce]2n fBr>~dlRw^0s*f.n aucc2lRq vn f

[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T

xLp?"q"ti,vUp}"jtwy"pgiUyvopgp7}x}jt kr:i"kz} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

Section 1.2. Designed/Undesigned Scrap/Cost
profits
breakeven
point
20
invesment
cost
78
~65-75
23
no
scrap
100
80
maximum
profits
scrap
T ' KU>gOu> Io KZ [) ^ Y ^ Y( XV T [ V [ KY;[ XV [ K ^ YXZ
100

!#"$%&"(')+*,)- . /0)123'4
56%"(+78%9
:;<1=.>. /?"@ A-;BCD/? 4
90E F1=GH@IKJ(+31L%NMON/GP
QR E9STVU R>W
3YX[ ; 55 CCZZ 5 OB 7:9B8; ;1 B Z4\ ]^

X
H+
1 %,. /_13'4
56%N>"(+78 G$.4`,/a-C`,/b 4
90H;"
=#"c121("(
% ')H<dO4e f /_1gh74!#"e
TWV ?T ^m_ T ^ Y ILK ?T &^ KL^Z Y V [) T YX^\ OT P`K K V KXO K K*[ KY=

7T K K ' T [ VTWV^ YXZ $ T \ K ^* \

/* I%( G# /* I%(# " 3 /0
^^ [ YXK Z \K! Y [ K ^K@& I K*>) Y / V V K [ Y ^ K*^K ) YXV?\T Y T [ VLK1Y^ zV [K KmYX^ \K?\ TYX ZY TWoO V Y T K KV _ [ Y VK .^ 3e:VD / d K&[ ) V7[ T ^ K T[ [ V:KY ^&7YNT Z Y K V[ [ V [ \ O KKHK T TWKV7K~T Y Y T^K K TWV$4O [< TW VTW'VKg) ^ ^ [^
TWV:T ^ K*K K [ K KNY ^ K XV K ^wT ]V K 0^ YXZ _ Y V K ^ K [ VT ^ K&K K Y ^8 K ^wT ]V K 0^ YXZO
Y zT ^ K T P`K K V K # # zT ^, K ^yT K V [ [ YILK Kd-oK T [ V [Y V (Z}Y + K Kd-oK T [ V^ [ \ K
TY=K $Z7[ Y[ / ^.^yY T V \Y K _ [ [ K K7[\ T [ ^TW^ V K Y $ T K T \T ^KVKS[ gVXTW V?VK T K^y T T V K ['K O ZgY \ VK ?K7T ^\ ?T_ ^T ^NY VT ^ TWV?TT K TT ^ XY VK T [ ^yK TV ^wTY ][V \ KK [ [@^ ^ Y YXVTWZ V7 ! T [ ?T ^ T K^NO TT ^;^[^y$4TK KK ILKK TWVU^y_T ]^*T VK T ^
b xLp?"q"ti,vp}"jty"pgiUyvop?p7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnfi xX"in
[]Z T _e @?@g@ _ fO RY S K T

i j+p q=k9} rul=i ix ~m#q(nok9lop p juqVm#roi y s= jtluivi w9x yzk9jtx {ui
|
^[ YXK Z ! [ [ ^ KO Y \ KK [ T K K Y ^K 5TW V TWV KK1V $ TWV Y K"mK o^ [ ^ \ TK ^ TWV [ V ?KT ^ Y V K $ $4K"Y K V Y VXKV ^ [ K $4K [ ^ [ V YXKgZO [NZ7[ V K V ^mTWV
^[ \ [ $ K M ZXT K\[XV V K KWT V?TY ILV K7T \;[ K YT wKzKY Y Y V^wT T ]Z7V?[ T ) K [ ^yY K T V DoO K7 T P\ T 7 K T ^ TWK V V;Y KDK TWYV VL^[ +YXK*\D4}zY Y[ NY^ gTZgr/ \ K Z7Y _[ T T~,[ K T ^y^ V T Z7[Y $ ^.TWV^wT Tz\ \K K V K [ KTWV YX \ KK \ Y ^ Y K V[ ^K\ KDY KILTK TWT V TWYXYXV \\
$Z Y [ '_ $4[ K ^ X+GTKVPÌL K K K V^wK T V]Z7V X[ K .K[ 47JY^Z [ZXYX\ Z K ^ T ^ [^K? TW\ TV K ^ ^yTW['VT zY V KKK * OY ^ ^ K 7^BYX/T Z ^ !Y [K [ Z ^ T [ YV $ ILVTK@\ ^gK .V* TWK VT ^yK T [ V K [([ ^ K YX TWZ VYX! \ T [ 0^ YXZ Z [ KY'IL K Q,Q^ O KDOMK # V V Z 7K T ^d
$^ K T KV\ _ ILK Y K V O TW V K K ^ ^ YK z^ T K^ K YXT \ z^ [ K K _^yT KKV 'O<Z7 [ # ^|K ^yT ?Y T VK \ T KgYV^y T K \ Y ^yT YVK K Z}ÛY [^ Y$ zYXV K Z ! K oY [ $ ^ ?O,T K H KV KTK*^ '4}YY NK Zg^ T \KT [YXK \ ^* K K ^y^yT T]V VY:K :Z}YK7^ \ [Y$ zYXZK $ ! K?[T ^ T ^
Y:T?T! \ g^(Y ^ T Z0^ K*Y 4 V Y K ^ ^*K \ ^KDY WT V^wT \ Y~Y Z7V[X [ Y Y[7ÎLKzTWV $ 7+.T \ Y Y KNT YT ^ ;[ YXXZXV Z7K [ ~OzZ7# V[ [ ^wKzT \ Y / K OO Y ^ K K_ Y V KrYX\ Y T^wT !^ [Y ^ Z KK ^|IL^*K V K
^ T^ T KYX \ K K^yzT [ V V^ T K?Y \ TWK V ^ Y Y ^ YXY \D; [K ^w^ T ]V K ^ YzK Y K [7^&IL K \ ^_ K ^ YXT \T LYYXz\ [ K g^wV T ]V [RY Y VTSK V K ^yT YTWV V z- K ^ V YO ! [7VILKK Y VK
YKz^y[ T XV V Z7K[ I^.^wK T V \ KX- OL^ a [Y $ [?I[ K K Y KT T ^ YX\ Y IKK ^wT ]KDVzK V^ [ Y ?K T KILKK ^wT I]Vz\ K ^.^ ^ YXKiZ-5K ! [ T [^ V^ T ^ + XK V K ^wK T ] V K [NY ^ YXTWV?Z T / Y V
\ K ^|^ ILK V m^ ^ K IL[]\ z3K + K ^wT ]V K ^ YXZ / O

&% # ("!# +, /02 ((!# /* I%"

# UK T ^N^ Y [ gVK Y [ [ g K V TWLV ^ ['Z zY K fO T K V [ [ .T XK V Y KK?\ _ [ ^ K[zZ K"Y IK T K Y ^ [ Z7K Y [T ^^&Z [ ' Y T [ V K[ Z T K K*[[^ [K
ZV [[ '[ V ^ Y K0K Y .K YXK \ 5 K TWV^yTK V Y V^ [ZzK<[ ' TWV T [ [V Y[ILK^ ^Y O K Y ^ K K 2;[ V[ K _ K7Z}T Y ^T $4KYK T T ^ YX\ ZX^ [\ ^ Z7K oK"Z7[K ;. K Y NK Y V
T^ K K ^ Y K Y K IR[ Z KY T ^ KTWV $ [ K[ ^&Z \ [T^ KV [Y [ [ Y^*IL KTWV Y YV [Z Y K K0^yTT Y KgV O.G # Y V YX\ [ [ K(^yY +|T Q Q V^ \ dwZS Y VYK YXZT \ Y&K[ $ _ 'TK_ ILKL VTbT [ YJV Y VK [ ^ S0^ OKT \Z# Ko[.T> -5^ K JAK7\/T T ^ KO IL) K ;V7 T K ^ K K YT _
V [[V[^ K V K K YXV \ K ^ \ Y [K ^ ^* KY Y.Z YXY \ T [ K^ Y [zK Z \ [KDY I T T [ VK _ ^*\ K \ ^0YX\ TW[ VV K V [ YXZ \ L ^ \ Y TW[ V K KUK Y . K YX^w\RT ]Z V_ [) Y V^ O $ T K
TV\ ^TW[V TWV T TW V KD YK$ K ?T$ K ?^wTT -o][ V L^ [[ ; \Y wK KKDY [Z ^w^T [\ ) G+ K ^ VK(? Y K?d VZ\ T T $ TWKV ?/ Y TO K O [ MK"V I[ K O YX\ YXZ K 5K z^[ TWKV _ ?[ T ^ V^wT [K [( Y Y \ K<K ) V K Y V T YT YX\K [ ^ [

+/0 + &$%(,!
^Y K"V TIK K YXKDY YX\^ \I}TWYZ V T ^Y T ^ \ K [^ K?$[\ YY V KT IK? Y\ [ V TWV ^ [ Z7KDY[Y TW[ TWV V YK Yz^ KDK IY K Tb S O>[ ; K YXTV I \ TWT KV _ YXZ Y\ ^ [ TWV KK ^|;^DO _,Yg -oTW[ V[ P$ Y 7?T I}^T Y VKDY YJK ^ ^~[ K V TWV TWVK K wK K gVTWV Y ^K V$^ [ T Y VKDTWKV VK
[S Y V K [ T K KY Z7^ KDTW[]V ZX\ K Z TWVN[ T K ^.Z7^ [ $4K Y V K VZ7[ [ N^yT ^ T Z7[ [ VVL^~^ TW[ V K K T K Y V Y ^ [TW V TTWK VLY ^ ^ TWV &^* TWP VK^ T . ['K ^0! $ Y ^|^ Y [ rT T ^ Y T [V [V$^ O
Y ^ K ? JK [ T Y T . K A $ ?T T ^ ILK T \ [ Y V KXO ?

KH)')I51*<G L%N') "V
yjBaMw%aus*f.n fBr>l0"]5jBaz~B`n ]2n ~gs.qv*adc5n rRf>s*fBvs*k.l00aGs*fBv1k*aBq lgp9~0`n ]2n ~us*qv*adc5n rRfzpn q k*a%vRn ce~BBc2ceadv n fMj0s*^g]aB`
H

[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T


Y[ ^ TWV :K T ^ T YK zA KS O SYXK \[YX \K" [?T IYXK T \YX_ ;\Y Q K V:V G[TWY V V K".K []^ \TWV TW[ V HZ # Z7V[KL^ K ^ [ ^|VX^ T V YXY K7\4V\gQ [ V V TWK V KDK K&K [ K^ ÔK KDY K K KX^ 5VKDzgY ^[ K K7_ \ T YK"7ÎT K^ [ [Y zK K:YY K ÛT VK T [K
^$4* [ oVZ T K ^ K T K Y K Z7T ^ K"[Y Zg\ K7K \ Y TWV T [ V^ Y7T Z Kz[K $4K"K K VK^ [^ K;Y Y V XK V[ TWVV K"[ Lg^ V; [ KK7T\ ^[$ $ ?VT K ^ KYYILK OKDK ! V V Z K [ 'Y VXV K [
YZ V[ K ^.K^ [Z7K ^ [ K VgVXK7V\ K [ ^ V Y V[]\ TWTWV V (T ^, K K ^ K ^ TKDY K K gK VTWV TWO V O H ?T \ T [ K;Yg-5[ Z7[ TWV ^ [ K
K~ILK V 4^ ^ K K ^yT ]V K ?T KzK V ^ $4K K ^ .T K ^ ['zK K ^ KDY K ^_ [ `K.47YZX\ K;M L^D_
JK TWV?T _ Y V YXZ7K ,Y V [ K ^ O K ^ Kz[ K?\ ^D_ [$4KILK _ Y K gV KDYX\ T ^ T Y V [ V [ Z [7I T K0Y
Z7KD[ YXTW\V T ^"_ T Z KT Y .T K[ [ Z K K ^.^yKDT ?YXT \\ T DK O 7`T KK"z_ K V K *^ [Z [7[ I T KKY Z K ^yTWT VXYXV7\TWV ^y*T . TWV Y zT [ [?VzI ^wTWVTWV K K K T K T V Y [ ^ K TWV KTZ ;[ YgK-o[^|^
[$Y Vg^ K TWV Y ^ KYX\ ^ ^ T K V KXO
$[4?Y9T ! K*TWV?TKD[ Y K ^ K I[K?K \[ [ K T Y ^ 7[ TWTWV V g^ ^ K K7Y \Z7Y K Y V ^wTTWY ]V V?T ) [[ V Y V K ^yKT ]YXV Y \V [$YK ^ Z TWV[]Z7Y K KUT\ KT K^ 7KT K T TW^zV KY YXYY\ ^V [K K*$ O [Z} Y Y K:K K(VK.4 IL[ T K7^ \ [ K V T ^ K O
JK TWV?T + K TWV7T ?> :e / \ TWV wK K Y KIK?\ [ T [ K [ $ Z}Y K V +Y '[ T Y T [ V / Y V Z [?I T KUY
YX\ T Y T ILKZ ^yT YX\P*K 4XZX\ Y V Y T [ V [ ?T ^ [ K V KgO:Q 4XZ7K T ;K V YX\ $4[ 5 + S Y T K 5> A c /;^ [ $4K
[zXK YY ^ [K(\ T ZL7Y T [ T ^z.\ ,K K-5YXK \"^D_ _ Y[ \ V$T y KTWYVL[ V^yT Y KK [ \ T K T ?K T ? YÎ Z}_ T Y [T$ [ \ mK TWV*K-oK4}Y O N!K"ZgK\ K ;_ K +Y PTWV K[ ^ Z}KYY I}Y K;K KV^JT^ I YX \WY OuT > \ T?[c K V / TWO V TK H [ $^Y Z K K [^ $K Y V V "-5YXK_ \"[ _ YK
+d TWV7T / K ?T K Y KmILK7\ [ T T ^^* ZgZ7[ K zK.4Z7K T zK V YX\}KI T K V K,$ 7T T ^ K7\ Y K [ K
[ $ ZLY K VL^ HO ;[ $4KILK _ K V ;K T YX\XILYX\ K T ^ gV V [ $ V K Y L^ K K.K 4Z7K T zK V ^ $4K K0Z7[[ \
?5[^ []V \'#ILV K A K K0 Y \Y K [ KV [ .KA?47@ Y Q ^gZ Y ZXT V \ K YXH _ \ L+5[M^ . YXT K \ T 5Y wV KY ^ YTWV [V LZ O + YX\ YY I TKg^ >> A b / /4&^ K K T ^P K K K V Y T YX[]\Z K TW V Y T [ KVL^Z 687 Y T Y YILKY KDK [ V
YX\T K Y K ^ ZTWV UKI TWT V[ L[ ^ zK [ [ K7\ ^ YX\ K \ Y K T ^|^ KK Y KK IL;K7\ Yg[ -5[ T zZ7_ [ TWV K ^ Y [ KY KKDYYYXV\ \[ Y T [ K VJ^ ZLOY H Y ^zK$ TK \ ^ OK H ^^ $ [$ T V
TWVKDYX \ T DYXO Z K ?4T Â _ ;[ KK7H \ L[X^ '[ YX\ TY [XV [ Q^ TWzV [ T K K?\PZY ^ [ 'TWV K TWV TW'V L^ [ =K [ K &^ K:\ ^\ Y ^ Y ;V egb Z "K KY T ^ O `K K V"g_ ^ [ V [K ZgZ7[Y ^yV T [K V \ [
$4TWV [ [V K ?%T $ zK ?Y T ^ V?T $4^4K?\TWV K ^ KmY K\Y T ô\ K [ z7K T ^ [ K V .+ ^& ZXZgK\ YY VK KK ;Y T KV Y ^ K"TWV[ [ / V $ \ 7TWT V $KY \ Y^TWK V ^ K"[ I'K V TK K ^
Y V $V Y ^ T K V K [ V KD[ L^ \ T ^JV ZX\ K zK V K O ^|^yT ^ gV ^ VTWV T V V TWV ^
^ \ K KDKYILKgÔ K \ Y HK K$K > Y ^z gK V @ ^ [ T GK Y K GK $T \ T Y Y KW$ [ T zY[ ?\K7T T ^ \ -K ^Y KDY Z Y TWV Y K K KDY^ >O [ K;PK^ \ KDYXK\ ^K IL[ K, Y Y K"V I K?\ []YXZ7\ K K Y gKT K [ VK YXK":Z [? $;Y^ K ILzK A[ _ Z K?\ [ K$ Y?T [ \
[K[ ;gY [-5[ [ ;TWV T K K Y ^ TWVTWV L^ TWVL^ TTW.V ^ K Z .^ T ! KY ^|[^ [ T Y K(T G[ Y V^ YILY K GV ?([ C7) Z )L' \ T ^ : VK ' H877O T ^ ! GV Y K O Y VS [[ VKD\ [7IL$4K [ _Va K H Kz$ RH
Y V K I [T K ['TW V^ ! T .7 T [(K ^ M Y [ V K / TW:V $ K [ [ ^ K X VgVK7Y \\ Y K Q ^K z*^ [ ^K7\g[ K"IK;V [ YJV K K [ K =K V K K*^ $ KY Y K ^Y +[ 4K .K Q ^47Y z[ ZX \ KK?_\
T ^ [ YX\ ($ [ V O
Y Y^ V T ^ K VK KT_?) .TW V YXV?Zg[ TWV Z [XZ7Y K [ TWV $ K[ ? TT zKZ K VLg[7^yVI T [T KV K YX ^ \wYYY V V gYXV?\ TWTV ^w[ T ^ 2$ YXY ZX^ ^ Zg\$ T K K ;K V Y [ Y ,Y [K [ .OTXK Q V?T wY TWK^ V "TWV _ .K 4ZZ7K K[ GTY zK ^|K ^ K V O YX [ &\ 7$4T z^ [ K[5 z^ K$ Y T V \ T ^ KK Y K
Section 1.4. Historical Background
g
+5+*,P

xLp?"q"ti,vp}"jty"pgiUyvop?p7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnfi xX"in

[]Z T
_e @?@g@ _

ausBvs.k*lRg]]5j.n c_n f>j.s.^B]aB` |
fO RY S K T

YzK . YXY \ V?^yTT .^ Y Z T [[ VLK^^.^TWV K ^_^&K T K Y ^ Y )P^ \TWVTWV Z [[ K ^.K ^ O YI T T z<K $ VL^yT T [ V \ YXT \]?Y T V YXz\ K^wT ^HYX\ KY zV [ VKÎ}Y Y KY ^T [ VY ! K.4 K Y 7T [ T V
[; [ $4KKILK Y T _ M [K 7T K zzK [\ Y _ V7T Y ^ V Y K ^ KD[ YX\ K $ YK yVK VTWVK [ KDYY [ XY V VL0^ KTWV T ^ K Y ^.^&YX \ ; K \ Y T [ [ VL^ K [ V K K\ T T K\Y KgO
Y VL ^ ?K T ^ Z Z [ [7ILK K ^. ^ Y + V K*K 4 ^ []K7\ \T K T V ) Y []ZXT [ Z7V[ Z.X[ V?T K ^.^0/ [ O ?5^wT ZX\ K A z[ K7\ ^ [Z K T K;Y V Z}Y YzK K ^
[TWV Y V K&K $+ RY TT K dyKS Y Y ^ K^ T 5TWV> Y ?Z b [ L/ ^ K ^.^[K _ [$ V ;K ?K T *K P`TWV$ K T \ K [ K TWV^ T Z ^K T LY KD^.Y^T [ K V T [ [zV;[^ZTK ^([ .V O K \ Q \ T TWV wT K \ ?&KgTQ O ^^ $4 [X[ ['5 g gK OSO, ;#K"IK K?K \ Y []^ Z$4z[0K"K K K*V V*4}Y^[ [ZX$ \ K VK^
e:z/ [T $ T K?YX\ K^D\}V_gIL*^K V KY ILYKDY ^ Y K : [[ VV [ K?^ Z ^K[Z [7I V T K KDKK gg^ VXV [KTK ; K gYK -5^w[ T ]^ KV' _ 7OZXT \ #gY V V V K7K>T ^ [ TJY [>z[/ K _ K ;K Y YXVK \(^wT ] [\VLY ^ T [ [ KVL^DV _ K*K $ ILTWV7K TV [ V TW V NK7Z ^ g^ ^ VXY VKVK
K ^yT V_ K Y K K ^ T K [ 1K ) ^ T zKgO

! +. 8

! +,/
aK Y ^ ^ KzY K K"K T V K YX\ ^ Y ^yY T T K K \ Y [ Z T[ TWV VL[ ^ V [ YITKK Z ZX\[ KK";K \ KV K V [ [g VK^ [ \ T [TWV T ) [ KY TILT K[ K V;Y TWV^ LTW^\ V K& TWZ V \ [ TWV K 7^|;T ^ YOoV P[[ $ VY ^w$ KDT Y?K ^T Y $ T7\ ^ K T K V ^ [KD\ $KY Y V YX\;^$4[NY [ V Y 5 ^
MM *KK7G\ ^Y [ V V Z Y [V \ KJ []\^ K +go; > Y > V/ LH ^ K 7T []^ Z7 [ V [\$z[ ^\ K > K4 Y/ OVSU^yTWTV Y T K4\ Y K K YX \ TWV Kz[ )PV K,\ TW[V Y VKz Z T [ VK KD^ K []\K T T )$4[ Y 2 T [ + VS0[TWV Y T K K _
TzY[ I Z T K?[7\ILLK TW^yV TWV K )KV?\ TTY ^K Z zT[ P`[ K \ K K K7 V _\ Y$K8V Y z ^ K [Y [Y^ K O[ ;[ gV V K [ KYX\Y;+g; Y[^| ^ K T Y YXY \WTVLOW[ > ^ V K g[e: /[LK ^KNK \ T T ?K TV KG ) O zV?K TJK\YXK\WK7Y O \oK\ z_ K KV 7Y T ^ z['zK [T [Y K7 \T [ T [V^
TWzV K $Y [ T TWV $Y ^ [ K K K?JZg.K\ Y 4ZgK \ [ K Y 0KM YX$\ T ^Y T TWV zY [ Y K7V \ Y [ V K^ [\ TK zK +5M$KSY;TWY V ^.Y ^ YY V VL^Y VK }JO [] \ K oK > Q V / YXY \VZ
[ K ^ ?T [\ K ^ V:.zK T KYX\ )P^y\T TWV \ YY V T 0[ V ^ []\ [\ T [ T ) ^ ILY KT [ V Z Z [[ T\ ^wK TWV O _ YX\ K zK [ ?^ +) V?T K T P`K K V K _ ) V7T K
K7\ K K z K V T K?^D\_ [ TWV [KDXY V ^ [ Y V Y K7\ K \ K zK &^ K V \ ^^ O K / *^ P`K '[ ^ KILK YX\ ;gY -5[ &Y $ Y ^ Y Z KILK V [
KK \ KT ?T ^NT V [ ;K K"YX[ \WO +dzK[ \ K7\ / T Y VY N.K^ 4Z ZgY \ Y"KTWVL ^ [ V K KDK Y z[]\ Y VL^ K Y V K K $4KDKK V Y 9K Y z[K \ T ^ $T YX\[ ^ Y V K
KDK7KYZ7Y K VK g^ Y^ Y VL[ ^ VK YXfZ O K ' K"TWK[ V ;K T P K K DO K ^ V [ [\ TK `T *K TW) V 4}Y Y NT K[ZgV\ K _K Z VL! [^y^ T K [ ^|^ V K KK $4K KD$4K YXK"V N\K V+ ! K^ SK \[ T zV ?[KT \ K Z Y YXV Y \WOW^ > K:Y K V/TWV^ ^ [][Y \$4T <K K $ Z ?Y T Y^ K
Y K [TK ;VK zT YXK \ ^T [YX \ $^wTY K \ +Y S T [H V ;S Y H / K ?KT .K K 4 Z7K) T z \ KTWV V YX$ \ T K *^ \ ^K O KDY Y V^ K [K T K V [
H ^T $Y ^ zK V T [ V K KDY \ T K _JT T ^0V [ \ KY %$ K V K\ T ?T zK YX\ [ $ ^ Y ^ Y ^ Z Y Y V

lRfBfga%]5`sBfBvRv*n ~ic]]5l.j0`>sg]_]l>n ]ypKn cWj0]5sgjB]aGpausgsBcoc\n adk.ceaB]q n ai]0lMad~0v`n sg]2]Wn ~%]5lRj0fBsgaz]yclu]epKsBr.fza*p'| l*`mzl*`pKjBaB`baMj0aopNsBc_n fg0lRq 0adv|
[NlR~i]5w0s*woq aBu`bh~g]5n s.jBqRail*`']5sg`n ~gadsgv,v&]aBl8wG^0n ~_`bl00BaBa%`bc5]5n j.lRsufB]Wcu| ]5jBazcel0b]pNs0àMn cWp'l*`xmgn fBr,0aB`Gp'aBq |
[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T


$[ K \ VUY T K Z}[Y $ ^ [Y ^ [ K V )PTW\V:TW V [ L ^ T z\ T K 7_TT ^ ONY Q:['4 Z7KT K T z K + V RY YX\"dw$4S [ K 5T o> Yg^Hb Y / KO ;[ VL^ Y K Y K [$ _
TWV [K;ZY K ^.[ ^*g VK TWV K KK z^yT ^ []\ Y V YK I T [ TWV K:YX\Y T K [$['T[ z K O T YX\[ ^_ K :^ ?Y T \ K YXZ\ Z \K Y ^.^*K K $ TTWV [ K YY I TWTV
T ^ YI Z7T [[ T \^ Z7K [^ [ T \ Y K K ^ T Y VY K YK ^K*$4[ K7\K WO K Y Y K T ^ T [$=[ KU\ T ?T zK YX\ TWV Kz[]\
Y K K K [? $ T KTWV YX\[Y K ?T^yKT IL K \ Y Y8T [ VL\ ^T .^ Y ^.^& \ K zV K [[ $O K [. K.:47 Y\ KV Zg\ K _g[T$ OM;K [ $4[K"$ IK Y _ T zK~KzK V Y VY V ^ Z}K Y [K
YYZ y TKZ7KMY $ X T VgV K K $ TXZ T YYX\ \ K V [ VT [T [ VY ^TW[V8 T K >D@ Y ^ TWV [:T ^Y \ Y? T KILTWV K Y y +Y \ . YXK"\ IK?T \[]TZ7^ K Y ZX \ [ $ O [ $ T /T $ 7T T \^
TWT ^V G Y ^ TWVK _ [\ KNY oZL\ Y K^ [ z [KUZ}Y K [T ^. ^yT Z}YK T [ [V $ Z T ^ [ \ YK ^|^TWV TWVY 5OrH K TWV?TT TT [YX\V YX^ \Y _ K ^ K [ ^ T []\ T T ^ T ) YX\ ^ Y [:T Y3[ V GY Z [ [ K ^|TWV ^
Y V TWV K [$ [' Y . \ K V + TWV Y ^ K K [$ T ^ . \ K V g/ [UY*\ Y TWV Y [$ O
^y T T Y K \ Y\Y T T ? [ O T V Y z VKYXV \[ ILK7\ YX[ \ T \ Y Y K O # KV KKDV YX\T Y V K ?T ^ [ ILK7\ [ K T X VgV Y K ^ T[ ^ Y K ^.^& YXz \ K ! \ Y TWV K K T \ VT T WVz K ZT 68YX7 \
J# \ KK.Y Zo\[_ Z7\ KzK V [ TK K K?^ T\ ^ ^&YK. 4VgTV ^ [NTTWV 5 K ^ K YT KK[^$ ^yY ])T .^ K?K \ Y _ T [ [ $ VVL^ TY ^ $ K V T ^ K []K Z KST zK [ [' z[K?$ [ \ K VY Y K"V[ LKK ^ ^^$ TWV TT [K ^ 4$T T \[ Y d Z KY Y ^ V KY KK7[\ KTW$ V#
+ ^ [\ T 7 d \ T 7 T [$ / K O
+ YX\K KDK Y ['K.T4 z Y K K T YX\_ z[[ K?\ ^BK/ T K K9T ^,; K [ V YK V?T ^ [T ^[]\ YTWV ^|^* \ Tz K7 T +[ [ T \gK [ $ Y ? K K / OM\ #Y V z [X[ [^ \ TWV z A[ O K?# \V ^
Y . YX\ T _^ [z KZ}Y [ K KY ~T ^ Kz [?IK [ T \ TWV KY Y V^ K fO
T ^|^yK T Z}Y [?IT [ K V V?TWKV 2 K TWV Y T [ VTWV ^TWV YXK \ ^ [\ T K T ) V Y z T K[ V T O YX\, z K [ K?T ^|\ ^D^y_T Z}Ym# YT [ V Y&K$ 5Y K T ^ [ _K V K z \[ K ^ TWVT Z7[ K
K 5 TWV Y Y ^ KXO
TWV K ! ^ KH[]V \z K,T [4$ T ) \ [ V_Y $TK [ [ V ^ V Z [$Y K^ _Y K $ _ YT KVz ( g [7TWVI}V YXYXV\ZX[z Z $ K []V Z Y T [Y V7$ T K ^ Z}Y KD+ Y K[[]V \ Y TWV+ V[ ^ zK [ K [K [K / _ T[KK $ V "[ Z}_ V Y Y K"[ ^wK T ^ V "/ \_N[7Y ILgKTV [ VV?KTWYXV \ [ T ^ K T\ ZZ Y K[ T ^|[ '^*V TWVKK
YK V ^* \ KD^YX^ \ T ^ [ T \ K ^* K\ K.^ 4 O8Z7K \ KDYK \ _ [ 2 Y V $4[ V2 ; T ^K V T KDYXK \ ^wT [ \ K Y T [ [ V V OK TWV K K ^ 2KNz Y [ KDK Y _ ^ [ K* [ Kz K[ Y VV ^ YKDYXK \ T ^ 7TT ^
K.Z7? 4 [KDT TW^ YXV "\ T _+G[ A KV + [K(TY Y T K Y\ KVVY I TWz MV KY V T >YXK \ ?^ Yb:.I/ OT T !K / ^ V Y V Y KZ [Y [?^|I^*K K ^ z $ K Y T V Y _ [ K T `K K K.4 Z7V[K $ z T zT K ^ K T.V YX^ \ ^ .\ KY V "T K _ ^ K Y[T ^.V ^&; TWV[z K [ K7 \ ^^w_JT Y V [\ Y Y T KK
[$ [K ^~V [ YILKzY V K*`P K [ V K ^ [\ T T ) Y T [ V Y V [ [ ^ K YILK K T K*X4 Z7K T z K V ^ [ Y
?T ^ \ Y T
+ YIK Y V P[ XVg^ > A / O%\ KDY \ _ ?T ^ [ V Y T T [ V^& K ^ ^ K"IK YX\X[]Z T [ VL^RI
P[ [ K K Y K T Y V K ; [ K7\ T ^ K?\ [XK ^V [ ; Y K 5O
! V K T ^ T Y V K[ K R[ V K T ^ $ [ V O
P[ [ K Y K1$ [ V O
Section 1.5. Numerical Simulations

[]Z T

xLp?"q"ti,vp}"jty"pgiUyvop?p7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnfi xX"in

_e @?@g@ _
fO RY S K T

[ KYX\ ?T $ [ VK ^ KDYY V "$4K K ;KK V K T ^[ KDV Y K K K ^ K T ^YIY KV K.K*44}Z7YK NT Zgz\ K,K V $ YXK\]Z K [[K ^ YX[ \ Y \ Y T [ VL^K Y V ZO K ^ T ^ [$$ Y VV Y [ Y VK
K K YX\NY+ I T T ^ $Y Y VV Y T YK V K Z YXK \W^.OW> ^* K A /JT ^ ^ YX.ZgZXT \ K T K Y [ V [ K\ KZ YI [ T DK OM^|^m# V TWV $ K ?T T YX\ K\ Y \ T T [ 7VLT ^ zKzK Y YX \ T ^ [ Z7[^ Y ^|K ^*( zTWV K [
^Yz.[^&Y K ; TWVZ K T [YXT \]V TK V YX\"K K K*T 4}Yz [ [ TW V K?YK \TZ [ YVK I O T T UMY Km VK*Y ^.K )P^& \N^TWZ V K T [ $ K V [[]Y \ TWKVV [K V Y KDT[Yz V K[$KD[ + O aY [K $ / \ K[ Km^ Y \ K[[ [YI Y ^ T +eD$O ?Y TR^^ Y z? ^ K*K [ 4X ZXK?[\ Y \V TWYV K 7?TT A ^
[ K z ^ K[$ Z V T I}Y K K7Kg\ O Y KUY IT [r\ Y z; [K g V T YT ^T ^ ; [YX$ \PYY V K TWV K [ K* [ K K V Y[ I NT T Z7Y [ ^ Y [ V g/NKT ^ [ ILV K YILK Y T T K:YXK \P Y ^ YX\$ T [ \
\ T [ ?T K YXzZXK Z YX[J\4 T [$Y K7\ Y KTWV ) + V?[ T VLK ^ K u[*I}Y Y T [?VT KIL[K ,ILK []\[* zIK K<V [ Y K[YVOH^ P Y [ V V ILK K ^ VK?^w\ T _PT / OS;KNK YV ^|^*K _ Y TZ 4TIL[ K7V \ [ T Y Y K^
YT ^ T Y ^|^*[ $ z^rK TWVTWV ^ Yz K KzILK K7^ \ KD[ Y T K Y ^ ^ zK[ \ TK? \W?O(T # V K V KDYXK \ TWV _ K K [Y$=I T [ _ \ T K(? T \ T ;7T K YXz\ K [YX$ \ T ^Y TWKDV Y T ^ K Y $4YX[\ yZ $ Y Y^ K
? K \ [T [ LV ^gA Y V O=TW# VV ??TT ^^ YY ^^ KK T K T ^ $ \ T w [K \ K . YXV?\ TWV \ Y Y T [ VL[ ^H \ K<[ V [ \[Y$ILKY K 4 [7ILK ,[ Y V[9 $ \ T T ? T KDTWYXVL\^yT T K ^yTWV [$ K ^ Y K^
IK?\ [ T T ^V [ [ V TWV [ L^ Y V=T P`K K V [' K YX\ \ Y K O

- L['^ HT )]VQK [ T K +XRK*K Y4}YY yNLK ^ ZgK \ YK,V[ K M^*Y VYXr\ > ^ .\Y A K/ O T ^ Y V K K[ ; K g^ [VK Y K7Y \w[K? -oK ^ uYAK ^. $^*[ T $zK TWVK.4 K KY z^ K[ PKIK?^ \\ [K"[K"$ IT K TD^ O . RV Y [ \ K w.KV XV Y YY VVK? \ M_ Y YXKV \
UZ# KK^ ^ K"K*K KX4 V Z7Y K ^ TT [ zVKY _ V YX7K \T K^ IK -5T^ K K:K Y V T ^ K K K ^*^K zYX\ [\ ^^ VL[ ^ ^ [Y Y K K K Y Y ? Z7[K [K ^&K A T\ ^^ [ V [gVK^& ( Y [ -5YK Y VTWV!+ K S TWV7Y T?[ T ^ YX~K \ V\ YY[ VVTWV Y T MX4T I[ Y K VLVV^ gC^ .KO V >:# V \ K :V / K O
[$ 4$ K K K ^ Yz KCdCG$ ?T \ KY ^yT ZX\ KzY V YX\ ^wT ^ Y V1 K; [ VL^ Y K K T P`K K V K T ^ IK \ Y KXOHm\ ^ [ _
[$4V [ K V K Y V T 4$ [ VK K [ K [T$ ^ [\ T Y 7 V T I}$ YXT \ K[ K [ILK K7T \ [ ZgT \ KzK [ V Y K T [ .V:T ^ Y \ K V GY O \ O T K ^ K K ^& \ ^ [ V K Y V

TZ ^ ILK ^y T UYXK Z7\ ?[]^wT ZT .Y \Y Y K T [ TWV V0K7\ TWT VK&K [ T YK K Y ^[ K TWVV KU ;LTWV^K 'K&T ^ YX\WOT\ ^w# OT #Y YVg\ Y V [ T [~[ V^ V^ KDI KY TWV K.K~4K YZ7 K Z}Y T zV Y Y K V KDY Y VYX3\][ K"zI [T KmK K?VYX\ \ K Y ^*^ K Zg[ Z7K [ ^yKT ^ TWV V ZT $[K ^ [ \ KV K
zK *^[ \ K?^\ ^ Y Y ^ ^ K Y K[ YXV \K"I K T KKV YX\KCZ 7 O^w#yT $4^3[ X V\ K \ T w^ K Y V[ TW^ V K"K O V VzK T \ T YXY \ YXZ7\[ TW V \ Y T [[VLz^ K _ #Y $ TZ \[ ^& K K ^ KDYX[\ T ^ T K
^*L^ Z T T [ ^ Y [ Y V V zK T YX\'z[ K7\Y V:T ^m^& ZXZ7[ TWV KI T K V KgODC

H"`D,n ]WulR*`cea0q 'q JsMk*l0]]5q aMs*fBv>]5*`xf,n ]_*^0c5n v&azs*fBv,ceadaGpyj0sg]_j0s*^*^*aBfBcg|

Z HyjBaGk.lR*f0v&sB`zs*fBv,n f.n ]2n s*q.~ulRfBvRn ]2n lRfBcWp'aB`baGfBl0]Nci^.a0q auvlRg]n fo]5jBa%^.s.^*aB`
lgp'ai0aB`]5jBad%p'aB`baon wz^*q n ~gn ]5q oc]esg]adv
n fzZ]5ZjBJa>lM^Bpy`badjBc2zaBfg]]el8sg]2Bn lRceaGf| ]5jBaG~dlRw^*q n ~usg]ao]5*`xk**q a0fg]%w%l&v*aBq
]5jBa%ZxZ }gxsg~dq aun ]]5sBjo]5`xqj.s*suq u]celR]5]j*wop'n cWl8aj.pK*sBf*`b`blRc\m0j_fBfBr8lgpNpKl.wzf,`bv*B~dcucelR]yhwBk*pNao^0lRs*]5*f.jBqnaBvMau`bca*q n|p'miaWaB B`bl*]alo`Ba\]ec\{.s.n s*mifBawr>]5^*]5jBqjBa.ayaBhJlRn `Wce^&adwo^.aol*lR]5`v*j0]5*aaBf.q&^0n]]s*l,%^.~BaBl*q`s0`Jnkd]5w j0ao]5>j0`b&adsg~d]_`l*sdn `b]Kvn hcs*0fB~dv*v,l*lo`x~db]5adlRj.~iq n]dauf&| sBmrR]5Bj.asu]"n f%pNpKl.`xj.mon ~Bkdjz ]5NjBaisg0aiBRce ac
pyrR`bj*lRn *~B^>jHncyjBs%lR^*r.alRl&n fzv,]5lRj0fBa%a&| gHy]5&jBàia>>q j0ausBsg0vHaGBncfBc2]aBl8`]j0adsgvH0awo`bl*au`bs*aGq n ^&ce]2jgn B~c\f*n ~d&c woxaBl*``n ~ga\s.{*qs*wowzl&^*v&q aBaKq cg]5|j0ak.l&n q n f0r,jBagsu]W]5`s*fBcaB` yn fB]lz]5jBaBn `wol&v&aBq c

[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _
fO RY S K T

xLpg"q"twiv0p}"j tw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} ts7iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

Section 1.6. Integral Models
& %(
( /

LKD^ VY Y ^ [ [ K~V .[Yg V \Y K K7K K\ &^?|_ TW V \ ^K K Y VYX \zYXKNK ZXZ ZT [XYXK Y \^ K ^yVT A zT\ zY K KXT [ O [VL ^ ?O [T ^ Z KKN[ z\ T \ [ K^? T T zY Z7^ K [ \ K&YX \ Y V [$!K [XY [TVK\ TWV ^Y [^ 7\ T TTW^V T ) YXZXK Y Z V T[g[ TWYV VHKDK [ T^ ^ V $ [ T KZT K768\ K 7
TWVLT ^*Y K Y^ _ [ Y V>K[T K Y ^K TWV Y V7T YK ^ ?Y TWV T K[ VLY ^ ?T[\ T ^& ZXY ZgV \ Y \ V)P=\ KK;Y TVK3 z[K"\ =[ DO>K ^y# T VV 7T K^, ?T T Y KzYK V _ ^ Y V K K0V \ TTW V K"7KT
zZ KK ;YXY\ .T Û8KTWV -o KK"K TK W V Y O4! V KK TY V_ $ ILT K7\ [ T K K7Y \V Z[K Y VKNZ68K97 )P\ TTWY V YT z_ K Y VT ^N ^ YX \RT K\ T LTV W[ V K.4Z7[&K TZ zKK ILV K V YX\
I}ILK7YX\\ [ K ^T [ Y ^ K ^w[ T K K, Y )P\[?TWIV K K T ;KNY TWVY VIL YX\ YK K[ILY K7^.\ ^&[ T K,T KY ^;['T TZ Y [7ILT [K V Y KV K7YX\\ [T $[Y T K T YXY\wI}^ YXTW\V K O [ Z KKILKY V K
K V [ [ ^w$ T [ V V [ [ KKzY []\ [O T + ?RT ^ Y dw$4S [K I}T oYX> \ K?^ b Y Y / K;O *K 4XZ7KK T z[ K V K YX\Y;V [ : VK7[_\ [ K7\ T Y K\ K Z 68KD7 [ T T ^ Y YILY Y T \ Y \Y K ^ [ KDKY V
KT Y ILzK7\ K[]Z7K K YXY \V \ $ Y T T\[ VL^K Y V T ^ :LT ^.^ T K,^ UTTW^ V L ^.^ YXK Z*KTWV RA OYXH Z K AZ O [ [ KY [?IK z[ K?\ T ^ KZg\ XV K
$ ? T # .Y [V[7[ ÎL K[ YY ^ V TWV -?Y L^ ^ Y;YK0Y V Z [?I[ [K ' K KK Y K VT^wT T]VYXK7\mZ}\ [Z7Y $ [YTWVz$ K7T K [ ^VZ7TW[ [3V [ T K YY ^ V Y ^TWVK TWgV ^ Y KUYIZ KN[ Y ' T[ KT^ OYX^ \` Z7 [ TWV K 5Y zz[[ [?IKKgK _O
TWV ?T^;KDY T ^^ K $ K KK Z [ KY K \ [ ^yV T[ V7T T) YXY \ V [ \ zV Y K7VZ ^_ [ ZX\ Y Y ^TWV Y ILK^yT ]V? T ) YXY \ T V []Y \^ KXO TWV ^yY TWVV K K ^ K K [ V KK?\ KDZ Y^_ TWV [ V K T zY KgV O
H Y wK T VNT [TWV V YX[ \ [_ V^wKT K;YY TWV T [ V[ ^ ^ $ [K V[Z7V[ K V K V [X^ [ +d^ ;K ^ Y [ 7TWV KK ^yT ][ V^ Y VKN Z [[ K K ^.^ / $Y T KY $V YXT \\ K K Y T ^ V ^|^ YK IUK TWV [ KK
YXY Z [ K [ ^wQLT Q [ V Y V KK K [ T I V T [K TW[V [ K$4[T K ;Y Y TWV^ TWV Y OK [ T K ^ P^ TWV Y K*Z7[ [ ^yT UY V Y .^ ! Y T K V Y TWVDd
zKDK YV T O [ V [ K0 Z7[Y 0^[! ^yY T T JK V KY TWV[UzK K V V YXZgY Z7V K KUY Y ^ K ^ T [ VK^ T . [K Y ^ Y(\ K\ YY ^ K0[ ZL Y Y[ K [ K T K [ R^ I YX\\ Z7[ T [ Y ^yV T DOKI} YXZ Kd
[Y VY T IL[ K V V B+o!Y V Y KKY Y KDYT [ O V Z K[ K&KP ^|K ^ K ^ ^ C [/~_ \IL K V T Y \ [ V Y KTI}[ YXVLZ7^ [ +Y \ Y ^T [ V ZX\ Y YIK K [ K"K V =K )P[ \XK V /_ [ T 4 K TWV TWV^wZT ]V?[ T ) K ^.Y ^ KV ^D_O
KK IL K VT 4 TWV \ [ YzKT [ V +Y B^ V?/ T ^ Y V ^ Y K K [ VT I ^wT T K K &K TWV Z}[ Y $4T YX[ \ ^[ [V \ KIR^K IN^wTWV K Kzz[ [V \ \ _ Y V YX \ T Y K T IK;^ .K [ 4NZg^\ Y \ KDV KY ILKgT [ O V M.K 4[ Tz^ K O
ILK T V4 BTWV! Y Z Km[ Y KK^.Y^ K^4^ T G^ YILT ^ K ^|K"^ K K VTWTWV V IK ^ YXT Z Y K K YO V KY V V K 1K [ VLT 4 ^yTWT V K Z K [ ^ []K ^|\ IL^ KK ^ OY K,ILK K K ^w7T ]T V?KT ;) K Y V V J[ TWVV KK
z [K"K\ [ K gK V?_T z K K3+ [ TWV ?^ TYWV K Y^VK YXY \ V TWV: K TWV Y ^ \ TW V K I / KY I}VY 0 ^ Y TWVK"K K K Y ^ YITWV T T KO ^ +I}KY ) ^ IL$4K [ V TWK V g/V?N_ T Y [ K K^
[]Y [ ZXK Z7K[L^ ^ .K Yg V?VT [_ .K 4 9[ K Y K&T 4T[ $ K _ T K [Y ^ KK TW0^ V?\! TT Y ?T TT K [z K K9YX \WO K T 4 ^ TWV [K 4^ Z ^ \ [ K"K"KDIKK ^.K^K KY ^ V YO<^ HmTWTV\K (T YH^ K I ^ T K ^ K ^ []&K \ [ [T TW[ K V VL^ KKY Y ^ K K Y ^ K ^K YYXK IZ ^K T [\ YzKK
Y V z[ K*K 4XZ7K V^wT IKY V U^ [ \ KYI[ T K *T ,Z7[ ^.^wT \ KXO
TWTWVV Y K K?K\ ^ Y [ T I;T K(4 ^TWV \ \ YK"K"IZ K K [ T ^[ K V Y^.'^ K?^T "T TW_ V Y K K K [ [gVVX^w[]T V Z7K KK ^KY _ $ T [ [V K YX\ K K [ TWVLVK^yT ]\T T V?T [ ?T ) VT ^ Y zV [ K oC $YXO \ ? T [ $ K^Y K ILV K \ [Y V T YXYK \ NKY Y [T Y K TWV VK^ Y TWYV zYK I K T V

u~ sg]ZZ adr.JJl*lRlR`w%w%aa_kdMpN`badl.n ce]`xagcem>aBsBq`bj02~B|sBjBcaB`bk*c,adaB*fMn adp~us0`x]5j0n ada1v~0lRjBgaB]KwGs*n ~ufBs*vHqNj0`blRausB^.~iai]2n*lRq fBzc pyxa&n q |rk.| aM`b^&aB*q auk*sBq nc2c\aHjBaul0vzcef.lRn ]5lR`bfJl.|r.aBf v*`n fBr<celRq n vRn J~usg]2n lRf ^0`bl&~daucec sgc

>?> xLp?"q"tirvUp}"jtw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnfi xX"in

[]Z T

_e @?@g@ _
fO RY S K T

Y([ \ T K?T zT 4}KK YX\:TWV $[ YIK[K\ T 7^ T K*z[K KYX\ TWV KY T K T ^^ K.[ 4 Y^ \ KD^ KILK Kg O OzPa [[$V^ K $ T K V R\ Y _ dyS K K T K Q ^ ^yT '[ 2YX \Y \T Y:T [^ V K[ YK V
YX\ \ Y K K [ K T T YX\ ^ \ [$ ZX\ gV K PIK?\ [ T NY V ?T ^ $ T \ K T ^ L^.^ K (TWV YXZ K O

,# #! /* +,
# ^wYTWILT V^ K Y V KDKDK*KYX4 V\ ^ T [ TTWK V V K K T zK TWV K Y TWVVK Y K K V^y T T KV7;TWVY Y V ^yTWV V 0K K*$ TWVX'VgKV ^ K X!V7T; [] K K\ ^ Y LY ^VYK1ILK [ K KDK V K1T K Y ) Y ^ ^ K TWVT O;# KzZ YT ^[ V KK ^.VK ^ O V TWV K*S KD$ K Y V K=ILY [];V\ [ ^ TY K7[ \ V ^
TWV K T K Y ^ TWV *TWVL^ DO

[]Z T

_]e @g@?@ _

fO RY S K T


"O

((!)* +,
[S [ rK*KK4XZ7K YT K ^wTWTV Y K^ ?^ TWTV [ z$ [K TY Y V7g;T V?YT^ VOmOR KH 7V ^RT ^J^ TWT[V^ zK" K KD[.^ !YV K%K $K^ KDNY [ Z K [[$ ^TWV TWz,V [[^T K 7YKT ^ ^ \ TTWV ?KT ^Y Y [XKXVV\ Y Yz Z7TWK"KV [YXZg\"\ KGY K $^ Z7gK V[z Y K [K4^ K*^ Y 4XVTZ7KK V TWV K^
YTWzV ^ K $47K?T Y^ \V7JY T Y K^^0Y! _ KD#WK Y K"Z K7\[]Y ^Z7VLK ^[K 4VT K Z^ \ [ [ K ^|Y ^Y K ^|^ ^ OM7TWT V#^ [V + Z7^[KK?$zZ \ T YYXK \ [ Y VgK YV ][ ^ VL$ ^ KT K0\ *-5Y[ ILYXTW[V\ [T zK ^BK / O Y [ K ^ Z K KK Y K K ^wTT ]z7V TK ^ [ V [$zK\ Z K [ KXO 7K ^|T ^
$> ?S[ A$OKY#'VK*[ XY V[K *K :V 4X? Z}T z^Y TWK V [K [ [L ^ ?[T K[8[Z [7^ V I [YT $;K[\ Y NK TW\ KV [Y [ TKD\Y L ^ K K K TIL?K0[T Z[ T z.K?.K\ ?Y [T V?& T S^ CK0K #yZ $4Y [ V7^wT T \ ^g^ A O ^& *?T H^ K Ô rOMYX[Z ;YKK VL ^ T KK^ YV Y O
Y ^TW[V [ $4 ^[ [* $ Z &^ 7 TY T^ K Y Y [K $ [ O K7 YX\# TWV Y []Z7$ K T[[ gY HO ?#"T [Y z $ K [ T \V :Y \ ) V?V T ^ 3K O ?zT ^;[ TW^ V K X^ V TWV K ;Y Y V V YX"\[ Y ^.^ $ Z7KT \ ^ [ K K [ [V Z TWT V K V [KD$ Y V
$4[ K V KDK7T YXZ ^ \ ^ Y $4$ V8KT $ PT [ \ V K TWV TWTWVV K 7KT [ K YXK \L Y Y V K YXT [ V\ VLY ^ ^ .K O ^ Kz$ [7KmT K V ?K $ T ?T \^ Y KVK Y T I Y TT K[^wT V TW$ V [ T \[ V "K.TWK74V Z Z}Y [ ^ TW'V K[ NTWT V[ V K[ K 2 zV K.[ 4K ^V[ K YV T []T[ \V^ IMOOz[L7L7\ YY ;KK K
$ '[ T \R$4Z MK K ^|$ ^yTT \ \ K K Y K ^ ^K ^ LO ^.^yTWV K z&K [ YzTWVK V . '[ ! K KD YXY \ TWVT [ V $GO L7T Y ^ \[ _ ;Y K V YX[]Z Z KT *^$ T \ K [ XKVYX \ TWYV $ \ Y T "K ^_JK V [ [ V $
I T ^ K [ K ^ ^ [ [ $ _?T ;^ Y [X7'[ TW gV YO a K IL[K $=K K?\ K ^.^K _ Y K ^ NK Y $4K K T K7Z7\ T [K"IK Y V Y Y V *KT zT ^ Y Y K I}V Y[ K K ^.\ ^K K V YT YX\ [ K XVKDY K K ^ KY $ VT \

n fB]5`}ZBlRHyvJrRBjB`b~iazlg]5pm0`>fBlglR]pya\f {0q adR]_v*]5k.r.`badlRaGailR]lRmdaBf%cg`| ]5cGj0s*sgfB]Wv ]lR^.j0n ~os*w%~dlRadw%cdaKk*l&`lRlRmuw cdhNHa0q &ad[a0qJ*]5n j0sg']Kf.]5n j0BaiaB`bc\nsB]`b)azHa\jB{*aos*wzv*a0^*^0q adsBcK`]5l0woNa0]fgl&]yl1l0w JB~Bq .jHn v w%sg]adaB~B`j0n s*s*qJf.n ~dl.cK`Ws*`baufBsBv v*aBàusgsgc]
H`s*fBceaB`p'aB`bazJlRkg]es.n fBauvHw 8| J~*| Hyj0sg]v*a0^0sB`]5woa0fg]_j0sgBaoso~dlRfB~da0fg]5`su]2n lRf>l0p'l*`xq vl*`w%l.c]a\{&^*aB`]cKn f%]5j.n cysB`baus
c\0~Bj Wè| |8Hs0n ]5q a.hs*fBv,l0]5jBa0`|s*fgl0"JrR*`badcs*fBv,vRn c2~BBc\n lRfBcsB`bak.l*`xbadv`lRw ]5jBa0à&|

>
KY [ V K ^ K []Z T ^ Y ^ $4K7\WO

Chapter 2. Basic Fluid Mechanics
# +/ ! + # & /0 &//
"z
^ [ \ ?KDTY V[ ^TWV K Y7^.I^ T ^K O [[[KU K \ T T ^ TWV?T [ VzK^wT K \ TK YX?\K ^ T Y [ YKN^ ^ YY VZ ^*K* Y 4}^ Y^K NY ZgV[ \ KK [K ^*Y [ V^w?NT ; ^&K [7 ILL K ^ ^g\ ATY V ?[T KX V O1OTW;VHm[[ \ $4L ^K"\ I<TWK V$ _ K V KUY K.\ T 4YXZ7Z7[ T [J^ K4 zT ;K Y [YX\\ Y ^
; ; b T ^ [ V TWV [ L^ \ K*[ 5zK $ K V^ KDY ^ K ^.^ Y KzYXZg\ T K O K,$ [\ K ^ K T ^ []\ T TT K Y ^ TWV
Y KDY P[ KDVYX^w\T ^ K $ 4T Y \ T; Y7T K T YX\ Y ^ K Y ^ =TW?V \ [X['[ V ^gA^ K[\ T [ : [' K Y VY ILK ^ K Y ^ [\ T Z 7T ^T zO [?I TWV TWV YUILK7\ [ T _ + ^ K"K
T ' K Q,Q:/ O 1K [ K K 7T K [ 7T ^ []Z7K Y T [ VT ^ Z [Z7[ T [ V YX\ [

+ e Ou> /
! TWV [ K $4[ g^D_ K ^ KY ^ KY ^zT ^ Z [ZgZ7[ T [ V YX\ [
+ e O :e /

V K ^ KDY ^ Y K [ V T T [ V Y V YU\ TWV KDY PIK?\ [ T T ^ T T [ VT Y V K ^ [ $ V Y 1
Y V K *K [ K
+ e O :/
1
Y ?T ^ Y K ^|*^ K Y Z K T[ ?V T ?\ KD^ Y g^ Y Y ^ Y [ 8 [(K *K a 4 &K?$ T 7T [V7V T [Y VV a ?*K T $ @O [ #V?V T Y V ?T ^ K [Y[I T <[ $4Y KUV [ V \ K z0K Y V KT [ V V[ K T ^.^ 3K G^Y K
TWV ? T ^ K[I T['^ g[O ^yT T ^ YXZgZ []Z7K [ ~\ T 7T Y V T $Y ^ [ gV Y K Y T [([ KI T ^ [ ^yT [ K
7K T V^ ^wZT [TZ7^,K T Z7T[ ^ K XV V O T [ V?T ^[ Y T K[ T ^KYXZ7\K K Y . TWV KK ;Y VY UT ^ K I VT ^^ T[ I^yK T [ _ Y V TKZ KK V ^.[ ^* K KgO Y ^ O [ R\ T ?T zK YX\

T K e Ou> I H ^ Y;Y T [ ^ KDY [ $ [ KDK [$

"! $ #&%$ ( ' )%

* + '+ %(' ,'-! & ' .&
<7)7' NVX 07C>+ N G I$8

K0ZL Y []ZT YX\ ^K [ [ V V [ K7Z \K^ YI[K ^ ^ K K^ ^ Y KV O [ V K []\X[ ILV []\ [ z\gILKg[]O \ zKK T^ ^ ^Y K? T YT ^ Y ^ \ K[]\K T [ V T [ [V [r[ ZLXYV T Y YXT K \ ^^ OO
aB`ba%pNafBadadv8sGBlRq *fg]aB`]l>a\{R^*q s.n f>n f,wol*`baov*ai]es.n q cy]5jBaM^0`blR^*aB`]2n adcl0q n /J.n vHw%ai]es*q c
KNY

[]Z T
_]e @g@?@ _

fO RY S K T


P
Y Y [ T \ ^ Y V K \ KY[I[K gO K ^ K1^ ) K^ Y \ Y*V$ YX[ZgXZXV\ T K Y T K[ ^ Y K V V z[ [?V IYKXO K7\ Y K ^KTWV $4^[ ^ [ KV K?Z Y^ V $ T K \ $L^ K T KK.V4 YK ^VL^yT IX\ K
Section 2.2. What is fluid? Shear streass

R U W @CELF W F
W @

U=T 4U
TFOB

FWF
U F F

FOB

UW
!

K Y K;Y T YX\ K7Z K ^ K V T [ V [K Y T T [ VNe O c(T ^ T ILK V

1 3 T AW F @E F W T F FOB

T AF

FWF
T @W
R B
F F
T AF zTF8B

"
#$
!

+ e O c/
+ e O b:/
a [ KK Z K Y.^ ^&4 T ,KT ^ Y YzV IK K [[ [ YX^ ZgZY [JT 4 T Z ;KY ^|^*T [ VK [ T Y^ ^|^*L^yTz[ VK $ T Y .K 47K Y;ZXY .^\ K^,IT ^ TWV Y [ V(^ Z Y V Z [ ^ ^ K O ii rqw=noqqp rui pxqjjov,{ i joy {(p }xr~q={ j zxVi wVj=ii xwujtq({Vx i{ j
%'&)(
&

&
,+-

/.
10

! + . ! !
/+-
2.

GF
'&
23

54

^) Z74}K K K ^y T ) Y [ VV UI[T[r\ \T ;Î[KK&\ $ Kz7KK T $Y [N;^Y Y TW^ V^.^ [ K Y 'V K K V K Y L]VO Q \ K Y\ K IKX=O # V O K K ^wK T [ VZg[ \VLK ^[]^ K \uILI}[]Y O I\ OT [ zV T ^ K [_ $ %;O I3K Y V $4^.^ KKY[ K*^*[ \ [g[V ^ TWV*^ KY Y K
Y V KILK [[ YXZXZ [J4 T ;Y K >%9H'$etJ+e

1 5

+ e O /

Y KZ ?T ^ $4K[ [ .K Y 47Y T [ VUZXK ^ \ K Y^ [ X[ K V^ ^yYT K DZXO \ 1K Y [ V GK ;TWY V ^|^ K[ VLI^ [K \ u I}zY K T [ V '[ O zK '[ K T P`K K V K0[ H;Y ^.^ K ^ K TWV
[ *K [ 5;Y \ K O IO

1

+ e OA /

A@CB
A@ED

IH

KJ
NAOQPSR=T U7TV

%YX Z

ML
OWR=T U7TV

NAOQPSR=T U7TV

OYPR[T U7T
OW\R[T U]TV
%^X Z
=?>A@BD E F
_ ' ,1+*<G I

,
N1v
H %L >IG> ' D 2 +V""
`
>I "F"( 1 F1v
A+' , 5" %t ' Aa>1=ve 1= >A'"z" (K"(+vJ;1
b
1 "E5Y >1 "@13>c 5"(1@"@1=v
1

Q R E9STVU R>W
c E@1
1=
b
K1 3.e B

Z Y V [ K K.47YZX\ K

aBq aiBa0s(f,k*mgq nn v*fBcuv 'wGpyj0s.aBf `baMm0fBjBlgapyj0fTsBv,sBco]5jB]5aGjBa1]2n w%woa%sBces*]aBfB`v,l0aB_f0aB~u`bs*r0q ~B*]q l>Bcdv*haiwG0aBsBq v*lRaH^>j.s*nq c>&]5q jBn *aGn f0rRr(`baukdsg(]W]5k*j.agn n fBfBr.rTcos,jBa>]5gj0]sBl*cy`hNv*~ulRs*fBf8a*| ulR n w%sBrRfBaHjBaHj.sgv
>b
=lq=yk9y q=x jo{ui#{jt{i wuq joj9p x {=rui q x y
xLp?"q"tirvUp}"jtw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} t"s}iDljWtnjl lnfi xX"in

[]Z T

_e @?@g@ _
fO RY S K T

76 98
> : ?<
98 ;:=<
78

#

Chapter 2. Basic Fluid Mechanics
% . !
TWV K T ;K Y T $ T \ Y wK [0KZ K Y V T ILK VTWV Z K"I T [ ^ KK.47YZX\ KgO

! +.

% .!

K ^ K [ Va K*$ [ V \ Y*$ [Mz[ T [ VT ^ $ T K V ;Y KY T YX\ NY ^

D

+ e O /
7T ^ K*4XZ}Y K T [ V_ [ [ ^ K _ [ ?T ZLY T YX\ K ^ Y V K $ T K V Y ^

P
NGO

1
NAOYP R=T U7TV

O

! &
+ e O :/
[ TWV z [ KK.4Zg\ T ^wT T Y V K $ T K V Y ^

R[T U]TV
%%
+ e Ou>D@ /

X Z
S [[ 3.K 4XZ7VK KT K V^gK TWV KD[Y 7TW7V T ^ [7T ^ ZX;\ K.Y 4 K ;T Y YX\ K T ^ T YX\WO Y `K Y w[ K zT I[ KK IK <Y V TW^yV?T zT ;K YX^ \ K TWV [ [ 5;[XY [ T 0[ V^ .T ^ ^ KK"KV ^ [ [3YzIKK
$$K ^ YT K V V T YX[ TW\ V7T [ V [ $ K TW;V K Y ^ KDYK Y V;K Y TWV T K YX[\ Y T \K ^ KT YX?I\ ^T K^ OzV #TWYV [ <XK V T KYX^w\WM O3T ]V#NYXOM$Z T #WT\[ ;Q YX^ Y ZX Z K[[K Y T Y [ KDY [K~TK&K.P 4z[ K K7V\ K V^[ J ^['T[ ^.^ K>^ K[ K KDKY [ Z ^ K K^$ ^yT[ [V^
^ .[ $ PJO [Z K ^ K V 7T ^ '[ Zg\ K*4 T ^.^* K$ T [ [ V?TWV K KY K "$ T K.4 YT;Y K;Y T YX\ ! Z ^yT ^

[]Z T
@

_]e @g@?@ _

fO RY S K T


! +. .
x Ty +zQy +{

"!#$$%'& (*)+$,'& .-/$%/ 01& (/-32546$%.78/9/):;78/< =?>/&@$ 4*

A=+B$,'< & C+DE& -1E(-32546$%'& (*)?E$%F$,& >/GH(IJK$MLONO& 01/(& =(HH<
H(HE< 4P5& QH=ERK1$,H$S& T-& />/$%< 4VU+9=UW=H,$,& =(HH<$ =6X YOZ\[^]L;
>5=(8$_E(+$=+B#U?9=\U"=P,$%& =E(HE< &@$ 4`& T-&@a1>*DE<@$b$ =`-*$%8,01& (8Kc8c*c@d
egf#h^hîjEklmQn%oOprq;fs*t*hî"uwv@i
|"}~ w ":?*5 :3}1}V}1}V}1}V}1}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}1};}1}1}1};}1}1}1}?

|"} +6 "\H5P'@? 6\E55 +}1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}1};}1}1}1};}1}1}1}~
? +wW`^:'IW.I/8EFFF'FFF'FFF'FF'FFFTFFF
? + ?WI//EFF'FFTFFF'FFF'FFF'FF'FFFTFFF P
? + .:WWOJ?J^/'FFTFFF'FFF'FFF'FF'FFFTFFF \
? + 'F**?@%FFF'FFTFFF'FFF'FFF'FF'FFFTFFF
? + M^/WI@W*^H8^+PW^8FF'FFF'FF'FFFTFFF P
|"} | K?E +W^:? \}V}1}V}1}V}1}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}1};}1}1}1};}1}1}1}?
? ?MQ^W'W*:F*PJ^:3wO^?^WW/FF'FF'FFFTFFF
W?@^wP":P^'P+W38^*KI;Ww^HF'FF'FFFTFFF P
? ? 'IIwW^H#/8H^WT^/35^:^.^wI'FF'FFFTFFF P
d8S* K8,\J8O_wP9S8.K^J PQ/W5^,8, 8QK\?M* O\ ^ 8Q\ PT8w^%J\wP 58 % 8* "I,\ \
*P\8VO 8 * KM\8M^% P8#P@#*HK:88/9//@18**H+H*8E*8E* S \O*^8 88*\ b/\\
w^,8w8H #8w* PS P8/\8*M\ \P.\\/w\/'\8
PS 8/SP ,88%SJ\^ H' ,,\J^b* 8T8w.\\O8wP85
KP\ 3 I.P\ ' `\ QPO/5P Q8/M P**:\/\ /M *F,\J98 8_ 8w^
/\*/J8/V8M* QP8'\8;M\9;
8 .w5\ *\ /\\ \\ \*.\ S *\\\5/ .8 /8\P % P/?M* \P Q*9/ H8^,% P M/,M8\8^
?8M8II5EM8.*8M8*wOQ8% P8^FM*5
8,M* M8 \5' *98 8
M8T8J ^Q Ib/.w5\ P ?8w8
/8#M88w KM8F/P/K 'M88 QP\8 EM8Fw^,5/w888wQ8% P8^VK;\/85b1^P/\* ^8b8IM/SM8

QP\8? K\98 8 /b1* 5T/P/ ^P\w,*?M8'/wP\ / TM8^P./\T8b \8IM F8S\^%8 \^ .M8
QP\8H\81%P % P1w H* w^S V8%OM8TO\8@

Chapter 3. Dimensional Analysis
? + .5*?@%#/8^FTFFF'FF'FFF'FFF'FFTFFF'FF ?
W^5 H^P' `5 8\+ P'@? \E55 +g}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}1}V}1}V}1}V}|~
? ?w .^ /W3I/3K:3/:IH""?I9P5"\5P8^8^J^F^3 FF ?
w8 TPW?Ê TFFF'FF'FFF'FFF'FFTFFF'FF H
^8I/TW?ÊP5TFFF'FF'FFF'FFF'FFTFFF'FF P
? ? QW'5\^wP.P^H:^3'I/P/FF'FFF'FFTFFF'FF H
|} `@ H% `+?: E^ Q 6 P }1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}1}V}1}V}1}V}|
? w T\E8^W:` "\^wPW FF'FF'FFF'FFF'FFTFFF'FF E
? '/IHP :^w38+^F'FF'FFF'FFF'FFTFFF'FF E
|} # H ` : 8 :? H5F? : }V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}1}V}1}V}1}V} :
|} # H };}1}1}1}1};}1}1}1};}1}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}1}V}1}V}1}V} :
|} 'H^5 :+};}1}1}1}1};}1}1}1};}1}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}1}V}1}V}1}V} :
|}

!
"
!
"

!#
$
$
&('*),+
576*89
-". /*02143
$
99:6<;
+>=?-A@CBED-GFHJI.G-
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
WX!YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^
W]OiUjaNVS[kl`m N(nj_ N2Xo_ ^VY?k
p q

!
"#
%$ &'$

+* ,.- /
) 10 2
( )
- 3 " 10
)4 4
$

1 2

.
)

5
3

.60 2 - .

) 57

2
8, & 9&

.

: 4 2

4 9

#0 2

9
9

0 <0 =& 060
;7
5
> ?
.
@ A$
(
9&

0 B0

.

)
C 9 9

D #0
E0

D

F
G
0
9
# 9

&

4

9
0 %H
9
I - .

JH

.

$ I

' ?
.
) :

9

4

D I
-
10 > ?

4

K

E
L )- ?
M
"ONP )Q.R
LS QDTU L7
I 4
4 J0
2
IU D@

S U

W
U & 0 V0

)

4

I
s$
. D
87 -
4 Iu9
K s 9 4

K 4
Dt0 s 2
D
4

7
0 ) -
g"
?
10 5 ?
.

4

Iu9

7 8
2
J
0
4

4

Iu9
v7
(
J 9
- v0
w
) ? x0
4

- - @0

4
4

y - . 0 ?
.

?
S T @H
K

. $
0 D - 1
3
@

4

- . I
Vz{
@N
IQ|R.U
J0
'
N

:
| 2 - N& 0
U

s} 2 9
H $z
U

j - B - . - ~
8 4 7
0
>H N 0
U ^ ; 9
9
)Q.DR

4

s
} 7 1 0 & )" 8 2 s 0
D
@F

'NF + U BP
)u
sI8b% n w 9
C#b%
#F
11bj.n K7 4 2
D81bj.n
2
#n ;

92

%0
4 )u

@ ?
N 9
H
4 )u

)Q.DR.U 17

4
92

2
w 4

v0
?

4

Js

92
8 0

I
'
. '
1 '
?1 02Il. J)j'
1 0j. CI
'
2.
&
'
I-gD
'
'
-gI
D&,&,'
&[D
-gIj)
'
1 02I
' C.
'
1 0.
&('
=f. I
D
)Dj-oD
&(1 I
)j'
'
I(1 I-
/'
1 0D21
D
'
&,D
.
1 D
D21 I
&(I
'
D-gI
@?HJ'
Ij-oD
-gI,'
1V.
'1
. I
'
&,'
1 0I
G@
'
'
A-gI,I
"D
'
D21 I
1 02I
- 1 D
'1 02I-
2+,I
)D-oD
I- I
Ij-E.
&('
)j'
- 1 D
Dj-- . /
I(1 I-
0. &0
&0
1 -g'
P;
I
1 '
)j'
'
21
C0I
1 D
]02IJI
)jIj-".
1 0D21
jI
D21V. '
(I
1 0D21
[1V. . ,IC1 0j.
1 D
'
C0I
*'
/'
-gD21 I
I-
&('
i.
. 1 +
?. I
)D-".
/b1
& 1V. '
'
'
h1 02I
+P1 '
0. &0!&('
I,I
C.
'j1
1V.
I(1 0'
c)
&. 1 +!. fD
I(1 I-
. 1+[@
D
f-gD
'
C0.
I,1 02'
&('
I[D
/<@
-gI[D
?/*-g'
+T'
[@
'/+
c).
D21V.
D21V. '
:@
1 D
'
I,I
I2& 1V. '
D&(I
1 0I
)c02+ . &,D
'j1
Ij-gI
'
+]1 0I
Ij-
1V. D
/*-g'
1C)Dj-oD
0D
)c)
fD21 Ij-hD
0j. &j0]1 0I
C0I
1 02I,+
1 02I
0Dc)21 Ij-A@
&[D
1V. D
(0'
-gD21V. 'h@
)jIj-".
2+,I
I- I
D21V. '
'
1 I
D21V. '
I jD& 1
&,I
[1 0'
PP
)jIj-".
1 - '
4;
EI
I jD
. 1 +T. ]/
1 'J1 0I
1 [@
. I
&,D
I1 D
'1C0D
. 1 D21V. '
Ij-
1 02I
fD
I- . &[D
'
'
/JI
'
)jIj-".
/<@
21C1 0j.
C. 1 0JD
1V.
I[D-g&j02I-
&,D
Ij-
If/
D fD- IC'
'
)jI-
'
1 '
&-gI[D
0'
1 0j.
1 0D21
1 'P1 02I
VD
. I
'1
D-I(1
1 0I
& 1
cD
1 02IPI
. !. Dj-
-gI
/TD- I>)j-gI
Ij-
fD
D21V. '
]. 1 0>1 0I
-oD21V. '
'
/*0'
I!-gI
-g'
&,I
1 D
1 D21V. '
1V.
/
-gI
'
'
&
&,D
1 0I
0. &0
1 '
)jIj-".
1 0
(0'
)j-g'
I(1 I- 2@
/J1 02IP)- I
]. 1 0f1 0I
. I
,'1 02I-:. J)j'

I-
. I
I2Dj-o&0Ij-
I,1 Ij-
1V.
. 1
1 '
-gI
&[D
PD
Ij-
&0Dc)[1 I-f.
. I
1 I
1 '
I(1 I- Z.
I2D
)D-gD
0. &0l.
1 '
- +!.
)jIj-".
0I. /*021
[1V. '
IC1 '
& 1V. '
'
&0
. IT&,D
D21 I
21V. . 1 +
1 0D21C-gIj)j-gI
1 0I
D-
*'
1 D/
D21V. '
1 D.
]0j.
J.
1 -oD
. I
. (I
'
. fDc)c)
D- I
)D-oD
)D&(1V.
Dc)c)
)jIj-".
C0I
!- I
0D
B'
?)D-oD
&(I
1 0I
Ij-oD
I[&(1V. '
I)j-gI
)j-g'
c0I[D21
1 '
0[+b1 02I
0'
1 'P'
1 0I,'
. '
. &
&(I
/
&(I [@
'
'
I[& 1V.
1 -g'
I
D
].
Ij-gI
1V.
I[&j0D
I)D-oD21 I
1!1 '
cI
1 C1 0D21]D- I
)D- 1V. &
D21V. '
&
)jIj-".
. /
1 'D
-E&('
'j1
-gI
1 D
I-
. Dj-". 1+
. D
)j-gI
0I. /*021
&('
j1 0I
1 0D21
1V.
D-gI
I(1 Ij-
02I
. !. Dj-". 1 +
ZD
'
+J1 0.
I . /
&('
D o1 I-<1 0I
9
0D
'
I[D
1 0I
1 0I
1V.
1 0I
&,D
+ .
I c)jI- .
. I
h1 0ICI
:'1 02I-fD
. /
D- . +
jD
IT02'
I jD
I(1 &
- 1 D
)j- '
I[&,I
Ij-oD
1V.
I,1 Ij- fD- IJ)D-gD
. Z&,D
IZD- I
)j'
I-:'
I(1 I-
Ij-oD
&0Dc)21 Ij-
'
I!1 0.
I jD
. '
02I
02+ . &,D
1 '
/l&('
-Z1 0'
. IT&,D
.
I c)jI
/DT/*-gI[D21
'
I[D-
?)
fD
- .
1 0I
1 0I(+
0'
J)[1V.
1V.
Ij-
1?'
1 0. ]D
)D-gD
'
'
1 02I
D>- I
'
'b&[D
1 '
C.
. IP&,D
D21V. '
1 0I
1 >.
- I
-gI[D
'
)Dj-oD
+ . J0D
'1
-gI
0D21C.
I,1 02'
'cI
1 f1 '
'TD&0. I
1 '
'
'
Dj- 1V. &
I . /
D21A1 I
. I
1 0D21CD
-CD
1 D/I C'
. '
C0.
:D
. '
+JD
. '
'
+ .
'
02':)jI
1 0.
'
I-gD
1!.
'
1 '
1 -gD
1 D
'1 I fD
1 I
'c'
A-g'
&,D
&,D
[D
. 1
'
&0. I
=f.
'
. '
. '
I- .
)jIj-".
'
1 D
I(1 0'
1 0j.
Ij-A@
'
. '
D21V. '
1J'
&
/h@
'1
I-
'J1 0.
I2Dj-o&0'
0[+2@
1 0D21Z1 0I
D
- I
D&2.
Dj-gI
&0Dc)[1 I-]. T.
1 0I.G-
I2Dj-o&0
1 D
].
Ij- 1
. '
1 0I
j. 1
1 '
D/
IP0I[D21?1 -oD
&
&
'
I,1 02'
I .
]0j.
T.
1 '
. (0I
=?-A@
&('
1 '
+,I[D-
I-
D/
. o1+
I[&(1V.
- 1 D
. 2@
1 D
&0Dc)21 Ij-A@
;
'
&('
)Dj- 1V. D
I
1 -g'
1 0I
/>I
I
D&(1 D
1 -g'
<6
1 02I
D21V. '
'
. 1 '
&j0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
-gI
1V. &
IM/\ 5+ Ww/%x W K . P8I8Q MwH85^M8P Q88J P/\+*** 8J 1M8P 58 % 8 P8;*^\'Q\ +\
P\ F* b^5\ P8bP , \ \?* PM8.8w^P J8P\ V*' ;* ' K5P\w,*:\ PM8T ,\I^/' /*/8P8./S,
P/J8
5 M8O\\* J P8I8
Q/\\8#K8wTTwÎ*P/M \ JM/8w8w.O\**b\S* 8 \*P * ^\
S8 .*\,\8Ô/^P*^b/w^%8,% P _M \ Q
Ww/%;+W8 8.b8T8SQ.Q8 \"E\ 8V
O8, 8",M8P 55
W^M \^T\V^P858M/\\/M * ,,*I^^M/1*8M8*wF/ 81V^P8^88M/\5M/8O% * ,,*I\FS8I
)Q

L,N(O
L,N Q,RTSVU
aUd,R?egUX<SVU
WX
YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^
W]OiUjaNVS[kl`m N,n_ N2Xg_ ÂR k
576
&,'*)(+c-". /*02143
899
9:6<;
+l=?-A@
BED-GFHJI.G-
XfY[hZZ\^\[]ij_f[`b_ak2f^c dd[ei f[] \[l_a2abXfZ[mn_gi c X Yea\e2X XZc oZd p

q f[e2iFZm q^r a2X adi f[i c Zd
K

'
1 02I

'*)jI

/PD

'j1?D

3
1 0I
)j-gI
0
-". (I
)j.G)jI
*'

.
1 02I!D
21 02'
- CD

D1
9
sS z
. /
c-gI
<@
<'
IJ.
1 '
9 -
1 02I
0'
I jD
4 - D (

4

9 ANj B
VS U 7

D
)u
;& 0 j0

D

4

y

2
)u

0

9
7
)

w

s0 2
9

V 2
? 2 0
Iu9

w
0 s
#

w/
j
( x7 2 0w

0 D0

9
-
( v} 80 2+
I
0
)u
9 Q.Q
0

s0 2
1 s

< -
D4 ! =$
$
J

4
'

4

2

0
.
D

$
j
9

DJ "E

80 2
I4
7

9&
DJ )u

%

4
'
&

I(1
1 D
1 0.
I2&('
)- '
'
-gD21V. '
I
fD
1 ?1 '
1 02I
'
C0c- '
.
1 0I
&
. '
'
D
&,D
1V.
'
[1!1 0I
0I
'
'
1 0I
Ij-oD
&(I
1V. &
1 '
I D
&,I
'
I-
C.
)- 'cD&0
1 D/
-gI
1 02I
&
Ij-gI
)- '
1 I
G@
D21 I
'
&j- .
. I
I
1 0I
@
1 '
1 02I
:D
D.
'
1 '
1 '
- I
D,+!1 0D21
].
IC1 0I]1
'
. 1,@
-gI[D
?D
D21V. '
0'
C. 1 0
- 1 02I-
0D
ITD
Ij-D
-g'
I!I 21 I
'
I,1 Ij-
1 Ij-1 02I
02I
1 '
D21A1 I- I
&(I
. +
I(1 &@
1 I
'
Z1 0Ib- '
Ib)Dj-oD
'1ZI
&('
<@
'
1 'J'
I2D
-gI
+P'
. '
D
. /
I,1 Ij-
C.
. C&,D
'
+!'
I JD- I
&,D
1A1V.
A-g'
1 D
'
I[I
. D
IJ1 0IP'
1 0IP- '
'1V. &(Il1 0D21
I-
cD
1 0.
D21V. '
-g'
1 0D
IT1 0IlD
Ib.
. '
1 0I
-gI
1 0j. ?Dc)
1 0I
1 0I
0D
1 0I!-oD21V. '
. 1 D21V. '
'
'
0I
1 '
C0IJ-oD21V. '
'
.G- I
Ij-E1 0D
G@
D-Z0'
I(1 I-
. J-gI
D- /
1 02I
I,I
>1 0IM- I2D

2/
1 '>DT&2.G-o&
)Dj-oD
I,1 Ij-A@
D>-gD21V. '
-gD
'
+b. 1
. D
1 '
) !1 '
1 'TD
/>)j-g'
0'
IT.
&(1 D
'
C.
/>Db-g'
'
'
1 '
A-g'
1 02I
0I
'
Z'
1A1V.
1 '
1 0D21
]. 1 0!1 '
1JD
1 '
I!-g'
&j- .G)21V. '
. I
[@
2/:02'
'
IJ'
.G- I
I(1 IjD,+
I2D
f1 0Ib02'
I!&[D
-gD21V. '
)j-gI[&,I
'
. D
]0j. ?D
I(1 Ij-
&
I-:1 0D
/h@
0I
. D
-g'
1A1V.
*I jD
. 1!. P-gI
I(1 I-
Ij-'
. D
. D
1 02I
1 0j.
'
DP1 - .
1 02I
-gD21V. '
)j-g'
Dj-gI
21
. D-
&('
1 0IJ)- '
. 1 D21V. '
Ij- 1 I
1 '
/<@
M ^. 88* 8bM8bM\Q\8"!$#\\\8w M8P*/ Q88 8 w5\ Q\" 8w^%J\wP b58 % /KS8I

\8 /^3 E/% P;*M8 8/ 8 w% *%^3PV H/\% ;\\8ww
,QP\8W\8 8IM/\ IFS8I`//'\P8'M8
%\QQ*& !$#'\\8w58/.M8I' H/ M8 /8 P F% V/8,51PT H** ' 88 15% ;/8,^VP. H/\
!$#'\\8w5 #K /8 8/ 8 F% V/8,^VP. H/\( b^P/ ,\\8F\P^ *8S MM/OM\\8/EP Q88J P
_8P\**%^; FP ,,*/^ wP M8.,,8% /* ^ Ib88IM/SM/^,15% *Q/ /OM8.%\QO,\.*P S\5O8/
Q5\M/M8IF8w.w5\ M8M\Q\S8^%O1% *8wOP ?8w8b\81*8/*O H/ ^+
&('*),+
576*89
-". /*02143
99:6<;
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
`bacW,RV^
)*
Section 3.2. The processes in die casting

2

9& >
s0

4

x7
D
) {

w 92 0
4

4

(
IU ( 2
U
U
B 5
0 .2
D
S 2

8 |/U ( 2
4
4 0w T.U 9 (

) CN
(
U

4

7
'
5
) )

4

(

S 0 J0 9
&
?

9
&
I4
I

) ) J (

0
4 D9
w - @
$ s

4

4

.
)
D) 9 9

D 9

4

v x7 %& D

I 9

9
wN

)u
) & 2
U {7 K
4 )
-

? {7
)

J 0 4
.

5

4

j
v0
I 0 2 )
$
0

W I

y

92
0

-
0 .2

4

4

08 )
$

; 0 )
4 D

D

3 ' 9

.
5
4 D
4

4 0

4
-
W

7

C0I
. I>&,D
. hI- I
C0.
)j-g'
'
&,I
D i'
'
. '
-&('
&(I-
1 0I
1 0I
,02'1
I 1 I
'
1V.
/*-oD
I
'
/I
0I
'1?&('
I hI2& 1
-EI jD
1 I
. '
'
&,D21V. '
'
)- '
'
'
-gI
1f'
0j. &j0lDj-gI>&,'
;
&0D
1 -oD
Ij-
)j-g'
M;
'
&,D21V. '
1 0I
'
'
&,I
1 'J1 D
/1 02I
)j- '
1 02I
' ].
&,D21V. '
[@
1 02I
&(I
1 - '
1 I
1 I
'
&(I
D l.
I2D&0P)j-g'
1 0I
Ij-h.
I-
Ij-- I
'
0I[D21
1 0IJ-gI
1 0I
- I
)j. &(1
&,I
-:D]&('
I[D-
)j- '
&(I
&(I
D!&
h6
0D
Ij)Dj-oD21 I
&2. 1+
)j-g'
1 ].
'j1 0Ij-
:1 0I
/Ij-
I C-gI
1 0I
(0.G)
1 0I
&
1 -gI[D
1 [@
)j-gI
-gI
. D/*-oD
&[D
1 - I2D
D21
'
1 0j.
.
-gI!.
1 0I
&[D
&j- .
. /
)[F
1 - I2D
1 0I]&,D
D21V. '
+J0D
. 1 +
?D-gI
<6
0D
&[D21V. '
I[&(1 I
;
2@
1V. '
)j'c'
D&(I
. f1 02I
'
'
1 0I
1 02I
D- /
. D
-gI
I,I
1 0I
1 I
'
'
1 0I!)j'
IZ1 '
I[&,D
. &
0D J1 '
1 -oD
I jD
c-
&,I
'
Ij-oD
&,'
&-". 1V. &,D
I . /
02I- I
'
)j-g'
*'
I[&(1
. &
1 0I
/I
&,I
'
)D-gD
1 0I
. 1+[@
-gICI
'
1 02I
'
&,D
1 -gI[D
Ij-hD
'j1fI hI2& 1
'
1 0Ij-gI
1 0j. >)j- '
1 '
DJ)Dj-oD
&,D
1 0IP&[D
1 02I
'1 02I-I jD
c-gIP.
D-
'
'
1 -oD
1 '
'j1 0Ij-
[@
c)- I
. 1 +
'j1 I
. 1+
. 1V. '
'j1
1 0I]&,D
I
)D- 1V. &
&
D-". +
*'
1 '
&('
'j1!1 -oD
)j'
Dj-gI
D21V. '
1 0IPD.G- /cD
)j'
'
'
]02IJ)j- I
'
'
2I
1 I
. 1V. '
A-g'
D21V. '
/h@
-gI
1V.
M;
j&('
1 -oD
1V. D
'

'
1 - I2D
1 0I
'
D21V. '
.
&,D
I[& 1 I
'j1
l;
1 '
'
'
. I]1 'l0D
. I
&0D-gD&(1 Ij-". ,D21V. '

I
1 '
1 02I
. hI- I
1 -g'
'1
I-gD21 I
'
1 02I
Ij-
&2. 1+b.
&(I
'
1 02I!.
C0.
'
&,I
. Z1 - 2I
-1 0IP-
)j-g'
'
D21V. &
. 1
'
I[I
D21 0I
-g'
&[D
1 c-
&j0
]- I2D
1 '
. I
1 '
1 02I
I,I
Ij- *'
. '
&,D
C0I
,02'1
'
&(I
I(1 Ij- [@
/1 0I
. 1+
/M)j-g'
1Z)D-gD
&,D
1V.
/Ij-
&(I
'
1 - . &(1!1 0j.
I . /
'
'
I . /
1 -gI[D
z {+)-,.'g{ " Sz z/Sz
!"#"$ &%('*)
initial
stage
hydralic
jump
later
stage
bubles
air
entrainment
9
5S 2 D
. /
'
7 8 0= 9
8
C0I

K
*'
L,N(O
A-g'
71 02I
L,N Q,RTSVU
aUd,R?egUX<SVU
WX
c- I
<@
(0'j1
YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^
/P'
I[I
5 w 4
1 0I
4 A
IC1 'J1 02I
'j1
(0'j1
-gI[&,I.
I,I
4 '?
&0
576
&,'*)(+c-". /*02143
D21A1 I
899
1V. '
9:6<;

.
+l=?-A@
1 0I
. I

&[D
BED-GFHJI.G-
1V.
. A ( 9 C @ 0 )

)

4

D "

4 . I

# 0 Ds u9
E
9

7
D !

)
0
I 0

! 4 Nj (
U 4
3
U . U 2

D

.
.
0 ? u
4 y ? u

y (
4

4

4 D
D
?
#

?

4
y
.
.

? u9
' +N
? 4 D U y

y

B u9
+0

9

4

0
- K
& 0

) D

K 9
3

u

4
7
<
9
D
0

D

9 &

)4
K & 1
)4
$ 5 u

^

K 9

I D
) y (
I-

4 D
w V + 0
4

w 0

s0 2
-
K 9
J 0

4
A

4

# K

A I- >N D "!
?F
D
Nn0 $# UU %7
0

7
4

V D % (

4 A & 0 4
9 - I
&,D
1V.
_Xq aa Zqr Yd[afXd[a2q _xXXxZod{Z r i a{Ya a r qa2f[] f^_da f[r iX c Zdr a X p

q
iec dc oXa2a f[ari iFcX Ze2i d Y[fâ] ae2m f^Z ] r e\Y]
2f[_ i cr Zf^d\^Xb] c e m Z r \io Y[qa
r
_q \[r fî~\] a2c eX i c\oo f[q i a_gc XZf dxqq à2f Yr a dxY
p
I2Dj-o&0
1 0I
)j'
1 '
- 1 D
1 D/
h.
1 02I
&('
iI(1
'
21
)D21A1 I-
&0D
/I
&(I
0[+
1 '
_g_gc\ X ec \d[XlX+i Y[i aY[a&'\c a2\î cc _xdloi c oa2ea Y[f^dc c e2X pX
X] c c_q crf*gi e2c Zf[id c Zq+d r -Zh^, ] aa2oX c _X\_gf^\] r gc dZ[)l`( X Z[c d p
ii YYaa+e X ] ca2i a2c e2k2fâ ] f^] d\_dla a ja2k2e2ai ] XvZec Zi
d
r
. Y[f[i r c XZ q q i c o\^/
oo0fc d^c c oo\\ô@o Yaa2of[i.Zk2ifro]f^Z[d[m X 'm a a2\rX c a2c _gif^c\[dd[f^_l ]
gZ[` Z q ad r q^r Zh] ao 1 r
C0I
Ij- +
1 02I
0I[D21?1 -oD
Ij-
I-1 '
. 1 I
'
/I
. CD
1 0j.
I[&(1V. '
1 02I!&-". 1V. &,D
I,I
'
1J-g'
Ic@
'
'
'
b1 '
C1 0. T)- '
j.
I,1 D
'
.
.
I(1 D
I[&0D
/I]D
I
'
)j- I
1 02I
&(I
-gI
. I>&[D
&,D
&[D21V. '
'
1 Ij-
&
Ij)21 0
I(1 D
1 '
'
. I
. 1+M)
(0'
D,+
>02'
D,+,Ij-
1 0I
1 0I
"1 02I
/
0I[D21
I,I
Ij-E1 '
0. &0TD
[1
Ic@
I,I
Z1 0I
1 0IP. J)j.
&j- . 1V. &[D
1 -gD
D21V. '
'
-:D
I)[1 0
I-
c- .
/T)j-g'
j.
&(I
1 Ij-A@
1 0I>0I[D21C1 -oD
2I
I(1 D
&,'
D- I2D
)j-g'
'
Ij-A@
&(I
fD
1 02I
'
-E1 0I
'
'
. /
T;
I hI2& 1 I
.
'
02I- I
IT)- '
'b- I2D
&. 1 +
D21 c-oD
1 0IP-gD
1 02Ib-oD
'
'
'
. I
D21V. '
&. 1 +
1 0I
. ?1 02I
. ?D
)[1V. '
I[D-
A-g'
c- "D&,I
Dc)
1 02I
D- +
'
I[& 1 I
iI(1
*'
'
&0D
-gD21 ITD
&(1V. '
).
>. TD
j.
D-
*'
'j1
1 0I!.
D. D
1 D
,0j.G)>.
I-
)j-g'*)jI- 1V. I [@
I CD CD
1 -gD
1 0I
1 02I
-fD>&,'
c- -g'
0I[D21
. 1V. '
IJ.
/
1 0I
'
'
&-gI[D
I,I
0 -
$ '

. 0 .2

#N #
?S S U 7
D
)
u9
8P .
- '
.
&0D
-gI
1 0I
I,I
1 0I
1 02I
&2. 1+
I
&,D
C.
<&j0D
/I
. 1+
2@
&[D
1fD
D21
)j-gI
. 1+[@
% )-,.'g{ " zSz/Sz

'
'
&0D
. 1,@
1 D
1 0I
'
'
+J&0D
'j1 IJ1 0D21C1 0.
C0IJ0I[D21f1 -gD
'
1 0I
. /
/*0
1 0I
2I]1 '!1 02I
I[&(1V. '
Ij-
'
02I
. 1 I
&(Ib1 02I
&('
D,+lD
-g'
'
I,/:- I[I
A-g'
&,D21V. '
1 02I
-o&(I
]1 02I
'
. ,D21V. '
2I
1 D
A- '
'
'
1 0I
I>1 0
&-gI[D21 I
)j- '
1 -gD.
Ij-1 '
1 02I
Ij-
&(IT'
Dc)c)jI[D-
I 21 -gI
'j1
. ?&-gI[D21 I
Dj-gI
1 0I
D,+,I-
J)
- 1 D
/I-
- .
'
A- '
*'
1 '
)j'
Ij-
. &
1 0D21J. 1
1 -oD
1 02I
;
I,1 D
C0I.
I[I
1 -oD
I[&(1V. '
-gD
02I2D21
02I2D21Z1 -oD
1 02I
0[+
. I
. '
D.G-
CD
C0I
.
02I2D21
I- '
I!0D
1 0I
)j'
I j@
1 02I
1f&,Ij- 1 D.
)j-gI
1P- '
1 02I
1 0j.
'
I(1 D
Il. 1J.
*'
. (I
)j-g'j1 I[&(1V. '
&('
ioZ f[i oa2_Df YaDf^l dr _ f q k2Ya] mZ^Z er c i

Ii Y[c ad)a2i YX if[c ip
e2f[X a
f q ] \l gZ[` `Y

l^Z^Z_~fX X \o q i c Zd #X Y[Z[`
eYf^dlaZ[mb_âdX c i
a a2e2i
I2&,D
'
. /
I,1 D
:@
-gI
Ij-<'
.
I D
&,I
Ij-
1 0I
I
C0I
[1 I [@?HJ'
G@
A
s0

4

4
'
'
I-
1?'
&2. 1+
1 +c)j. &[D
-gI,'
'
1 02I
&[D21V. '
I[&(1 [@
fD f1 0D21f1 0I
1V.
1 0IP-gI

(

s 9 (
)

s

D
n %S x

I
'
-f02I2D21f1 ')jI
. 1 +
'
IT'
1 D
'
1 02I
&,I
D.G- /
1 0ITD
&,D21V. '
)j-g'
I(1 -oD21 I
&(I
'
DJ1 +c)j. &[D
D ?.
1 'l0I[D21Z1 -gD
'
I-
Ij-

n
8 2

)21V. '
I
D,+,Ij-
D/
. 1
1 0I!/
1 0I>D
'j1])
D(+
D.G- /
0D
. J)j'
- 1 D
0D
Ij-<1 0D
1 02I
Ic@
e32?t*i5467698:;8+<>=@?>AA+B>C8:ED&?>FHGJII-=KF;D7<MLN=O:;D&?M:P:QD7IRA+8TSVU@8+6OWXI:Q?$AYF;U7Z[ ?V\]I^8+F_\]<>=`:Q8=YU7<VU@FA+BaZ;I-b7A+?V\]Ic6
GYB3F;A+?>G@F<$[RW?M:QIZQ8+?>A_GJIA+<MLd:QD7IFU7Z;[ ?>\IKLND78T\eDf8TFagY=7<MLN=f8+=3:QD7IF;\8I-=V:Q8hJ\KA+8:QIZe?M:QU7Z;Ii?>F

:QD7IOZQI=7I-Lj?>AkF;U7Z;[ ?>\I:QD7I<VZ;BVl
mon7p
K u9
D

7
v0 V 9&
1 0

I

U
idZ f[i \X Yf^Z[].è2iZY[da+k2a2e2e2fî c] Ze\^dx] fih^c a2Zi d`bXa2aZd m 9
iq q;N &

.
> u9
?7 V 9 (
r

YZiX \ r m f[e2af^d_f^c r f^h^Zk2a
&
I-
# 9&
0
D

0
; u9
0 ; u9

4 )3
N 4 K?
I V3 stv
r
U
qq fa rq Ya f r q _Xa ir Zc k2f[q i \c Zid[mXZ Zr Eo d q wc q X a2c x[Xc e i yZ X
u
X Y[Z[òc d^c o\oa r r Z r
ec r e\om a r ad[e2a
z
://OP\/VP\ /8^ /**\8w\5\ 8' MTM* 8J\Î^ 5P1/8 \\PQw^%58w8F^P8^89* 81M\
C0Ij-gI
. /
'
c-gI
1V.
'
<@
D(+[Ij-E1 0. &
-gI
D-
)j'
1 02I
T;
C&,D
'
'
'
)j- '
/)j'
&,I
1 0I
Dc)c)j-g' .
1 0I
A-gI,I 2.
D21f1 0IJ0I[D21Z1 -gD
.
D21 I
I(1 D
'
b;
I-
D.G-
'
02I
1 0I
A- '
D& 1
'
.
1 0I
,0[+
D21f1 0I
('
1 0I
.
.
I(1 D
D21 '
1 '>1 0I
&,D
I!'
I(1 D
DT)
. 1V. D
E1 I
- "D&(I
1 '
1 0I
.
I(1 D
G@
D21 I
C. 1 0
1 I
J)jIj-oD21
-gI
D.G-D
(0'
]02I
'
)jIj-oD21
-gI
. P&('
1 D
'
I!D
%J8\5PKP\ ` IQ TK*9PM* S P* *:\ 58%HwP1QQF /\

{ W/ /TO8\,PQ8 8O8,/@'^,% O ^/@
|?* Q^//\* ^Q\8`/5SM*/ /*/ ?\ * % 81 ?* I1
\8V +/E
}_P\9/\+ M8PM8V8 8/SwI8w^^Q/% P853 \*/8P b \89/\8 b ?**5/S TM8
&('*),+
7~9
576
-". /*02143
99:6<;
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
`bacW,RV^
))
Shot
Sleeve
Temperature
heat transfer
to the air
process 1
heat transfer
to the sleeve
process 2
9
/q<@ q
c- I
P
I2D21f1 -oD

Ij-
)- '
. /
Solidification
layer
)
&(I
5 w 4
1 02I
,02'1
I,I
(liquid)
Oq:@ |

. /
C0I
4 )u
/'
I-

0
0Ij-gI

B'
shot sleeve (steel)
: 9 (
'

D21V. '
insulation
D
&,D21V. '
'
s 4
1 0I
(0'j1
I,I

1V.
)
I
1V.
D21 I
4
1 0I
I,I

&-".G)21
D- +J&,'

5

1 0I
9

-gI
(solid)
Temperature
liquid metal
P;
. 1V. '
:@
'j1 I
0
I(1
N q I U
I,I
1 9

&

n
1 02IP)- ':)jIj- 1V. I
5 4
1 0I
I[I
(0'
l;
1 D
1 0I!D.G- /
'
5 4 K
-1 02I
I,I

D21 I- . D
G@
Nq ~ U
v!

:@

8/8\P % PV/KM\ *PP K5PTKP I 388 Q + \ J'M8.K*9TPFM* O/wP\ /T"\ 58,THwP;O

8\
~ q
K
L,N(O
L,N Q,RTSVU
aUd,R?egUX<SVU
WX
YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^
9~99
576
&,'*)(+c-". /*02143
9:6<;
+l=?-A@
BED-GFHJI.G-

)

4
~N 9 U

9u

02I- I
.
-gIj)- I
I,1 D
'
1]1 0I>)jI- )jI
I,I

F
C0I
4 ) u
/'
Ij-

0

.G)D21V. '

1 02I
D- +J&,'
. 1V. '

'
'
&2. 1+
;
'
j0
I,1

I
C0IJ/
'
I[I
I,1
I[I
1 02I
N
.
I(1 D
'
U
0D
:@
&
' u9
{}

C
I4
D

) D K u9
4

1 '
(0'
1 0I
1 0I
&j0D
0D

'
I]1 D
/I
'
I ?'
'
-h1 02I
.
1 0I
. 1+JD
I,1 D
D21 c-gD
.
I,1 D
. C/
.
'
)c0D
1 Ij- "D&(I
.
)c0D
9
I[& 1V. '
'
G@
&('
'
I[/
I2& 1
1 02I
N q T.U
:@

&,D21V. '
. 1 +JD21?1 02I
1 0I
& 1V.
Ij-
. 1 +J&j0D
'
I(1 D
&. 1 +
&,'

D{ 9 (

s 9

D K u9

4
)u
A u
?0
.
j0
N q |U
2I
02I2D21?'

. 1V. '
:@
% 9

u

4

4

1 0I

Dj- +>&('

@TB'
Nq q U

u

-1 02I
1 02IJ)j-g'*)jIj- 1V. I
9

. I

1 '>1 0I

D
4
.G-gI[&(1V. '

D21V. '
'j1 IC1 0D21
B'
9

0Ij-gI
D-

. &
. 1+
/TI
D21V. '
1 0I

]. 1 0
I,/
I[& 1V.
D
/T'

1 02I
D21
-oD
)4
:&('

I[&(1V. '
/IJ.

N q R.U
:@
F

.
9
e2_Za d[c i k2c f[dî \c Za'dX `c i Y!jZ^Z_ofdy X 7
ra Yf Xbi Z \[ifX YZ ij_gc X e\[X p

U ( 2 5 w 4 ~ U

7

Xiq Z)c Zr di Yf^c Xq h^Ze2f[\Xia qi Y#a "{f qr q ] c e2f[i c Zd u9

4

4
(
q U

.
2

D

w
$

4 N w 9 (
U y 0 %$ K& 0?

9

7 C

?
9
9 (
)
4

( y (
.
( 3 {0 '& 0t
A
s
'&

4 K 2 N
j
A
'

V U y 2

E
$ E

9 . 0
ao( a2r i Y[Yf Zq +_ X* oi Y[Za_gc c d[*gi a2a2_)l jZf^^]2Zo_a2oi YfZ^d-_ y X, )4

0 U

7

D !

e2f^d)hâf q^q ] c a2_ r
3 U

0

@ @

8 &

) 4

.2
' 0O .
0 &

7

17 " B, &

7
-
& P
ik2Za eX Yc Za2de f^d[`_ Y[f[i\[iFc ii c YXac da [i f[Y[e2ai d[a2a ` m &
r q
r
q \[\[X i.iFi i Y[Ya a9r ai
m q c e2f^]X Z] \i c Z+d IZ r /10 yyz32{4{'+z5
]02I
.G)D21V. '
& 1V. '
C0Ij-gI!Dj-gI
. I(1V.
I- +
1V.
D- /
'1J1 '
&,D
'
1 0I
1 '
)D
1,@
=?-gD
'
D ?.
/
C0I
*'
-gI[D
'
Ij-&[D
'
'
- I
1 0I
'
)jI- . '
0. I
'
Ij-1 '
'
Ij-A@
'
1 0I
)j-g'
1 -oD
02I2D21
I-
1 -oD
Ij0.
'
1 02I
21
&j0
I2D21ZD
0D
-gD
02I2D
)!.
. I
Dj- +
1 02I
)j'
I-
I-
D,+,Ij-
1 -oD
Ij-
. I
&
I- 1?D
1 02I
Ic@
4
U 0 0 C C

7 0

J I
4 s0 0
3 N
q T q .R U w$

( 2
( %
C0I
'
E1 02I
0I[D21
I[I
D21 c-oD
A- '
'
. &
)21V. '
'
1 0D21
&,'
&,D
1 02I
D21V.
I[&j0D
1 02I
-gI
.
1 02I-
1 -gD
c- .
I-.
)jIj-". '
Ij-
&,D
I[&,'
]02IJ02I2D21
1 -gD
D-g/I
. 1Z&,D
Ij-
'c'
I,I
0I[D21
C0I
C0IJ0I[D21f1 -gD
-EI D
Ij-A@
&2. 1+
1 02I
,02'1
&j0lD
I- +
h6
1?)jIj-". '
'
1 02I
1 -oD
1 0I
1 02I!0I[D21
'
. 1V. '
)jI- . '
1 0j. C&,D
.
02I2D21
Ij-
. 1V. D
Dc0I[D
1 02I
&(I
1 0I!.
D,+,I-
Ij-
'
Dj- +
. /
1,@
)j-g'
'
G@
I[/
&,D21V. '
'
)!D
- I
"D& 1?1 0D21
. &
I2&('
Ij-
)j-gI
1 '
1 0IP02I2D21f1 -oD
D- /
1 0I
'
1 0I
1 02I
I[&0D
I0j.
1 02I
21J1 0I
Ij-".
&,D21V. '
+ (I
.
)jIj-". '
I hI2& 1 JD-gI
&,'
1 '
I[&(1V. '
'
c- .
&[D
. hI- I
&0MD
-gI,I
D '
)D-gI
&('
T;
('
VD(+
&('
1 0
*'
/J1 02I!&[D
&('*),+
1 0I
. 1+
Ij-
1 02I
7~9
99:6<;
576
-". /*02143
0I
1 I
*'
0D
)j-gI
1 '
c- . ,I
I,I
. /
1 '
I[&(1V. '
-gI
:@
*'
:@
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
C. 1 0
1 02I
A-gI,I
-
c- "D&(I
I[&(1V. '
`bacW,RV^
~
1 02I
))6
liquid
metal
air streaks
. /
,
Oq<@ T
9
c- I
1 -oD
Dw u

&,I
'

.
I(1 D

1 '
1 0IP-
I-
y

. #7

E 0 '

>
I
G$ V0 2 & 0

4 D EN
Xi Y^Y[Zc X \^] _)Z`bc da)i c ddX aZ9r i \i Y[o a q^r c Z^d Zmi Yi Za u
^
A
5 y 4

0 9
iq T 57 K &)
aq^r 2X X \q r ac di Y[ac di a r m q f[e2a s
U 8 4 & n J
J3
D
" 4 L7
= 0
"

V
.
4 @ I
'
I 9

w0 '& 0 4 A 9

2
0
9

iZ c d X .a r ina i dY[\âFoe2f^h^]a e\^Xb] fi Zi c ZX e2dFfZ[] mga2X i YZa m
r
m
Z e2a2X
e32:t/i = :QD7I F;I-\<>=@6 b7D@?VFIVCP:QD7I
@<ML 8+= :;D7I ZQU7=7=@IZKF;B9F :QIW 8TF/b@Z;IcF;F;U7ZQ8-I-6 ?$=@6 :;D@I: BYb78+\-?$A r
/*-oD
. 1 +>D
)c02I
.
'
j.
D.G-fI
I,1 Ij-
I-
1 02I
'
1 I- "D&,I
&-gI[D21 I
D.G-
I[&(1
D.G-
'
)j- '
D C&('
I[D
('
'
/I['
I,1 - +!1+c)j. &[D
D21 Il)D-gD
'
1 '
. I
&[D
[1,@
&. 1 +
. /
'
'
21
-g'
. 1A1
c-gI
<@
'
1V.
C0I
. 1
1 02I
C0.
1 0D21
. IP&,D
/*0
Ij-A@
'
*1 '
&-gI[D
1 0
I- +
I>.
1P.
"1 +c)j. &[D
(0'
,02I
1V.
'
I,1
'
1 0I
;
1 0. !&,D
,02I
Ij0.
1 '
)j-gI
I,1 Ij-?.
&,Ij- 1 D.
'
)j'
D21
0I[D
c)
D21 I
0D J1 '
Ic@
D.G- /
&,D
- 1

ID21J1 0I
1 0j.
'
I(1 D
'
I-
1,@
&j0
1 -oD. /*021
1 -gI[D
. /
C. 1 0
IPD
1 -gD
1]&-gI[D21 I
&,I
&,Ij-
'1
0I[D21
1 -gD.
)j-g'*)jI-
&,D
1 -oD.
I T0'
'
0. /*0
1 -gI[D
&2. 1+[@
21f1 0. ].
1 02I
I
C0I
1 I
I ()jI2&2. D
/<@

! " # $

Z;U7=@=7IZaAI-= $:QDf8TFa8= <>Ze69IZa<$[ ! l W l =3:QD@?M:/\-?>F;I>Ck8[jLÎiD@? VI ? +A ?>Z VI >I-A<9\]8: B A+I]:OF;?B

D I >IA+<9\]8: B69U7I:;< >Ze? `8: Bi8+F
7l W MF;I-\ )l D7I
= U7WKGJIZ ?>FQF;U7WXI-F^:;D7I
-! W MF;I-\ )l 7
Y
?>AU@I "-! [ >
< ZNLND78T\eD VZQ? Y8: Bb7AT?B ?iA8+WX8:QI-6 Z;<VAIVl
%
mHn9p
j
. x DN 0

.
4 D
N 2 D U > 06N
2
f ?
C K4

#z 9

( '"* c!,+.s
)
4
0
5
0 wP 0
0
K 0
e32:t/iv4
8 9&

7
9
C
F

U
( 2
/
)
"
7

# u9

0 U
N

C0I
1 0I
*'
Ij-g/
'
I(1 D
'
'
'
WX
'
&(I
1 I
I-
'
'
Ij-
&,I
1V.
Dj- +
)j-g'
hI(+
D(+[Ij-?.
D-
1 02I
fD
1 I
&[D
'
*'
1 '-
. I!&,D
1 02I
C0I
. '
. 1V. '
1 02I
'
-D
D21]1 c-
&(I
I-
'
1 0I!1 -gD
). &,D
*'
L,N Q,RTSVU
aUd,R?egUX<SVU
1 D/I
/l)jIj-". '
1 f1 '>- I
C. 1 0TDP1+
c)jIj-o&-". 1V. &,D
L,N(O
&j0
1 I
1 Ij- C1 0I
& 1
'1 02I-
. /
I[&('
'
1 02I
0. &0J.
,02'
.
c- .
)4 .33 5

. V ) U

j
{ D

J0

5 U 2

&('
I,I-
0D21]D
*'
D& 1 D
I2D
'
'
Dj-
&. 1 +
Ij-
*'
& 1V. '
B
$
.
'
'
. 1,@
+
&
'&
'
. I

4 0
2
s ]
&[D
1V.
1 0D21
I!1 'lD>)
c!
9~99
576
&,'*)(+c-". /*02143
1 0I
9:6<;
/
6
I[&

>N

1 '
1 02I
1V.
(0'
- 1
c-".
1V.
+l=?-A@
/l1 02I
Ij-
YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^
. I
I
'
D21 I
BED-GFHJI.G-
pressure
. /
0 j
0
Oq<@ R
9
c- I
'
I-

?
3

& ) ~ T ? 0
]02I
1 0I
'
Dj- +
21V.
1 0. &
. 2.
D,+,Ij-
1 0I
9
?'
1V.
1 0j.
&[D
I!'
I]&,D
)
3
-".
/l)- I
c-". 2.

/l)j-g'
&(I
(
4 . 2
.

9
#
% 0 s

ICI
I[& 1 02I
0. &0
'

0I
. &[D21 I
1V.
D21 I
&('
. 1+
1 0D21
'
'
*' 7.
-<1V.
IC'
!.
h1 0I
;
1 0I
1Z)c0D
'
D- +
y 0

D,+,I-
0'
. C'
1 02I
Dj-A@
mon7p
2

e32?t*i
'
&
. 1V. '
1 c.
'
D

I 9

J0
I
.
. '
&
. '
&(I
)D21A1 Ij-
-oD
&j0
T;
]. 1 0
hD
'
21
+T)j'
'
1 0I!)j'
'
-oD
'
&j0j.
I . /
/b.
;#

?1 0. JD ,)jI[& 1
. /
&j- I2D
@ZB
-oD
1 D
1 D
IP-gI .
&j0j.
1 D
:
9
@

.
.
. D-
I,'
:
)
A 0 5 0t 0
( 2
.

D

1 '
1 -gI,I,1 Ij-
1 Dj- 1V.
&(IJ.
1 0I
Ij-
*'
1 I
)j- I
&
C. 1 0
]. 1 &0.
1 02I
0
1 D21V. '
'
'
/l)j- '
1 '

|
&,I
&0Dc)[1 I-
mon7p

z

~ ?
( 2
2 . - 2
I 4 D

y 2
q q

9
?N j0
' 0 U V$ V

- D

. 0 8& D D

4

I J 0 y
2

9 3 N U }

V
4

x7 0
( 9
9 3
w7 -

8 0

sN : 9
q .U
:1 0I
Ij-". &,D
1 c-
^fcc doh^X Zaa d\[r iiijXjif[Yfî aZhôZr a\c mjxi ffê i h^c cZZi d+c\e2 îfî ]i YY[aaFadai q f^f q dq a e2a r apr
k2a] Zec i
r r
'#4
/
1 I
&,I
I(1 D
1 '
E1
1+
,)j-gD,+P.
1V.
'
&,I
. I]&[D
. '
. I
]02I
&[D
'l1
'
0D21
'
1V.
/lD- I
0D
'
&('
'
*'
'
1V.
I c)jI- .
. /
c-gI
:@
'
1]I &
1 0I
I[& 1V. '
c. ?Dc)c)j-g'*)j-". D21 I
*'
c-oD21V. '
2'
1 02I- Il. !&,'
/!&('
I[I
.
0. IP1 0D21
). &,D
-gI,/
'
. 1 +lD !D
,)j-oD(+
1 '
D21V. '
&,'
1 0IT&,D
. ,I
1 Ij-
ITD21 '
-1 c-
'
D. D
'
&(1 D
Ij-oD
2@
]02I
1 0IJD
21 02'
J;
+>D
. V&
'j1ZD-gIJ)j-gI
. 1!. P)- I
. 1 Ij-oD21 c- ITD
*' 4&,D
'
<@ <@
D21 '
'j1 0Ij-
Ij-- I
'
(0'
. '
1 I
+l/I,'
1 02I
'
*'
21C1 02I
C0I
1 0I
I. 1 02I-
1 0D21
1 0D21
[1
. ,I
K 0
9
7 ? u

K 0 0 2

V
? 0

/>1 0D21]1 0I
j.
*'
].
I(1 -". I
*'
'
Dj-
1 c-
P\ .H 8'M8 |E M8'\88,8, 8T+8 + 8./KM8O5*

bKP8\8Kb8'K/M8P**J % P' FM* Qw^,8w8 \89/\8P//#M8FwI8w^58 .M8 \*/8P
\"M/\ P8 8^ ?/ 8.w^5 /^+

e}%8
&('*),+
7~9
576
-". /*02143
99:6<;
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
`bacW,RV^
q | v0 2 8 0
0
$ 1
w 3 4 @

(
(
wN 2 1
9

9 9

4

4

(
y
K U 9 3
)u
)
j0 > J 0 #
D

0
'4
w
. 9
-
0
D

4
4 2
'
I4 B
I
57 @ 9

s 0 .4 ? 2
.
0

/ -

. s 8 0LN -
'P%
NPw
)Q.Q ~ U U ,.-

0 & 9?

D"

s0

R $ N :
&

4
)

.
Q
D
R

R
U
} 2
3 0
J7
0 )"

-

9 3
0

I ) - 0

N

J
) 4 0
) U
4 j
2

5 5 0 -
,.- 8 N K 9J )Q. q U 0
9 3 1
\iFi Y[am \^] r a m a r ade2a2X
> 0 9

F
q

w 0
%7 1F
B :
0

4
- s0 C
4

C

'0

D
4 0
? 0
0
4

1 02I
I2& 1V. '
+]'j1 0Ij-)j-g'
1V.
&[D
Ij-g'
'
1V.
'
D- I!D21 '
1 '
. I
!. ,D21V. '
1 0.
&,D
1V.
. !. 1 D21V. '
0D21!.
)D21A1 Ij-
&2. 1+
C0I
&('
)j'
0D
)j-g'
&(I
'
1 D21 I
I- +
e32:t/i
:
I,I
1 0j. ?)c0D
]02I
D.
'
21V. '
)j-g'
&(I
'
D- /
Ij-<1 0D
D
D21V. '
'
21!1 02I
'
21f1 0I
&(I
&(I
'
02'
(0.G)
.
'
I[I
I c)jI- .
1 ]D
'
&
1 0I
(0'
IP.
-gD
&(I
'
1 0I
1 c0
I- +
. I
1 D
- I
I c)jI- .
'
Ij--gI
'
)jIj-".
1 02I.G-
&,I
&2. 1+
& 1 I
D21 '
C0.
'
. !. Dj-". 1 +
. 1 I
I(1
C. 1 0
1,@
I c)jI- .
D21V. '
1 0D21
/Ic@
&,D21V. '
. hI- I
1ZD
C. 1 0
&. 1 +
. I Z.
'
I2& 1 I
G@
+J&('
*'
DP&(I- 1 D.
!. ,D21V. '
"D& 1
D. D
c- 1 0Ij-
0. &0
'
D- /
Ij-
&('
I[D
0D21
-gI
1 02I
. C1 02I
*'
s 9 u

{

0
> u
N

4

9 E u

E

4

U

)u
1N

( U

7
0 0
D
j

D
)

&(I
'
+P.
D
)
1 0I
*'
1 '>1 02I
&,'
&,&
- fD
1 02I
&('
'
1V. &
1 '
1 0I
'
'
. D
1 -gD
I
'
I-
.
]&
I(1 D
1 0I
1 D21 I
"'
D&j0j. I
C0
2D
j.
I2&0D
IC1 '
1 I[D
c-oD21 I
I[D-
1V.
D21V. '
'j1CD&,&
&,I
. o+C1 0I
02I2D21
Dj-gI
1 02I>)j- '
1 02I!&,'c'
j.
1 0IC1 +c). &,D
'
. I!D
'
0I
I[&(1
'
I2D&0

D

! (
6
Ij-

. ICD
D ()jI2& 1 ]'
c-gI
21f1 0. ].
A- '
0I[D21
Ij-gI
21A1 Ij-gI
,0D- )
'
A- '
Ij-
'
)D-gI
'
1 0D21C1 02Il)j-gI
fI .
1 0I
)j'c'
&(I
'
Ij-gI
()-gD,+
&j0D-oD& 1 Ij-".
1 0IT)- I
&j- I2D21V. '
1 02I,+
/h@
. D
1 02I
1 0I
'
'
1V.
&('
'+z2

1 '
)- '
Ij-
. CD
I,1
Ij-

j0
4

- 9
'
- I
& 1 I
Ij-<'
1 0I!.
I,1
'
I 1 -gD&(1Z0I[D21
C0IT0I[D21C1 -oD
1 D
'
Oy
1 D
1 0I
Ij-
)- '
-gI .
&,D
'
,)D21
0I
1 'b&,'
D21
"D
&2. 1+ @
1 '
02I2D21Z1 -oD
. 1 I
'j1 0Ij-
I].
[@
&,D
& 1 I
' ,Tyz2 ,
. I
/*0
Ij- +
. /
Ij-". &,D
fD
*'
0I[D211 -oD
1 D.
fD ]&,'
D21V. '
'
)jIj-".
I.
1 0D21f1 0I
&,'
'
1 c-
&j- . 1V. &[D
. 1 D21V. '
02I>- I
.
0. 1 I
Z'
Ij-'
&(I
. ,D21V. '
& 1V. '
C. 1 0TD
IP.
]02I
&
-:D21 '
1V.
)Dc)jIj-
1 02I
1 'TD
&. 1 +
E1 0I
;
D
@
D21V. '
'
'
'
1 02IC&('
1 -gI[D
&('
'/j+
Ij-
Ic@
Ij-- I
'
'
I- IT)j'c'
I!)D- 1
1 I2D
&,Ij-
fD21 Ij-
1 0IP)j- I
'
I?1 02I
D {7 K
92
U s7

) P 0 4
80
1

N

<

) 2
+JD
'
I(1
0D21]. ?1 02I
D.
'
'
I!&[D
)Dj-gI
y&'+zQy{
7

x0
9

4 4

.
&,'
'
'
&-". 1V. &,D
'

Dc)21
'
*'
1 0I
I
Dj-
&-". 1V. &,D
1 02I
<6
"D&(1
Ij- +
-:I jD
c-
1 0D21f&[D
C0.
)j- '
&('
0D
fD21 I-i@?BI[&[D
&(I
'
'
(0'
-A@
I(1
fD21 Ij-
1 '
0D
1 02I
/P)- '
)jIj-".
'
.G- I
*'
1 0D211 0IZ1V.
h6
I?D
. I
)jI- . '
. 2.
(0'
&[D
-gI
*'
()-gD,+
[1V.
+J&. 1 I
D&,I
1V.
1 D
()-gD,+
'
IPDj-gI
!.
].
. ,D21V. '
&,'
'
1 '
)jIj-".
. 1
fI
)D21A1 Ij-
&,D
&(I
IP&(Ij- 1 D.
*'
<@
I
. 1 +
-".
1 I
'

'$
$
)jIj-oD21
&[D21V. '
-gI
I- 1C1 0I
Ij-".
Ij- 1!1 02Ib'j1 0Ij-
D21V. '

)Dc)jI-
mHn9p
S8/wP\ 8OS OM8^,Q P\8 Q/ K8w*E*OP8/M/8WM* 8*^HM8QP Q88J P/\E\\.*///J ^TJ88
8 \^POIMI K\8M8/^\P ?8w8P :8w8% \\H/% P88/#\\ 5\* P b58 % /K8w9,P /^*+K8
w^,8w888w\ , P1bb/O /8bO ,\\S\^M P6 FS\ 8;P M\9/\85^ |H\S/ Mw5\ M\
J.\8_% 81%8w^8F M8 |E5 I #58/_.*V\^M P1wH* w^bIQ/M.5P P\w5
W^M \1/M8//wP\ 8QI88`8H ?8w88 |H /8 ;P :8w8\ ^S* 8 8 88w5\ `Q58I\w^#M8
/w^,I\w SM85 \ b\8 H/\ /M8 H* .OI,\58 8 /QM8S5 \ x
K SK\*% '/ 8/?\^8w^^\w\^+

K
L,N(O
L,N Q,RTSVU
aUd,R?egUX<SVU
WX
YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^
9~99
576
&,'*)(+c-". /*02143
9:6<;
+l=?-A@
BED-GFHJI.G-
lq r\Zi \ qr a m a r ade2ai Z+i Ya.adl] c X Y

q \i/h^Zc ] c dl~l r f q Y Zmk r
mXa i f[r a i daif^fôdd_I_.a2eì Y[ZDY[fad^_gd c Xc X oe\XFX m XZ r i Y[X a i a2f[_g_c m
p


z ,

"
y z{' y&%
'*)
hî9nsv t\v &n^h u@i

&('
'
c-oD21V. '
- I)j-gI
vni?hTt tf#hKf#u02Yn"t
+D
'
*'
1C1 0I
-gI
. 1V. '
'
I[D
-gI
'
'
'
D21V.
'
1 D
1 D
. 1V. '
- I)j'
1 0I
1V.
)j-g'
&,I
- I
'
'
1 02I
'
&[&
E1 0I
'
1 0I
'1 I
0. &0
1 02I
1 02I
99
'
'
A-g'
I
'
'
Ij-
D- +
&,I
&(I>.
1 0D21
1 0I
*'
C. 1 0
I[I
. 1f.
fD
1 0I
D,+,I-
0D
<@
[1V.
1 D
'
I['
'
1 '
D,+,Ij-E. fD
'j1
I,I
'
'*)jI
"D
1 02I
1V.
'
. 1 Ij-oD21 c- I
'
/*0
/P1 0I
. ]1 0I
'
*'
&j0
D-
1 c-
'
&2. 1+
1 02I
1 -gD
21 '
&. 1 +
'
. f&('
1 0D
1 0I
& 1V. '
'
. C.
- I
'
&. 1 +
&2. 1+!D
I
I[D
'
1V.
D>-oD
1 02I
I[I
&,I
I(1 I-
1 02I
0D
*' 41 'J1 c-
]02I- I
'
1 02I
)jIj-".
1 +c). &,D
&-gI[D
&j- . 1V. &[D
'JI
21fD21
. D
'
I?1 '
I-i@
1 Ij-
1 02I
'
*'
D-gI
).G)jI
1 0I
'j1 '
'
0D21Z.
1 0D21
D o1 Ij-
&
(I- '
. CD
D21
D o1 Ij-CI
fD
1 Dj- 1V.
D-h1 'J1 c-
c-
1 0D21Z1 02I
. 1
&,&
. I!&,D
1V.
1V. '
1 0Ij-gI
.
A-g'
c-
c- .
I
-*1 0I
'
/I
fD
'
)j- I
&,I
1 0I
<6
'
I c)jI2& 1 I
c- I
'
1V.
). &,D
&j0D
I!. Z1 -oD
. 1V. '
c- I
&[&
&,I
c-
*' 7.
V&2. I
c)jIj-o&-". 1V. &,D
(0'j1
. /
I0j.
'
1 D
'
IJ1 02I
*'
- I2D
1 0I
&,D
!.
I[&,'
D21V. '
. T-gI
'
1 0I
1 D21 I
&[&
. hI- I
fD ]&j- I2D21 I
Ij-
]02I?1+
&(I
'j1
1,@
0. &0
1 c-
&(IJ'
1 '
D21
I-f.
. J)j'
I D
I,I
fD
]02I
I(1 D
'
-gIJ. 1].
'
Ij-
1 I[D
c-])j-gI
'
. 1 02I
*'
1 'lD
02'
[@
.
&,D
1 0I
I[&('
A.
1 c-
'
I [@
1 0Ij-gI
1 02I
1 'PD!1 c-
. 1V. '
Ij-
. >I c)jI2& 1 I
"D& 1
'
99
1 02I]1 -gD
&(I
&(I
D
I,1
&(I
D,+
1 02I
1V.
1V.
]02I
-fD
. 1V. '
C0I
Z1 0D21?1 02I
'
C0.
0I[D
1V.
Ij-
1 'b1
"1 -gD
*'
1 -oD
1 'T1 c-
&,D
-gI
o1 I-
. 1V. '
1 Dj- 1V.
)D21A1 I-
1 0I
. 1V. '
. I
I2&('
2@
. ?1 c-
1,@
C0I]I
I[D
fD
1 -oD
. hI- I
1 0D21
*'
1 02I
'
I jD
1 02I
1 02I
1 0D21
-gI[D
I['
1 02I
-gIJ1 -oD
I[D
<@
)D
1 0IC1 0. &
&(I
I[D
. 1V. '
<1 0I
1 0D21
1 D
- c)[1
A-g'
'
1 c-
&. 1 +
'
. 1V. '
c-A@
1 -oD21 I
0D
'
1 0IJ-oD
1 -oD
;
1 I
D21 I
'j1?I
-oD
fD
1 -gD
&. 1 +
,'
&2. 1+[@
I
'
Dj-gI!.
.cD
1 0I
21
'
,02'
I(1 - +l.
&,&
- !D21
I[&,'
Dc)c)jI[D- I
1 0I
. Z.
'1]'
I,'
C.
/I-
&,I
I,I
c-
I[D
'
I-E'
!.
*'
1 D
1 I
&,D
'1 I
(1 02I
1 D
1 c-
1 -oD21 I
&,&
. D-
IP.
)j- ':)D/cD21V.
1 02I
1 '
*'
'
. 1 +2@
-C.
0Ij-gI.
&,D
-gIj)j-gI
1 '
'
Dc)
'
'
C0I
0. &0b1 02IlI
'
I0j.
I,I
0j. &j0
-gITD
'
/I
I[&('
(0'j1
;
'
/*-oDc)
j.G-gI
c- I
. 1V. '
A.
*'
-gI
1 '>I
I-i@
)j- '
- 1
Dl-gD
1 0I
I-
0j. &j0
1 0I
D .
Ij-
'
D J1 02I&-". 1V. &,D
Il0D
I(1
,02'
(0'j1
1 c-
M+2/
*'
1 0I
*'
(0'
1 -oD
1 0I
. 1 Ij-oD21
1V.
'
1 0I
'
-gI
1 0I
Ij- +
'
1 0D21
*'
+,F
!.
'
I2D
1 0I
Dj-gIJI D
1 0I
1 ?'
I,I
1 0D21
1 02I
(0'j1
D- . +
'
1 02I
I[&,I
I!1V.
1 0IP1 -oD
. 1 I
].
I,1V.
c-gD21V. '
'
1 I
C0I
'
'!D
)21V. '
Dl1
Ij-
I!1V.
1 0D21
1 D- 1iF
'
hI(+
Ij- +
j. I,1V.
I2Dj-
1 Z1V.
[@
. 1
1 '
D- /
I2&('
I-gD
'
IJD
C0IJ)j'
I-
. 1
c- [@
I-gD
)jI[&(1 I
-gIj)j-gI
&,&
]02I
. 1V. '
1 0D21
&('
D- /
1 'bDP1 c-
'
]'
1 02I- I
I[D
1 02I
. 1 D21V. '
1 -gD
'
&-". 1V. &,D
I['
&(I
- Il. 1J.
1 0. >D- I2D
VD
c- 1 0Ij-
. '
1 -gD
1 -gD21 I
C1 0D21
-fD-gI
1 02I- I
&.
&(I- 1 D.
(0'
-gI,/
1 0I
'
1 0I
. 1
1 'J1 c-
'
. 1+[@
1 - & 1 c-gI
I,I
C0I
c-gI
0. &0
&(I
0j.
*'
<1 02I]&[D
1 -gD
:@
Dj-f)j.G)jIc@
'
(0'j1
&2.G-o&
C0.
1 0D21!1 02I
1 c-
&,I].
. /
1 02I
:1 0I
Xf^Y[h^ZZ\^\[]i9_1i Y[`ba awac d] f[X ai cr Zi{d fwhâ2il `br f a2qaYd

ik2Yaa.] Zeoc i a2
f^cddk2i Y[ar a] Z^XeY[c i Z^
DiFf^X d[] a2_/a2k2`ba f[k2a
0 2 0." zOy&'

'
$ 9'

> 0

> ' 4 j
. 8 I

D ( 2
4 /

.

? j

J7 )

- 8} -
4
0 IU 4 `~ U

q U ' 9 4
) %$ s

. -
2 0 (

.

q -

. 0 9
C 0

7

)-
5s
.
0

7
w 0

.

7 ( 9
)

)u

' 0

0 V
4 {7 ( 9

0
x
. ?N& 0
{s
. 1 8 E U G$

> 0w
D I

4
# 0 4

4 E z 9
. V7

)
V& 0J

4

I
9
"'
50
s0 2
7 0 '
'
4 V N 2 U

. 8 0

y
B u9
9

2
$ @ 87 8 ?& 0 ' ( K
D ? { 9
9
>u
A 0
-

. !N - U
I

( 2
BN
U 22
. sP

50
4
F

? 8

" 0 0
-
'u

5 0

5 0 2
4 D

Nj 9
/q QU
E0 4 U > 28N 2 . A3 4 D U
H < 0 !

N
0 4 4

. - 7 ?s
.

~ Yq U 7
4
s
vNn0

w0 4
J 4

D Vsc! y )
-
8 0
80 4 * x7 )
' 9& 0
8& 0

9

0 >$
) 9 # 0

0 Nn} & H IQ q U
@ 0
y
0

V B 0 0 A
s

4
s JN j0

U 9
% 4 D

? @4
D 8 0 %P

. (
V
? 2D3 0 4 J %
J0 4 4 D 5 4
4 D 1

&

V
@F
4

4

D
U 7 s

N D

s %

4

c!0 #
d
9
#

D
'
7
0
1
f[ XZZ _gqc qX eZ\X aX Xi Z)i Y[X aIZ] m c r_)a2aDc di c d[a ir ma f[r e2m f[a e2 a
*'
'
&,D
b/8 V*Q%* .M*5J /:M M*5% P8/wP\8V OKV\/8%ô|E5M8IP ?8w8^M/Q8IM8 H|

K;\/8% |H bJ \8% \? .,PO5J\Î 5
&('*),+
7~9
576
-". /*02143
99:6<;
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
`bacW,RV^
Section 3.3. Special topics

;

. 2 D
I
D CD
te2&n
nKf
.2
K 0O0
'
1?DT)
/
*'

-
]. 1 0!1 02I!I &,Ij)21V. '
s
'
1 02I
A-g'
-gI,/
. '
`X Yc of[iofâ2h^_{Z\iijZi Y[ac X dZe ] c _a2f[] Xf0a

xa r ii YYaa
r
iq Y[] \Qa d[gl^Z[a ` r Ya2f[_/f^d[_a a2e2i XZd
@
iusv fKu@iWt\v &n"s
2Wh5v

A ?

7 D 9? D

'

4

4

0
&j 7

9

.

9
~
@
D

5N A
U

I
N B u
N U E - D
q
u
9 0 8
4 U

? V ( KN 0 U
|

7 ?& D @
) 0
)

%$
0
9
v0

.
% /

I
. @H x0
. j s0

#&

D
9

4
0

. 0
3

9

u
)
K/

4

y

.

I 9

4

0

.

)
4 0 4 2
) x
4 .
2
?
?3
D

9

D A 5 4
}

.

4 y
4 9
J 0 3
w 9

4 V

B u
)4 D # 9

u
I
w$

9

.
4

9

x&j J

) -

0
D

K

.
&
e32:t/i

D J (
) 5

3

A
C0I
'
1 0I
*'
&,'
&[D
1 D
<@C&('
@?1 02I
. 1+[@
-gI[D
. 1+
*'
&('
&,I
/I
. 1
'
&,D
/I
"Dj-
. '
1 02I
Ij-oD
. I
&,D
1V.
1 - +
'
D21V.
)[1V. '
&0D
'
'
1 0IP)j-g'*)jIj- 1V. I
'
1 0I!/
j.
'
0D21
'
'
-gI[D
('
'
1 0I
I?I
-gI
/I
Ij-
I!.
I[&(1 !'
)j-g'*)jI- 1V. I
&j0
I2Dj-
'
1 'l1
&[D
'
02'
&[&
'/
/IP'
. V&('
. 1+!0D
*'
'j1
'
I(1 I-
/I
I,'
'
'j1
"D-
A- '
D-gI
"D-
A- '
'1
I,I
'
Ij- +
)jI[&(1]1 02I
'1fI
Ij-
1 02I
&(IC.
. E1 0. C.
D P-gI
0I(1 0Ij-
IP&,D
2@
I(1
I['
h6
c- -gI
ZD- I
J)[1V. '
)j-g'*)jIj- 1V. I
)21V. '
1 -g'*). &C0'
1 - ':)j. &
D-
0Ij-gIZD
&(I
]&0D
1 '
1 02I
&,D
. 1V. '
0Ij-gI
1 0D21
1 2@
I2&('
1 0I
"1 -gD
h6
)[1V. '
&j0D
1 '
&[D
)jI[&(1 I
1 0I?D
- '
1 I
'
/*0
)jI-gD21 c- I
'+
Ic@
'
C1 02I>&,'
- I2D
0D
1 0I
'
. V&
&[D
I,'
. 1 +
1V.
'
1 0I
D-g/I
. I
&[D
A-gD&(1V. '
D.G- /cD ])c0D
. 1+[@
'
. V&
1 0I
D.G-Z.
&0!&,D
.f-gI[D
)j-gI
1 0I
1 0I
'
. '
j.
I,1 D
1 - ':)j. &
Il.
1 02I
1 0I
:D
02'
'/
,02'1
I,I
*'
. ?D21 '
&('
Ij-
I,'
. (I
'
)21V. '
[@
1 02I]D
1 0D21f1 0I
('
1V.
1 02I
A-g'
1 '
1 0I
&,'
- ':) C.
1 0I
,02'
-/cD
. /
)21V. '
)jI[&(1 I
"'
D(+JD
,'
- I
IP1 '
(02+
I(1 D
I- +
'
!.
.
-D
&,I ]I- -g'
'
I0D
. 1
j.
&,I
(0'
P&. I
1 02I
Ij-
1 0D21
'
0D21
-gI[D
- 1 0Ij-
Ij-gI
1 0IlD
'1
h)j- '
0j. I
1 'l0D
&(I
*.
'
jDj-g/IC&j0D
I ,)jI[&. D
1 c-
"'
(0'
. &,D21V. '
&0D
I[I
. Z&,'
'
I['
'
'
1V. '
0D
1 c-
<)j-g'*)jIj- 1V. I
1 0I
2I
D21 I- . D
]0j.
/I
.G)D21V. '
'
-gI[D
'
C0I
'
2'
Ij-
0'
1V.
'
. 1+P.
1 -g'*). &
@C&('
1 c-
'
&0'
. &,I
f1 02I
I
1 '
)[1V. '
'
1 0I
I[& 1
Dj-g/I
'
1 0Ij-
'
E1 0I
'
'
&(I
'
'
I[I
&[D21V. '
Dj- +
-gI[D
'
'
'j1
'
'
D21A1 Ij-
'
-1 02I!&,D
=f.
Ij-gI
G@
'c'
I c)jI- .
&
D21V. '
1])j-g'*)jI- 1V. I
Ij-gI
D,+,Ij-A@
mHn9p
e32:t/i w0 B& 0 D
0L0
02'

'
I!&,D
&

'
'1
IJ1 '
I
. /
'j1 0.
B0
)
1 02IP)j-g'
- I[/
D-
&(I
CD
0D21
1 0I
) 3 '0 V0 9

)Dj- 1V. &
. (I

'
)j-gI
Ij--gI
1 '
0D
6
I
D21 Ic@
mHn9p
e32:t/i
'u
) 0
0I
1 02I
0
1
2I
'b)
1V. '
0I(1 0Ij-
5 0
0D
*'

5 0
4
1 02I
*'
I hI2& 1 !0D
1 '
. I
&,D
&('
4

. %

3
. 1 +T. C1
.
Ij-gI
&0
1C'
D21 '
!.
. ,D21V. '
D6
@

I[&('
D.G- /cD ?I
D- +[@
1 -oD.
:

I(1 &@
mHn9p
Q
K
L,N(O
L,N Q,RTSVU
aUd,R?egUX<SVU
WX
YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^
9~99
576
&,'*)(+c-". /*02143
9:6<;
+l=?-A@
BED-GFHJI.G-
&(I
qp@pv t\v &n#i"uHnte2&nfnKf
iusv f#u@iWt\v &n
2Wh5v

1 V B
@ 2
:
7 J 92
D 9
)u

4
JNj V 9

0 0

D 0 #
.

4

(

U
q
v7 w 2
D
1 0
0
D
D
w 2

4
4

0
w 0=

@ & 0 % 0 P 0
) v 0

4

D

9
8F
.2 0
- )

x7

) w%

2

)
I j

4

.
$
j

/
w
/

%$ ) 0

1 0 1

F

Iu9
&

V 2
0 E

92
#
2

y

)
- D2 - .

C0 &
, BN & : IQDQ .U @$ 10 & ? 0 ' 1 4 s0
3 7
D 8 0 0 I0
D
2
D &

.
I

$

T
U
. N
B 9
'7

D @0 j& - .
4
I q
.

)

.
10 J
2

? 0
7
"
B
)

.
. 1 0 -

C0I
'
&,D
'
21
1 D
'
'
. 1 +
D21V. '
1 D
'
D21
)jI,':)
1 'T1 0I
D
<=
&,D
*'
&
'
- I
1 0I
'
C0I
1 0I(+
:-gI
Ib'
1 D
,02'
0. &0
C0I>)j-gI
1 '
'
. 1 +
)c02I
T.
'
1 Ij-
'
&[D
o1 Ij-
1 0I
'
h1 02I
'
&,&
&,I
'
i. .
)jI2Dj-
z3z

J (

{0 %$
$
& 0 2
9&
1 0I
D
&[D21V. '
'
1 2@
1 0j.
Ty
+?I
1 0.
'
'
I c)jI- .
21
C.
' ,Ty
. 1 +
&,I
1C-gI
. D- . 1+
-gI
)j-g'
&,D
&,D21V. '
c- ?D

/!1 02I
D21 I
&('
'c'
'
'
&(I
)j-gIj0I
].
- I2D
'
Dj-g/I
1 02I
.
'
.
I(1V. &
]0j.
I(1 D
Ij-g/j+
D21V. '
:1 I
&('*),+
/I
'
?1 '
Ij-
1 02I
576
-". /*02143
I,1 D
Ij- +
1 I
I-
99:6<;
('
1 '
1 0j.
1 0Ij-
Dj-g/IM. 1
-gIJ'
D.
. PD
'
I,I
. 1V. I
fD
1 D
1 0D21]1 0I(+
)jIj-)jI
- I2D
1 0D
h.
. &
1 D
D-
. 1V. I
Dj-*.
1 -gD
/
'
'
1 0I
)j'
)jIj-".
-gI
D21A1 D.
D-g/IC)j'
. 1V. '
'
'
&,D21V. '
'
1 j&-". 1 Ij-". D
- 1V. '
/IP&,D
)D- 1V. &
. 1V. '
)jIj-oD21
(02+
9
1 02I
'
I-
'*)
.
I hI2& 1C'
'
z +' z35 z2&' 0 28z 2 {:z
)jIj-oD21 c- Ic@
0I
0I
-oD
Z1 0I
1 -oD
Ij-
'
I[D
0I
&('
&2. 1V. I
'j1V.
1 '
. 1 +2@
1 0I
4 ) D u9
xN
.
7
j
.

C u
D

#7 >

V

&
j

( 1, &

7 Iu9

}

4 G
E
)

4

.
D ?0
8 2

V
ia0( Y'gc aIX\[efk2\i f^Xc ZX] \dai Yi aDZ.eh^Y(a f [\ r c if[de2X fai a rm irZâ2c XZ^_i i c de c dZiiZZa m

+

f^h^Z\[iX '\a2a0x ae2fX i c dl

) # u9

ii ZYaq i \[aio i Ya af[a i \ q ] af^d[_fc ji c aZdad[fê2hâ Z\i e32?t*i D

q
r
r
r

K
?

'
3
Zd^]
r a2l\^] f r _gc ae2f[X i c d[l
mon7p
e2f^Zh^d[Zi \[c i+d^\iaYai YaX '_g\ca2X a0ex \aX X ce2Zf[dX i Y[c da lr a
ì aYo a r a a f[X i o\ fâ
] IeYfâ2df[li a a c d ] f i lY[aa
r c r di e Y[r a;
eYZ f^dq a la;
ofi a r c f^]
q^ r q d^r \i c oa2X h^ a r df_)d[_.e2f^_] ec X \ê] \[fXi aXiir Y[Y[aa
7~
X c ldc *ge2f^de2a
C0I
(0'
(0'j1
1 0D
1 I
IJ-gI[D
I-GF
'
&[D21V. '
.G-gI
'
&
)c02I
+>D21
'
T1 0D21
1 0Ib-
'
I,1
Ij-
&
'
1 0I,'
'
D21
2
V0
2
-gI(1V. &[D
1 0I
&,D
&[D
&-gI[D
02I- I
<1 02I
Ij-g/j+[@
Ij- 1
I[D
1 0I
D-
.G)D21V. '
1 0IT)j-g'*)jI- 1V. I ]'
N q . U
:@
Ij-
1 0I
I[& 1 ]D-gI
1 0I
.
N q . U
9
:@
.G)D21V. '
(

)
!.
D(+ lD
&,D
1l-g'
IMD
G@

I(1 D
. /
*Dj-gIJ&,'

.
Ij-oD

I
1 02I
Ic@
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
(

w
s

-
I
: & 0

.
0I
I)jIj-
1 -
1 0I!)c02'1 '
'
*'
&(1V. '
'
c- I
[1V. '
1 - '
1 D21V.
1 D
*' M.
'
Dj-g/I-
ZD
1 0D21
'
1].
. @ Ic@E1 0I
1]. ?DP0'*)jI
Ij-
1 02I
+Z1 02IC.
)
0
0
w 9

)j-g'
h6
IJD- I
*' 7.
I,I
o_2>2"hJs2t*hî9nsv t\v &n ^ ht\fKh K fKu 2Ynt t u@i vni?h

4
( 2
y

U

.
JN -

1 9 (

0 '?

u9
9
#

F
2 ?0 2
'
'
I[&[D
Dj-g/I-
&0
. /
I E1 0.
+!. C- I
f1 0D21
. 1V. '
1 0.
)j'
1 02I
J;
&[D
I[I
&[D
/P'
0j. &j0
&0
1 0D21
[1V. '
1 0I
. 1V. I
(0'c'1V.
&[Dj-gI
[1V. '
'
1 D
)jI
1 D
I-GF
'
1 D.
Ij-
/J.
'
. '
fD
I- . &[D
1V. &
1 ]'
1 D
I jD
1 02I
I2&,D
&2.
!-gI
'
'
1 0. C0Dc)
1 -g'
&[D21V. '
*'
&[D
1 D
1 0I(+JD- I!D
1 0D21
1 '
*'
'
I2D
&2. 1+
D-gI
-gI[D
'
fD
1 -
C0I!- I2D
. &,D
I j&(I
A-g'
Ij-". &,D
1 -".
D,+
1 'PD
. I
&(IPD
*'
0Ij-gIC1 0I
Ij-
D21V. '
1 02I
1 0D211 02I
&0
. 1 D21V. '
*'
I[&,D
f.
. . 1V. I [@
1 Dj-".
&2. 1+
1 '
'1J)j-g'
h1 0I
&,D
BED&
-&(I- 1 D.
,02'
D21V. '
.G- I2& 1V. '
1 02I- I
&
-gI]'
'
&[D
&,D
1 D
- 1 I I fD
. 1+[@
)D
C0I
I- '
4&('
'
'
*'
&[D
21V. '
&,I
I- I
D21V. '
+C&0D
2@
1 - '
+ (I
0D
Ij-oD21 I
]. 1 0
1 0I
&0
I- . &[D
&
1 0D21
'
D21 c-gI
c- I
- I2D
[1V. '
. 1V. I [@
1 0I
C. 1 0
'
1 '
iI(1
*'
1 0IJ&,D
'
'
]02I
'
0. &0?1 02I
'
. Z1 0I
:@
21V. '
`bacW,RV^
Section 3.4. Estimates of the time scales in die casting
2

4
4

7
K
4
z3z '+{
'#4
/
C0 4 C

B
4
1 y

4 ? @

1 2 7
9
4 # 2 9
0
B u9

4
(
B 9
.
9
5
2
s7

)
4 5
B& 0 s

9 j )
x7 9

.

(

$ s
N q Q.U
4
4 ? 1 - .

} V
V 5

R

?

- 4

4

0
w7

0 D -
s 0

9 (
U **
) VN 0 &

.
V u9

J 4 9
s
.
4

U
KNF -!

D 5

5

7 ?s
.
(

4
V 0
& D
A

)- ?
4 2

I s 4 5
^
4
J 0 4 J
7
9
4 2
D

4

U
9
.
sN ) 2
8 0 2
D

4

H j
? 0
&

Nj H
.U
7
C0Ib/*-oD
1+
. 1+
). &,D
D.G-
. 1+[@
'
'
/*-oD
>;
&,D
]02I
1 02I
D- /
&2. 1+l-oD
I[& 1
0D PD
'
/I
I[/
I2& 1 I
'
I[&(1J'
'
)j'
0I
&(I!1 0I
1 0I
- 1 D
1,@
/*-oD
1 02I
/:-gD
D.G-
1 0IJ'j1 0Ij-
-o&(I f1 '
Ij-oD21 I
. 1 +JI hI2& 1 CD- I
I>I
/I
/:-gD
'
]02I
'
D21 I
6
-g&,I
-o&(I
D- /
*&('
D21V.
DP'
1 '
"D
C. 1 0
&[D
-g&,I 2@
D.G-i@
C0I
.
C0
I-
'
/b.
1 02I
. 1+[@
0Ij-gI
'j1 0Ij-
iI[& 1
/T1 0I
- '
J)D- I
-gI
'
1 0I
'
Ij-
-o&(IT.
'
VD
I- +
'
-g'
'
1 02I
. 1 +T.
. 1+
. 1 +
. 1+T.
I,1 D
1 02I>-gD21V. '
I(1 I- !.
I ].
1 02I
:@
0Ij-gI
. Z1 0I
&0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
C. 1 0
1V. &C)j'
&0Dj-oD& 1 I- .
)D21A1 Ij-
*'
-gD21 I
C0I]/:-gD
-g'
I[D-
'
Ij-
I[&
I(1 D
I!'
1 02I
2I
(0'
0D
'
'
- I
1 0D21
'
1 0I
[1 0'
Dj-
I[I
.
1 0I
0D ]1 '
1 D
/*-oD
&,D
&,D21V. '
(0'
*'
-".
- 1
1 02I
&,I
. '
c- "D&,I
1 02I
'
'
&2. 1+
&[D
I- . o+
. 1!.
*'
-gI
'
1 02I
'
Ij-.
I-
1 0I
1 0I
-gI[D
'1 I
- I2D&0
1 0I
I jD
1 C1 '
I(1
C0I
I[I
IJ1 02I
1 '
D21V.
b;
&. 1 +-gI[D&0b. 1
(0'j1
'
-o&(I
/*0
1 D
'
I c)jI- .
1 0'
. 1+
I hI2& 1
/b1 +c)j. &[D
1 02I
1 0I
'j1CD fD- I!'
1 0I
1 02I
*'
b.
I 21 -gI
'
I!.
'
'
/j1 0
1 '
I . 1V.
I[&(1
"I ()jI2&2. D
D!&,D
f1 0I
).
D21 I]I
&[D
'
1V. &
2I
- 1f1V.
'
Ij-
&0
1 0I
1 0. &
c.
C0I
.
&0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
'
I[&,D
I!'
/j1 0
I-.
. Z1 0I
1V.
. 1 +
'
1V. &
&2. 1+
-".
1 02I
1 0I
'
&j0T&,D
I]1 0D21
D- /
/I-
/*-oD
. 1+T.
'
&(I]1 02I
1 +c)j. &[D
&2. 1+!)jIj-". '
1 '>&,'
D- I
I
'
1 0I
Ij-oD21V. '
1 02I
-gD
I[I
/I
0Dc)21 Ij-

C0I
'
1 0D
D

' "$
y&% {?z5
02I2D21
1 02I
1V. &
1V.
1 -gD
)j-g'
I-
'
)j-g'
6
+
!;
&,D
1 02I
I-h1 0D
&(I

5 zOy{ T
, y
I-
1 0IJ0I[D21f1 -gD
E'

" y "
4{
{ , 2
'+z2
{'
&)

9 - D

n 9 (

4 8?
V

9&
1
) IU

(
q U
N

K ( 2 0 ?0 9
&

( 2
( 2 x7 s

&0Dj-oD& 1 I- .
8

i~ U
H I4
s 0
)
1V.

&[D
'
-g'
I-D
-gI[D
)j-g'
1 0I
I(1 Ij-
&,D21V. '
.
/l)j- '
&,I
)j-g'
1 '
'
1 0
1 02IT&,'
&,I
-gI,I
Z.
1 0I
Z1 'PI
/l.
. 1 +T'
. I]&,D
Ij)Dj-oD21 IC&,D
&[D21V. '
. I
Z1 0I)j-g'
. 1 +J.
&0
1 0I
j.
.G)D21V. '
1 0D21
D,+
c- I!DT)j- ':)jIj-
'
/<@
C0I
I- I
1 'T1 02I
D
- .
( 2

(

2
)
0 9 (
U

s 9
'
. &
-ZI jD
Dj-g/I-*1 0D
I[&0D
&('
C
'
. ?1 02I
1V.
/J)j-g'
.
'
'
&,I
1 '
21f'j1 0Ij-
C0I!&0Dj-oD& 1 I- .
1V. &
( 2
1V.
'
/PD
. I
&,D
. 1+

I,1 Ij-
b;
+
'
N)q
:@
n HKP\ JQ V 89T\*PJ88.\8 O8 5vW 58%OHwP1QOF / "5PF/8

I [@
"#"$ y&%
&(I
&,D21V. '
Ij-?)j- '
VD.
1 0I
]. 1 0
1 02I
0I[D21?1 -oD
I!&,D
z
5
'
L,N(O
L,N Q,RTSVU
aUd,R?egUX<SVU
WX
YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^
9~99
576
&,'*)(+c-". /*02143
9:6<;
+l=?-A@
BED-GFHJI.G-

9
)

2

0Ij-gI
I,1 Ij.
I2&('
',
'j1 I
>;
Ty
,
C0I!&0Dj-oD& 1 I- .
1 0j.
1V.

1V. &
/1 0
IJ.
'
'
)
4
( 2 4

T
)
2
( 2

1 0I
. I]D
)j-oD& 1V. &[D
'j1f1 0I
1V.
D& 1 D
&[D
.
'j1 I
1 0j. f1V.
1V.
# 0 s
.
9 3
'
D21 '
. ,D21V. '

)
4 D
'& D

9 3

1 02I
IC1+
21
-gI
Ij-oD/I
). &,D
D21 I
+J. ?.
'
Ij-
02I- I
. f1 0I
.
C0I!&0Dj-oD& 1 I- .

&,D
1V.
1 Z'
/b0D Z1 '
C0I
7
0
Ij-
;
D
A-g'
I,1
'
'
%N
'
I-

4 . U 4
D-g/I
. V&('
. 1+
1 '
V&-".G)[1
'
!

'
1 I

4
& D
. Z1 0I
Ij-
1 0. &
Z'
E1 0I
/cD21 I
1V.

I-

.
Ij-gI

1fD
'
. I

9 3
1 0I
D& 1 D
D21 '
!. ,D21V. '

1V.
U
~
5
.
. I
- I2D
N)q

I(1 I- !.
. '
2I!'
'
1 02IT/
1 0I
4 )u

'
Ij-
/I
&0Dj-oD& 1 I- .
1V. &
D21V. '
1V.

'
D
I(1
)
C

)j- I
. 1Z1 '
U
q
:@
)
j 4 2
D D
0
I
Dj-gI
I [@

1V. &
. 1V. '
. 1
. 1+[@
'
1V.
D
%
&
Ij-
-gI!'
1V.
&('
'
1 I
:@
A-g'
1 0I

. IJ.
I-

^
c- "D&,I
1 02I
<@
)
'
.
)jI-gD21 c- I
D21V. '
D21 I
N)q |U
$#
9
1 0IP02I2D21f1 -oD

9 > u9

)u
N q q U
! !
I
?I

1 'PI
"!
$#
*)
.
)D21 0J'
/P&0D

J)jIj-oD21

I(1 D
. ?1 -gD
'
1 '
N)q ) T.U
:@
)
&j0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
1V. &

1V.
I!D
N)q ) R.U
:@
1 0I!&0Dj-oD& 1 I- .
&('*),+
'1 I
I[D
_g, + c X ea2\X Xi Xc oc Zfd+i a2f^Xh^f^Zd\_Di Yi Z[Y[`9a+ii Z

q e2c e2f^f^] p ]
e\] f[i ac i
#
0j. &j0
'

1V. &
Dj-g/I
D21V. '
1 ?1 0D21
9
&('
.
4. 1 0J1 02I

u
~
) (

(' !
.
. '
:@

1 0I
1 0I

1 0I!&0Dj-oD& 1 I- .
1 I
N)q
1 02IP0I[D21Z1 -gD

'
c- "D&,I
. Z1 0I
Ku0p
1 D

^
5s
.

6
Iu9

0 4 2

&('
:@
. ,D21V. '
71 0I
D21V. '
'

F
N)q IU
. 1 +
D21 '
I[I
2pv 2
/PI
c)
&,'
1 0IT&0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
/*-g'
I(1

9

1 D.
(
C. 1 0
'
4 )u

/'
'b'
9
j0
;
lJn9pf t\v &n t\v
1 D.
;
D21V. &
1V.

.

C0I!-gI
1V. &
&2. 1+
1 '>. 1,@

'
z
5
'
1V. &
. D/*-oD
'j1 I

'
&j0D-oD& 1 Ij-".

1 0I
A@

W
.

1 02I
7~9
576
-". /*02143
1V. &

1V.
99:6<;

'1ZI
I[&(1 I
b;
+J1 02I
(
I
. 1V. '

'
1 02I
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
`bacW,RV^
x T
, y 0
'
Ij-
C. 1 0J&j0D
Ij-".
0
"$
'*)
D21V. '
/l)j- ':)jIj- 1V. I ?1 '
. D-
+JD
'

z'
5
1 0I
0I[D21f&('
&0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
1V. &
1V.
)j- '
"
IJ. C/
1V.
. I
+P.

, "$
1 -g'

'
0D

$%
. '
I?D I
1V. &
1V.
)Dj-oD
D21V. '
'
:@
-&,'
& 1V. '
N)q U
:@
&(I
h6
. D-
. 1V. '
'j1 I C1 0I
+!D
D
D.
fD
'
)D21 0P'
'
- I
N)q ) U
:@
'

&
D K u9
9 y

(

A 9

) !
I
#0

(
0 9
@ 9

) $ 2
& !CN 4 K 2 U 17
4 A 2
! y K 9 (
)
' 4

4
(

P 0
D

2 . N

:
U
) 80

'
{
'

(
(
D

0
) w0 2 )
D

s

4 ' 2
'1 I!D/
'j1 I
1 02I

I(1 I-
) ) B
j 0
)j-g'
2. 1 02I
#
$#
) (
1 02I
I(1 D
&j0D-oD& 1 Ij-".
& 1V. '
. 1 0
.
C0I
/J1 0I
&,'
Ic@
&2.
. 1 +[@
1 02I
&,D
If'
'
V
4 {}
1V. &
)c0D
)

&,I
)
I,1 D
. '
&j0D-oD& 1 Ij-".
& 1V. '
'
.
)j-gI

1 0I

4
02I- I
1 0I
/!0I[D21EI
z
5
'
4
Iu9
% 9 D J u9
w )u
)N q q U

u9
. 7

4
4 9

C0If/
' ,Ty
D.
1 0D21
0'
1 02I
. I
1 0I
'
.*.
&,I
I- +
'
-1 0I
'
- /
'
'
92 0 <, &

*FW
N u

0

2 0
'
' ].
&
.
I(1
1 0I
I(1 D
)21V. '
'
1 0I
' C.
I[D
I,I
Ij- 1
. I
$ J0
'

D

1 02I
'
1 02I
D
-".
1 I- I
1,@
'
1 0I
1 02I
. 1V. D
I-
)- '
+J1 0I
.
&(I
I(1 D
&('
. 1V. '
]. 1 0
&j0D
Z1 0I!&0Dj-oD& 1 I- .
1V. &
/I ZD
1V.
"'
'
. TD
. D-
1 D
l;
&,D
'
02I- I
D(+[Ij-Z.
'
1 Z'
)c0D
I- +
- I
I- +
/b1 02I>&[D
. 1 D21V. '
IJ.
'
1 0I
)j-g'
&
)jIj-oD21 c- I
1 0I
:@
1 02I1 I
*.
JD
1 0j. &
&[D21V. '
'
Ij- +
1 02I
/>-gI[D
)j-g'*)jIj- 1V. I
'
e vuwu 2Wh@si
Wh#i
1V. '
D(+[Ij-
D.
'
&0D
. (0I
C0I
&j- I2D
A.
'
&-gI[D
1 02I
G@
z
5
'
1 0.
-gI
Ij-g/'
1 02IP.
&j- I2D
0Ij-gI!1 '
1 D
'j1C'
/1 0
'
' ,Ty
% , "$
1 '
1V. &>1V.
. 1 I
1 D
1V. &!1V.
&(I
!0D
&0Dj-oD& 1 I- .
'j1 0Ij-?)j-g'
-gI
'
&0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
'
1 0D21
j& 2

U
2

*F P
6
Ij-
)c0D
1 '!&('
'
)21V. '
&

2 )Q.Q U

J
?NP

V 9 (
K

1 9 (

2

J 9 ( 8
0.
1 02I
IZ1 0D21
I
1 0D21C1 0I
I
'
1 02I
&,IC1 02I,+
-gD&. 'lD
& 1V. '
I-
D.
&,'
'
&('
D/
-gI
&
02I2D21
. 1
1 D
&,I?1 '
I]1 0D21
1 0I
Ij-
1 -gD
1 0I
'
&,D21V. '
. f.
'
1 02IP&,D
1V. &
1V.
&,D21V. '
A-g'

. I

#
?7

4

1 Ij-gI
&j0D-oD& 1 Ij-".
'
1 0I
'
I-
1V.
. I
]0j.
1 0I].
I ?D&,&,'
&
1 Ij- "D&(I
1 '
N)q ) QU

:@
' 8\8 * M/\8O5\ /\ TM8T* 5\E*w^^.w E* w^\8 *.* /S8'5\ /\ % P/F','T 8*
O8\FI8 8w^,% 8\888PO88P ;b* 8ÌO\ :58,% 8K T H* w^1 /w*8S\51M/\ 8 \ /58 % /
_ #8^/` P. ;M8 **\8O/8*
S "\8%8I% P68** SM8wÎ\ T/Mw\\P ^6
\*P8 ,% 8E8\5' \; H* w^6\8 \* 83\M889Q\w*#M8F*w^'*S ,% 8`
5\ /\ ^3 \V 1M8;\8*F/ "! #%$ `w5\ 1M* .8 83/S58,% 8S "TP`& P' /* 8'\
Q\w
6*w\//OP\ M8\ /w*8bM/\' 8b5\ /\ % P6I8**^ 5) IS8;* *w H* w^\5VJ/P\ *
\I / 85;IM8\ \/*8#\5Q\8TM8/* 8// M*/M /8/88I 8 % 5\8'I \ 8^%^?8 J\P8,\w^
M* w^,5/w8F\8;8 .88' 5*
/b M8' *
q>q
K
L,N(O
L,N Q,RTSVU
aUd,R?egUX<SVU
WX
YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^
9~99
576
&,'*)(+c-". /*02143
9:6<;
+l=?-A@
BED-GFHJI.G-
4
02I- Il02I- I
A- '
'
&2. 1+[@

j

2
4 9

0

- 4
0
0Ij-gI
&('
. PI
)j-gI
'1
]-gI
)jIj-".
CD
1 D

I[D21
&(I
1V.
IJ. C/
&('
I P&. I
Iu9
+!1 02I!I
0Ij-gI
1 0D21
1 D
'
1 D
'
&,I
1 '
I!.
J. 1
HP.
.
'
&('
- 1V. '
1 02I
0. &0
. I
'
.
.
D
1 Ij-gI
'
]02I
D.
. I
'
1 I
)jI-gD21 c-gI
1 D
'1 I
1 0D21
&(I
. /
+TD
&[D

D
I[/
~9
4

&
2
I 2

U 7
9

2 2
'
I!&[D
. I]1 0. &
&('
&
1 0I
&('
c-
1 0j.
. &(1 PD
A- '
&(I
1 -oD
)j-g'
&,'
. '
1 I "D
1 2@
Dj--".
HP.
1 02I
C0I
I-C0D
21 02'
<1 02I
D
0D f1 '
I[& 1
. /
'
. 1 +
1 0I
IJ&,'
&[D
1 -oD
'
Ij-
1V. &!0I[D21
)jIj-oD21 c- I
1V.
+j. I
'+ ]1 02I
1 'l1 0Ib02I2D21
1V. &!1 I
'
1 0I
. D-]-gI
'
&
9 y

' 9 (

D C u9
K}

D

{
)- KP
'
1 D
&0D
&0Dj-oD& 1 I- .
? (
1 0I
N)q ~ IU
u

D
/b'
1 0I
c- .
f1 0I
c- 1 02I-
)D- I
D21
/I
'
I,I
1,@
)jIj-oD21
&(I
&,D21V. '
A-g'
1 I
1 0D21
I [@
0D
'
.
1 '>'1 02I-
'
/T1 0I
1 0I
-gI
,)jI,I
)jI
j. 1 I
'j1V. &(I
/:-gD
. I
'
1 02I
1 0I
%
*
]02I
'
'
:@
- "D&(I
'
&,I
C0IJ&0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
1 I- "D&,I
1 0I
-gI .

. '
1V.
'
,02'
1 Ij- "D&(I
A- '
1 '
0D !D
D-
'j1 IJ1 0D21!.
1 0I
'
&
21 '

. &
9 *
I,I
D- +J&,'
]0j. >.
1 '
-g'
)j- ':)j'
I-
c)
]D
I[D-
)j-g'
)- '
D&
[@
1 '
&[D21V. '
&,D21V. '
K u9
9 ^

1V. D
1 0D21]D21
.
0
I(1
2

& y
92

8 j

U
2 O7

:
6N #& 0
D E 0
.
1 0. &
1V.
D&,&,'
21
'
. I
1 02I
)jIj-)jI
. 1V. '
D21V. '

.

J

v

y
H
2

2 I

(

~0
A

4
F
B u9
! { 9 9

4
/ u9

&% #

9

7
' 9 P

7
D

0

7
s

;
1
:@
D21Z1 0I

Ij-
N)q
Qh 2?s2Ynt i
Wh#i
1 0I

4

IT0I[D21C1 -oD

( 2
BN

(
9

> 9 (

&
&('
'
D21V.
I2Dj-o&0
D fD- I
'
D21 I ?1 02IP0D
1V. D
. '
4 4
( 2
. /
1 - & 1V. '
C0I

. ]1 0IP.
Ij-gI
-E1 02I
A-g'
1 -oD
&(I
A-g'
Ij-
&[D
:@
. I
A- '
71 0I
I,I
I!I
1 'l1 0I
'
'
1 0I
1V.
D21 I
&('
b;
1V.
)j- ':)j'
1 I
'
- 1V. '
)jIj-oD21
21 '
-gI
.
. J.
1 02I
j@
1 02I
'
N)q
&% #
:@

1V.
$ A vF

1]D
I[D-
&(1V. '
D
'
1 02I
r
&[D21V. '
~>~
9 N 9 ! u
U
&% # *
?

# D

1 0I
I(1
;
N)q
&
. I!1 0. &
6E;
VF

21
~ q
&(1V. '
@
z 5P8 /8*8P\ **5% P S* ^P. 8 ;^POP\ 8,^ M/81\I^8 ,P \8 E* O\

3w8/w^%8OM8Vw^M ,\8^;\IK^8VK,P \ ?\ 8/M* *#\8 8P\*"M/M8^`wI8M/M\ Q^ .
8
w8/5,8 #M8w^J ,,*/^b*IK^/M/KS%P \"M /^ W "S 8*98I **/b\P^K8/:\^ 89 /KM88*88I 8 ,%
% O\
{ S8'^ % O '5\;\1 .8w /^ I15P8/@% 8M8Vw^M ,\8^^/M8FH . 3w8/w^,/ ^ P V 88/M;\8M8
%\Q*M8/M8/w^J ,,*/^. 8 'M8^PP /1 H\ ; \ !"$#Q
5\F*.w8/w^,/ ^ I& %*# \*.\ Q%^QM8TO*wQM \ E^F%J\.% PV 58\ V\( ')% *P
&('*),+
7~9
576
-". /*02143
99:6<;
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
`bacW,RV^

6
{?{
' ,Ty
,.- . ) 0

j0
D 2 B
jD
1 - '

-

0
.
.G)D21V. '
&j0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
&,I1
V&2.
02'
.G)D21V. '
'
z
5
'
D21V.
'
&
?>Wib@AI
I-
1V. &J1V.
I>.
I jD
. &[D
'
4 5 0 5 9

% $ ? #

9
g"A

DJ

" 9

)
. ]/'
I(1 I-D
1 0I
'
-". /
'
'
-g'
)- '
. I
.G)D21V. '
b;
T;
*' 7&[D
&('
'
'
- I[/
Dj-
[@
/*021f1 '
DT- I
.
)j-g'
>
:

0 (

0

+P.
D21 c- Ic@
D!1 0.
I[&j0D
& +
I2D
. &
&,I
I
1 02I
-
]. 1 0
1 02I
Ij-A@

!" #$% #!&'()+*,-./#)0'21% #!3%4!5* 76 #8#)9:;:%=<>
#+
?@;A;CBD
)4E)F#G)42%?H1I<>"# 6IJ K#G4) '( #L*,%4E ;M(*5 6NJ O;;)QP
42#2/#)RTS/U?;%!=VW !BYXWZU[4)H 42
\9V\ !BYXY%PEU]\^2!9V\ !B 65J #24E!#8#]:;@V\:!1?#G 42
#2 BY;HO;42;4)+(*$:%F4)H 42

9V\ )B 6_ ;9VD%Q:%F4)H 42
3%H#`3N4)2;Q:;`4!.H 4G
9V\ !B 6
<VAU9:Q8<V=
$cd
Gb

Db

e b
5!

N)q ~ /| U
:@
f
?H 1F3#gV(. !Bh>iH:L9VW !B 6
?>Wib@AIHj
k:; Ml
?m u U4g1;
;;)n*,

">iH:o
( ` #,W3; )Bp LF^G)
W4!H 1)XYq 6+r :%[ BY `';(!1F #
',W2BD:n3+#)3V 6 #8#) )Bs#2)4G;;?t1F<>u#[lwvi)E0x #=4)!

Xy4 6 UXu%/#24!. '(:;<>
#@o*,%4E ;*i 6=z
{?:%3; ]|
?mp6
<VAU9:Q8<V=
) b

d b
N)q ~ T U
b 5!

:@
J #24E!#8#:%42#G=*",V\ o9VW !BYXY;F:;=4G#29*i:;=4!:?34) #) 49V\ )B
7 - . ) 22
I
d %} "~ ) )
I 4

D
C0I
II jD
I l.
1 -gD21 I1 0D21
1 0
Dc)c)jI[D-
T;
'1 0
'
1 02I

1 02I
@
!

. ?1 02I
T
K
L,N(O

aUd,R?egUX<SVU

.G)D21V. '

'
F

& 1V. '

YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^

1V. &b1V.
/j1 0

"
WX
1V. &
!
!

.
L,N Q,RTSVU
02I- I
V
'j1 Ib1 02I
1 02I!&j0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
e32:t/i

&j0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
D
j0

'
'/+
I,1
I[I

!

)

/ 80

& )
.G)D21V. '
&,D
1 +c)j. &[D
. I

!

4;
lD
Dc)c)jI[D- ]D ?1 0I

!

'
1 0j. &
0. &0
;
+

2@
N)q ~ R U
:@
(
.
G

"

9~99
576
&,'*)(+c-". /*02143

N)q ~ U
:@
9:6<;
+l=?-A@
BED-GFHJI.G-
qc o a rq YZ f r qi f^Xdi i Y aa [fo q ] a2XFf r adZi

q \8i e a r i y Xa q ] f^d[fi c Zd
iq c \ZiIdom Z Zr r i a Y^ca X 0a q 'f^\df[_î a2c _Zd a q ] f^d[f[p
mon7p
c Xc i c o q Z r i f^dii ZI_gc X e\X Xi Y[a

0L0
'
P

,
/
'c'
D21
I-gD
c1V.
{
0
,
I
. 7
^
-gD21V. '
hI,+
'
- 1 D
/
&
D&(1 D
. '
1 0I
'
- 1 0Ij'j1 I
'
- I
1 0j.
&(IJ. 1?1 D
IJ.
1 '
1 02I
1 02I
7 s 9 (
'
C0I
'1 I
1 0D21
#
0j. &j0

I[D
'
D

'
'

&,D21V. '
1V.
( 2
1 '

/J1V.
N)q ~ . U
:@
?1 0D21

.
1V.
D21V. '
1V.
. 1
1 D
A- '
<@
]02I
-oD21V. 'T. CI 21 -gI
1D
/l)j-g'
&j0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
2IC0D 1 '
<1 02Ib)j-gI

&,I
I- +
. '
&,'
].
1 '
1 '
21
A-g'
I c)jI- .
&(1V. '
+)j-g'*)j'
1V. &Z1V.
If'
!.
'
D&,&,'
*1 0I?/I,'
/>1V.
1 [@
I(1 - +[@
@
&j0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
1V. &
1V.
. ,D21V. '
&0Dj-oD& 1 I- .
4

1V. &
1V.
IJ. C/
N)q q I U
:@
N)q

'
c-

'j1?'
1 02I
. I
&[D
. 1
N)q
+
].
:@
4 '
Ij- +
"D

&('
)D-gI
1 '
1 02I
q ~
q>q
. 1+[@

%0 2
&[&
:@
1 02I!/cD21 I!D
5!

U
9
c * -! +
& )

'
. ,D21V. '

1 0j. &
&(1V. '
3
:@

N)q
( 2
.
/l)j- '

&,I
2@
/ / ,\J6M8 \8 5\ M\ H/% PE

P/J8_JW/ .
`H*5% PH KP\ J3 /8*P
P*8 Q8,\P*9,TKO5\T8\FP\**O .M\ SE/% PH
&('*),+
7~!:6<;
576
-". /*02143
D21V. '
&('
D21 '

1 '
1 0I
&
1V.
3
D21 '
'
+CDC&,'

1V. &
6
I
s
'
&(1V. '
&(I
:@
&,D21V. '

1 0j. C&,D
- 1 D
j.G-gI
-gI
Ij-gI
&('
&0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
1 0I
( 2
)
I(1 D
-gD21V. 'P'

D{ 9 (
-gD21V. '
. J)j'
'j1f- I2D
'
'
&% #

) ')
&,D21V. '
'
.
1 D
D&[&('
1 D
D21V. '
&('
&,'
-gD21V. '!'
]02I
1 02I
1 02I
1 0D21
C0I
C0I
)u
N q ~ .U 7

-

(
)u
2

N)q ~ Q.U
& s

& 0 4 2
9 9
~ 9 -
4 5 F

2

2
4 9

. ( 2 Iu9

( 2

9
*

( 2 4
'

zb{
"

Ij-
1f1 0I
&(IJ. 1
Ij-
1 I "D
)j'
[@
9

r

: A
.

I
s0
9

2 (

V

^

"
@

"
)u

&

w 9 (

7
D{ u

Ij-gI
y
/
_ga c X a2ee2\i X XFXZidYia9Y^c lXa2e2ZZoda2X ii fr

d[i X Y[f q a

z {
5
'
02I- I
' ,O{
& 4
$% #
& s

I!&[D
0

s
z 2
)
+>=?-A@#"ED-GFHJI.G-
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
`bacW,RV^
Section 3.5. Similarity applied to Die cavity
C0I

9 (

&% #
&

)

D
4 2
) 8 % K

$

&
) 7

.
D
-gD21V. 'P'
/
1 0I
'
D21V. '
&[D21V. '
6
)j-g'/:- I
'
1 0I
/*-g'
c)
+j. I
)j-g'
1 02I
'
.G)D21V. '
1V.
1 '
'
&,D21V. '
C1+c)j. &[D
&,I
. I
Z.
1 0j. &
&[D21V. '
"D
'
If&('
1 0I
I[&j- I2D
&,D
2I
I [@
I- I
D ED

1Z0D
c- IZ&('
. C/
"-!

C0I!-oD21V. '
4
N)q
q
:@

DN-!

v0
8 9 (

%0 2 y
. 5

"
0
. 1 D21V. '
.G)D21V. '

1V.
)u

(

)

(

9
1 0j.
1 02IT-gD
;
1 '
- I
&(I
&(1V. '
/I
'
'1 I
D
)j-g'
1 0D21
G@
4D
. &,D21V.
02I
1 0I
]-gI
fD
1 0D21
'
1 f1 02I
'
1 02I
&,D21V. '
+f1 0I
1 D/
. (0

Sz2y y-% z

&' ,Ty{
,./
4 0
A$
N #

( 2 9 4
(

(
U

{ ?
.
9
K
0
' 9 (
#

{}
) 0

- ' * 1$
0 / 4
K
V

- w0
( 2 x7 K u9
4
2 #

( 0

@P 0 4
I 0 s0 2

& 0
#

*
4 Iu9

4

V 0!0

7

{7

9
s

K u

/ "
0

} s s } v!
N)q q TU
0 0 V
I

$ 0
>

.
@0 5 u
J - 0

^
^
y
0
u9

-
7
C0I
/l'
I2&0D
. &
&,D21V. '
1 '
f1 0I
.
1 -gI
. I
/<@
.G)D21V. '
I,/*-gI,I
&[&
c-i@
'
I,1 D
1 0j.
'
&
&
'
. 1V. '
.
Ij-
1 '
0D
)j-g'
. '
1 'l1
02'
1 -gI[D
&2. 1+
&,D21V. '
].
&,'
& 1ZI
[@
1 'c'
1J)jIj-". '
1V.
D-gI
. I
-h1 '
:)j'
'
&,D
'
'
'
0j. &j0
)j-". '
D-gI
1 0D21?1 0I(+
)jI- . '
)jIj-".
)D21A1 I-
1 0I
I[&,'
I-
*'
cD
)jI- . '
1 0I
1 '
'
1V.
)jIj-".
1 '
0D
C. 1 0
1 '
Ij-
j.
'
I-
1 0I
'
1 02I
D21Z1 0j.
'
1 '
@
C0If/
D- +J&,'
'
Ij-
. 1V. '
I,1 D
'
&,'
I-
;
. 1+>&,D
0I[D21C1 -oD
C0I
'
&[D
Z1 0D21f1 0I
1 D/
'
cD- I
2@
D21V. '
]02I
D-gIZ/
'
D- +J&,'
1 '
1 0I
'F
. 1V. '
.G)
)- I2&(I
D21
J&,'
1 0I
'
. 1V. '
I[& 1V. '
0j. &j0
1 Ij- "D&(I
'
'
1 0I
/cD
. V&
1 0I
jD.G-D
'
\iji Yad\oha XbZmjlZ^k2a r d^c d[l

0aq 'g\f[i c Zd[X r
_gc XFc X c ie\[i X r X\[c aZdm Z r ] f r lâ
fd^\ohâ r
'
-1 02I
j.
- I2D
:@
02I- I
Dc)c)
. I
1 '!1 0I
1Z1 0IJ.
&,D
1 I- "D&,I

V&-".G)[1
02I- I
I(1

1 0I
I,I
l.
. &[D21 I Z1 02I
.
1 0I
I,1 D
.
.
)c0D
. I
I,1 D
]. 1 0
cD
'1 I
'
jD.G-
- 1 0[+
T;
D.G- /cD fD
)j-gI
1 '
1V. '
'j1 0!Dj-gIC1 '
-gI
)P.
1 0D21f1 0. ?D
&j0j.
)j-gI
1 02I
'
c- "D&,I
N)q q R U

:@

A

B
^
4
0
# u
87 ?
^
9
V 4
2
K u9
4 W
0

4
j 9
0

W

4 9
5

. s 4 >7

C
s0
(
4

V u9
0
w$
3

)
K -
s % 4

N ) 2
0
0Ij-gI
1 I
T;
. '
"D& 1 '
-])j-gI
&,D
1 0I
2I
&
1 '!1 0I
. '
'j1
1 0D21
D- IP1 0I)j-".
I,I
0. &0
'
'
I(1
1 0I
&
. I !'
. /
/l)j-g'
.
)D- 1
&]&,'
-gD
1 02I
1 0I
1 02I
I,1 D
'
I ].
G@
D21
&. 1 +
1 02I
,02'1
1 D
c- "D&,I>&
c- "D&,I
I,I
1 '
Ic@
I]'
I[I
1 02I
<6
I,1 - +T.
I(1 I- !.
D21 c- I
I(1 Ij-
1 02I
- "D&(I
Ij-oD
]02I
c-
/I['
. 1V. I ?I(1 &
/cD21 I!0D
(0'j1
'
A-gI,I
C0I
&. 1 +
Ij-CD
1 D
&,I
..E'
.
'
1 02I-
()jI2&2.
1 'J1 0I
&.G)D
&
.
1V. I
A-g'
D- .
*' 4'
I-
[1,@
"I ()jI[&. D
1 0I!)
I
1 '
1C0D
+
. D/*-oD
"D& 1
1 '
)j'
1 0D21
'
- I2D
. (I
. /
TM* P % P W/81P\ .% QQ 1H ,/8,8 15P8H8IP*8 Q8 Q\*P8SM8 ? 8'/M8P \ .M8
_8M\w*+/M88K^P85b\8FP :8w8Q/w^5,,5bS *OP ,8/,,5+
\* M8H O58 % 8;/w^^% S'//*\P T/w^^%5
/ bM8 E* .J\8^5\\8/S* M* PIP\\8, 58* , *+*^*/,O wÎ\ S 8T/w^,I\wP8P 8\8
M88wI*wF8VQ /8Q88^
q

K
L,N(O
L,N Q,RTSVU
aUd,R?egUX<SVU
WX
YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^
9~!:6<;
576
&,'*)(+c-". /*02143
+l=?-A@"ED-GFHJI.G-
j
~ D 0 9?

s (
x0

(
)
7
.
7 @ D )
4
( 2 D
Yc Xa lr aZdc Xa i Ya q f r f^h^Z] c e q r Ze2a2X X

4 D

s

? 7

4

7
I
D W*

\[X ii Zlâ2ii Yaf[k2a r flak2f] \[a

)
mf^\^dd_e2ii Zc Zda ] qf]i fa c r dY[Z`.i Zlâ2ibi Y[a

&

)j-g'
&,I
fD
0D ?D
. /
&,D
I2&('
-gI
&(I
1 02I
C0
1 D
. 1+
)j'
'
&,D
1 'l&('
'
'
0Ij-gI
I-1 0IT)j-gI
)j'
'
c- I>)j-gI
&[D
1 0I
Ij-
I(1 - +[@
/I
C0I

1 0D21?1 02I!D.G- /
D.G- /
I[/
. /
&('
. '

&j- .G)21
1 D
C0
'
D21V. '
'
I,1 Ij-
1 -gD
I2D
c/cD
f/cD
'
1V.
!.
)jI-gD21 c- Ic@
I
I- I
1 0D21Z1 02I
)j-g'
&(I
I- 11 02I
C.
)j'
4
I
WW {}
)j- I
+21 -g'*). &
'
E1 0I
1 0IJ&('
1 -g'
.
&[D
/)Dj-oD
I(1 D
. 1+
. 1V. '
D21V.
1 '
Dj-gI[D
:@
&[D
D-gI
D21V. '
. J)j'
D H
w

/]1 '
- 1 D
<D-gI[DP'
]D-gI
0Ij-gI
1 0I
D&,&,'
1 02I
. '
'
1C)D-oD
'
.
I(1 I- 2@
IJ1 0I
. 1 +
]02I

-E&[D
17 B
I
0Dc)21 Ij-
'
&,D
^
&,'
I-
Ij0D
1 02IP&-". 1V. &,D
1 02I
I[D-
I.G-
I(1 I-
I[&,'
&('
D- I2Dl.
"ED- H
0Ij-". &
1]-gI
,)
I . /
'
. '
. 1+JD
21E1 0I
I]'
D21V. '
)21V. '
:@
N)q q .Q U
-gI
-gD21 I?'
fD
-E1 0I
)
'
/I
1 '
G@

wP w0 @?

9
D.G-c1 I
c- 1 02I-D
r ) ) } ) } D )
(
) r 0 V
&

U
,+u9
N)q
# # (

} )
) ^
) ^
5!
0Ij-gI
&j0D
I,1
&. 1 +
J
I(+ Z1 0IJ.
I-D
'j1 I ?1 0I!D21
'
'

*'
1 02I
0Ij-gIJ1 0I
C0I
&,I
:@
;
'
1D
IJ02I2D21
C0I?D.G- /cD
1 -oD
N)q q . U

ef[iYc a2e eFi YaX \^hX e r c q ijc XX
2X i aop 7 s
j!
D
4
4

7
0
9

4 4
#

Q 7
V& 0J

4

4

4
0
0 2 N

10 BN ^
)QDQ.T UU
92
)
7 A

)u

4

V u
9 )

} )
^ )

) v
!

)
)
)
)

6
]02I
A-gI,I
:@
. 1V. '
CDj-gI
N)q q .U
'
1 0I
]02I
A- '
Dj-". D21V. '
I,/
&('
1 0I
. 1+!/I,'
1 02I
&j- .G)21V. '
1 02I
D21
1V.
1 0I
1 0D21
'
&j0D
D21
D- . D21V. '
& 1V. '
1 '
0'
- 1V. '
. . 1V. I
c- I
E1 0I
2I
D ?D
&,I
I!)j'
. 1 02I
Ij-oD
IP1 0I)j-gI
1 -oD
'
)21V. '
& 1V. '
E1 0I
0 1

D 9
F

.
(

D
1 - +
D- . D21V. '
D21f1 0I!I
&j- .
&2. 1+
D- I
. ?D
)D- 1
'
1 02I
C0Ij-gI
. 1+!D
. 1V. D
D-". I CD
. . 1+
. . 1+b. !1 '
I]1 0I
E1 02I
1 0I
fD.G- /cD [@
&-".
'
I
I
U

.
4

x7
D

4

4
4
N F
U 7 4
5F
D
4

7

(

2
J

4
4

0

V

7 ?
.

'
c-gI
'PD
1 D.
-gI
)j'

.
D
&,'
1 '
)j-gI
I(1A1 I-
1])- I
(0Dj-)
C0I
'
&,'
C0I
/J1 0I
&. 1 +J.
1 I
0j. &j0
iI(1,@
. 1
. ]&('
-".
&j- .
'
1?)D- 1
)j'
I-
I-
&[D
I)j- I
C0I
Ij-
:@

D

N)q
1 0I>D
)[1V. '
'
1 02I
]&('
1 D
. '
. 1 +T1 '
- I2D
*)
)
N)q I U
)
:@
j "M* b ,8**EK..8 w^%8 8^FP%8 F*' 8 */bP8^%M 8

n S88w/O%/8*?**%M \ % ^5 +//O88*%OM* P8OP\ 'P,* .M/TO* ^P8MP 8;/8\Q^ 8w5
&('*),+
7~!:6<;
576
-". /*02143
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
`bacW,RV^
2q
Section 3.5. Similarity applied to Die cavity
w
. (

0
{7 s
Iu9

C
5

K u9

J-

9} )
9
} ) } ) ]} ) ) ^]} ) ^
)

)
)
)
)

I2D
'
'j1 I
-E1 0I
1 0D21
.
I]&,D
I(1 D
'1
*.
IC1 0.
1 0I
A&('
'
. J)
D21 I
&[D21V. '
)
*)
ssst ) ^
7

0Ij-gI
C0I
I!&,'

)
0D
. 1 +
)
1V.
&
Iu9

)
C0I
) )
)

x 9
Iu9
/cD
jD.G-
'

)
}

D21V. '
*)
)

7
b "
} ) )
7

j0
'1 I
1 0D21].
C0I
'
C0I
.G)
- "D&(I
D21V. '
J&,'
I,1
I[I
0Ij-gI
1 0I
[1V. '
1 '
7 s 2
) 6 )
C0I
'
)

'
j1 IIj- 1 I
Ic@
]02I
'
'
)
)
'

)
'

-o&(I
D21V. '
-gI[D
N)q
:@
N)q
:@
Vq
*)

Ij-gI
1 '
)

)
)

h6

)
) )
1 '
:@
(@
:@
v
1 0I!D.G-
D21V.
o+
:@
)
( ) v

s 9 D
D-gI
D21V. '
) ) )
) )

)
0D ?1 02I

)
#

#

#

#

'
s
s
A-g'
) ^
)
)
)
) ^

)
) ^

)

N)q U
:@
n b % 8TM* H/% P1 b b8%J\O^TM/ * ,^*J ./M8* # /\8\88\88//w^,I\w.\8' 8.*/wM\w\

q
Q
K
L,N(O
L,N Q,RTSVU
aUd,R?egUX<SVU
WX
N)q

N)q TU
) v!

I(1 D
0D
. 1 +JD
N)q RU
) ) )

.
) )

)

Iu9
&('

j 10
)4
D
} )
)
)
) ^ s
. 1V. '
?Dj-gI
1 0I
) )
)

1 D
v!
1 -oD
)
. 1V. '

} ) )
V u

Iu9
1 0j. CI
) )
)
-:1 0I]/cD
&,'
-gI[D
W
)
)
D21V. '
'
YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^
9~!:6<;
576
&,'*)(+c-". /*02143
+l=?-A@"ED-GFHJI.G-
$ w0 2 9

f. 1
].
'
} )

)
1 0I
'
} )
)
[1V. '
)
y
%

1 0.

&,I
&(I
'
'j1
D(+
I!Dc)
D21 I
;
+
N)q .U
:@

'
D-g'
. 1
1 0I
I2&,D
&,D
IJ1
)

#

)

)

9
. 1C0D
)c0D
N)q Q.U
x7
( 2
D
:@

5 0
'
1 'J&,'
*'

x

I(Fc'
&j0D-oD& 1 Ij-".
[1
A- '
-
1 0I

1V. &P.
D '
)jIj-".
-?)D- 1]'
1 2@
]02I
1 0I
[@
%

I-
E'
1 - &(1V. '

1 0j.
&,I
2 5 &'
?W

0 8
.?
I[&(1V. '
3 2 5
Dj-". (I]D

21 02I
D '
)
-
. '

0
?)Dj-oD
I(1 I-

0D21
I hI2& 1
1 02I

. I]&,D
1V.
[@
_2Yn0p n
&2

s ) @ 4
I ~J ))
4
I ' O$ <
z

D ! 9
. )
J 0

z 9
.
. s ( @0

4 w 7
H I

W

4 2
{

D
5

9

.
Ij- 1 D.
hI(+
'
&,D
D
I-
)- '
)
)
) ) )
) ) )
} )
)

T;
1 '
) ) )

H
)j-g'
&[D
80 1& 0

9

j0
1 D/I

$
:@
)
)
-gI
. 1 +b-oD21V. 'l&,D
)j-g'
N)q
D21V. '
5 2

} ) ) )
) s

1 0I
)u
1 0D21?I
1V.
<I,+
1 0I
Dj-g/I
-gIj)j-gI
'
Ij-
1 I
Ij-
1 0I
D,+
C0I
;
1 0I
Ij-1 0
-oD21V. '
. /
&j0D- /
-g'
, &
(
&
Ij- 1
. /
&[D
.

Ij-

I(1 Ij-
&,'
/*0!1 0I
2 n &2

m
'
]1 02I
&,D
- '
&2. I
&('
'
'
'
-o&(I
'
0. &0
I!'
-o&(I
A- . &(1V. '
I ]. 1 0IJ-g'
Ij- 1V. D
1 Ij-
'
E1 02I
'
1 02I
I]1 0I
1 02I
&,'cI P&. I

9 D K

.
-o&(I J1 '
I,1 Ij-
*'
&('
'
)D21A1 Ij-
. D/*-oD
-g&,I 2@
1 02I
1 0I
. I
I(1 Ij-
Ij-
Ij-A@
I- /+
Ij-g/j+
Ij-g/j+
1 -oD

Ij-gI
1 '
j
1 02I-
Ij-g/j+
1,@
z S* S P* . S^PMw /8wM *? M8/w5/KKV\*% E| 5Q

{ %Ô\W% Q\ 8sH 8J/@
/\\8
&('*),+
7~!:6<;
576
-". /*02143
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
`bacW,RV^
Section 3.6. Summary of dimensionless numbers
7n
n
&2
n

4 9

& ?

4 9

D 4

4
?
D
7

0 s 4 D

4 ~

5
2
0 N
U !$ >
I 0

4 9

2 4 2
)
2
"
-".
0I[D21
.
1 -gD
1 D
I-i@
&(I
I-
I[D
2I ].

c-gI?'
0I[D21
)j'
- 1 D
*'
/J1 0D21
)j-g'
)j'
&,I
&,D
)jI- 0Dc)
)-gD&(1V. &,D
'
. V&('
- 1
02I- I
*'
.
,)j'
h1 02I
+!1 0I
I-E1 -oD
- 1 D
& 1V. '
0I[D21Z1 -gD
<1 0I
I-. Z.
- . &[D
. &,D21V.

C0.
&j0lD
d
?
02I2D21V.
& 1V. '
Z0I[D21V.
1 02IT/cD21 I
&,'
VDc)jI(1V. '
+J&('
&,'
D- /
'
&. 1 +
- I
&0D
. I>&,D
/>.
'1C.
)j'
D21V.
1 0I]&('
'
1V.
&,&
c-
'
/b1 0.
- 1 D
& 1V.
,02'
- 1
Ij-
Ij-
0D
1,@
n &2

K

'
sN
I[D
/cD
"/'

.
'

J)[1V. '
.

s D{
10 2. 4
.
4

4 D

A

. D VH
H
D&0
'
&,D21V. '
)j'
- 1V. '
- I2D&0.
I(1 Ij-
1 02I
'
'
&. 1 +
I!&,D
&2
'
-gIj)j-gI
'
'
'
/cD
/<@
Ij-
2/:0
1 0I
'
1V. &?'
]02I!D.G-
1V.
- I['
1 0I

1C.
1f1 0IP02'
9p@2 n
D&
[@
1 0I
/cD
&0'
D21
'
&
1 0D21!1 0I
1 02I
'
'
. 1+
I2&('
0Ij-gI?1 02I]D.G- /cD
1ZI . 1
1 0I
&[D
1 I
1V.
1 0I
&. 1 +
I . /
D&j0
&. 1 +
D21f1 0I
()c02I- . &
*'
1V. &
'
*'
I[D
I-
*'
'j1?&j02'
1 I
0D J1 '
'
I>1 D
&
1 '
'
&. 1 +
I ?'j1 0Ij-
'j1!&0'
&,D
'
&
D- /
D&,&,'
hI,1
'
)j'
/'

.
- 1
'
1

.
I-
1 02IP-
{8

Ij-
W

1 02I
.
&

I . /

I
I[&(1V.

&,D
4 s
I
&
)
1 D21V. &
)- I
K&
Dj-g/I

. D/:-gD
c-gI
D21V. &
3
D21V. '
I[/I- +
Ij-g/j+

(Ij-

I

;
7

Ij-A@
C0.
Ij-
&2
.
4 5 )
4 % )

$

@ 9
$ 4

'
. 0 2
4 D
7
.

) ( 9
( 2
u
J 4 {7 5 9

4
$ ?

I(1 Ij-
j.
'
1 0I
I-:-gIj)j-gI
.
I(1 D
&[D
E1 0I
&,I

@
-gI!'
&j0D-gI[& 1 I- .

{7
1$
4

>
'
. 1
1 02IC&j0D-gD&(1 Ij-".
'
D-g/I>I
''
I

0
I
D21V. '
&
2
n

'
1 0I)j-g'
()jI[I
'
1 0IlD.G-gI[D
I-
1 '

4 U 8$
4
9
4 D
1 9
K4 D
4 x I G0
0
4
4 - 9
&
4 0
.
&
0 0 2 A4 s
&

.

&
9
s
-1 02I
K -
'
.
1 0I
1 02I
1<1 0IC-oD21V. ']'
&j- . 1V. &[D
(0'j1
'
I,I
c1 02If/*-oD
)
Ic@
]02I
I- 1V. D
/*-oD
/I-g'
. 1+
I
'
'
-o&(I
'
. 1 +
'
1 'C1 02I
&. 1 +2@
Ij-
'
C0.
-g&,I
-o&(I
'
Ij-
'1Z)
'
-g&,I 2@
I(1 Ij-
D(+
. /
&,D
Ij- +
1 02I
-g'
)j'
0. /*021f'
1 0I
. 1+[@
L,N(O
L,N Q,RTSVU
aUd,R?egUX<SVU
WX
YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^
9~!:6<;
576
&,'*)(+c-". /*02143
+l=?-A@"ED-GFHJI.G-
- 1 D
1 02I
.
n &2

4 '
2
. wNFH U s0 5 0

I % 0 Nn 4 A 0 s
. U

&,Dc).
. ]&('
Dj- +
1V.
2'
Ij-
ED
*'
'
I,1 Ij-
-gI
D21V.
&2
2 &2an
I- 1V. D
/:-gD
02I
1 0I
*'
'
. 1 +
1V.
I-
/>. CD21 '
1 02I
-g'*)
>29n

4 0

qh^Z\[iZ+ r a mi Z i Y[a)] f[i a2X iGe a r i y X
&,D
1 02I
'
I-
C. 1 0
'
- I

I-h.
-gI[D

&
0D21
I-
D21 I
&('*),+
'
21V. '
1 0D21
-gI
1 0I
&,D
9 3
. 1 +T. ]D21 '
. ,I
'
/'
I- 1V. D
'
I-
1 0I
C. 1 0J&('
-g&,I
'
-o&(I
*'
)D21A1 Ij-
D21V. '
Z'
1 02I
1 0I
. I
D21 I
]02I
I . /
*'
'
I(1 Ij-
. I
I,1 D
jD
I,/
. /
Ij-
!
1 8
0 2 4
0j. &j0!1 02I!D.G- /
1 I
)

s

4

~ 9 5
7 4 - 2

9 J

) x 0

I & $
, & $ & y I D{P
g"

I
'
1 -gD21 I
D&
D21V. '
1V.
&
/J)- '
'
j.
'
I[&0D
'
I &,I
&(I
I- 1
1 0I
I 1 -oD& 1V. '
]0j. Z)j-g'
. I?&[D
1 D
1 0D21
1 02I
'
+ .
D.G-
1':)
0. &0]D- I
. &
)j-g'
A-g'
)j'
1 0I
- 1
&
. 1+
'
I[D21
&(I
'
'
1 0.
H
&j0
<6
'
'
&,D
'
1 -oD
( 2
0

?
4
/P'
I[D
1 02I
1 '
0I
)j- I
. ?-gI[&('
Ij-
1 'J0D
. &(1
I,1A1 Ij-
1 0j. ?1 '*). &@
u
4
4 V
.
j.
. C1 0IJ&j- . 1V. &[D
j
1 'J-gI[D
Ij-
1 0I
'
5 0
1 02I
&('
I(1 I-
1 0Ij-gI
D- I2D
Ij-oD
Hy H

Hy }

~ q

D
cD
I(1 Ij- f.
1 I

.
1 -gD
1 I- I
1 - .
( 2
/P1 0I
. '
+!)D-gD
-h.
2
0I[D21
<6

V u9

)

. 1 +
Dj-gI[DP. Z1 0I
C0I
'1 02I-C)D-oD
C0I!&-". 1V. &,D
1 02I
-g&,I

s. )
4 K 0

7 K 0 >

50

. ,I
. (I CD
'
- "D&(I
.

9 3
3 #
&,D
-o&(I
c- .

'
I,1 D
'
&. 1 +
'
'
&2. 1+

.
-Z).G)jI
50
1 -oD
C. 1 0
. 1V. '

. D

'
% 4
x0
-E1+
I(1 Ij-
'
). &,D
(0'j1
I,I
0I
j

9s
.
-
I-i@
&-". 1V. &,D
Ij-
1 - & 1V. '
7~!:6<;
576
-". /*02143
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
`bacW,RV^
Section 3.8. Questions
_
,

. /
Vq
K
L,N(O
Oq:@
-gI
7
L,N Q,RTSVU
aUd,R?egUX<SVU
D 0
h+c)j. &[D
WX
*'
'
)D21A1 I-
YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^
. I

&,D
1V.
I(1
I
1 Ij-".
/T.

1 'PI
9~!:6<;
576
&,'*)(+c-". /*02143
)21+J&,D
. 1 +
+l=?-A@"ED-GFHJI.G-
12.00
11.00
10.00
Re10^3
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
0.00

D
. /
q<@
-gI
-oD
'j1 0Ij-

. 1V. '
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Time [sec]
7

;
1.00
1 I- )j'

.
0
1 '!1
D21V. '
*'

&2.G-o&
Dj-
@
).G)jI
'
-.

I 0 I ~}
1 D
1 D
I,'
*'
D o1 I-
M+/
&
D
.
almost
still
flow
Transition
zone
thin
boundary
layer
plus
solidification
9
. /
c-gI
q<@ Q
9 0
'
)D21A1 I-

.
s 4
1 02I
(0'j1
I[I
U1
U1
U2
U2
9
. /
&('*),+
7~!:6<;
576
-". /*02143
/q<@
c- I
7 0 D{
A

'
1 -gI[D
?'
.
C.
1 '
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
`bacW,RV^
6#6
Section 3.8. Questions
cooling
liquid
9
. /
/q:@
c-gI
: D

&j02I
D21V. &

'
?02I2D21f1 -oD

Ij-f)- '
)
&(I
I ].
1 02I
. I
H
equilibrioum
level
_
,

. /
L,N(O
L,N Q,RTSVU
aUd,R?egUX<SVU
/q:@ ~
-gI
WX
7
]02I
D 2 B
'
V&2.
D21V.
YZR[Y]\2R[XG^VL2_
`bacW,RV^
'

I(1 I-
'
- Oq
-1 02I!I D
:@ <@
9~!:6<;
576
&,'*)(+c-". /*02143
+l=?-A@"ED-GFHJI.G-
9
. /
&('*),+
7~!:6<;
576
-". /*02143
/q<@ q
c- I
z
E. /
b;
'
- '
2/:0[1C.
1 'b-gI
1,@
KML,N OPL,N Q,RTSVU

aU
d,RfegUXhSVU
`bacW,RV^

!
"$#
'% &)(+*-,/.103234)56.1087:9;4)</,=0?>)7@,BA 9;4
CED:F G@HJILKNMPOPQSRTI UVMWH
XbJ&).:.E,[(+5Yt_l;A .Z9)hx7:()<T<[,BA\4JA\4-,=]^&-.y.N4-0?]Y>+A\464-4)._.1.10 0À <T.N4)(f7:9;4).@>+,?4_hT,/.N9i0a0k<Wjxl;bc9)(+hc4_den X ()<@&)*1.z._l;7@9),/<fh{9191gSg4),=&-.@,?.|hT(N9iA\00kjm(+4)l;5f9)hc91,=np&).1oq0w9i]+0`().@<[rq.:(+<'bs9w*6>_,}t .+91u8g~,=,=&)&).^.yt bJA vw9;>1At 55
,=A\4-&+,B0aA\9wb>-(-]w,/&J.P,=j1&)4).9)-hJ.Nt 4_.-,T5N]6<[d-.c<[9N,/.1g}b,=&-A.E<`(+4-.:t <[,k9shT(+9i4)0?j91,=l;&)9).1hS0~.=nyr1L(+bf9)hT*6.@t .s).14-0.:u",kbJhT9i960?</jx,l;5i9)A .mhc7:n ()X </,B&)A\4).y]P*1J.14){]iA\5Y4).:A ().N];0a<=0(++b0.:<(+._t (N<[9P071&-0._.Nvw0a<|>1A\(N0.:0a.<
9l;1>+g}9)4_hg,=(+&)bS.ZA\4ZA\4)t A((N.@,?084)hTh|.@9i,?A hT0k,=jc&9il;0kl"j69)>NnshcA 5^n ,ybX A <c._&-7q.N()&q<0a.:<@(+g>+4N9ibJA 0a7@.+._<Ju;5E(+,=4q&N,=&)5ZA <J(-g,7q>+&q,=0a(+,=&)&-*-..N,/.10a0k.-bJ0'(qA9i5N<c0.N.Z5N0'.-&q565i(-9iA )7_.:.(-<s,/(._4-5W9Nt A\,y,/bS9&)A ,/(-5N.-)._5^.<7qj1.@04)r-A\19),/.N.hJ4-t(<=.-A 5N-1]6.E0.fA .@)gx(+(q4)71A\4-5j:,=];0>69i09;4q5w5N>+>q.N4q7=0a5,B<[A ,[9;A\(+4W4s4)l"5Y,/9EA\>14)A 5](
bJ*10.-.:7q<<@&q>+(+0a41.xA 7:(+<_4)nJ5JLg9i9)0hT7:.:.6-u-.NhT0V9iu0?A ,Jj6u6A <J*19)()hT<<@.1>+0bJnT._5m9i,=0a.x&q(-7@,z9;bs,=&-*1.W0a.N0&-._(q.N564-<=.1A 0T-.À <7@g91(+)bS.10A\()t A ]N(N.x0 h7:(+A ,=4c&f1,=.3&)g.P9w>6q()4q<5yA 7yA\47:19;9i4q9;7@.1j_*-<,/56<z._<@5Y>qA 7:7q(-&,/._()5 <
,/5+9m(-,[l"(e>1gA 59;>+bJ4).-57qg&q9i(+041A917:,=<&)(+.14)0S5t A vw*N>1A\*1A 56.c<fl;,/9)9h,=[&-4-.e.:,k5ihTA .e9i0?7:jJ()g<[9i,B0'A\4-*N]A\*1*1.-0a:9Ynz7:.:oi<[A\<Z0</,A <Z(s*N5Y0a._A <<[7q.1>)4-<[,/<=._A 5~9;4yn9;14y(-,/,=.1&)0|.m(e0a.N<=t .@A\bfq(+*64)t .7@dsl;919)gh,=&-A\4.
(5YA <</7q,=>)0(N<[A<];._&-5~,Wnx*11A\()*1</.q,=qt d_7@uY9w7:4)9;5w4+>N4-A ,f.-7=A ,B<sA 9;(+4y4q(+9Ntgd)@,=._&)5~.yn{7@9;3bsA ~*1.N9;0a4).N.14_4-,f,/<7:9;A\4sbf<*1.19w04-A .:.N<4_,/(+<S4q5eh&1*)(NA 710&(+t7:.1(+t64e(N0a(+.W*6*N*10a.-._(1<[0|.14-A\4p,/._5~4).@n ,?hT9i0?jW(N0a.
oYA ];>+0a.Sn6xw imsw ~}\?mNmN?\+:yN'6\w:?:Y3 iN)
EC D HyU?|SKN"y?UkI;MyILckMs"R`MPRxUVyHJI"
9;3-A .,[(N7:A\()4)<[._,B5WA\4-g]9i0L.14)91]i,=&)A\4).1.:0T.1t0A <vwhJ>1A 56&)9S<<@(N&)0.J9;>+4)t915Y,qg7@(+9wbS>6tA\5t A (110i.Zh|>-A ,=<&._5Wl">1g9iA 50bJ,=&-.-.P7q&qt A (+vw41>NA A 7:5e<LbJ()<:.@j3,[(+hJt\n &).@X ,=9Z&).1(+0Y4),=</&)hT..1t 09N<[,=<}&1A7@<|9ivw.:W>).:7)</A,B.1A 9w4-,/4i< u
6
Chapter 4. Fundamentals of Pipe Flow
0.01
0.001
0.50
1.00
0.12
0.25
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.00
0.01
1e07
0.00
1e06
8.00
1e05
4.00
Air
Crude Oil
Hydrogen
Mercury
Water
0.0001
2.00
Head Loss [meter]
1
0.1
Yo A ];>+0a.y~n +c?B_1\cN`?+Ni{Pyw ~}\?mN?\+:

,=(+b&-4m(+.m4-9it dc0()A <[w.@,7@r+.P*1 .Nkf0<[A\._bJd:.E.-.N(1oi4_0,/A <_]w<Jn>6&)
z0(-.f4f)~.f.@n\rq)1(+@._nfbf.14y3*+t7:A.S(N.10k9100gLA.1._<@4-5s>q,y7q9;t&y>-A v;,}.=>NrigA 9i56*10<J.15Y07qA\AbJ0~._.N.1(-0a4-,/.N.f,/4_<J,<=AA <];t A vw4N(SA>Nwl;A 5N7:9)(+<'h4-l;,9N9)gLh|&)._5YA\(q4-A ~5].NA\t 0a9N4S.N<4_5i<,A gt9i.1A v;00.1>N,=4-A &)56,3.f<7@<BA\9w4f(+bfbJ(P*1.f*N9;)A\4)*1.1.1.ct 4-9Yh,/7-<À A ,?,=A\d_4& n
()0as._<<@9i>+<:0&-.:t ,/9N9)<'h-(1.N4P00V.cuNA\,=4e4-&)9i.oi0?bA 5Y]w(+A>6~t0A .N.@0a.-.N~5s4)n n7::.: d <'
'g9i<J.:d60~,=4),=&-9;&-.t.c560<`5i.:<@A 46>+>+.1t ,/bf0<J.114-9N.1,gT0 t ,=A vw&)>1.Z)A 56'*q<3()A\4)</(N,|</0a,[.|]N(-.N<,/9f.-415SA\<>)A91<[]w._gw41<|,=A w&)hT.x7_9i(+-0?4_.Nj6,Lt u"9Y,=A7-&q,JA (-,?7:d,'(+(+,=4&-4q.|5c1.<=hJA\bS<:&)&-.1A\9)t 4(Nh0,=A 4s,?&)dy.c,=A&q&-<J(-.->6,|(q4q5hJ7qt&)t 9N.-.1(1<[4< 0
At <3A\4-0.W.1*+()t<c(q7@<@.-&)59)hJ@dz4P,=A\&-4^.oYt 9NA ];<<>+0a7@.m9i.:Wn w7)n A .14-X ,:u &NA <f 0 .: <@>+9;t ,S4).3A\4q9;5i-A 7_,[(N(-A\,/4).:< <J,=,=&q&)(-(-,,|(+,=t&)@,=.m&).=.Jrit *1A\4).1.:0<LA\bJ(1.10.x4-,[7:(+9;t t 0(+.:*)<@<[>+.-t 5J,/<J9w9w4x_,/,[9c(NA\(4)._<5EA\4)];g9it . 0
Velocity[m/sec]
1.2
1.0
Loss Coefficient
! "$#&% ! ')(+*-,+(/. ! 021-04365 7/(8*2! 9

5"06(/.1/( 3 ! (/02.A145:;0B%<5:&7/1/(:&% *)=+! "D! >@C/7/?):&(/#4.5 74(/:&. #/
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
100
1000
10000
Yo A ];>+0a.y~n +c?B_1\cN`?+Ni{Pyw ~}\?mN?\+:

9;~4).:.S<[.-t (1A v;07q>N&)A 5f.107_<m(+4s<@&)19).yhJ>)4e<[.-,=5S&)(-g,9i0~,=(+&-.p4)91t,=A vw&).1>10A 5t A vwbJ>N.:A 5W,[(+bJtT.@1,[.1(+&qt+(-*1)0.:91<PNA ()5N<H.-5yE,=.:&)h3.,/919w,=41&)A (+.104t A t v;A v;>N>NA 5A 5A <TA gJ(F,=EL&)..@h3,/,/.19wbf41*1A (+.N4y0(-t ,=A vw>+>N0a.pA 58G_A < n
(+61>-,`91)A <3.|7@,=9i&)0?.f0._bf7=,}>)<@g9i&-dS0(+@t9;-4),=.|&).J,/.N7_bf()<[*1.:.1<}0h(-,=&->6.N00a.6.|n ,=X &-.y&1A <T0.:.@<:rq>6(+t ,/bs<`*6(1t0.y.JA 7@<|9w4)t91(+,3*-<7@._9i5s0?0._A\4-7=,/,'9s9w(c46t<dcA\4)g];9it0.S,=t&NA\4)A <3.6<:n *1X .:&)<=A.yw7*q(1]N0._(+9;bJbJ.@.:,/.N,=00ad<
hJg9;&N>+A 4)7q5&f7@,=9w&q(-4_,y,=09;,=&-tN.,=&-0a.._<*1A </09;,[(++4qt .17@b.Z,/(N9^0.,=g&-9w.E>6l;4q59)h hJ&)g9i.10c4Sb,=&)(+.s4_d^0.:<:7@>69wt bf,/<*1(N9;0a4)J. .14-I7:,/9;<ft7:(+(+*)4<[._1L5 .K7_A\4-(+,/t 9m7q>+(st (-<,/A\._4)5 ];t .s9it0zA\4-.=.+r)n`,=0 (q,37@h3,/._()5 <
g(f0a9wh3b (:dy.=d:ri9w*1>s.107:A\bJ(+4y.N4_,=,[&N(+A\tw46jy5+(-(+,[1(19;S>-@,dA ,j14)()9)<h(ZA\4)*1]W091,=gL&-91. gLM,=&-E.y4+5Y>6A\bJbf.114).N<0}A 9w(+4)4q(+5Pt+,=(+&)4).s(+t]6d).:<9wA <SbJ/.@*N,=0a0a._d<[.19N4-g',/._,=5E&-.sA\4P7:9;%}bf&q(+*19w*_,/4-.N.N0 4_,:N nSN+:4n
Reynolds Number
OP-QSRUTWVBX$Y Z$X\[ Y ]_^$Y àVBbcQSdefTgQh;VB[ [ ViR@Y XjkelTm4Qielen[ ZSRporqtsvuxuzw y
7@9;*:d60A ];&-,|{} u~ wu@dEx0na (N0/"s.qA\0
x$Fx$x Br_B/_4Lx
6 x2U r<Bt c _)
6
CED
U sk ZM UH~ILKNcU ZJIR`MWHSOPQyUkI
Section 4.3. A simple flow in a straight conduit

io A ]w>60.Sn 8:+:Ni@ wc@++iN\}+B@:? ? i

<(+A\4qbs5S*6
,=t ._&-<</.fA\,ybf>67@4)*+9;</t .f4q,/.-5w(+(q>14q51A 5^,sdA()bJ<f<:96*1(e</._,7-7@,/A\7@0<}9;7qh>+bst A\(1bJt+09;1*14s.JA\*17:5i.W9;A <Bbfh7q>)*1&1<[9wA <714-._&Z.N5m4_hTt,J(-9;,/A >+<J.1t05(n X</1,=.Z&)0(N.S<[A ,=];*)>)&-(N5Y,0(+A ._7:bJ5 9;.@4q&),/5;.N.1>N0a0<}A. ,x,="()&q<J0(-</,}<@,:&)n,=9)&-XhJ.|&)4W5Y.PA .|A\4E.17:4-oY(),=<[A 0];,B(+A\>+4q4-0a7@]y.s..N4-*1n ]Y0a9wnA\4-6X._t .N.1&)b0.<
5)YA\4-.1A ,/~t .19Y.N07-0a.:.NA </,?4)dW,/7:.-A.^5<|9i56(17_.@0.,/7q.1>+,=0?0bS&)g. A\9i4)0|._t A 5v;,=&)>N@.pA 5df0,=._b&)vw.P.@>N,[A\*1(+0a.-0tT.:5i)<[1<:.15N>6t 9Y._0.f<7-A\A 0,?5Y._d_A 5u|~.N,=)0a&-.1.N. t4)9Y7:7-*1.sA9),?hTd_(+n *6.1*+0St A ,/._9&)5W(-9w5;,W4f0A5N-,=.:.p&),/.1.P,=0?&NbS*1A A\<E*1A\4-.f).e.1(+t,=4q9Y&)5P7-.:A <,?,=.d_&)u.W*)(+(N04).:05(+<Ab<[,=,[.@&)(+,/.4).17:0.S<*10,/.:9W<<@X ,=>+&-&)0a...
l;l;9)9)hchn A <`X ]i&-A .m).104m.1t (-@d,BA 9w,=&)4-.c<:&1.=A\ri*P*11.1.:0,kA\bJhT._.1.14-4y,[(+,=t1&)._.Wvw>)*1(-0a._,B<[A 9w<:>64m0.yk5in-A :.1n 0X .14q&17@A <`.+uY._vw,=&)>).S(-,Bl;A 9w9)4yh$A <0(->-,/<.f._(+5E4)15P._7:,=&-(+.W>)<[0.y.:<=A ,'A </hT,[(+9i4q0k7@j_.S< ,/n 9mX ,=&-&)..
.=*1ri0.:*1<0<@.:>+<<[0a.c._55iA :d .10.14q7@h.c&15NA 71.:&s,/.17:0?(+bS4PA\4-1.-.y5P9;@-dc,[,=(N&)A\4).J._]N5m._g9;0bJ9;b.:,=0sA 7_9i(+9Yt651*qd(N0<z(+bJ5YA.:(),/];.100(+<`b(+4qn 5y,=&).J.@r+*1.N0A\bJ.N4_,[(+tN5+(-,[(chJ&NA 7q&

oiA ];>+0.c~n s9i9Y5Nd <5iA ()]w0(+b

n-
EL91,/.+u&-.-(q5eA <c.14).10]1de*1.10z>+41A ,JhT.)A ];&-,91gTl">NA 5pVAan .6nmoq9i07:.frq.N4-]N,=&1 .)A ]w&_, q.14)]1,=&1|(+4q5A ,

! "
#
%'&
()
*"
#
%,+
-
/.
T^Zc[ [ dTgQm4QZm/Q65nVcm/Qm4QzZzeAVBXebc^TfTgQSdZm/QVB^zT@Vh-TgQ e 3 V87$QVh~Tg$Y enb$VBV89

T T g$Y eelTlZj$Q<; RDQaêAQk`BY =Qm4QXzT`cQ?>X$Y TAY VBXaTg$Z$X VBXQ êAQ `Y X/@~gZA7zTWQmCBEDGF@gQ`_Y =Qm/QX 3 Q Y eb d Zh;Z 3 TWVcmUVhIHJD
KML QXzTAY Zc[ [ dR QnR@Y [ [_Z`xZA7zT@VBXQeWdeWTWQ5 h;V$m-TgQbcVxV89MD
02143
:21
ON
x c x$x Br_B/_4Lx
6x2D r<Bt x _2 S$
7:9;*@d+0A ];&-,|{} u- wu@dx0nk (N0/"s.qA\0
&)()<S>+4NA ,/<x9Ng3t .N4-]N,=&in X &+>)<_u+,=&).W0a.Nt (-,BA 9;4)<@&NA\*m1.:,khT._.14S,=&).Z.-(q5e/t 96<[<Bx(+4q5W,=&).*N0a._<[<@>+0.m[t 9N<<B|A <

n 6
X &-.m0.:<=A </,[(+4q7@.y7@9i.@P7-A .N4_,3g9i07-A\07q>+t (1087:9;4q5;>NA ,x7_(+4P1.f5Nx. "4-.-5P()<
n 6

0(-X ,/&1.A <cA <z._.@vwr+>q*1(-0,B.:A <9;<[4.-5ZA <c()hJ< 0A ,,/.14Pg9i03(E7:9;4)</,[(+4-,56.14)<A ,?dml;9)h (+4q5^(E7@9w4-<[,[(+4_,c7q09N<[<S<._7=,BA 9w4in X &).ml;9)h

n +
A ,|X A\&-4-.,/9W7q0._9Nvw<<>)(-<,B._A 7@9w,B4PA 9;4q(+nt:-(1`0._dN(JA .191t 56g~< 7)A\071>6t (N0~A <
u+>)<A\4)]c._vw>)(-,BA 9w4Skn +(+4)5S<:>6)</,BA ,=>-,BA\4)]

n 6
hJ,=&-X &N.y&)A 7q.m9N&W,=.-&-5Nv;.N.N>q0'bJ(-&),B9;(+A 9;4)4q</45~,=u~0k(-&),/()n .:6<S<zcbf,=<:&)&->).f9)<@hx&P,=0<.1t ._bJ,=<[&q<z.N(-4)<,c56A ]w9;,=41&->)A .ew<7_.@0(+._4_vw._,`>17@,.@A\0._,=5{._&-7=.,z*15i0a9;._A 4y(+<[<:bJ,=>6&).:0.Z.c,/.1l;5i0`9)A &)h$().1<|00.1(-9w4q,/4s7@.6.+n ,=u &).fl;9)u}h A <f0(-(Z,/.6g>+n 4)X 7@,B&-A .P9;4Et .N9N4-]Ng ,= &i uw9;4
X &).m*19)hT.10"hJ&NA 7q&P0._vw>NA\0a._<`,/9P5w0A ).S,=&NA <zl;9)h A <z]iA ).m@d
n 6

(+4)5PXX h&)&)A\.:.mtw<*1.P19).S._hTvw<[.1,=>)0L>)(-5YA\,B4yAA ._9w,/5E4-.1<s0?A\4WbJ(N0<%'.P&q9N-(+g8.N*_,=0,/&)d.N.y0 A\]NbfN .:NZ*19w9ibJA\4E0a,[.@(+bJ,=4_09iA,7:0a(+.yA\4tw56*),=.@(N&-,[0.(N(+A\bt >6<-.@n4q,/5N.1.N00a<<[,[(+(+4)4)5P5YA\,=4)&-]e.c,=l;&-9).Zh.-07@(-9w,/4-.9wA b|<zd]iA )9N.1gc4 0?>+464).105N._<A ]w4iu
n 6
"
!$# % %
(

"

!
"

&('*)+'-, .0/21436547982:<;"=?>A@B8CD1B7ECGF"791G>IHE;$JK:
L4MONQPSROT9UWV2XEY
[Z
]\

+^ dc BeIfhg ji lk
dc
_\

soQg tkueIfhg t k
vAw T9xzy|{ wn}
@sNi-N +?E i?N6m ifk-[N_1w?+Z =q_ Y_?\+ W\wY:? :+: i=N:| |N:}?-sN; q ~Jy:q_af`"?=m_-i?B ifnm op;g ~0kqZ?NdJr)c+k _^@fa`:+N\ \b
YqN\ Z1++: m}\?P+ f-?_}i
zN6eoQg tk

X &NA <JA <x.@rq(+bs*6t .Sn wn

L4MONQPSROT9UWV2X~
@N-N +?f?6|wi:'?:YNk_EN3?6cI+^=S1 w
vAw T9xzy|{ wn}
7@9;*:d60A ];&-,|{} u~ wu@dEx0na (N0/"s.qA\0
x$Fx$x Br_B/_4Lx
6 x2U r<Bt c _)

EC D[C fUVR`fM mMWHcyHJI"UH IS QsHsHSSK fHSO SHJIZ~I

hJA\4q4E&N7q,=At7q>q&)&e5N.Z.xh37:,=(+()&)t<W.7q>+5N1t (-.N.-,B(+4)A 5~t9;,Wu
4)A\ n<S4eY91,=7@gz&-9;.,=4+&)4).e*1._07=.@0k,B>+NA 9wA469;4)4z>).1<m(+0`4q<[,=5c._&-7@,[.,B(+A 5i4)9;]NA4.Z.14-67_,B>-()A ,s</(+,Bt:9NA\]+4),=](-&-,/.N.6.N0yu4-]Yj)IA\A\0a4-4)._._5];.1>+039Nt (1g.N0;4)7@]+7:9w(-9;bf,/>+.B*14_Kw9;,/u-.N4),=0|.1&)4-.z1,/.:.=<_<=r)n A ,/5N.1.ZX 4q&-5N,=._.-&-<[5.P. <[7@,=9;07:(N9;bsA ]w4+*1&_4-9;,m.-4)7=*1.1,BAA\4-9w*1,/.4<
]N<[(+.N.N4q*)4-5 (N.N00.@(-(+r+,/t8*q.S5Y(+71A4-<&)<=71(+A >-9;*-<4N,/<.1qA 9w0'7:9;4A <z4-9;,=5604._(q5Y7@,=A,B&)7:A .E9;(-,/4]N.-5m9iVA\9Y4q,/59m7qt>q,=5N&-5Y._.c<A\4-A ];,[] (+44),=]N*1&).1.p0(q4-7=,B(+,BA 1(+A 7:0?tw.Z>+0?*_>+g,Z9i460x4).@.1r+,=0*q&-(+.e5w4->)5i<=.AA 9;,/4N9E.1q0.1A 7:,/4-9;<,4-7@,=7:9w09;(qbfbf7@*+,B*1At 9;A 9w7:41(-4-@,B.NnA 4_9;,4Y\4n A <Z,=*N&N0aA ._<Z<[.1<[.-4-7=,/._,BA5~9;n 4
(
Section 4.4. Typical Components in the Runner andVent Systems

/
&(' &('-,

8"J
cross section
X 4)&)]i.SA\4)0.:.:<.1A 0<[<,[(+4-4)9i7:0?.bA\(+4|t,=dZ&).y7@9w14_.1)4q.150a,JA <T,=7q&)0.E._(-1,/.N.-4)5P51,/.-9e7:(+.->)v;<[>N.|A )(c(+7qt .N&q4_(+,c4-]67@9;.4qA\5w4|>1,=A &-,f.ft .NbJ4-9;]N,=bJ&i.Nn 4_,=X >+&Nb A <c(+7:4)9;5f4--,=.N&-.z0a<=l;A 9;9)4eh*1*q09Y(-,5;,/>q.17@0?._4i< n
9g1(q9i56gx0}._,=vw,=&N&->)A <S.W(-,/(q7q.E7_&q7q(N0a._>+0<@(q0(q>+7@7@t,/,/.1dE<S0A91A\</4Pg`,BA 7,=<(+&191AbJ<fgT.m7:l;9;7:9)4-()hx-<<S.:.N<0aA\<=4ZhJA 9;5i&N4A A\.Wt A.W<S7:A\())4W<[.1,B910aA\d4-,=&)]~t .1A\nWbS0òiA A ,/,y0a._9w5bSb A 1];,=.-&-&)7:,c.E(+A\>)4-t <[A\,=by.0a9YA ,/t 5wA\._bS>)5^7:A ,/.ZA\.-4_5egt 9i(N</0a0?]6,=b>q.1(-510',Bd.1A 9;0?&q4m0a9i(-),=0n&).e.WX 1(+.:&)>-.1.Z,=4E&)j19i7_4)(10L9)0?hJ9N0adgTt .-,=5N9;&1]6>-A .<,
1bJ9i.:9;,[(+j|t"]+l;(q9)5Nh .N0a.-0a5W._<A A,T<[,[<(+.:4).17:b.Z,=hJ&)&N(-,xA\t .eA ,xA\A4<J,=0a.-&)().<[9;(N4qA\0(+++t A t vw.|>1,/A 957_bJ(10?.@0a,[d(+t',=&NbSA <À r)7:,=9;>+4-0a-..NA0a,y<=A 9;g(14c0zgg9i009;,=b &).(q7_5N(+.-tv;7q>q>+(-t (-,/,B.6A n9;4)s<'919igT0.:t 9NA vw->1.NA 0V5 u
,=,=IB&)&)&).|.c9;t.1.N._4)4)KZ]i5^9NA\4)0ag3._.:<@9;.N>+0>+A\t 04),3]Wj1h4)*6A\9)t>+hJ0?1*1t .W._9N56<[bf]N..s>q(-7q,L91&PgT,=&N1,=A &).@<T,.W<[,/.N,[]6()0V()n]N<.l;A ,'9)h<[._.1A\4Wb -,=.N&q4_(-,c,}</<d)9;</bJ,/.N.Jb 91g(N,=0a.m&-.Jg(N.100?0a9ibJ09i<'0ah.A\tt(N10a7_]6(+.64)n7:.1ELt).@._)(q.17q0a&c,=&)91.1,=t &).:.1<<_0u~(+g4)9i5 0 :4*B(/12% ! 72C/7/:&1/($! 5i#&% (+:4 (
Yo A ];>+0a.y~n
<@j=.:,[7q&y91gL,=&-.m1.N4)5A\4s5YA .f7:()<[,BA\4-]
91(+g34q5,=X&-(-.&)g,/.'1.N<.10714q,=&-5&).N.ZbA <1(-(W.N,BA4)7'g5~>+9Nnc4)gY7@%(,BA9;9;1bf.N4P4)b915g`9;7@4+<[9;.@t d_bs)u;.1bJ,=0&)(+9;.Zt 4+*qt 0?d|>+(1>)046(+<[4)bJ._.15S03.:,/A\A 4x.1<f05Y<_bA|.3(q(+567:4)().f];<[h|,Bt .+A\4-A u,=]S&A uL<,=&)0<@(q.f&)5Y9)<BA\hJ>-(+<-bJ4xuf.sA\4S]6oi.:(+A 9;]w4)b5>60.@.T,=,=&)0a.sdn w]61n .:.:X9;g9ib&)0a..m.@,=0a(+._0ad4)<A5<[1,[.:(-(+gg4)9i,/7:.10a.. 0
,=A\4-&)l".P>-1.N.14)4q7:5.ns,=&qs(-,z9i0l;.:9)9Nh$-.N0VA\4fu;hT,=&-.S.fhl;A\9)t;hc()n<[<:X >6bJ&1A <.W()A\4s<[<:,=>6&NbsA <J*_5i,BA A9w<B7q4W>)A <[<z<=A)9;(+4ft A 5P,=&qhJ(-,|&).15N4f9)h,=&)4-.1<[0,=.m0a.-A(+<Sb 4)9P(+4q915^,=&)>+.1*)03</1,=.N0._4)(+5Zb 9i08569^91,=4)&)91.1,0
7q0._&qvw(+>14)A\]N0._.m5~A\n 4,=&-.yl;9)h 4-.-(10?@d_nS4W7_()<[._<,=&)(-,<:>)71&m(P7q&q(+4)]N.Nk<Bz.@rNA <[,/<ybJ9i0.s7@9wbf*+t A 7:(-,/._5E(+4)(+t d)<A <cA <
<4A <[,[,=(+&)4Z4).E7:,=.6*N&-u0.(q,=7@&-t ,BA .E];A 7@&-.y(+,4),/];919Ygzt 5+.+(@,=u&)d_wu.Pu}*1g(+09i9;4q03q5e]6(+9i,=+&)A\t d4).e]e10(q.-5Y5Y7:A <(+A\71>->)>-<-<[<u .f< A ,=9w&)4i.f
'u <Wh3hT(:t.e(Nds0at]6.@,=.1g&),c03. h,=E&)A ,=.Z9i&E0a(+,=,?&4)hT];
z9t .b*)A .1<W(N00A (+t 7:(NbJ(+0a]64.@.1,/0T3.N0a,=A <S.W&).^,=%8&q()0(-.:</,f<,BA\A 7@<[4),[9;] (+4-4)
',=7:0<[9;.W<tw9Yh,=7-&)A\A t(-.^L,BA109;..64 n
,/,=._&)(q.s71</&1,=A\04)(N]A ];u)&-.@rq,J7:(+.:4)<];<A t).E.x(+4)];_t@.znm7:oi(+A4y]w>610.x.mg9;>+n e4q5Jb,=(q&+5609;.s>)g];09;&zb ,=&-(E.|A\564q(-5;,[>)(m</,=,[0a(+d_j=n`.1 4m,TAg<`09;0._b 7:9;<bf.@)b.10.1(+4qtw5N<[.-9w5s>64)07@.@._)<_.1n0Y,/oi9c0a9w.=b r17@._,=._&-5.
oiA ]w>60.sA ,|A <71t ._(N0 ,=&)(-,x9;*-,BA\bf>+b 0(q5iA\>)<z<@&)9;>+t 51.y(109;>+4)5
; 6xxc 2xD$x r< BtBr x_B/ __2 4S$ Lx
7:9;*@d+0A ];&-|, {} -u wu@dx0kn (N/0 "s.qA\0

l'5 0 1;! C+7/0;(+1/* 5 ! 1!/( :+3 5 (/._5 7/(L'"!;. (
oiA ]w>60.yn w
]N.:9wbJ.@,=0A 7:(+t+5N._<7q0A\*-,BA 9;4f91g,=&-.W0.:<=A </,[(+4q7@.sA\4s(E1.14q5
#;! C+5 !;. (z0/3 ~C+021&1/(+C+5 ! 021
&(' &('
n
CD;$J JK8GC >IHE;$J
X &). i7@9w464)._7@,BA 9;4W0.1*10<[.N4_,(f<:*6t A ,|A\4f,=&-.m0?>64+4).108<[d-<[,/.1bn X &-.m0.:<A <[,/.14q7@.

&(' &('*)
.0/"5K14JK: HE;$J ;$JG> 1KC >IHE;$J
[<5N9w._4)bJ<.yA ]w.914fgLA\4-9;,=<[*-&-,[,B(+.mA 4)9;>+7:4)4).W<35Yh,=A <&-&1A\.:0A(+d716&s(Nt .S0a(-.).N(NtA\.14)A\tbJ.@+)t.N.c9Y4_5Ng,|9i.NA06<zt,=.+,=&-&-n .S.m.N0?4->6.Z]Y4+A\h4-4-.N._A\08t.1"0</5ind)A</<,/<.N7qb >)<[<mA <&)<@9)>qh 5656,/.194s5N71._&)<(+A ]w4)]N4E.f(+A\4)4f5,=&)hJ.f&q7@(-9;,S4q(N5w0a.W>1A 7@,=,`&).^(10._1(Y.:,nz,/.14 0
CED QJI~I"UH UkIfPIM M szILcyK
X7@9w&)46.14)0._.7@,B(NA 0a9;.e4,?hT&q()9<yb,/9 (NA\14.j)(qA\4q5+565N<P.-591gfA\4^7@9w(46g4)()._<@7@&N,BA A 9;9;44)< <=zA\bS<[.NA\t0(NA ._03<E,/9(+4q.N5t ._7@*),=(N00A (+7_(+t .1tLt\0n .:<=XA </,[&)(+. 4q7@0a._.<AAa</n .6,[(+n4q.@7@).p.1A\0a4pd ,=0a._&-<.A </,[<[(+.14q0A 7@.:.<
,=7@&)&-9w().e<W464)0,/._.:97@<=,BA </1A 9;,[.(+4)4q<x(q7@5+(N.e5N0a.y.-15._9N<gA*656<t (N.:.1<SA\04+A .:,=t d^<x&).e,k,/d+90a*1._.6,=];n&->+.t (1,/0|9Nt,[.N(+4-t3]N,=0.:&i<u}A <[Aa,[n .+(+n^4)7:1.6.Nn 4)56X <_&)u8.1.=0ri.*)(N(+0a4).<A 9wb4-(+<-4-u8d7@9w,=4_&N,=A\4-0(q]67=<,BA ,=9w&q4-(-<S,m.:7:,[9;7N4-n ,=
z0A\+t>-,=,/.&).:,/<[9.

&(' +'-,
+8 HE82: ;$J JK8GC >IHE;$J
X5N.N&)bJ.e9;l;4)9)</h,=0(-0,/(-._,/5Z.,=A\&)4p(-,z5Y,=A &).1.P0.1&)4-._,(-,zt 9Y,=7:0(+(-4),BA</9wg.N4-<E0'A A<c<PA\(4)<Ag]w>6414qA 7=w,B7_A 9w(+44_,J91A\gc4s,=,=&-&).e.s,/5w.N>6bf0(-*1,B.1A 9;0(-4,=91>+g}0a.+,=n &-. "7qtj=.1A\4-0a]P,e9N gL7q,=j=&).N.s0,@7_ (-1A ,?+d_ u
(+4)5P,=&-.N0a.:g9i0a.S,=&).S,/.1bf*1.N0(-,=>+0.y91gL,=&-.Wt A vw>1A 5b.@,[(+tY7:(+4Z1.f()<<@>+bJ._5P(+tbJ96</,z7@9;4)</,[(+4-,x5w>+0A\4)]m,=&-.
"t A\4-]*1.10A 9Y5phJ&NA 7q&A\4ebJ9N<[,7:()<.:<fA <sbs>)71&t ._<[<BbSA\t A <[.-7@9w4)56<B:n
'<<:>)71&iu~,=&).<9;t A 5YA w7:(-,BA 9w4
-A <S9wA\t>64)<bA ]w.@41,=0A wA 7J7_(+l;4_9),ch,=0(-&),/.Z.yt A7:vw(+>14ZA 51.fbJ().@,[<(+<@>+twbJ56.1._4)5W<A7@,?9wdm4-71<[&),[(+(+4_4),:]N ._<yt .:<<,=&)(+4Fwn A\4,=&).Z0?>+464).10 ,=&).10.@g9i0.6uw,=&-.

n 6
%}t .-(10?t d_ui,=&).m*10.:<[<:>60.sA\4f,=&).*19YA\4_,/<JA <5YA ~.N0a.N4_,(+4)5
n 6

L9)hT.:-.N0",=&-.c,/91,[(+t*10.:<[<:>60.mt 9N<<|A <7:9;bf*196<[._5W9Ng8g09;b (+tN,=&).y<@bc(+tw*10.:<<@>+0a.mt 9N<<
knB 6

ha
).10ads<=A\4-]wt .*N0a._<[<@>+0.t 96<[<7:(+4P1.Sh0A ,,/.N4s()<

knN-
.@X,[76&-nz.Noi0a.ZA\0</A <c,:u(+t t.:<,/9<0t 9i.:<=9wA jS</,[(+(-,`4q7@,=.W&-.y5;>)<.1.s0A,/.:9<*)7@9w(N046(+4)t._.17@t,BA7:9;9;4P4+4-<.-.:7=.P,BA 9;oi4ZA ]wAa>6n .+0.SnSdEn 67@:9wn846h4)._&-7@.N,B0aA.+9; 4)<_uwdZ<@*+t A ,/<(+4q5pb(+41A g9wt 5N<
7@9;*:d60A ];&-|, {} ~u wu@dEx0an (N/0 "s.qA\0
x$Fx$x Br_B/_4Lx
6 x2U r<Bt c _)

N N

!
-,.
'

#" $% '&
!

(*)
&
(+)
0/
,/9P(q565E(;];>+0.S(+4q5P7q&q(+4)]N.sA ,
Section 4.5. Putting it all to Together
io A ]w>60.Sn w=+++:-? iW=_k

,=t .1&-4).m]10,=.:&y<A91<[gL,[(+,=4)&-7:.y.s5wA\>)4f7@,=,c&-.m-.N14_.N,4):5 u
g0A 7@,BA 9;4yg(q7=,/9i0uY(+4q5

" $%
"

&(' +'
j1
1B7 798K7 ;$J JK8GC >IHE;$J
z4s.@X rq&)(+.^bf*1*+0t .:.S<91<@>+gL0a,=.&-.m(-,P0.:*1<=9iA </A\,[4-(+,W4q7@e.SA <f91gx,=&)*).Z(N0(+<(+t bJ.1t+.E7:9;g9i4+0`4-.-,?hT7=,B9 A 9w4W10(+k<[4)._71.m&-._oY<PA ];&)>+9)0a.hT.@NL)N6.1@03n ,=&).P,/9N,[(+t~l;9)h0(-,/.Â <y,=&-.
7@9wbfNA\4)(-,BA 9w4

knB +
1.@,?hT.:.N4S,khT910(+4)71&-._<z(+4q5W,=&).mt 9N<[<JA\4y,=&). >+4)7@,BA 9;4A <|7:(+t 71>6t (-,/.-5W()<
X 9P(q565P( ;];>+0.S(+4q5P7q&)._71jfA gL,=&).c9wt 5W9;4).sA <x]69i9i5
oiA ]w>60.yn w
$*)(N0(+t .1t+7:9;4+4-.-7=,BA 9w4

x c x$x Br_B/_4Lx
6x2D r<Bt x _2 S$
7:9;*@d+0A ];&-,|{} u- wu@dx0nk (N0/"s.qA\0
7@9;*:d60A ];&-,|{} u~ wu@dEx0na (N0/"s.qA\0
x$Fx$x Br_B/_4Lx
6 x2U r<Bt c _)
B

"$#

!

ED:F G@HJILKNMPOPQSRTI UVMWH

A4+<[>6<:4)>-bJ...N91g0a9w>+gS0>-,=,=<Z&)&).{.110T9+119w0.-j:(+7:<y4)(+71,=>)&-&q<[._(-.f<Z,sA ,915NgS.-A <z(+,=]it&)A\4-A.^)]e.l"h|,=>N&-AA ,=5.m&qbJ9w()._<*1A71.17s&)4e(+>64N7q4qA&q5N7@(+.N<Z460a<[5Y4),[.1A(+<t4)715Yl;>-<A\9)4)<[h ]s.-5 ,/(+94qA\4{5^,=&-%',=. &)&).eIV(+h3*-A\(-,/4-.1-,/.10._0KZ.:wn<[*+,/&-._.N5{L4-.19w00._bJ.^(q56.1hT.14).^9;0|4Y7_.@n (+r+4X*q(+&)14).105960.c(q,=56(N&1.10aA .< 0
&NA <+&).10xj14)9)hJt .-5N]6.P@d0a.-(q5iA\4)]19i9wjs<@>q7q&P()< *1.14 /%'&)(+4+4).1t8d)5w0(+>6t A 7:<f@d }.14 X .W%'&-9)h z EL.@h
9i0kj6m 7 30(@h TA\ta"9i9;j% 9;bf*q(+4-d_uy4)76n +@n L.10.p(q()<A 77@9;4q7@.N*_,/<Zg9i0,=&).4)9;4 Bowt>1A 5
._7q h&q(+4NA 7@< 4-]YA\4-._.10<z(N0.c]YA -.N4in
b7qJ&q96(+</4+X ,=4-t &)d^.N.ztY@l;l;dP9)9)h,=h &).mA\&)4S()g9;0<A *17@<,B.1A\A bS4S9;4EA\7qt (N&q(-0x(+,c461,=4).1&-.1&q.Pt)(-l;-7q9).N&qh0L(+4+,/A\94-4c.N,/</t89E,/._19w(q._5N5~4-d.n<[91
',[g'(-<S,/,=.c9;&).E4)A <|.*NqA\by*1(+.ftA (+];4ql;&-7@,9)._h$.=5Prih@*1d._A ,=7@&m1,:.:u",=,k,=0hT(+&)._4).m.1<4|gA ,B0AA,=9w7@&),B4s.JA 9;g]w4P09;0(-gb N(q7=A ,?,/t dJ(+9ibSg0'9iA\g04)9i7@(N0T.:0L<`9wl;(+*19)4).1h 54
,/,=9W&).s,=&)7q.S09N,=<>6<0?<[6._>+7@t ,B.1A 4-9;,4(-(N,z0.y(+1)9w(N>_0Ak, (+6Mt .+u;
,=&).y <@ >+rn 0gEL(q7:.@.W).1A 0a<J,=&-(-.N,|t .:(+<t<_bJui96,=</&),.y7@9;9w*14-.N<[4,[(+7q4_&q,c(+*14604).:.1<[t6<:>6l;09).fh(+4q&)5P()<,=<&).@.f).1];00(+(-t1A0,?.:ds<:*1g9i._7=07@,/.<
(N0a.X A\bf&)*1.}9il;0a9),[(+h4-91,:ng;(t A vw>1A 5SA\4x(z7q&q(+464).1t@7_(+4J1.371&)(N0(q7@,/.10A @._5f@d3,=&).T<:*1._7-A w7T.14).10]1d3,=&q(-,A <8()<[<9Y7-A (-,/._5
ht A vwA ,=>1&sA 5mA ,:)n .1X t 9Y&N7-A A <3,?d <:G:*1n ._7-A w7|.14).10]1dsA <x7:9;bf*10A <[.-5f9Ng",khT9s7:9;bf*19w4-.N4_,/<- ,=&).f&-dq5;09N<[,[(-,BA 7y*10.:<<@>+0a.c(+4)5s,=&-.
X &).S.14).10]1ds(-,(+4_dP*19YA\4_,x91gx&-.qA ];&-,A\4s(E0a.-7=,[(+4)];>+t (10 71&)(+4+4-.NtYA <

wn-

8NO N
%,+
5 0 (C+0;1/5 ! 1!4(
i7/=( &#;% :&! 1
O F@gQ L Q [ V 3 Y T&dY evZcXZ L Qm&Zj$Q L Q [ V 3 Y T;d

Chapter 5. Flow in Open Channels
Fl
ow
oiA ]w>60. wn6 L xO{9T9{|{9xOP w Ow

aU +{ } N } w RDU }
N }O} UaT
(+4)5~ui<A\4q7@. g9i0(+4_dE*19iA\4-,A\4y,=&).f7q09N<[<z<._7=,BA 9w4Pg0.:.f<:>60ag(q7@.)@u

h&-.N0a.+
wn 6
$
)
%-+
<@&-*1.q.-A ];7-&-A w,`7c9N.1g4),=.1&)0.m]1dZt A v;*1>N.NA 0T5E>+A\4y41A ,,=&-.f71&)(+4+4).1t

(q(--7:.N7:.10()t .1]60.S(-,B-A 9;.Nt4f9Y7-9NA g,?df]w091(-gLN,=A ,k&-d .mt A vw>1A 5
091(-g,/).p.1 g8t 9Y,=7-&-A.,?dc-.N(+ t4q9Y5P7-A ,?&)dc.) A 9N]wg &_,:,=nJn&-.oq89itt 0}9NA vw,(s>1,BA\A <:5P4-*1]SA._<z,=7)&)A\A w4q.:7q7c<.y0._l;()*19)<9ih._A\4-5~0,/uN(-<',=,/9;.s&).4(+&-(S4q.q5Z5YA ];A7q()&-0];9N,:0u<(+< bu<[.-uq&)7=h|(),B<3AA ,=9;,/&J4Y9mui,=71&),=&).&)(+.1 4)0i.s]N7:.|(N9+0a,/9i.P9E05Ybcj=A\.:4)(+.N(-4_*,/d.,=7:&)()9;.J<}bf,=<B&)(+N.yA\bJ4q&-(-..q,Bl;AA 9;];9)4)&-h <,
(+()<z4)5,=&-,=. &). I~<@*1i._7:7)9+A 9iw07J5Y.NA\4)4-(-.N,/0a.x]Nds()< 7q,=>+&)0.`)B. <:K*1n ._7-iA .@w)73.1.10(+4)tY.107@]19;d_4qu 7q+t>)uq<71A 0a9w.-4-(-<x,/.:7:<}(+(S4P*q1(1.f0(+5w109;(:hJt (z4S9wg4z09;(b]w0(+oi*+A ]w&Y>6n 0.X w&1An <3wnxt A\4-oi.A\0A</<3,:uYj14),=&-9).NhJ0a4.
AA\<c4)71(^0a.-bS()<[A\._41<|A\bsh>6A ,=b &P.N(P4-56.N0a._]N7qdZ0._(-(),<.W(PA\4W<@*1,=.-&)7-.ZA w&)7Z.)&-A ];.q&-A ];,z&-hJ,y&)j1.14-4m9)h,=&-4W.E()t <A v;,=>N&)A 5. &-I/.q7qA 0];A ,B&-A ,J7:(+A <st"&)1.).1A t];9)&-h$,iKw,=n!&-.mi.-7q7@09;A ,B4qA 7:5~(+u~t",=&)&-.).A ];.1&-4),:.1nf0]14d
,=A <s&1A jN<|4-7_9)()h<[.+4mui(),=<&-.W,=&-bc.|(NIVA\4<:>67@*19w.N4_0,=7100A\A 6,BA >-7_,B(+A 9;tY4yl;9),/h9WKw,=n &).yX .1&N4)A\0.150]1udPhJA&)<|.15;4m>),=.S&).E,/9m&),=.)&-A ]w.&_A\,c4q7qA <S0._(+()1<.91)A\.f4f,=,=&)&-.m.S71)0.1A t,B9YA 7_7)(+A ,kt d_n&).)X A ];&N&-A <z,:uwl;,=9)&-h .
.1A <|4).15;0>)]1.cd,/A\9m4q7q,=0&-._.W()<[&-._d)<5w()09N]+</(N,[A\(-4i,Bn A 7X *1&N0.:A <|<<@l;>+9)0ah.y7:A <s9;bfj14-*19)9wh4-.N4m4_(),:<Jn ,=&-. IV<@>+N7q0A ,BA 7:(+tYl;9)kh Kwu(+4)5E,=&-..14).10]1dA\4q7q0._()<[.
X &).mbSA\41A\bs>6b *19iA\4-,`9Ng.14).10]1dm7q>+0).W&)(+*+*1.14)<x,/91.f(-,
" $#
wn 6
7@9;*:d60A ];&-|, {} ~u wu@dEx0an (N/0 "s.qA\0
x$Fx$x Br_B/_4Lx
6 x2U r<Bt c _)
&%

Section 5.1. Introduction
EL
specific
energy line
Y2
2
specific
thrust line
Y3
YC
Y1
Yo A ];>+0a. n 4v R U&
{
L } U
hJ&).10.,=&).f7q0A ,BA 7:(+t&-.qA ];&-,zA <|56.c"4)._5@d

N } P w PSU } y|xOP 0x nU

wn +

#
X &+0k>)</,|A <z56.c"4)._5P()<
e, f
wn 6
56X .c"&)4)..by,=&)A\41.yA\bf5iA\>+bb .14),=<&6A 9;0?>-4+<[t ,c.:<(+<Jt <4+9p>+bf&q(+1*+.1*10.1()4)<-< ,/91.Z(-,,=&-.P<B(+bJ.*19iA\4-, " n X &-.N0a.:g9i0a.+u"9;4).P7:(+4

wn 6

1b3.1(+t A9)4-1h dA 5YA\7114)09i]Â ,B9;A ,=j_7_&-<y(+.Zt_9;)-4E.1.Nt 9Yl"t 9i7)>N7)A A,kA 5 ,kd_dn bJX@.-d &17qA &q"<'(+vw41>) A 7:(+<_4-*1n ,B091A ,kX NdfA &)56A <}.P.:<f-];.N9w00(-ds4-N.WAA\,kbfdh|*1A .@,=9i&E0a,[._(+,=7=&)4_,/<.E,:u6(1(+(+014). A\5Wt A ,?IBA dEb,/<'._,/<9p()A <@]w7q>+41&)0A ._w._5L7q7_K(+j4)@A 7:gdE.z,=7_,=&)&)(+.P.4sl;1oi9).|0h 9;<[>q,=A 5N<s>).^5Y(+A ._14+5y91>+)bfg.Z0a9w19i.1b 00
hJ&NA 7q&mA <56.c"4)._5@df.-v;>q(-,BA 9;4Z wn 6:n
N 6xxc 2xD$x r< BtBr x_B/ __2 4S$ Lx
7:9;*@d+0A ];&-|, {} -u wu@dx0kn (N/0 "s.qA\0

ED[ fUVR`fOUV PKN

ED $OPKNsQf?UVRSQ
XA\4)&)71.s0a.-()l;<[9)._h <S(+7:(+4q54Z71,=&-&).m(+4))]N.1.mt 9Y9;7-4+A ,?tdZdW5Ng0a.-9w7qb0._()(P<.:<:<_>6n *1.NX 0&)71.10A 0,B.PA 7_A(+<mtw4)l;99)h$*196,/<[9<=A\(E1A\t<@A ,?>+dWN7qg9i0A 0L,BA ,=7:&)(+.mt;l;l;9)9)hShu",/A\9e4P]Nh9^&1A A\714P&W,=,=&-&-..0&-.@).q.1A ];0<[&-. ,
<5ioi7:A\A 0]w9;._>6*17@0.y,B. A 9;91w4SgLn wn,=1&N`._A 7_<z\4s(+5Y>-(qA <<7@.`71,=>-9N>)<(+g;<t,=AA 9w,?&)d_4q. u+:i.1nz.-4)7@.1gL9w0,=]14)&-dW5m.N0at 19N.(:<hp<3A <S9Y914)7:g9P71X >6.10&)4)<|.1.10?A\04ybJ]1dE(+9Y4-51t 9Ndfd+<[4q<-<(+Au+,=bS,=>q&-(-A 7@.S,B<À 9;l;4Y9),=h&)uw.`6bJ>-.@,`r+9N*+<-t9;._(+<zbJ4)(-g.:0a,B,B9wAA\9wbJb 4.:91<*1g;9YA ,`hA\4_7:,c&1(+A 71S4W&|,/19A .m<L*19;4-9i>-._A\,8];4-t91k, .-gw7=ZA,=,/._&-\54.
,=A\*14S&-9i.m,=A\4-&-.1, .S4)s.17:0(+(+]1t 4q71d^5Z>6tt 96(-&q<[,B()<A <39w4-.N<-4-n3.N
0a]N 4fd17:()t.96<[<[,[._<|(+<Tj= h.14E&- 8.NA\:0a4_n`.,/9e,=4m&-(q.b7:l;7:(+9;9)4_h>+df4_7_,:71()nW&)<[(+.:4)4W<T]N,=,=._&-&-<|.c._0<[7q(+.W&q*1(+7:A 5w()4-t<]6dP.:.S<_<:u~A\4c>),=71&),=&y.&-.J()l;<`,=9)&6hh0?>-A ,=bJ<[&c,x9N,=A -<|&)._.s4)<J.:&-g]wd)0t9;5wA ]ib 0A\(++>6*1t .6t A9iu17 A\<:4->),s>+71bfs&S*1,/()@9 +t A 7 B>6bs*iui(+4q5f,=&).|l;9)h$bJ91).:<3g0a9wb *19iA\4-,||,/9E*19iA\4-,s()<x<@&)9)hJ4fA\4moYA ];>+0a.
\4^ ;+u L(N0k1.N0 I?g9w>64q 5 KP,=&-.&_dq5w0(+>+t A 7 B>6bs*ZA\4W,=&).<:&-9N,|<@t .:.:-.shJ&NA 7q&&-.W7:(+t .-5( I?h3(-)B. Kwn
L(10?1.106>NA\t ,L(sbJ9Y56.1t:,/9y56.:<B7q0A\1.z,=&1A <Lh3(-).6uY>-,BA\t A -A\4)]sbc()<[<'7@9w4-<.10a)(-,BA 9w4J(+4)5F".N0k4)9;>+t A <}.-v;>q(-,BA 9;4
-i.N.N4-t .N9Y .Nt 7-(+0a]NA 4-,?dmdE]6.17@,/0V9w9 4- 9N<.1,=6&-0a).N(-560`,B.1A]N9wbJ._4q9;9w:bJ4-n <[.:X,=,=0&10(-A A,/7_<c.-(+5SbJt,=*N9Y&)0a569w(-.1,L*1ti.1,=]i0a&),BA .|)A .:.:.1<f<|4)9N(.1gx0<[]1,=.@dS&),z.ZA <`91g'<:5i&-.-A <9Nv;<,c>qA\*q(-<:(-,Bt .:,/A 9;._.@)5~4).6<cu1n (+0a.N4)t5y(--,B,=.NA\&)4-0c(-]e,' *+.1t4)>6.14)d:0]N]1.-.N(1dc00<f7@)9;.1._4)t(N9Y<[0?.N7-t A0A .1,?qd0(-u ,B(+A 9;4q.14s5W t (+bJh34)9Y(-]N-5.1. 0
h.1]Nt._<sA ,=9;&S7_bJ(+,=.:46&),=4).y0d_91A\n ,m4q7q10.^._()>)<.<[.-9N5^g ,/,=9^&-.<[9wt A tvw->1.A 5s&_dq-5;.N0t 9Y(+7->+A t,?A dm7 1>+.:bfg9i*i0a.n ,=L&)..EB56>6.1bfbJ*Y9wn 4-X <[,=&N0(-A <`,/.-7:5e9;4q,=7q&qt(->),c<A 9w,=&)4y.EA <`5Y,=A <[0k>)<=A\.J*)(-g9i,BA089w(+44-dWA\4)71j)0aA\.-4q()5s<[.:9N<g
A(+\44)(+(^
t d-<@,B&)At 7:A 91,/(+.1,stq0(-<<:9;,=t .:>6t.:>-0-,B.e.)A 9;s0a4.:1(+,=A*+&q.:*1h(-._,'(N5N560a.N.:<Z<BbJ7qA\4^9;0A\4)191</.:,=,=<'&)0(-.1,=,/0&).:.|<c7:()<,=9;<&q.:t(->-<_,,Bu'A 9;,=g9i&)4S0z.eA <r.@&-rqd)(+5w(Nbs00&(+*6>+t .et A .)7 (eA\0 B>6<'l;bf9)g9ih*^0?bfA\A\44>+t (((^(+7)<[4qA\,/09i5m710k>6bA <3t (N<@0`<[&).@719)hT0ahJ96.N<[4S0S< iA\</4m<[d).-</oi,/7=A.1,B];Ab9;>+4^<_0. n [wt
zA\n j4. n
5N5i.:A <1<AXA\7:*q.:&)(-<-.z,BuÀ\.14-A\]4)4.1h560]1.@&1dfNA 71A t7@96&p._<[<<'&-dq7@(N9w5;0a.4)0(+7:<[>6.19 t*-A 7,T7:b9;>+bf(+bf4NbJ*)A g9w<m.:4</(N,/<`0,=.e&qA ,/(-<A\,^4-.1,=t g 0a469YA\>+4J5wbJ>)<[.N7:.:0a._-9w5{.N>-0<^(+A\4etq05N.:9i._<0<._56A (N]w.100x4-71<-&,/u)9<@hT>q5Y9i7qA <[0?&j:<=<eA\()*)<3(-&qA\,/(-4|.Z-,=. .N&)4-.1.N.:.10a]N.14)d_4.1n 0]1*1BdX .1i0a&)g5Y.E9iA <[0?<=.NbJA\4-*)._.N(-5 0a,B]NA\9;xd4)]4
,=i &-}.N0b(+4)71A\4m&+ ,=&-.6t~()<@</ ,&)9) h`<e,=&+&).>+4)*15w.N0a0.-7:5N.1<4-,[d:().-]N(1.'0<_91\n gY.N
z4-4P.N0a.=]Nr1dJ7@.1t 9Nt<.N<_4_nT,yL09).1hT*19i.:0a-,f.N0V@u dWL,=(1&)0?.E1.12x0uqn "(+n4)5f}t>+(-0a,/.-.1(+0+>P91,=91&)\g .1~0;0._.:71<t ._(+(Nb071(-&-,BA.N9;0a4<
g,=0a&19wA _, (+4q5c%'&6>i 1i@u:g(NA\t ._5,/9fj14-9)h|+>+4)56.10</,[(+4q5Y+>)<[.
Chapter 5. Flow in Open Channels
/
*
*
N

?
N
7@9;*:d60A ];&-,|{} u~ wu@dEx0na (N0/"s.qA\0
8NON
x$Fx$x Br_B/_4Lx
6 x2U r<Bt c _)
_

N

2T4q56.107:9;4)</,=0?>)7@,BA 9;4W*6t .-()<[.sA ];4)9i0.J,=&).W0a._</,x91gL,=&-.y7q&q(+*-,/.10n

D:F G@HJILKNMPOPQSRTI UVMWH
&X)4f.1&)0,=.Z.)&1A\A4Y)<|9;n 71t>+&)X bJ(+&)*-.. ,/.191"08g|0,=</.@&-,s).f.1<[,/0a56d^.1.:*p<=<[A .-<[A\];47=,B4sA 0k9;>+(+4p4+4q5W4-&).N(),=0J<s&).s5N,/._95Y<AA ~1];.e.N40a.N7:A <(+4_,ct ,/719p>60a.Nt (-5Yt (-,/A ,B-.-A .-59;5Nn4).-<@5X&NA\&)*P,=.1&)14E.p.@,?,=bJhT&)9;.e.:t.N55N4P._A\<0k4->+A ,/];4694p4)<[.1&).:0L()-<[<s.N.-0,/7q(+9bJt`.Nt.N9N4_4-]Y,/<:A<>67:(+0(N.Zt"0a.f<[,=.-&q<[7=,=(-,B>),yA 5Y9;,=A4)._&-<_5. n
]6
(-,y,/.,=&1)A <f.1t 9Y<[,[7-()A ,?]Ndf.P(+,=4)&)5.10,=.&)\. A <E"4-t 9{A\4)]fjN4-,B9)A\bh.49N0ag8.Nt.@(N)A\6.10at .Zds,=<[.-&-7=._,B9iA 09wdN4+bJ,/99Y561.y.1tL()j1<J4)09)._hJ7:9;4Zbf,/bJ9^.N,=4)&)5.E@(+df>-,=.@&-r+9i*10`.N0,/A\9{b.1*14-0._,[5Y(+At;,/<y0a._<@,=&)>+.:t ,/<[<_. n
q5Y(+A <t7q>->+._<_>)n<[._5~X n &-.X &)q.E(+t>-0._._(q<m56(N.10a0T.h|qA ,=()&e<[.-j15 4-9w&qt(-.:N]6A\.Pt dA\4Z9;4^.Nt ._<[.N7=,=bS0AA 7:0(+A\t~t (N.1A\+4)t]i.EA\4+.=4-ri.N*10.1A\4)0A\]bJk.N.14_t ,/.-<-7=n,=0A X7:(+&)t~.7)A\ 07@(q,/7q.:j@<hT|9ih|05A\t8}4).:91<,BAA ]w7:.P4A\A 4<
<[<9wA\bsbJ*6.Wt A ;<A\.-bS5EA\t,/(N9p0A ,B&qA .:(-<_-n^.P(+L4q9)(+hTt d_.:,B-A .N7_0V(+u}t&-.=dqri5;*100(+.:<t>6<tA A9;7P4)<_7)nA\071 ~>_.:,/,:<fu(NA\4E0.e(qbJ7=,=9i>q0a(+.Pt A ,?7:dE9;bf(+t*+;t ,=.=&-r;.mn ,/w.N(N0kbJ0,c<S91<:gx&-,=9w&->6.Pt 5p.@r+1*N.W0a._,[<[(+<j=A 9w.14-4<yA\4-(N,/0a9.
7@9w4-<=A 5N.N0(-,BA 9w4-<z(+4q5P7@9;bsbJ.107-A (+t+<[91g,?h3(N0a.c<@>q7q&E3A $. ;.10ag._7@ ,
<:&-9w>6t 51.W>)<[._5~n
'-, '-, W1KC[1 82: H+J
+(~A\4y4q>+5W(W*6*1Aj1<x964)<[5N9)..NhJ4-,=4J&)9N(-,/g._,`>+5E4qhT7=@.s,BdA 9;&q (-4SB)(+n .4)X f5&)<hT.J._.s7@]6,B(-0aA .-,/9;.|7@4)9;<3-b.Nh|t.19iA 4q,=7)&m5fA ,kdm,/f9E&q]+()>-(-<3<,/..:,/<-9E n 7q1pj=.S.N.A\04y,BjN-(W4- 9)(1j1h 0&4)9),=hJ&)(-.)4s,À\0 0-(+<}9w4)gt]N9i>6.60?bJbfn .X >+,/t &-(Y9.anx1"oq.St9iA\5604).1,=]yt&NA ),BA <À\.1bJ05Y._.A 5P<71&q(->-(),x<<T<]6,/A 9;(-9Z,/4f.1A .,
A <()<[<:>6bJ.-5m,=&)(-,x,=&)\. "t A\4)]&)()<x,/9e1.sA\4Zj14)9)hJ4W0(+4-]6.S(+4q5m,=&).Sl;9)h$0(-,/.f7:(+4P1.f7_(+t 7q>+t (-,/._5@d

wn-
X &+>-<-ui]6(-,/.S(10._(sg9i0 ,=&).c<._7@,BA 9;4

wn 6

;
*
E
?

-"
Chapter 6. Runner Design
z0?bJ.-5WhA ,=&y,=&NA <cj14-9)ht ._56]N.+u69w4-.y7_(+4f</,[(N0,z5N._<A ];4y,=&).m0k>+4+4-.N08</d)</,/.Nbn
. ( 03<,+5 0x(/1/5 5A74! (c1i#;5 7/! C+(z5 !;#&.! C+( 5 !&. (&> 0c#!45
vents
vents
Mold
i
j
K
b
Biscuit
oiA ]w>60. wn6

]N._9;bJ.:,=0df9Ng30?>64+4-.N07@9w464)._7@,BA 9;4
'-, '
;$J JK8GC >IH J aF J JB8 :I8$38"JG>Q:
1*1}.m0.:.:<=<[56A<:];.:>6<=4Z0A .J];914)5wg._0a7@59w9w*s9;464)k4)5Y.6._A nm7@,/.1._4e05.14qoY0?7@A>6];.-4+>+T4)0a9;.1.S034fw<Nn.__07q(+(b4q17q.10&)4-(+.:,/4q<z<7qq&)&q(+.:(-4)<)5 .w(+A\4-&q4)<:()5>6<}S0.m,/9W(1,=0&)1.m(-.7:,c,=9;&-,=4+.J&-4-.m.-<(+7=l;,/bJ9).-h.5Z<=,/0A\9(-4),/7:1.Z.z0(+,=(-&-4q,c.y7q.-&*N(q0a7q._&Z<[(-<@<[,f>+.-07q*1.bJ9iA\A\4|.N4-4_,,=,&-x.f&)n ()bJ<SX 9;&-,/t 59.

._7:vw(-N>)A(+,kdt6,/A9W<cl;,=&-9).Zh$<B0(+(-bJ,/..mA\4Pg9i10J0(+19N4)71,=&E&
<[ .-7qbJ.N4_,/<-n X &).W<@>+b9Ng`,=&).Wl;9)h0(-,/._<Sg9i0J19N,=&10(+4)71&^&)()<S,/9 1.

wn 6
X &-.cl;9)h0(-,/.A\4f.:-.N0d10(+4)71&mA <0.1t (-,/.-5W,/9m,=&-.m*10.:<<@>+0a.f5YA .10.14q7@.m@d
wn +

7:(+4f&)h.100.SA ,/,=.c&-g.y9i0T<:>6N)0<(+714q07qA ,& Y A\4f,=&NA <7:()<[.y(+t <9b._(+4)<z(+4-dZ10(+4q7q&f.6n ]n`\u |(+4q5W<[9W9w4inxoq9i08.@rq(+bf*+t .6ui9w4-.
wn 6

*120.:,B<[A\<:t A >6-0A\4).f]e5YA,=~&-.N.e0a.Nbc4)7:().6<[<su 7:9;4)<[u.1A <z0aq,=(-&),B.cA 9;<B4P(+bJg9i.c0J,=*1&69Y>)A\4_<x, hT.y7:A\(+4E4fhJh&N0A 7qA ,/& . Z(+4)5e,=&).Pg(q7@,c,=&q(-,c,=&-.

wn 6

h&-.N0a.chT.y7:(+4m5Nx. "4-.S._vw>q(+t .14-,|0a._<A <[,[(+4)7:.:d

wn 6
7@9;*:d60A ];&-|, {} ~u wu@dEx0an (N/0 "s.qA\0
x$Fx$x Br_B/_4Lx
6 x2U r<Bt c _)
%
/
/

0/
q.:,/<8g>+0,=&).10"bc(+41A\*19wt ,/.3,=&).`.-v;>q(-,BA 9;4)< ,/9c]N.:, <[9wbJ.Jb9i0a.|A\bf*19i0a,[(+4_,'0.1t (-,BA 9w4-<:&1A\*)<_n328<A\4)]J.-v;>q(-,BA 9;4

< NLN+x(+4)5P.-v;>q(-,BA 9;4PSN N+

B
wn 6
X &-.xl;9)h 0(-,/.A\4J(f10(+4q7q & T7_(+4y1.0.1t (-,/.-5c,/9cl;9)h 0(-,/.A\4y10(+4q7q&S)(+4)5y7:9i0k0.:<:*19;4q5iA\4)]s0.:<=A </,[(+4q7@._<

wn 6
28<A\4)]m._vw>)(-,BA 9w4Z< NLN6x(+4q5P._vw>q(-,BA 9;4P< NLN+x9;4).S7_(+4f9;-,[(NA\4

l wnB +

i9;t NA\4-]g9i0 ,=&).m0a._<A </,[(+4q7@.m0(-,BA 9P<A\4q7@.c,=&).l;9)h0(-,/.A <jN4-9)h4

l wnN)

'-, '*) q 82: HE:Q>Q14J"C 8
< NLN+&)3(-,fh56A\t9+w._1<y.f,=5Y&)A .e<710a>-._<<<[A .-</,[5(+4q&-7@.N.e0a.qA\A\4y4)71gt>6>)0a56,=. &-.N0Vn LX 9)h&).,/,/99N,[(q(+7qtw&N0A .:.@<=)A .^</,/.10.:4q<7@A .m<[,[0(+._4)(q7:56.e< 0(-,BA 9pA\4,=&-.*10a.:1A 9w>-<y.-v;>q(-,BA 9;4

1
2
oYA ];>+0a. n 8dm7@9;4+4)._7=,BA 9w4

l wnB+
0.=.:r6<A ,cA <[X ,/0a.1._&)<4q.A 7@</7:.+,/9;.Nu-4)4- 7:,=0.s(q 7@A <|@,BuA 5;9;A <>)4.S5;0a._,=>)<&-.SA.W</,/,/9t.N964)</0a7:,x._.6<91Au,/g}.1!.14q#4)7@ .1.S0
]19N dsg
# ,=9N &)gL.m".NtbJu A v;A.1<>N0A <[,=5.-&-5.WbJ?.@5w.@,[,:>-(+n.st;X A\,=4Z&-&).W.ybJ7@(+9w9w4-t 5P4_]w,=t7:.0(q(-N7=0.:,BA ,k<=A d_9wA </n 4,/.N914)g30}7:.6A\,=4f&-u-.m 91,=]6s&)(-.1A ,/<|0 .+5;hTn >)9iX .S056&-,/.<_9mu6.=,=,=r6&-&-A ..,
]N7q&q._9;(+4)bJ]N.:.s,=09NdPg305i.:<=A\0A ._</,/7@.N,BA4)9;7:4Y.n X &- . A <JuA,=<&-.E5;>)0a.S._<,/A 9m<[,/.1hJ4q&)7@9.05w9;>)>+.s4q5N,/9E.-5ml;,=9)&-h.yA\7@49w46,=&)4).._7@1,BA09;(+4Y4qn7q&9;410(+4q7q& =n X &).

"
" -"
!#

#
$
"

"

"
(
"
" -"

$
%
x c x$x Br_B/_4Lx
6x2D r<Bt x _2 S$
l wnB+
7:9;*@d+0A ];&-,|{} u- wu@dx0nk (N0/"s.qA\0
<=A\4)7:.
$

( %

"
'&

(

"
8
q.@,/<()<[<:>6b.g>+0a,=&-.N08,=&q(-,

&

(

(
(

"
u

"

"
'&
%

(
"

lwnh6
lwn_6

%

lwn:+
lwn 6
lwn 6

"%"0a9w<[bf, "*q(14q05mA <[,=9w&-4m.f15Y.:A ,k(+hTbJ._.:.1,/4f.10<B7q._0vw(+>q*P(+t1.1.@4-,?,3hT,/.:9m.14Z,khT[9bf>+t A\4)t ,B.:A < t A\4).:<',?hT9t A\4-._<`,/9W9w4-.mt A\4).

'&

"
(

%

%
(

'&
"
%
&

(
lwn 6
8N
lwn 6

<@>+_,BA ,=t A\4)]ZA\4y,/9

"
l wn ;-
5iA .1*6EL0>-.19),x4qh 7@5w.W0hT(@1.h|.:A\,kj14-hT4)]W._9).191h 4yg,=,=,=&-&)&).S..1b,=00.1n (+t (-*1,B.:A :9w9i4-A <:5 &1A\* 1.@,?hT.:.N4e,=&-.p&_dq5w0(+>+t A 7p0(q5YA\>-<-n q.:,<[._.Eh&)(-,PA <,=&).<7q0(+*
@7t .@9w,x4_<)7q.100a(+,B*A\4-]m56.1,=4)&)91.S,/.-._5Evw>):(-d,BA 9w4
7@9;*:d60A ];&-|, {} ~u wu@dEx0an (N/0 "s.qA\0
x$Fx$x Br_B/_4Lx
6 x2U r<Bt c _)
%B

(
&

(

(
<

lwn +

"
,=&).0(-,BA 9W91gL,=&-.S<B7q0(+*WA <

&

(
(+4q54-9)ht .@,/<zh0A ,/.

&

(

(
(

(

(
A\4y,/.10?b9Ng,=&).c,khT9m91,=&).10
x c x$x Br_B/_4Lx
6x2D r<Bt x _2 S$
lwn +
lwn 1i
7:9;*@d+0A ];&-,|{} u- wu@dx0nk (N0/"s.qA\0
7@9;*:d60A ];&-,|{} u~ wu@dEx0na (N0/"s.qA\0
x$Fx$x Br_B/_4Lx
6 x2U r<Bt c _)
%&%
;$JG>Q8"JK>Q:

^
p

!" # #$ &%(' )+*,
-/.102.34.1.657598 .1.65;: < .>=@??A.B:BCED FHG
IJLK MONP
Q RTS1U PWV NXJJYJJYJJYJJYJJJYJYJJJYJYJJJYJYJJJJZJJJJZJJJJ\[1]
IJ ^ _a`bdc U\TeXe N1fhgTij R V klQ+k e JYJJJYJYJJJYJYJJJJZJJJJZJJJJ\[1]
IJ mn_a`&bXo k&p V R V P2q &r P
`&bsc UTeXe N&f R V klTQ9k e JYJJJYJYJJJJZJJJJZJJJJ\I&t
u&v w1vyx{z2|~}XXZX&T@yOvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv u
u&v w1v }T}71||7Tyvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv u
yT $ TOX }
O }yvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv u
} L}y>vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv uu
T |7 }y>B~
|7TXWyT$WW } y|4}yduu
T T|7 }ydB |7Tvvvvvvvvvvv uu
T T|7 }yd+1y|7|7O }y1TO vvvvvvvv uu
|7|T|7 }yd|4}7ysvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv u
|7|T|7 }ydT1W yyTXB
~vvvvvvvvvvv u
u&v w1v w L}y|a } } &Bvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv u
IJ t _a`&bQ+b r Q e b R g1i j R V klTQ9k e
JYJYJJJYJYJJJYJYJJJJZJJJJZJJJJ\I1
u&v Tvyx~ X&T vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv u
u&v Tv XyTOTZ}T|7yT}yvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv &x
~}
@ }|>vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv &x
Y/ @
}vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv &x
+
7 @ }|/vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv &x
@ }|vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
~"yT @ }|vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv w
W A OT|7y|a Xyuv Tv vvvvvvvvvvvvv
N

Chapter 7. pQ2 Diagram Calculations
~1O|4}y
TyWW } y|4}yY @ }| vvvvvvvvvv
yT
TOX
}
@ }|svvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
Wy|7 @ } vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv w
T}y @
};; }y vvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
u&v 1v w T|7y @ }| vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
u&v 1v AWT|7y}$
@ }| vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
IBJ ~b
V lTN(Q U b 6JJJZJJJJZJJJJYJYJJJYJYJJJYJYJJJYJJYJJYJJYJ\&t
IBJ [n_a`&bMONPb N
V
U kPWV
N N V R bQ9kPWV N JYJYJJJYJYJJJYJYJJJYJJYJJYJJYJ\
IBJ I STeXe kQ9q JZJJJJJZJJJJZJJJJYJYJJJYJYJJJYJYJJJYJJYJJYJJYJ\1[
IBJ ] i S b PWV N JZJJJJJZJJJJZJJJJYJYJJJYJYJJJYJYJJJYJJYJJYJJYJ\1[
ZD@F G@HJILKNMPOPQSRTI UVMWH

.1XbS4)&)A\]it.WA\A 4)9;*1.:4) .N<S0a <-91n g5Y5NA X ()9w];&-t0. (1(+0b <mA\bf&)A *1<z(-9i),=0.e&),[.m(+14qbJ.:7@.N.^9N4<[9N,xA\gS4_7:)9;,=.:&1bf<[A ,/<EbJ._5 5Y9wA4s():];d 7:0(+(+Et 71b
|>63t (-7:,B%f(+A 49w
|4iu 1u;E.A gT56(+o~.14_u8bJds(+9w(-4q4-,5e<[(+,=910t(-\,=u;,/&).-(N.150a0|.Wbc@>)dp(<[.-?9i,=5&-0z.^@A\dZ4)g</(qbJ,B7@A ,=96,W>-</,/,=,z.:&)5i<(-A,W.y&-.N,/7:0a.1().4)<[<Z,B(+A\4)4-9N]5 g
(+(+14)5096(q5N5E.NbA\4y(+4),=&)5^.W,=*1&-._9i 0dZ5ihA ()&1]wA 071(+&Zb h30().:<y<[.-5N(1.:0-7q.N&Yt n 9;*1X .-&)5 .m@*1dp
z t5ig0A ()._]w50(+b (N0A <@<z&q9;(+4)t.c[9N g1,=&)6.m~ b(+N+4NAJg.:A\</4Z,[(-,=,B&)A .P9w4-,=<x>+910k4g}<@91>+gx*+,=*6&-t d.
7@5i.NA ()4_]w,=0>+(+0d-bmnuL ,`(+4eh3().1<4)]i"A\0a4)<[.:,.NA\04-,=A\4)0a9Y<@5w>+>)0a._7:<y._5W,=&q,/(-9m,y,=5Y&)A.S.5Y7_A ().y</,B7:A$)4)<[] ,BA\4-b]E(qA\7q4q&N5;A\4)>).E</,=0a(+dW1A\A\t4yA ,?d,=&)7_.(+t 4(-,/g. >+ t "1t<S,=&-'.(-N5iA A<:.^ Nb 9;6t@5n`564f.:<=,=A &1];A 4<
.10a>_.-4),Bv;A\9;t >NA >))A\];A\04-.1&W]ZbJ,/.N.@9r+4_,/*1*1< .N01.@0A$,=b&).1.y4-.1,4-t A,[vw*1(+>10t;.1A 5W)bc(+b(-t>),=.@.:>6,[<J0(+.mgtN9igA <x0a0}._A\56.:4 -.:V._<=A\4)A\7@0a],/.-._n 5 5f"(-t,}4)A\.P,=4)&)]P7:.S(+,B4Y0A\AbJu]w.m&_h,}A(+,=)4)&P.15t ,=9Y&)]67-.e(-A ,?,/df&-.f.N0-(+t*P.N4-t ]69i91.J7)gxA (+,B,=A&-4).:.5y<y,=*NA\bf&- a. *1 "091t)5YA\.f4)A ()]c,=];&),B0(+A\.bJbvw.u>)A (+(+<Tt4qA<:,?5bd(+@9Ndtg
,=&-.f\7_4()</,=,B&-A\.4)]5in A .E7_()</,BA\4)] *109i7:.:<<P<[._.oiA ]w>60.En\)@u}(pt A v;>NA 5 bJ.:,[(+t8A <Z*19;>+0a.-5A\4-,/9e,=&-.Z<:&-9N,y<@t .:.:-.
hJ,=&1&)A 71.1j10.4).:A ,<[<JA <SA <z*1)0a9w.10a*1dE.1t4q.-(150?09)@hdf,=7:&)9;.Wbf*6*qt>+(N0a4-.-]65W.10 h,=A ,=&+&y09;,=>)&)];.f&y(-,=-&).N.W0()0k]6>+._465e4).1b0}9;(+t 4)5m5P,=&N,=&-A 7q.yj14)]+.:(-<,/<z.(+A\4_4q,/5W9m,=,=&)&).W.W0kbJ>+4+9;4-t 5~.Nn08,=X &N&)A 7q.yj1]64)(-.:,/<.<
,/,=9m&-.SA\4)5Y<@A >+<7q0a.z&q(N,=0a&q]6(-.J,`7@N9i0a.-.@(+Pj=7-()A ]6.N.c4_,:*1uY9i% A\4-~,}u~9N/gt (N,=0&)]N.|.10"<B7q7@9w0(+4)*J5w9Y>NA7:,/7q+z00<3.:<:(->6,t ,=,/<&q(-A\4S,']6(P(-t,/(1.c0]Nt 9Y.N7:0~(-<B,B7qA 9w0(+4i*in n

<[7_9;(1t>-0.@,BgA 9;>+4|t6569N.:g <A\A 4q]w7q40._9N()g"<=,=A\4-&-].
0k>+4+4-oi.NA\00</(+,:uw4)5P,=&-,=. &-.SI7@]69w(-bf,/.sbJA 9w<c460K._vw*N>1 A\0 ._5~5Yn A ()];0(+bGA <SA\4_,=09Y5;>q7@.-5n X &).f.N0k09i0a<J91g},=&1A <fbJ9Y5N.Nti(N0a.(+4)(+t d)@._5~n
g19i(-08,/.1</,=0u>q56,=&-.1.4-,/0a<z.:(Ng9i0.c0kb]Y._A -5.N4mbJ9YA\4f5N.N,=&)tw.cA <c.N5N4)._5Z<71910g8A\1,=.-&)5.fn 7q&q(+~*-.-,/7=.1,/0<n 91g35YA ~.N0a.N4_,|q(N0A (++t .:<cA <</,=>q5iA .-5(+4q5v;>).:<[,BA 9;4)<
ZD[ S R`M MWH j OUV PKN
X*)(N&)0a.P,x(+A\4 4q?5m.-7=,=,B&-A 9w.s4EA\4-*+,/&).1()4)<<.PA wA 7:<(-,B/4)A 9w9i4m0kbk<[(+._t.md1JoYA <[];.1>+*q0a(N.y0(-,/n .-+5e@nxA\4-\4y,/9Z,=&),=.S&+0a<@._t .E9)h$bc*)(N(NA\4W0,`<[,=,[&-().m]N._*+<|t>6hJ4)&N]NA.N7q0}&PbJ(N910a.+).:<J<@t A\9)4yh ,=&)*).S(N071,:0uA ,BgA ()7_<[(+, t
-bJ.N.@t 9Y,[(+7-t6A ,?.1d4-,/,/9.10<T*1,=0.@&)).c.17_4-(-,s1h3A ,?d_(-nx).E\4Sg9i,=&)0?b.|(-g(),B<[A 9w,|4e*)(N(+0a4q,T5,=&-,=.c&-.N7:0a(-.:Ng9iA ,k0ady.<:.=>6ri*+*1*1.19Nt <<._5yb,/(_9r6A\1bf\. >+"b t ._(N5mA\0A\)4y]+()<:>)<Z711&.@h3g9i(:0d.,/,=9E&-.p*10.@t A )vw.1>14-A 5 ,

0

N
N O
0
&#&(/(/14. 7/(/:&. :&#4%;~#*)!!4C5L!4 5 !7;02! L1 (+C+5 ! 021! 1

O<ZefTg$Y e,5nVB`cQ[Y ef`cQ e 3 m;Y bcQ `MY X\P
1 B!@ 1
e b$VBV89 e
7@9;*:d60A ];&-,|{} u wu@dEx0na (N0/"s.qA\0

x$Fx$x Br_B/_4Lx
6 x2U r<Bt c _)
%_
Section 7.2. The common pQ2 diagram
gate
mold
3
gate
runner
2
Shot sleeve
Yo A ];>+0a.fn\+4v
OUaP?NQy{
w y ARO{
aNIT {9U!
hN y{ } SP?N
O{ } U
7:*1*1(-00.19YNb7@A ,?.:dx(-<,=<_h|>+n A 0,=X.&z&)g(q0.m.:5+._5Y*1-A ,BA\4)A 9;]W4q5Y(+(+A4qtq()5Wb];0(-,/(+9m,/b.19;0A -56(+,[._t@(N(+,/A\9t 4y<x7:,=h|9;&-bfA .m,=&y*10A.N,=];4-&-&-<B.y,(-<,/"._.Tt7@gA\9w9i4)4)]E0i5,=*q&)*q(-.`(1,<:,/0a,z.1&60?0914YA\46g8n j@,=X()&)]6.&)..y"*1A\t9i4-A\,/0a4)96.1]E<4)A<*+,?Adz&)w()7_5w<(->+.6,B0nA A\9;4)4m]J,=*)&)(N.x0,J<[9;A <xt A ,/5Y9A w"7:t(-1,B,=A 9w&-.4
0A\?4->6,/4+.14-04.N<[._0i,=7@&),BbJA\.^4-9;]*Nt 5e *1719i &)A\4-(N5Y,J0(qA <[()7@9w];,/bJ.10(+0.@A b</,B,BA\uLAb7E,=.Z&)t A\.Z4-0.@.<[g.19wh0t.:>_A ,=.-,B&PA59w,=4^,/&)9.A <m()*6<5N>+.:,=bf,/&).1.*0?bS9wk5YA\*14-A.1.W.-05{(-7:,B()@A 9;</d ,B4qA\(+4)"]pt"4q*15ib9iA\4)A\(q4-]^7q,:&Nn,=A\&)4-X .e.)&)cA\.Z4-7q,/&qb.1(10(q<[0._(q717@7=&1,B,/A\4).NA\4-.W0]A <[7q,B*1&qA 7Z9i(1A\0t 4-(qA\4),S7=.6,/9N.Nn g0AX <[,=,B&-&)A ..7
7@7@t A\9i9i4).:.:.WWA <s7)7)AA ().1.1<[4-4-<:,/,:>6<_u"nb% X ._5^&-u.,=,/&690?>6>)<f4+1.4-A .N,y>+0Ai4)<SbJ56(+.19;4W0t </5S,/._9i<[71<9Y&).15^(N4-0,B(q,/A 97@(+,/t .1<*)9;0A(N</bJ0,B(+.ZA 7JbJ56t .@A\.:4-,/]w..N0a03._0._.EA\4Pvw(+>1,=A\4q&)05.:.W<xA7:,Wj1(+4)t09)7q._hJ>+vwt >1t(-.-A\,B5N0A.:9;]6< 4).T<_"9;nW4)45Y23,=A\&)4-4_.`,B]Â\t.:.@W4-r+9)*17)hS.NA .10u 4qA\b7=% dN.1q4-5Y,[&q(+A ()<t<s71dE&)1(N,?._0ahT.1]694.
,B.@IAq7:.:(+9;<tbf>q (-b,/._9;5y4 KE.qA Y,=*N&-z .NV 0w% .=9Y5Yri7qA*1()j:.1];<_00A\(+bJb n.164- ,[nS(+hJoit &Nd_>+u1A07q,=,/&S&)9.1A 1<T0?bJ.569i.()0<[g.6<(qu~A ]w7@% ,/4-9S.-5,=A &-<,/.S9y()bJ<[<@<@*1.:>+._,=bJ7)&-A9Y.-w5E5W7>)7@0k>+9w<[.-464-5y4)<[,[.1,/(+09Y4_u65+,c9i(@0"0d.:@]6(+d|(N4q,=05W&)5;.S0t ._.@<[tgA <z.Nv;0a>N,/._9EA._5W5P(+bJ4-&)dm.:.1,[071(+.)&)A\tN4S(+*14)()09;]N<}*1.,=.N&-A\0 4.
(+(N04-5wdJ>-919wg~>-,=<T&-(+.S4qbc5f(q.@7qr+&N*1A\.N4-4-.q<=)A -9;.+*1uY.N00._(-vw,BA >19wA\4S0A\4)*)]y(N0,=(+&-b.f.@6,/>N.10A\t<T5i5wA\4)>6]S0A\914-g]c,=,=&)&).J.|(q7:7=(+,=t >q71(+>6t6t (-b,BA 9;9wt 4i5yn gX9i0~&)._.x(q.@71r+&*1(-.N,0,/A\b.1bf.14-*-,[,}(+ht)(+A ,=*+&*1(-096)(q.17q0()&c]NA .<
7@A <c96</*1,x0.:91<[g .N4_ ,/w.-u 5E A\64f,=;&)B M.
zu *+*1S.1(+4q4)5Y5EA r A <c
0(17:9;0.1bft dEb>-.1<4-._,/5E<À\,/4y9,=0&).@.fg.NA\0a4q._5w. >-w<[,=n 0d qnn
<:&-9i0a,x5YA <71>-<<A 9w4y(+19w>_,`,=&1A <JA <<@>).
7@9w4-<[L,=.10k>q0.)7=A\,B4A 9w,=4y&-.91gLI/,=7@&-9w.mbfbJbJ9Y9;564.1Kt+()bJ<z9Yg5N9w.Ntt"9)hk7@A\9w4)4-] <[,[(+4_,J% icA <J7@9w4-<[,=0k>q7=,/.-5n X &).s()<<@>+bf*_,BA 9w4-<Sbc(q5N.mA\4,=&-.
+nJ%bJ.14q()5P<[<:5i>6A bJ.1.-05P.14-,/,x9^)1(+.mt>)7@.:9w<x4-g<[9i,[0(+(+4_,|t>+(+bS4qA\54+>656b.1*1ui.N)4)A\4)567S<|(+9;4q4+5t dmb,=&-().E];4)bJ.:<=.@A\,[>6(+b t\ny(+oqt9i9)0}d-.=<-r1n (+bf*+t .6u E
|3f%
0._7:9;b

8N
J

0 1 XVTgQ
m 5QSTgVx`\g$Zzenb$Q QXe<^j$j$Q elTWQ `MY X TgQ[ Y TWQm&ZiT^xm4QY XRvg$Y 3 gTgQ @ Y efQ L Zc[ ^ZzTWQ `\b$ZzeAQ `rVBX TgQ L VB[ ^M5nQ TWV
cb QE>[ [ Q ` @LV 3 9ievZcX`Zc[ [
?D F@gQZc^zTgVcm-`cVBQ evXVTE9XViRpVh~ZcXzdiVBXQ RvgVaêlQTg$Y e 5QSTgVB`kZcX`TgQm/QSh;V$m/QY e@XVT
`BY e 3 êAelQ `Y X Tg$Y enbcVxV89MDvP-Q L Qm4TgQ[ Q ele ;Tg$Y eC5nQSTgVB`\Y e@Ze2j$VBVx` ZeTgQ 3 V85 5VBX/5nQSTgVB` D
:zY h-diVBâXVzRtVhDZcXzdzVBXQnR@gV\êlQnTg$Y efTWQ 3 gxX$Y ]_^Q 7c[ QiZelQnTWQ[ [ 5nQZcbcVB^zT Y 2T D
N
x c x$x Br_B/_4Lx
6x2D r<Bt x _2 S$
7:9;*@d+0A ];&-,|{} u wu@dx0nk (N0/"s.qA\0

plunger location
liquid metal reaches

to the venting system
starging filling the cavity
liquid metal pressure at the plunger tip

or the hydralic pressure
cavity
filling
io A ];>+0.Sn y R{
hNQTsy N
aU wI} N
w T
NQP U $P?N$
O{ } U
ncm(+4-dy,/.10?bJ<A\4".10?4-9w>6t A <z._vw>)(-,BA 9w4s7:(+4P1.W4).:]wt ._7=,/.-5n
n X &-.mt A vw>1A 5b.@,[(+tYA <c0._(q71&-.-5W,/9W]6(-,/.6n
~nMEL9P(NA\0)]6()<|A <S*10.:<.14-,A\4y,=&).Wt A v;>NA 5bJ.@,[(+t\n
nMEL9W<[9wt A 5iA w7_(-,BA 9;4S9Y7:7q>+0<z5w>+0A\4)]m,=&-. "t A\4)]n
n X &-.mb(NA\4P0.:<=A </,[(+4q7@.c,/9m,=&-.Wb.@,[(+tNl;9)hA <JA\4f,=&).0?>+464).10n
n
$t A\4)._(N0'0a.Nt (-,BA 9;4)<@&NA\*m1.:,khT._.14y,=&).m*10a._<[<:>60.6u (+4q5ml;9)h$0(-,/.P<Bv;>q(10._5i@u n
hJ0A ,
T,/.17:47:9i()0< 5YA\4-]W,/9Z,=&-.Pt ()<[,|()<[<@>+bf*-,BA 9;4Yui,=&).Pt A v;>NA 5^b.@,[(+t~*10a._<[<:>60.s(-,,=&).P*6t>+4)]N.108,BA\*iu 1u7_(+4E1.

kwn-
&).10.6
,=,=&)&).m.cl;*109).:h<[<:0>6(-0,/.f. (-,3,=&).W*+t>64)]N.N0",BA\*

bc4y(_,=rN&)A\.ybf<@>+&)b 91,x*1<@0a._t ._<[.@<:)>6. 0.ShJ&NA 7q&s7_(+4P1.f(-,,[(NA\4-.-5@dy,=&-.f5YA .y7:()<[,BA\4-]b(q71&1A\4).
\
A

bc(_rNA\bf>+bl;9)h0(-,/.chJ&NA 7q&s7_(+4Z1.y(-,,[(NA\4-.-5EA\4f,=&-.S<:&-9N,`<@t ._.@).
(+4)5X ,=&)&). .e<@&) 91
,s <:(+t .:4q.:5 -.+ n X
&) . q(+t>)
.:<m,/q9(+t>-1.^.e7:56(+.@4{,/.N0k1by.Â\4-7_.-(+5t 7q>+g9it (-0|,/._.@5 ).1>-0ad<=A\4-<[] .:,(91g<[,[,=(-&-,BA.^7Z5Yg9iA .^07@7:.()</q,B(+A\4)t (+] 4)7:b.6(qn 7q&NX A\4-&-..
7@9;*:d60A ];&-|, {} u wu@dEx0an (N/0 "s.qA\0
x$Fx$x Br_B/_4Lx
6 x2U r<Bt c _)

Time
'

@dN<56tA.@._.1,/.@t .15m)0?.ebS,=&)AA\<.W4q(-.1b,BbfA (_9;rN*-4m,kA\bsd-91n g0>6bX &-l;.

9)h$bq(_0(+(-r6t,/A\>)bf.6.Wu >6A b<56-9;.N4)t 9i.P7)@A ,kdd^bJ7@9w.-()bf<@N>+A\04-A\4).-]P5,=h|&)A.f,=&).1,=t &)9Y.E7-A ,?<:d&-9N9N,fg'<@,=t&-.:.E.:-*6.t>+7q4-0]69N.1<<S0+hJ<._&)7@.1,B4mA 9;,=4q&-(+.t<@(N&)0a.-91( ,

kwn 6
hJ&)X.10&+. >)|0<_u+a.N,=*1&).0a._<[".N0a4_<[,,(+t A\4)4_.fdE7:*1(+9N4E<[<=1A\6.st .c5;<@0(:>+hJ)<4s7q09wA\*-4Z,BA*19;J4y.6n ]5YnA ()];0(+b () < A ,<@&)9)hJ4P@df,=&).Wt A\4).f5N.N4-9N,/._5Z()< esA\4
oiA ]w>60.sn n X &).Pt A\4).y</,[(N0,/<zg09;b (Z&NA ];&).10`*10a._<[<:>60.P
6,/9Z(Ebc(_rNA\bf>+b l;9)h0(-,/.E<vw>q(10._5i@n
4).@h7:9;bfNA\4q(-,BA 9;4J9Ng",=&-.<(+bJ.J5YA .7_()</,BA\4)]Pb(q71&1A\4).J(+4q5(y5YA ~.N0a.N4_,*+t>+4-]6.10~5YA (+bJ.:,/.10"7q0._(-,/.:<x(

5YbA ~(_r6.NA\0abf.N4_>+,|b$t A\4)l;.69)n h
0(-<:,/b.S(+()t<.10L<:&-*+9)t>6h4)4W]N.N@0"df5Y,=A &)(+.bJt.:A\4),/.1.y0L5N&).N()4-<z9N(m,/._t5P(10()]N<.N0};bn (_rNA\bs>6b *N0a._<[<@>+0.
+3(+4q5W5iA .10.14-,
5YLA 9)(+hTbJX .@.@&)),/.^.1.N00Tbu~k,=(N(_&-r60a..-A\bf(1b@>+n (_br6X A\&-bfl;.9)>+h*6bt>+0*+4)(-t]N,/>6.^.14)08]NA <(N.N00L(._)(Pg.1>+A t <z9Y4)7@7)(s,BA ,kA9;d9;-41A <SA 9N9w(Wg>-<`,=g(N&-g0/.>+~4)bJb7@,B9i(_A 0ar69;.WA\4fbf7@919w>6gLbfb ,=*+&)*+t..=trP>+*+4-tg>+]6>64-.14q]6037=.1,B)08A .19w5Yt 4i9YA n(+7)bJA ,kX d^.@&),/.s(+.N4)0Vgu59i 0,=7@&-.m
.,=&q*6(-t>+,4)7:]N(+.1 4 0n
X7@19w.J&)4)..@5Yr-A71,=,B&)0A 9;(q(+7=4)4),/<L]N.-91.^5g~A\g,=40a&-9w.y,=b$&)*+.p(yt>+0a5i4-._]6A <.c.1A </07:,[n ()(+<[X4q,B7@A\&).4-.t]P()Ibc<E5w0a(q0d6.:7qKc<:&N>6gA\4-0t ,/A.y7=<,BA <3A919wg.:4|<71h<[&).N(+A\4_t64),B]i1A (+.|A\t4)d<]^(+,=,=bJ&-&)..x.<h*+(+&)tbJ>6(-.J4),']N5ig.N9iA 0y0.15Yk05YA .1~A 4-(+.N,TbJ0a.N5;.@4_>),/,J.N.z0*6,/t9y>+5N4-7q.N]6&q*1.1(+.104-4q]65i5N.SA <(+*6bJ9;t>+.:4,/4).1,=]N0&-.1<_. 0n
hT*+t.)>6A 4)]w]N&_.N,:uz0w).:.1-t .N9Y4 7-A ,?A dfgfA,=<x&-(+. tbJ*69Nt>+<[4),`]NA\.14_0yq(17@09wA (+4)4-5Y,xA ,BA\A 4s9;4)0.:<P]6h(N0&-5f.N,/0a.9s,=,=&-&-.s.p*6<t(+>+bJ4-]6.+.1n 05i A .@(+,:bJuJ.:<[,/9w.1bJ 0 1.kn E0.:.:<-._.N(N00,=71&)&-.1.Nt ._0a<<[<-7qu1t,=(N&NA\Ab <*N,=A ._&q7@(-.,
91>)g'<[.sA\4_A g,:9in 0?b(-,BA 9;4&)()<4)9Z1._(N0A\4-]9;4c,=&-.S5N.N0A q(-,BA 9;4sA\4S,=&1A <JbJ9Y5N.Nt19i0}0a.:g9i0kbJ.-5s9w4-.+u+<A\4q7@.|hT.c5N94)91,
<A\bf*+t A ;._5g9i07@.m)(+t (+4q7@.S9w4y,=&-.W09Y5N.cdNA .1t 56<ck<[._.WbJ9i0a.y56.@,[(NA\t <JA\4f<[.-7=,BA 9w4swn n Z*q()]N. +

kwn 6

hJ&).10.c<:>6)<710A\*- , 56.14)91,/._<x,=&-.y(q7=,=>q(-,/9i0n
L4MONIPpRT_UsXEY
} \N?P+|+ Pf?+-?_iL?iBB:fnNm9keamg t+k`cN?++};\\N?mh `f:J;\?N a`~}:'+:+p f?+-s?_i? B:N~kmiB+fnSm_f?+oImg 0Nk- q+N| ? eQf?g 1q* k

*

vAw T_xzy|{ wn}
Qq:?\+?h`^?+S1+PiZ_iq+? +[Zm \+c+_)

Ig k

4f,=&-. /I 7@9;bsbJ9;4KZ*N 5iA ()]w0(+b % A <z56.c"4)._5P()<

$%$

!#"m4QzV$Zz`rm/QTm/gQ Q eAQiZV m

kwn +

gaY eXQ Qi`rVBXTg$Y e Zze?7$Q 3 T2D

QXzT 5Z`cQb dam/QSh;Qm/Q Q'&(&xTWVTgQ 7 ZA7cQm VBX
3
3 85 5
x c x$x Br_B/_4Lx
6x2D r<Bt x _2 S$
*)
7
VBX $7 Zzj$Q
,+*-
-D
7:9;*@d+0A ];&-,|{} u wu@dx0nk (N0/"s.qA\0

Pmax
2
smaller
plunger
2
2 A 3 CD
2
Q=
Pmax
Qmax
io A ]w>60.ywn w OU

w PSP wI}s nU { wI}
,BAE9;9N4
,/ q.6n ui,=&).10.@g9i0. A <|(+t <[9Z56.c"4)._5P()<|(m7@9w4-<[,[(+4_,xg9i08.@).10adEb.@,[(+t 1n|28,BA\t A -A\4)]".N0k4)9;>+t A <._vw>)(
kwn 6

X &-.cl;9)h0(-,/.f(-,`,=&-.y]+(-,/.y7:(+4P1.y.=ri*10.:<<[._5P()<

kwn 6
.,=1X&-0a,@.f&) .f7_(-l;169)A ,?h yd_u5N0(+(-.N4),/bJ.P5m9;,=A\4)4P&)</.1,=5Y00A.@(-g,/9i.1._005E.1.S4-,=,=,y&q&-(-.St 9i,|,/7_,=.N(-&-bf,B.A 9;*1&)4).1._<c0(-(-A,=,|<S>+,=(m0a0.f(+g9N4->6<[g4qg7=,=.1,B&)0xA .W9wA <f4mt A vwA\9N4->1g'<=A A5,=];&-4NbJ.A w.:,/7:,[.1(+(+bf4-ti,*17_.N(+A\4m04Z(-,=,=1>+&).f0.W.6()nm5;<[<:>+>60(-9)b,BhT._A 9w.:5P-4P.N(+910VtbJugT,=96&)71</,x.j.N7:"09;,yt4)A\4)</,[]Z(+7q4-9Nj ,g
<,=[5;9w&->+.Nt 0A 0a5iA\.:4-A gw]9i7_0a,=(-.+&-,Buip.A 9;,=&)4E".tA <A\)4-9;]{A\4-t>+<=*1bJA ];.N.:04NA,=A9Yw05A 7:7c(+l;4-h9),fh&1A ,=710&)&(-.e,/A\.y4t A v;7_bJ(+>N4ZA 965</1,sbJ.f7:.@()(),[<[<(+<:.:t>6<P5NbJ.NA <Z.-4-5W<=bfA ,k7@>qdE9;7q4)71&</&),[(+(+t .:4)4-<]N,:<E._<mB t .:<[<cbS,=A\t&qA(+<._4t7@w9wn4) 56<B:Jn A\4P
',=<&-.e<@>q0?7q>6&Y4+uL4).1,=0&- .

kwn 6
%
8N
5 0_": ( !/(+ 5 ! 0;1: 0 !45i":4

:&% :&1/C+(
%

BV ^c[ `M[ Y 9<QnTWV [ QiZm2XR@gV 3 Z<5QxVB^zTfR@Y TgTg$Y e 3 [ Q L Qm \Y `cQiZ D
elQ QeAQ 3 TAY VBX-D H 7Zj$Q
-D
m/QiZ` 5V$m/QZcb$VB^zT Y TvY X @~gZA7zTWQm -D
F@gQZc^zTgVcm~R
<h;V$m!5nVcm/Q`xQSTlZ$Y [ e
7@9;*:d60A ];&-,|{} u wu@dEx0na (N0/"s.qA\0

x$Fx$x Br_B/_4Lx
6 x2U r<Bt c _)

0/
Pmax
Q max
1
2
DP
DP
Pmax
Q max
oiA ]w>60.ywn
N }
N(N x }
y{ wI} w y OU ROT9x } nU {ENQPSUayU jN$

w { } y w
w PSP wI}
<[9wLt.1>_4q,B7@A 9w.64u;hTA < .W&)(-).y,?hT9P
._ vw>)(-,BA 9w4-<S?wn-(+4q5?wn 6`hA ,=&,khT9>+46jN4-9)h4-<Sl(+4q5 _xg9i08h&1A 71&f,=&-.
kwn 6

D1
P w UaT

L4MONIPpRT_UsX~

? 6 WN++g Pi '? +afìk|)k?Nu[+_`~^1_?^=?m_+ +js3`ww+ Y\?1y1h`q k_@fJ )? N Z Sf+)?N:?g N@ 6 kf\ zN\? 6=f iNi +? ms
N ?+:S= `;+f? _^@6:+ :;K :\^BcN \}N
y+:Y

h f m ono Z

\m
Z*hm \
!
vAw T_xzy|{ wn}
#"
L? qh`_iq+? +

,
&%
(') +*

-,

? c

?6$`;+?^@: ;:\ cZ=N cW YN6_ +? qaè:Yq+? +

$

h`

,
') ' +.0/
1
' +*
'

Zm o\
+ Ni+?c@NYc YN+:S c+? q _iq+? +[Zm \

x c x$x Br_B/_4Lx
6x2D r<Bt x _2 S$

%

,
7:9;*@d+0A ];&-,|{} u wu@dx0nk (N0/"s.qA\0

L4MONQPSROT9U X
~=+8Yk^= ;_ N ws}\? Nh`h` f m fnm m66 P+ `

vAw T9xzy|{ wn}
N+6_T=i)_?VN-? i
ZD S |y?UVOmUkI;MyIS 8RxM MPH OUV PKN
(.1\4e4).17@,=9;0&)]14).dc</,[7:._(+9;vw4-4)>),m</(-,=,BhJ0?A 9w>)&N7@4 A 7q,BAi&9;"456.1.10?914)*1g|9;.N>+,=4)&)t56.A <P<'I/9;.-7@4+v;9wt >qdpbf(-bJ,B9wA 49;9;414,=LK &)7:.{bJ(+4ft 9YA v;561>N.1.yA t\5uL4).:,?bJ]whTt.:9._,[7@(+,/btz._(N5~bA\nT4^(-2T,/().14-<[0g<:A 9i(+>60at\bs,=u>6*_(+4q,B4)(-A 9w5{,/.14-t,k<sd_hTu1hT9i,=&-.1.0.b.@rq(+b(+4_(qdby56A\.6,/4).1P(-0?,BbJ9wA 9w4-<4|.A\914% g~,=,=&-&-A ..<
),=&-(+. t A 5YIA ,?7@d9wbf91gLbJ,=9w&)64.:K<[.fbJ()9Y<<@56>+.1bft+)*-(+,BtA 9;A 5P4)<`9i0`h3*1().1<S0?&)by(+A *)<[<<A\4)h]E&-.:A\4m,=&-(+.Nt0+,=,=&-&-.W. *NI0a7@.:9w1bfA 9wbJ>-<9w4<[,=~>)bJ5YA9Y.:56<-.1nJt+L).1(+0t .6A 5u;,=(-&-,|.f(+vwt;>-A ._<|</.@,BrqA 9w(+4fbyhJA\4-&).-.154 n
i9;b.W(N0];>).,=&q(-,J.:-.N4eA g3,=&).bJ9Y5N.Nt"A <chJ09;4)](+4q5^5694)91,c</,[(+4q5e9;4P<[9w>64q5e<7)A .14-,BA w7P*10A\4)7)A\*6t ._<_u
A0a,P.-()</<[,B9wA\t4)x(+&)+()t .W<Z0a(p._<@q>+(+t ,/t<|>-.(+4)A g5PA ,=,0a.N*14)0569i<5w>qhJ7@&).:.1<e4s0._)()(N<0dN9;A\4q4)(+]Z6(+t .e4_d,=0.1*)4q(N560(+<_bn .@,/X .1&)0'.1A\04.@g9i9i005N.6.Nu`0 ,=,/&19eA <e&)b(-)9i.s56(+.14-t}df<@&)q9;(+>+t>-t 5.+n *1w09Y(N5;0a,x>q7@9N. g
,=&-.y.@rq(+byA\4)(-,BA 9w4sA <|569;4).m@dyq(10ad1A\4)]e*q(10(+bJ.@,/.N0a<(+4q5P7q&)._71j)A\4-],/9W<[._.ShJ&q(-,J&q(+*6*1.N4y,/9,=0.14q56<_n
5! 1/0B(/5 7/. 5(:65 . (/*214! *;C!/ ! 0;16! 1. ( /:/. *;

! 1/#/(+(/C+. 5S5<5 5 0 7/(C+:&% C !;% :4:&5 1/! 02* 1 i! 5 7c. ( 9

*

+'*)+'-,
:>A@K8
CD;$363;$J 3 ; 48K7 21"7EH"
k<},=n +&)x.S</b,[(-(),/<.:<`<xq,=(+&qt (-(+,34q7@,=.c&).W0a.-b(+t()dJ<[< <(-,B-A9w<i;t>6._bJ5s.+A\u~4>6,=4q&)56.t.1I07:7:9;9;bf4)bJ</,[9w(+464-Ks,`5NbJ.N9Y4-56<=A.1,ktd1qq.@(+,/t <'(+4).=7:r1.f(+bSA <zA\4).@.zrNA ,=<[,:&1nA <x*19YA\4_,:n v;>q(-,BA 9;4
kwn 6

Ad1\4mYA .N9()t 5Nu"<<<@h>+&)bf(-*_,s,BAA 9w<S4Z,=&) .W7:X 9;9P4q5i<[A ,=,B>)A 9w5N4Zds9;,=&N4A <S% *19i,/A\4-9e,<t (-.:,B,|A <[5Ng.NdZ0A,=)&1.sA <f(+7:49;.@4qr+5i*NA ,B0a._A 9w<[4<A 9w4f%8g(+9i4e0}% % nc128.Z,BA\(t A -7@A\9;4-]P4)</.-,[(+v;4->q,c(-,B()A 9;<y4 <[,[k(-w,/n ._65
?wnB 6

oi09;b,=&).Wb(q7q&NA\4-.y71&)(N0(q7@,/.10A </,BA 76ui._vw>)(-,BA 9w4 ?wn-:uA ,x7_(+4P1.y<@&)9)hJ4S,=&)(-,

?wnN-
>6)</,BA ,=>-,BA\4-]m._vw>q(-,BA 9;4 kn\6-A\4-,/9m.-v;>q(-,BA 9;4 ?wnB 63dNA .1t 5~u
?wn 6

,7:(+4P1.y<@&)9)hJ4S,=&q(-,x.-v;>q(-,BA 9;4 ?wn 6x7_(+4P1.S,=0(+4)</g9i0?bJ._5EA\4-,/9

"
?wnB 6

J

"
#
#

0 -
,

7@9;*:d60A ];&-,|{} u wu@dEx0na (N0/"s.qA\0

x$Fx$x Br_B/_4Lx
6 x2U r<Bt c _)
B
Section 7.3. The validity of the common diagram
T7_7@9i05iA\4)]Z,/9 ,=&). I/7@9wbfbJ9;4K^b9i56.1t

u (+4q5
(N0a.EA\4q5N.N*1.14q5N.N4_,91gT,=&).W]6(-,/.W(10._(Yu n
XX 9e&).Tb,/(N.NA\0k4-b ,[(N A\4y ,=&-.W bc ()<[<S q(+A <`t (+4)4)917:.,(|% 7:9;bs4)</>-,[<[(+,c4-,81(+.f4)(s5fgA >+<}4)(z7@g,B>+A 9;4)47@,B(-A 9;,S4zt ._91()g <[,`9N gL[,=*1&)9N.y<<]6A\N(-A\,/t .fA ,kdz(N091._,=(Y&)u .10*q(1n 0(+wbJA\4).@7:,/.S.N0a,=<&-@. n
I7:9;bfb9;4K *1 5YA ()];0(+b ()<<@>+bJ.:<s,=&)(-,W% A <m(7:9;4)</,[(+4-,A ,5iA (+b.@,=0A 7:(+t de9;*+*19N<A ,/.E,=&-.b()<[<
q7@b9w(+(+t4->-4-<.md.10a91)7_g|(-(),B<[% A.:9w<-4pn 56*NX.10*1&1A\4q.1A <c7-4qA\56N*+<cAt 9;.69wnt (-4W,BsA ,=9;&-9i4E.0.:56bJ9N.1-.@b.N,[9;(+0Vu34)t\u~</A\4e,=,=0&)(-,=.1,/&)0.:.@. <_g9iuI/09;7@.69w4qu"7@bf,=.m&-bJ.g9;9ib0z4K()(+<[tbJ\+t 4debfK4)*-*N.@,B) A 9;.1 403(qA 5Y<s7qA &N(),=A];&q.@0(-)(+,y._b5,=&-A\A 4.<
.10?09;4).:9;>)<_n

L4MONIPpRT_UsX V
~Y=@y+?? ++c[Z$ie N\+ S`w++?? +W\; \Nh` 1:3 c? Q;\ }h+m W:PN6+W =_:1+q:h `~rWS'=;1+ s}N:-_+i~}: + :ÊqkE_ ?6Ni{f m n+b ?f m +TV
vAw T_xzy|{ wn}
1+6_'=i)_?VN-? i

!
oYA ];>+0a.fn
x c x$x Br_B/_4Lx
6x2D r<Bt x _2 S$
N( y w DU UhT w a
NQyU

A1

7:9;*@d+0A ];&-,|{} u wu@dx0nk (N0/"s.qA\0

Pbar
oiA ];>+0.fwn w
+'*)+'
86>A@B8 > |84J 4: |821K:I;$JK1 "798
N$
y w D U UhT w h
NyU

A3

X1ELA 9f9w9)h$t .=(-r1,B<[(+A 9;.-bS7@4J9wA\9N4)4)g.5,=,=&-*)&q.y(N(-,:0a*+,:u1&-u"hTd-(1.<=0A .s7@q<z(N,=0&)t dc(:.fh`,=,=<'&-0.s.19Y4q7:*65671t>+<s>64)0*1<3]N0.1()._0~<z5Y5iA 07=.:A ,/(+<@.-bJ>+5pt .:,/<_@,/.1nd0X u,=&)&-.| .|7:I9;7@9i9wbf0 bf*qbJ(109w3A <[469w(+Ke4)4y5fb1,=.@9i&-,?56hT.J.1.:]6tw.N(-(N4|,/0.J.E,=&-(N0.f0a.:.-<:0a(Y.->6u(+bt-(+,= +0.1t,/. 4q9f56k<<37@.:9i(+.c0?4)0A 5y._g87=(+,=,4-&- d.
I7:9;bfbJ9w46Ks,=0.14q5N<JA <|5YA <7q>)<[<._5ZA\4y,=&).Sg9;t 9)hA\4)]s<._7@,BA 9;4Yn
:.3=T34.T=CED=

. .3 T=13Dy= D
E:
io A\ 0</
,: uN,=&-.J.@ ._7=,}n 91g} vw*+>)t>6(-4),B]NA 9w.N4 05YkwA (+n 6bJz.@56,/.N.10wb<9;A @4).|</,=)0(N(-0,/A .:(-<`,BA 9w,=&)4c(-A, <T.=r1(+A\bS4q7qA\4)0._._()5~<n3.:<x4h<A._,=7@&s,BA(+9;4P4JA\w4)n 71s0a.-A ,L()<[h3.S()91<'g <@&)9) hJ
4 q,=n&q(-,
(+t>-.
7_(+4 (-,,[(NA\4)._5A <(+4A\4B"4NA ,/.^q(+t>-. k(q7:7:9i05YA\4)] ,/9{,=&-. I7:9;bfbJ9w46Kb9i56.1t
)
&
^
.
q

X
,=()&-<.N<@0a&).:g9)9ihJ0a. 4A\4ZòiA <LA ]wA\4B>6"0.f4NA ,/w.Tn w()n<
zhT0?.1bJt\n._5PX h&).'A ,=]6&y(-,=,/.}&NA )<S.1j1t 9Y4-7-9)A h,?d_t u ._56]N .su1A\4-4)9)71hS0a.-u6()<<[.@.:)< .1()0< (+,=ti&-7_.()<[*+._t<z>+4-7_]6(+.14P065Y1.yA (+bJ.=r1.@(+,/bS.N0+A\4)56._._5710aA.-g(),=<[&-.:.<

#
& T@Zc[ eAV`xQ nVBXelTm&ZiTWQie@TgZzTfTgQ

5
Zc[ ^QnVh XQ L Qm 3 cZ XQ 3 Q Q `

q !
d ] u wu@dE,&na.-/&/"102'3&
"$#% &(' )+*|{}

-D H
x$Fx$x Br_B/_4Lx
6 x2U r<Bt c _)
&%
Section 7.3. The validity of the common diagram
P1
1
2
DP
DP
1
DP
P1
u3
' & 0 R |U x|UqNy+y OUqROT9x } nU $y{9R

x }
y{ wI} w ROT9x } nU {ENQPSU y|U

AyOU w
Ny|U
D1
ON } yOU nNQyU IUaT w

_{ y $ N$$N

* & 0 -/& 0 & 0 - ' * ' "
= .>=137.T= T=13WD= D
A:

:.3
A: .3= D
A: ?
.3 ?A?
= < DL:. < =137= .3D D !#" 0$*M -$%&' 0 * )2-+*(' -$% "$#
/0 &*)2-+* ' # ' ,+- ./0 0132 -$32) 0 " 0 * ) 0 % 04 0 &5) 0 #!" ' *76 " - - % % & # - " ) '81.//' *7612 $ :9
) 0
>$ 0 & "$# 4 * - *

?@BA) 0 )16 & - ' " % ' * # - # ) -$ * # ' # )+0 ; ' * ) * ) 0= <
-' ; 0C) 0
# =9
#!" ' *7612D $ 0$*&2 - " " # &E!'8$ * # * ) 0F' - " ) '8 0 " ) -/& - " * 0 &(' * ' " * )+0,&(' ) '8$ % & 01%@ & 02 - % % & # - " ) 0&HG$0/& #
&JI
I LK ( 9 MNA )+0/& 0&+ # & 022* ) 0,0+0/&O6P@ % % 6* # * ) 0Q>6$ * 0' ' - % % & # - " )/'8$RG$0/& # 0$*&2/0 0 &E6

#S * -/'8 01+ & # ' * ) 0C>6$ * 0' ' 1'81.//' * 0, '8 " 0 0$*' '8 0 " *'8 '81.//' * 0) 0 #!" ' *76 -T.//' * 0VU # ; & -+* 0
A )/' " - # * 0X W ' * '8 # & # &7 # & % 0 & ) - % # 0 " - % & ## + * )+0 #% % # ' * 0

;

0 ' $- ^ S - - " 0 & 01_ '3& 0' 0+* ' #S
:.3 Y
A: .3= D
A:Z?
.3
?? []\ %@' 8' $ * )2-+* * ) F
* -/'8 0132.* ) 0 % & 0&^@ & 0 -+* % 04 0 & * ' % 2 I -$Y -+* 0=) 0 #!" ' *7612`Dba2 '8 " & 0+-$ 0 - " - & 0 - " ) '84./
' 7* 612 ) 0 I 9dc * ) 0eDà 9dc ? ) 0 * )+0 % 0$/0/&H' -' 0 * 0 & ' & 01 " 013fA) 0 & 0@+ # & 02 * )+0
0 0 E& ; 6g@ % % 6 * # * ) 05>6$ * 0' ) -$* #CS 0 ;'84.//' *h6 -$%@' '8$- "$# $ * -+* 0+0/&O6g!' % ' % -+* ' # 22- " *X -0 6
*)
0 !' % ' % -+* ' # '8 " & 0 -$ 0& ' * ) % 0$/0/&/!' -' 0 * 0 & '8C' # * & -4 0&i?gj # 0@) 0 &-2 * )+0 0 0 &E6& % % 6 * #lk m&nio p o rq8p0s k t mEuXt u@v p0w o8v x s
; ' _/' Y' 0$* - ?P>6$ * 0'
;
*)V
0 %64 * 0 ' " ) # 6 * )+0T
# S 0 I X~ D .//' * 0 -' # *^? -$ * )+0 k m&xrt s s t y o8k t mOuioOu x4z p8{ mO|8t k }
;
0 0 E& 61* )+
0 >6$ * 0 ' % & # ) ' 0 % 0$ # S 0 '81.//' *h6 '81.//' * 0 -+* 0g)+0 #!" ' *76? % 04H!' % ' % -+* ' #
;

#

:.3
A: .3T= D
A:WCAD DO?B= D
A: ?T3
M . <
[ \ ' 0 & 0+* @- 6 * # # # -+* * )/' F ' *X2-+* ' # '
;
" ) 0 " ; )2-+* )2- % % 0 * # % )16$ ' " -_2-+* ' * ' 0&1 # &X0 W -' % 02 * )+0 & 0& ' * - " 0 * # * )+0V ' _ ' ' 0 * -U # ;
8' " & 0 -$ 01 )+0 * ) 0B -+* 0)+0 #" ' *h6B) 0 #!" ' *76 ' '8 " & 0 -$ 013 \ V&' -0 0 & * ) 0 % 0$/0/&Q!' -' 0 * 0 & * )+0
;

&@=&X&Fi L1H418i4 B&i

$&(EMiHi1 & 4E -X
" #% 6 &(' )+* 2 2 S 6,&-Q.-/&8/102'3&
P1
2
Qmax
2
2 A 3 CD
' & 0 I
I
Pmax
- E& /0/&* ) 0H -+* 0() 0 !# " ' *76 - * ) 0 - &E/0/&* )+0 & 0& ' * - " 0Lj # @0 ) 0 &-2 * ) 0 0 0 E& 6R@ % % 6 * # * ) 05>6$ * 0'
) -$ -F' 1- W '8'' - S 8' ' *h64(j 0 " 02 * )/' * & 0C+ & # ' * )/' & 0& % ; 0 " * ' g & 0 - ' * ' "

= /
A: .3T= D
A:B 3WD.[ \ " "$# r& 8' $ * # * ) 0 "$# '' # ,' # /0822* ) 0P -+* 05)+0 #!" ' *76 0 " & 0+-$ 0&
) 0 * ) 0 04 0 &' -' 0$* 0 & '8 " & 0 -$ 0&4 # 4) 0 &E 0 642 * )+0g -+* 0g) 0 #!" ' *76 '8 " & 0+-$ 0& ) 0 * ) 0 % 04 0 &
;' - ' 0$* 0 & % 0 & 0 -$ 0& \
;
"
" " # &E!'8$* # 04_2-+* ' # ?* )+0P ' _/' ' 0 * -XU # ; & -+* 0 -+** ) 0 -+* 0 '8 " & 0+-$ 0&
$- 0 08 j # 0@) 0 &-2- " "$# &r'8$ * # * )+0 "$# '' # %! !' -$& -'V2!* ) 0 % 0$/0/& " -' # ) 0 # 6 '8 ./ ' ; * R
0 ) 0 #!" ' ;*76V 0 *>L -@6 '8 * ) 0 0@W+* & 0' 0 " -$ 0 D #"%$ A )+0/& 0&+ # & 02 * )+0RU # & -+* 0 -+* * )+0 % 0$/0 & * ' %
/0 " & 0 $- &0 1b
0 -/h& 612 * ) 0& 0V!' -' 0$* &(' " -0 6 #% % # '84 * & 0$ " - # * " # 0@W/' *&; '& ' * ) 0 & * ) 0 " # '' #
0 ' -$% S - - " 0 "$# " 0 % *' & # $M2 * - 0R6 # & % ' "
%( !' $- & - ' & # 4 # &* ) C

/$@
A :6?@.,3+T+ = * ) D0
A:,0 < $T/CE0/37& = ) 0yD Z? ' *7 6 ) ?M-4)[*)0* A) 050 ' '84-$./^ ' S* 0 - *- " ' 0 -/-'8 *# -/)'8-$ ' * #-$%0@ W/' -* -'8 )40 6$ '8& -*) ' 0F" %' 0 ' * -%
=
#S )/' #
' 02 *
k m y q k k o.- { p0/ t k 1xEt 2 p v p u k % ' %
k v p u8x s o s o43 q u |0k t mOum53
o*u8xnio0}7- p8/ t k 1Xo:9 wOq v p.;46
=<>=<>

%
#!"
#YS
#
S
"
)
0 ' -$^Ù # & -+* 0 -+* * ) 0)46$ & - ' " ' 0 # +* ) 0& # / 0 - # ) 4- ) 0 * T
0 '84/. ' * 0Lj # 0&)+0/&2 * )+0
#
S
)2-$g' -1W '8'; ' " - % - " ' 7* 6 + # &U # & -+* 05j 0 " 023' -$% S - - " 0 " - S 0 #S * -/'8+04M ;
;
?A@CB8DE@GFDEHJILKMHNAFPOCQSRA@GF(QT@CBQG@VUXWZY
0 & " # $ * &7 " * ' #
[]\^8_`\aJbc
b:d eXfgd cgh7i5_ j k
lEm]no^:d pLd p0no^_q8_r sg\d ntJbnunvb:d e_xwyG^8_eVno^_zp]^s8nGp%r _`_]q8_{d p|_}V~nt
"$#% 6 &(' )+* 22 S 6T,&-5.-/&8/102'3&
e&XC&X&Fi L1H418i4 B&i

$& E3iHi1 @ 4r i(
*
Section 7.4. The reformed pQ2 diagram

A) C
0 ' 0 * ) # S -$ 01 # * ) 0C ' _/' B' 0 * - % & #% 0/& * ' 01 ' ' * )!' -$ & 0 0' 0 * ' * ) " # '' # 61-$ & 0 01
# 8' :U//' ' 0 " )2- ' " - #"!$#%&! 2 % % ')(+* #)# ?@ + * ; ' "$# '' # 6 -$& 0 ; 04 * ) -+* ' - +- " *
* ' # # +, 0@6 # ' S 0 & - * )+0C/0 # ' 0 * &*6 # + * ) 0 &h 0 &(/01 ' ,A) 0 -+* ) # & ^.- &-*X102'3& -$
. '8 0/& !$##/ ?(@$ 0& * 01 - #% * '84 - - % % & # - " ) ; )+0/& 01* )+0 ' " - " -+* 04 S 6B * '8 ' G+'8$F -+* - # +
U # & 0& ' * - " 0 # +b2) -/& ' # 4 % -/& *>h 01' 0 *> ? # + * ) 0 &7+0/&RA) 01-4)2-/'8 - S 0 -+* - '81* ) 0F ' * 0/& -+*X & 0
0;' # 4 * & -+* 01* ) -+* - *h6 % ' " -$) -0 0 # + " - " ) -$/0 -$H' " ) -$ ! 10 # & ' # & 032i4 * S 6 " ) -$'8$
* ) 0V -+* 0 -/& 0+- % ' 0) - ) 0 #% 0 '8$?&
A )442 * )+0 -$%&' % * ' # #
+ - " # $ * -+ * 2 ) ' " ) ' V$ 01 '8
''
- -+* ' 4:"`"@2 ' R *`)2- ' M5j 0/& 0 -%64 * 0' -+* ' /0/& ' )2-+* ' +.* )+; 0
!' -$& -'
"#
# %( " "
#
#
"
# #
%
' b' ) 0 A) 0 - % % & # - " ) - - % * 011'8 * ) ' S ## ' * )2-+* 0&)+0/&*6+* ) '8$ ' + % # % ' S 04?N ) # S 0 % & 01 0+* 01
'8!'8' 0$ ' # 01%L+ # &h'V
#
=<54<6
OCQ B8Q|NHzB98:8 H<;Q>=
& _ -+* ' # ! ? " - S 0 * & -$>+ # &7' 01 '8+* # '8' 0$ ' # 0&^`+ & # ' -$

A B
) 0 & 0
& 04 " 04 %

& 40 " 04,U
& " 0/& * & " 0/& * !$#
* 0+-6g * -+* 0" E - =+*
-+*,* )+0 -+* 0 -/& 0+- h 0 0
K
I
I
D{
I

"
) 0 & 0
;
ON a
@L S " (& ' % *
& 01%& & 02 I DC I

# ; & -+* 02"?'9C? =
# ?,- # 0 ' # $ * & -+* 01 * )2-+* * )+0V& -4) ' *76 0& 0 " *> /- & 0T+01 ' !' S 0" \ ^@' 8' $
'8 ' G+8' $=0 7& # 0 -' F 10 _2-+* ' # S 0 * 0 0 % # '8 * ! ? # % 04 0 &* ' % - % # '8+* G'?
;
' & 0 ! ?`6/' 0
a
D a
O N a
@
HJI K
HJI K IML
! ( ?
!D% ?
)+0 #" ' *h6 # + * ) C

0 ' _/' B' 0 * -
* )+0, ' _ ' B' 0 * - 0$ ' *76
0 0 &E6= # ^ S 0$* 0 0 % 0$/0/&* ' % -C -+* 0 0XW ' *
;
% 04 0 &* ' %

0+* & - " 0 * # &h+0/& >6$ * 0'
'
-+* 0
+ * ) -$ S 0 0 $) # * ) -+* * )+0 % & 0&%& & 0'8 * ) 0 " -4)/' *h6 " - S 0 -$^@' 011* #TS 0 - S # * -+*X' # % ) 0 &(' "
+ # & -/'3&/) 0+* 8' $ # /
& )2; - " ' )+0 * '8$? % & # )/' '8$) 0+*> - & 0 % & # % 0 &7 6/01 ' 01B.-/&8/102'3&.-+* 0 %.-/&P*
0 '3&-2z& " 0 & * - RQ # * 02'8 !$##)%"S .- &-*X102'3&2V& " 0 & * -RQ # * 0 '8 !D#)# ?" 4,A ) ' -$%&' % * ' # '

'&(&
ll%s
i bp d n d pGp]hc:c:_`pn_xwUT`t{no^_Vi_WV_i_`_
lYX`p _`_ZV.s
i }s
i5_w
_`nvb8d r pC\^8b
~n_i
lY[i_xbwXd e{no^_zpv_x\]n d sgej kj k=sge{no^_znoib
ep%d n d sge!~:_8i.d s7w!sOV no^_V~
l ]\ _xbw!bJ}s
i_w
_]nvb:d r _`w!wgd pv\h8pvpod sged <
e ^^:b:~n_i
&@=&X&Fi L1H418i4 B&i

$&(EMiHi1 & 4E -X
*)
" #% 6 &(' )+* 2 2 S 6,&-Q.-/&8/102'3&
# * )2- ' ) 0 * ) 0g)+0 *>-/& 0 % ## &h 6 0& ' 013 . ) 0 * ) 0@6 -/& 0 % ## &7 6/01 ' +04M2 * ) 0 & -+* ' # # + * )+0
)+0 * - & 0 - ; * # " & ' * ' " -) 0+* - & 0 -/0 * 0 &7' '8 0& * )+0 S /'8 % % & 01%@ & 02 I a2 ) ' " ) " - S 0 " - " -+* 01
-$ ' * ' g # 0 '8:.-/&8/102'3& 0 * - %.-/&-* 0 '3&-2& " 0 & * - Q # * 0 '8 !D#)# ?&; Vj # 0&)+0/&2* )/' ' V # * / 01 '3& - S 0C ' *X -+* ' # F '8 " 0 - " # $ ' 0 & - S 0, -$ -/'3& % # & # ' *h6 ' " & 0 -+* 04 - $) # ; S 0 -4) # ' /04MZ+ *
- # ) -$ S 0 0 $) # * ) -+* * ) 0 " )+0' ' " -& 0 - " * ' # $L # # * % -&6 - ' ' . " - *,& # 0R &('8$* ) 0H./0 '8$
;
# + * )+0 " -4) ' *76 - " - S 0, 0& 0 " * 04 %.-/&P*X102'3& !$## ( S ?@
A ) 0 & 01 ' * - " 0 '8 * ) 0:' # * # ' _ ' ' 0$* - U # /0 % 0 # * ) 0F/0 # ' 0 * &*6 # + * ) 0 % -/& * * #

0S % & # " 013
+
+ * )/' & 01 ' * - " 0 ' ' / ' . " -+ *&2 ' * )2-$; * #eS 0 * - 0 '8 * # - " "$# +* " - " -+* '8$ * )+0
* # * - & 01 ' * - " 0'81
* )+0 &7 0 &-!
+*T' -46/ 0 # ' 0 * & ' 0112 * ) 0C ' _/' ' 0 * - % -+* ) '8* ) 0C' # ' 5$) # & *&2
* )+0 * ) 0 & 01 ' * - " 0 '
'8$ ' ' . " - * "$# ' % -/& 04 * # * )+0& 01 ' * - " 0 '8 * ) 0 &7+0/& - " - S 0 ' # & 04M
j 0 " 02 * ) 0 % & 0&^@ & 0 -+*,* )+0 -+* 02 I a2 " - S 0C+ 01 0 " * 013NA )$12 04_2 -+* ' # " !D% ? ' & 01 " 01 * #
K
K
I
D
{
D a
Na
@
! ?
HJI K
A) 0 0 0 &E6= # ^12

K
D a
Na @
) 0 & 0
;- & 0 -
K
K I L
ON a 2 " -
S 0 @0 W % & 01% 04 '8 * 0 &7'P # + * ) 0g -+* 0g)+0 #" ' *h61-$
' * )+0 & 0& ' * - " 0 " # 0 " ' 0+*&2& 0 % & 01 0+* '8$ -, % 0 " ' . " &7+0/& 0& ' -$T % 0 " ' . " -+* 0
# ' S '8 '8$ 04_2-+* ' # $ ?&2 ! ? -$ ! ?,-$ & 0 -/& & -$'8$V6/' 0
KI

D a
) 0 &0
! ?
@

!D# ?
A
@
~ a ~ @
K
$?
A B!6" #
I
&%1) 0')(+8* $ 04_-,.(+* % !D# ?/8* .(0%1,V2*8' 0$3* % 01%L+4%5'h' 66* 0

? @87 K:9; I
$ ! ?

.=<?> @( <.>A G > 'CLB ' S > 'D* H > ./ > 1$,
K
~ a
N
9; @FEG&HJI6K!LJM K @SR ?TVUXW K IDT H VU
$6$?
O KPLQM "
6
A <?> 3* 6* .ZY[, -Y > % +D( <?>\A GC' S > ']* C( < ,.(( < * ^* ( <.> '_,.(+* %1%+D( <.> > > Y(+* ) > T'`,1W6*8'' > > 'E6
% +D( <.>a< 6$Z'b% 0(Q,.(+* Yc' > ^@d' > (0%a( <?> 'e1, W68* '' 8* > (+* Y > > 'E61fBD%6( > ( < ,.(g( <?>A G > '`' S > '* g.%6(
,c-,6'b, ' > ( > '&( < ,.(/Y, S > Y[, Y ,.( > h,hc'i* %5'4* 38* -Y > ( <?> !j* ()-,O' 68* $ ; * ( < ( <?> %kc > 'b,.(+* %hc%5*8.(&
"ml %5'c'b,-Y(+* Y[, n' > $, Q% 4o( <.> :,.( > ,6' > , 2 ~ a Y[, .%6( >> W?(V' > ' > 6 ,6'O > A ( <?> %6( <.> ' < ,M2
( <.> d,.( > ,6' > ,pY, S > ' > ,.(+* ) > 6 &'e, 0 ~ arqSs 8* t( < * 1S Y[$, >pA G > ' ' S > ' ~ a ~ a.u ; <.> ' > * 1,
' S > `
' ,E' > '&( <.> $ ivxw K ?@
lbyVz n|p%^8sgh
r wT
_V}b8ic7d eJ{ es8n_{b
ewp sX~
r _xbp _{d cges
i_no^:d p V.s7s8noe8s8n_
j
Y%kc&6:'i* < ( k2 $2 S 6T'-5X,6'8/ > *|'

$& E3iHi1 @ 4r i(
.}
6* >
6
% )*8$ > _?,.(+* %4 $ ! ? ; * ( < ! (?L+4%5'

A
A K 9;
I
2*8' > $3* % > %L+4%5'h'%+
< * Y < * ( <.>

;
=<54<
G@

, h(Q, *841% 6( <.> c%%3* S > c < 6$3* Y,J%0.(+* % 2
I 2 $
$'?
> _-,.(+* % ?@
D ILD ISFPOCQTKH =
CFDEHJI
< * Q% .(+* % c'b% 6* > , c% > ' Z(0%d% Z(0% > , * > -,6'4* % ac-,'_, > ( > ' , ( <.> *|' > > Y(>`%h( <.>
> 3* ?< > * \c%5')(Q, .( i,-Y(0%5' g( < ,.( > > ' > 5* >[> ' < , (0% 'b% ( <.> > Y, Y ,.(+* %$ ,' > d,.( >
,6' > , c > ' 2* , > ( > ' n( <?> `,-Y < * > 3* > &, e,-Y < * > c > ' 4%5' e, -Y >1> (QY <.> > * % > `,6' >
> 5c %5' > :')( <.> '* \( <?> 4% % * > Y(+* %
A
g )
O+
W ' 8 ) 4
'
O
A
8'
+ ; O
) *6 8
$ ./ + '

" ,A
2 ` '
O42
'
8 G 2 e'
8
*+ 7'
W , +
8
+ 0 8 ,
$
;

!"#%$ &(')"*

QD,.( > ,6' > ,j,4 > Y(>( <.> ' > -Y > c' > % :' > 2 I 2D* j( % ,&64 )* ,#( <.> A G > ' ' > ' < * Y < * -Y >
( ; %\( > '7'P % > 2 ~ a C?TVU , M2:( ; %M25* +Y < ,' > ; Y% >; hY.* > (g A <?> 2* JY < ,6' S > Y[; % > hY.* > .(&2 X
* f, Q%a,4 > YV( > S 6( <.K > :,.( > ,6' > ,\,4 > YV(>( < ')% < ( ; %C5* > ' > .(g( > 'h'Po* ( <?> > . 6* (+* % > _ -,.(+* %
$ ?@25% > 2& ~ a C ~ [ , $a( % S 6@
;
?T VU * ^,0'^%0(^* 1)-,6'4* , .( ; * ( < ' > [c > Y((0%( <.> d,.( > ,' > , dc@(0%F&'e,0 :,.( > ,6' > ,,3* G > 8"
j > -Y > ( < * ec-,6' (^* QQ% ' > < ,.(CY > ,6'P, $ ?=
% 5* +Y $%V* % * >>
;
~ a$C ~ [ K "-> >( Y %5% ,.(#,.(1( <.> > . 6* (+* % r% + > _ -,.(+* % $ ? -%5'*80 $0(V'_,.(+* %
c :'mc% > : > (#$, % ' > ( < ,.( * ?%(e, + ?Y(+* % r% + :,.( > ,6' > , 2of ~ a @ v \ &'e, 0
c > ')( d' S ,.(+* % \% +P( <?> :,.( > ,' > ,#' > >( ^* A&@, 6 %5' > '4* > 12
@ ~ a I ~ a B ~ a
$ / ?
A
~ a ~ a
@
A B 6 I ~ K A B 6 6 I
HI "H
HH I
H
K
a

~ a
6H

I
!
6H
a
" H ! H 6 HH "

~ a
H K A B 6
I
! H I
H

+
,+
-
+
1+
0+
(') (6*
7
:+
1+
,+
!+ &+
-
!+
,+
.
0+
1+
1+
,+
(') (
/
!+
+
!+
!+
3+
1+
1+

2
4
1+
798
;
=<7>
1+
?@
,+
DE
OP
AGIH
H
AGIH
H
JLKNM
!JLKNM C
RQ
^syTSLU`_i e
h
} :T _i
T _^8bq_xpCbpGb V h
e\]n d sgeJsOV no^_zc
bn_{b8i_xbAV
WYX)Z
[\^]A_
6
l-qsr ^ _ }b\^:d e _ pod Ux_ b
r p s#r d }zd n_`w T`t b pv_`\xsgew ~8bi.b
}_`n_iza8esyGe'bp{no^8_ 8\ r b
}{~:d ecVs:i\`_`pJns :T _ gw d p \hp pv_`w d e
^^8b
~n_ui t6v
l-w r ^:d pCd pCi_xbpvsge:b T7r _{p]~:_x\h
r bn d sge]b T:sghn|no^:d pL~
s7d en`j x{s
i_pnohw
td p0y _r r\`sg}_
`/a
&@=&X&Fi L1H418i4 B&i

$&(EMiHi1 & 4E -X
\b]"_c
fLgih/j dbe c0lnmpo

j %k
Y[%kc@6d'i* < ( 22 $2 S 6' QX,6'8/ > *|'

y p v 18o*y s k mRy q k rx t s | q8s s t mOu

y p u8xEt u w mO/
u k 1 p vp o x p vs vp 5
s y*mOu s p.;
+ +\(
< * [Y , > > _ -,.(+* %

1+
?

(+* < %
4
435 3
!"!#$&%''()*,+.- /10

2!#
.

@

.( X < , 0( % S > ' >[> )?, -,.( >
S

As
As
298.!;: '*:=<'* !>!#?$@2 A

8 :.#BC$:AD=E>:F2.GH!IKJLNMOD'QPRBS2 D<.8TC!)BS U8.!VWX!2G.CYM9VD(Z/- [
`_
`_
Gdc
]^
]^
!VDba
< 8A2G.CeFfg<W!2 DHGN+.- /gh?=
G\
f< * > W, \c > > ^% (V'_,.( > ( <?> ?> ' * * ( > e* \c%5')(Q, -Y > % d( <?> * -Y * % g% 2( <?> ( > '
~ a C ~ K
* (0%a( <?> Y[, Y ,.(+* %

f<?> Y < , > * r( <.> :,.( > ,6' > , * ?Y' > , > ( <.> ' > * (Q, -Y > (0% ( <.> Uk% * , > ?> '_,
Y% (V'i* S .(+* i,-Y(0%5' < * Y < * ?Y > ( <.> Y < , > * o( <?> Uk% Y')% > YV(+* % Y < , > * f( <?> 5*|' > Y(+* %
% D( <.> Uk% '4* Y(+* % -, % > (0%CUk% =( < ')% < ( <.> d,.( > > 6( < 2, 1( <?> % > (0%a( <?> , S ' :c.(
> W5c?, * % , _( > '/( <.> :,.( > f<?> % > (0%p( <.> , S ' dc.( > W5c?, * % t* , e, 2m%5'fY% (V'i* S .(0%5'f,
* ( , > Y < , > d'4* ( <?> * c6')%2Y > o<.> * _ 6* > (Q, > .( > ' ( <?> ^% xY[, * ( p* ( <.>
* * (+* , (Q, > , , ' >[> 2 > x( , % > (+* > ,.( > '/* (e( :' * (0%t, * > ' > 2 > ( < * Y <t< ,dc:c >
* e, > % > (V'i* > o* ( < * ( 0* $10 % ( <.> * o<.> Y < , > * a( <?> Uk% 8c-,.( ( > ' j* > * > ?>
(0% S > Z'b, -, P, * , -YV(+* % % ^( <?> ^% > % > (V' \ > % > (V' f* ( < e, rY < , S > *
( <.> 5*|' > Y(+* % 1% ]( <?> Uk% , %5'D, -,6' 'b% ^% ' > ,.(+* .> ( < * g, o* < , ?> ( <?> Y < , > (0%
* > ' > 2 > ( > ,6' * > ' 5, % d'_Y > c'b% * > * 4%5' e,.(+* % % \ 4%5' ,'i* % c?,6' ( % P( <.> > *
% ( <?> ' > ' , d,.( > !(+* * G.* ( < * * 4%5' e,.(+* % #c'b% -Y > ( <?> :,.( > .> %2Y.* ( 1, , -YV(+* % %
( <.> 2* .> > % > (V' % ( :')( <.> 'X( < * c%2* (gY[% * > 'X,\Y[, > <.> ' > * , * \c > ?Y(+* %
% X( <?> d,.( > ,6' > , . <?> ~ a* ?> ' ,' > ( <?> ( <?>^> > YV( % ,6' > ' > ,.(+* .> e, &% ?> ' >
i
j
,+

(?
1+
!+
(')?o"*pi
+
,+)n
,+
+

,+ej
!+

!+.l

1+
jUj
+3
l
+
!+=l
1
Uz
j
j
&+
Wqxj

Sj
+
!+
,+bq
l
Sj
+
+
g1
1+
Ry
+
l
!+
,+
j
,
j

1+
n +
l
!+
!+=l
1
1+
,+
Sl
>k
!+W
mq

lYq
Wq
j
1+
+

&
,+
Ol/
jUj
!+
1+
,+
uj

,+
!+
!+B
wj
j
,+
-
l

,+=n
,+=n
AW'l$n

1
,+/4
Wq
+Hs
!+ +
>v
!+
&r
+/
'n
,+
&
j
!+B
!+B
&
'n
Nn +
Wq
j
!+W

!++
,+ B +
'n
Wq

,+
,+
/
,+/
1v
!+W
,+
B
,+
!+
Wq
n
j
!+
j
1
t
1
,+
=n
k
,+ W
1+
Wq$s?n
!+
lm j
+
+
'n
n !+
1+
+ k
l.s
KF
K0
5* d' > #
?< > ~ a s ( <?> ' > * (Q, -Y > D
' > c' > > ( -Y < S >6< , * %5'D*
# @
= I ~ Ka
q
!+
. 4 g
?{
Y%kc :'i* < ( k$

Fl
1
A3
s
' X,6' > *|'
l
5 8/
ST
b|
|r~
}
g
f<?> * \c > ( ?Y(+* %

i
j
?
$n !+
1+gs
< % t* 5* d' > # !( < ,.(

$ (
Wq+
,+
1

$& E3iHi1 @ 4r i(
, K ,6' > Y% (Q, .( , xY[, S > Y, Y ,.( > ,dc:c6')%4W:* e,.( > 4%5'f, c > Y.* Y > % > (V'
f<?> , > % e > ( > ' * > ( <?> , > % /( <.> ' > * (Q, ?Y > <?> ' > ~ a > > Y(a* * 6* , r K
> ( > ' * > ( <?> '_, > c%5* .( <?> ' > ~ ajc , , * 6* Y[, .( > > Y( #+ c'_,-YV(+* Y[, X* (* 4% ( < ,.(
K * * h( <.> '_, > <. > ' > :,.( > ,6' > ,#,6' > > *|' > t, ( <?> ' > 4%5' > c')% k'_, ?Y < , g* > > ' > Y(
,6' > * \c%5')(Q, .(g(0%hY[, Y ,.( > @( <?> ,-YV( -, Z' > * (Q, -Y >
!+B
1+
k
i

,+
j
' O
!+

,k
(?
l
A
!+
1+
!+
!+

,+
s

!+B
n 1!+B
j
l
j
,+ j.?j
n
!+W
j

!+
!+B
,+
!+/
j
!+
,+
Sj
!+
,+
n

G@?.
:ADGB8F!X<':=!2 DG
:FA!)fg<'8F!2 DHG
0r2!#

8&.:=!
!VD1!#?UM <'G?:W!2 DGN+=- /
.

G@?.
:ADGB8F!X<':=!2 DG
X% > _ > .( -, ?> ' `, ,' > ,\'b,.(+* %' > ( * ^, ?> ' ,' > ' > * (Q, -Y >
B
, <.> 6 s ( <?> ' > 4%5' > ( <.> ' > * (Q, ?Y > c ' > (+* 1* \, G > 'b% d,.( > ?> %2Y.* ( * > ,\Y % >
, .> XX% .> ' > 4%5'D, ,' > ,' > ,j'_,.(+* % 2( <?> ' > * (Q, -Y > * * > * (+* .> (0% ,6'4* ,.(+* % % D( <?> d,.( >
,6' > ,o, e( <?> ?> %2Y?* ( e* ' > -Y > o* ( < * ?Y' > , > ( <.> :,.( > ,' > , f<?> ' > 4%5' > , e,1W6* :,.( > ?> %2Y?* (
( > W:* ( k, hY[, S > 4% S
D a
@ s
~ a
$ %
< * Y < Y[, > % .>
> 'i* Y[, o<.> % .(+* % % > _ -,.(+* % $ % ' > _ 6*|' > * 4%5' e,.(+* % @%
( <?> 2* > Y[, (+S * e,-Y < * >
\ > > 'b, Y[% \c * Y[,.( > 1'
> ' > * eY[% d'b,.(+* % eY[, > Y% ?> ')( > 1* (0%, (V'_,6* < (]Y[% 6* (
f* ( < (V'_,dc > G%2* :, .Y-'b% > YV(+* % :c'b% * > e( < ,.( * ( g, c')%Zc%5' (+*S % ?, > * > e(0%`Y' > ,.( >C> _ -, d,.( >
?> %2Y.* ( 4%5' 5* > ' > .( :,.( > %2Y[,.(+* % " o<.> (V'_,dc > G%2* :, < ,dc > * Y% ^% > S > Y, > % X( <.>
* @c * Y?* ( d( <?> ' e, 2, 4%5'!Y% (e' > , %
>o

!+B>q
y
k k
!+W
l.sn
Tk
Fs
+ A l.s
1+ k
j.
1+
(')?o(6*
Sl
!+B
j
? ,+
,+
n +B

ds
1
!+
-
1
l
!+
!+
,+

+
-
l
Uj
B
;k
Sl
!+
:+!?j
k
,+/1j

,+
j
j
l$n
?
j
' O
&
s
!+!+

+
!+Bn
1+
+Hs
+ N
Sl.s
l
1+
1+
y
n
,+.n
y
+
j
1+

'n
?jR
j
!+
+
l
,+
,+

1+ v 1
+
!+
+ k
+ l

j>j
,+
+
1+B1
1
1+ l
!
'n
1+

2**<=8F!V!
:ADHGW8.!V'GH!
<'G?GFX-

DG* N!#? F:W! 8$DgMT!#?

H8t8F<'S
28
=?*2F@w!VD
'DH0
C!>WA
#?bSR8A2 8F!V'G:F!VDe!#?
!#?X<GG?.SI
#FG:FFIQ!#?
)DGFI
:.#'G.Cd!0
!#e <'GG?.SI$!0
DHI
De&%''()*8mB$H8 FGg!F@
:ADHGW8.!V'GH!
2Ge!#)8 #D!K8 *FBPAb2 8
8A(
!#>8A#'Dg!T8 *FBPA
: 'G
BT2 8DH* !F@I?'G?@
!#?
g
8 2 8F!V'G:F2G
($':F#2G?KF MOD'S($'G:F":F#'WV':=!.S2 8.!2:8
DH0
.m2 8
'**: D()gBS.@
G?&Cd*.:=!F@g-

C!rBA
=*2.@
!VD
!#?
!VD18 2 8F!V'G:FU2G
#@?2
F:W! 8KDHG$!#
: =8F!2G.C
!#
C!
gm&%''(U2G?.@H- _ 2: '*g@?2(>FGB8A2 DGB8"DgM !#?)@?R8A2 CGUBSQH8A.GH!.@b2G 7 2 C <'S+.- h? # 8A#'D' !d: DG@H<'2!HDgMgh?- /! ] ( H8 FGg! 8 'G)t%?:.F**.GH!dX<GG?.d@8 2 CdG 'G?@$!#?"* DG.Cd8.!: DG@H<'2!
_
]
DHM'- gh
(
SRHSR8A.GH! 8r
PA.)DHD'@?R8A2 CGH- #T:A'*:W<* !2 DHGW8"0 FT:ABS2.@$MOD'd'*<'(U2Gg<(
'** D"
a_
]'&
^
& 2GF($!2:,PA2 8 :AD8A2!#1DgM 5 *,+!+.- A G \ ]^ K (8 F: _ 'G?@
0r2!#1e@FGB8A2!#
DHM
/'a$%
C)(
'G?@

_
]
<'G?GFr8F<'MO':.>VDg< Cd#G?R8&8 DgM
h?-Oh
(U(
- 7 D' !#>: DGB8F!V'Gg! gSR8&8F<'U:A=8 b!#?b*2fH<'2@,(UW!V'*
_
HSR8&8.<
! !# <'G?GFQ.GH!V'G?:.b2 8$=8&8.<(U.@N!VD/g
0' - / ]132 'G@eMOD' !#:ADGB8F!V'Gg!
DH0 F
_
]
:A=8AU!# DH0 F
* DB8t8)2 8
4 0
PA.* Dg:.2! :A'G
l65i_xbw!b]T
sghnL~:sgs:i w
_xpod cge=_87_`\]nGsge~"9
'
wgd bcgi.b
}
&@=&X&Fi L1H418i4 B&i

$&(EMiHi1 & 4E -X
Y[%kc d'i* < ( 2$

l
s
' X,6' > *|'
l
Q 8/
S
{ p o z p t :k 3 m*v&u8m / - p k k p vXy*v p 5

s p u k o k t mEu@u p0p x p x
.

#
#?

C!P F* D:F2! 12 8U&%#?2 2!F@,=8m1M <'G?:W!2 DG,DHM

!#?b !2 D
BA,=8$8A#'DH0rG
DH0
2G
DHM;!#
!1MOD'Te:ADHGW8.!V'GH!;gSR8&8F<'U'G@Y2G
2 C<e+.-
C!
2C
WA1!VDY!#U: DG@H<'2!
<'e+=- =/YMOD'
1: DGB8F!V'Gg!
. -
3
0.01 [m]
gate
area
mold
gravity
A-A
0.008 [m]
flow direction
L
0.01438 [m]
A
A2
2
5* :' > !

8

t. .{t

.
.

g A

.{
F
't
}
*
5* :' > ! !
8

F
.{
{ H
'
.{
} ~
s
?F
={
'{
|
' X,6' > *|'
l
5 8/
ST

+
K

A 8
F$|

.{

{
|Q{

={
=
Y%kc :'i* < ( k$

Fl
runner
entrance
shot
sleeve
}
* 8 .
't >

}

{
t={t{


$& E3iHi1 @ 4r i(
2* d' > ! $
8
1

!$s

?F } . .{'{b| d}

*
* $

!
o
b

{
F

go
g

|
-%5'n( <.> Y% (Q, (fc6' > d' > Y[, > ( <?> Y% ^% "% , \c.(+* % * > ,\Y% (Q, ( ?> %2Y?* ( > ?> 4%5'
,VG > 'b% :,.( > ,' > ,
f<?> % * * > * 5* :' > ' > c' > > .( ( <.> d,.( > .> %2Y.* ( aY[, Y ,.( > , > #% \( <?> Y% ^%
, @c(+* % % Y[% (Q, .(AX !< ! * > ( <.> %6( <.> ' * > ,' > S , > % pY[, Y ,.S (+* % < * Y < (Q, > * .(0%
,-Y[Y[% (h( <?> ' > ' > % > (V' , ( <.> , > S > ' f<?> ' > ( 4%5'Y[% (Q, .(ZX ' > c' > > .(
, ?> '_, > 4@% X( <?> %( <?> '' > ( f<?> Y[, Y ,.(+* % % X( <?> ?> %2Y.* ( , > a% ,@Y[% (Q, .(JX , >
,6' > d' > , * (+* Y V+ ( % ?> ' > (+* `,.( > ( <?> ?> %2Y.* ( 4%5' ,' > d,.( > ,6' > ,, S > ' > (+* e,.( > 4%5' ( <?> ,6' > ,
'_,.(+* % > % q 10 4%5'( <?> < %5')(f' > 'n, '( 0 4%5'( <.> % h' > ' 2* d' > > W < * * ( ( < ,.(
( <?> ' > S * ,1Y > ,6' e1, W:* :,.( > ?> %2Y.* ( < * Y < > c > % \( <?> ' > ' > * <?!> ! ' > ' > cS ' > > .( >
o<.> e1, W:* * 2* Y[,.( > ( < ,.(^( <?> c' > > 'm' > * ( ?,.(+* % * (0% > % h( <.>
S ( <?> Y% * ( > ( <
+'i* < ( < ,
* > S '_, -Y < S > Y, > % < %5' ( > ' * h(+* > o<.> d,.( > ?> %2Y.* ( #* :% S >S 4%5'D( <.>
> WY > > .( > * `Y% @c?,6' > f* ( < ( <.> :,.( > ?> %2Y.* ( ^% (Q,6* > 'b%
( <.> c%5%5' > * f< * * 2* Y[,.( >
( < ,.(\( <.> ' > ' > * * ^%5' > * @c%5' (Q, .(\( < , ( S<?> c > Y.* Y#Y < ,6'_,-YV( > 'i* (+* Yj% e( <.> 2* > Y, (+*
e,-Y < * > c > ' 4%5' e, -Y > A c > '_,.(+* ( <?> 5* > Y[, (+* e,-Y < * > * h( <?> +'i* < ( < , * > ' > ( *
`, > '!' > _ 6*|' > > .( % e( <.> 2* > Y[, (+* `,-Y < * > S > Y[, > % X, `, > ' * `(+* > :, \( <.> ' > 4%5' >
f* ' > _ 6*|' > , `, > ' 2* > Y[, (+* e,-Y < * >
-%5'D( <.> Y% (Q, .(c% > ']Y[, > ( <?> :,.( > .> %2Y.* ( h, , ?Y(+* % 1% ]( <?> ,6' > , 'b,.(+* % * < % h*
5* :' > ! $ f<?> Y% ^% #, \c.(+* % % fY[% (Q, .( X 6* > ( <.> d,.( > .> %2Y.* ( D a ~ 9C ~ a
< % @( <?> % * * > \ :,6* 2( <?> Y% ^% , \c.(+* % hc6')% ?Y > :' > , * (+* Y@' > ( o* ( < ( <.>
:,.( > .> S %5Y?* ( ,dc:c6')%d,-Y < * * * ( e, ( <?> ,6' > ,'b,.(+* %,dc:c'b%:,-Y <.> G > 'b% A S * % 6( <.> ' > ( f* ( <
, Y% (Q, .( !t% .> ' > (+* e,.( > ( <?> :,.( > ?> %2Y.* ( 4%5' ,6' > ,' > ,p'_,.(+* % ,
> ' > (+* e,.( > * ( 4%5'
`, &,6' > ,r'b,.(+* % f<?> %( <?> ' * > > Y'4* S > ( <.> Y, Y ,.( > d,.( > .> %2Y.* ( S , > p% j( <.> ' > '
> % > (V' \ > 4%5' > &,jY > ,6' e1, W:* Y[, , % > % > ' ?> -%5' ,6' > ,6' > ,t'_,.(+* % ( <.> d,.( >
?> %2Y.* ( o* ( < ,, S > WY > > .( > * * , ^% ( 6% S S> rY%S \c?,6' > t(0% ( <.> , > % S (Q,6* > f* ( < ,
c%5%5' > * RjD% > ?> ' <?> ( <.> ,6' > ,j'b,.(+* %,dcdc'b%:,-Y <?> G > ')% 2( <?> :,.( > ?> %2Y?* ( 1* * > * (+* ?> (0%
( <?> ' > ' > 6( < , h,.( (Q,6* , `1, W6*
, > ,.(/, e% (g( <.> , > c%5* .(
+ Y% ?Y * % 6( < * c-,')( < , >[> < % ( < ,.(( <.> > % P( <?> Y[% ^% #c
5* , Z'b, f* ( <
( <?> , \c.(+* % % D,@Y% (Q, .=( S e, > , (0% ?> ' > 'i* % > ' 'b%5' * ( <.> c 2* , k'_, :( <.>
> 5* >[> ' < , (0%@(Q, > * (0%1,-Y[Y[% (]( <?>> > YV( % !( <.> ,'i* ,.(+* % % P( <.> :,.( > ,' > ,\% ( <.> 2* Y < ,6' >
Y% > 1Y?* > .( |! , > f<?> ( % > W-, \c > 5* ?> j* <.> ' > :% ?%(\' > c6' > > .(o( <?> Y < ,'_,-YV( > '4* (+* Y %
( <?> 2* > Y[, (+* `,-Y < * > (jD% > .> ' ^%5' > > (Q,6* > Y[, Y ,.(+* % < % ( < ,.(( <?> Y% (Q, (/c' > d' >
* * ^Y% (V'b% <?> f( <?> c > '* e, ?Y% \c?,6' > e(0%`( <.> %( <?> ' `,-Y < * > 2* > * % , <.> f( <.>
' > ' ( > * ?> ' jc%5%5' > * > A ( <?> ' f* > 2( <?> Y[% S * ?,.(+* % \% ( <?> c' > :' > , tc% > '
* * (Q,.(+* % ' > ( * \( <.> Y < ,6'b,-Y( > 'i* (+* Y % !( <?> 5* > Y, (+* `,-Y < * > < * Y <h< , (0% S > % ?>
8
+
!+
&
,+

?j
&
+
,+&8
1+
'n
1!+
!+
;
%
B
!+W
+ ;
,+
n

Wq
j
!+
1+
!+
Y ,+
Ol/
+
+
1+gs
,+/
+
,+

!+
& ?j
!+
Wq
1+
g
lb
r j
,+
?
,+
s !+W
!+
j
'n

Wq
,+1j
,+
+
,+
j

+
jbs
+

1+
,+
,+
Yq
j
Sl
j
,+/
1+
!++
,+
+
jUj
q
,+
1+
,+
Qz
1+
mk
j
k
$k
'n
1
)n
s
j
l
j
&@=&X&Fi L1H418i4 B&i

$&(EMiHi1 & 4E -X
j
+
+
&
Y[%kc d'i* < ( 2$

l
,+
sgq

+B
l
Q
s
?
1 l.s
!+W
Wq+
l

4n8
!+
t
!+Wmq
!+B
k
Wq
4
lE[ pCd nGd pGyGid nun_8ed e ^ p>T

s7sgaxp
,+
k
j

+
,+W
j
k
:
W
k
B
sj
Fk
,n

j
!+W

-
U
Wq
Fl
q
1+
Nl

1!+
!+/
l
n !+
l,n
j.j
k
l
!+
j
,j
1+
,+
+
1

l
j
+
,+
k
1+
,+
,+
s
Uk
j
!+
j
1+
$n
!
+
j.?j
1+
,+
.q
l
XsHq
,+
1+
>k
'n
k
Qj
!+W
1+
+ Fs
j
B
!+
1
r
,+
1+
8
!+!+
1+
1+
jUj
jUj
) ,+
+/
;
+ ,+
,+
+$n
1+
+!+
1+
j
,+
Wq
j
t
+!+
Sl
1+
,+/
1+
l
+B
!+
,+
,+gs
!+
!++
+
,+ v +
j
l1q
+
!+Wn+B
1+
l
j
&
,+/
Sl
,+/j
+
,+
!+
-
l
,+1j
Wq

!+
(?
?
xn
,+/
(?
+
'n
K
j
jUj
!+
j
+

l
,+B

1+
1+
Sj

j
j.j
!
+
l
lUq
$q

1+)l
$k
1+
!+B
j
$k
!+
1+

!+!+
y
+!+
j
+
b
+!?j
j.j
;j
+W

& j
U ,+
!+B
j
l
j
Wq

!+
!++

+
jUj

s
' X,6' > *|'
l
Q 8/
S
'n
U3
common model
realistic velocity
A3
5* :' > ! '

8

1o(!*A"

Dà '{b| }

,o1%$ Ho"!$ *A o
Ho
4 g ~ a
|r~

(')?o"*
f<?> ' > ,6' > ( %1( dc > % D%Zc > '_,.(+* % @% D( <?> 2* > Y[, (+* e,-Y < * > Z% > ( <?> 5* > `,-Y < * > * %Zc > '_,.( >
5*|' > Y( S < k'_, * Y#c \c e% ( j% ( <?> % e,-Y < * > 1( % .(+* * G.* j( <?> ?% #Y% (+* ?%
> e, 4%5'P( <.> c% > ' k( <?> c% > ' * (0%5' > * h,aY[% .(Q,6* > 'D, ' > > , > <?> >[> ^% ( 1%
( <.> > > ' e,-Y < * > f<?> Y[% .(Q,6* > '* .%5' e, #, ,6' > (Q, Y% (Q,6* 6* (V'b% > , < Z'_, * Y
* _ 6* $ f<?>1> > Y( % ( <.> (Q, * G > , :, * _ 6* r'b,.(+* %t% ( <?> c6' > d' > , Uk% '_,.( > Y[,
> , * S > > '4* ?>
<?> c% > ' dcdc
'b% ( <.> (Q, o* ( < Y[, Y% * > 'g, ^% (e, ,#Y% (Q, (@c' > :' > .(

( <?> * > (0%#,-Y( ?,.(0%5' * o* ( < ,'i* , S > ' > * (Q, -Y > < * Y < * , -YV(+* % % ]( <.> * _ 6* ?> %2Y.S * (
o<.> ' > * (Q, ?KY > Y, S > Y[% * > ' 4%5'g,#Y > ' (Q,6* '_, > &, , * > ,6' -YV(+* % 1% ( <?> ?> %2Y?* (
_ -,6' > V%D Hj > -Y > d( <?> i, ^%
,a, \c.(+* % \% P( <?> Y[% ^% 5* > Y, (+* e,-Y < * >
K
q
i

A l
Sl
!+B,n
1

Wq
,+
Xs
Wq
,+/
,+
,+
uj
,+
,+
!+
? ln
1+
A l
1+
Wq
,+
1
'n
1+
j
l
!+BT
Y
1
1+
y
R
,+
!+B
-
!+
q
+
+ 1+
+&+
,+:+
+
,+
,+
%
&
+
,+! 1
!+W
!+W
Wq
1+
A l
!?
lW
!+
4
%A

!j
y

l
1+
'n
!
lB
!+
!+
j
q
!+
1+
>k
!+
+
!+
,+
Xsdn

n j
& j
j
!+/
1+
+
n +
+
Y ,+
'n
!+
&
1
'n
rn +
+
'n
+ b
jUj
l
bk
,+
Sl
,+
f<?> Y < ,6'b,-Y( > 'i* (+* Yh% ( <?> ,6'4* % c \c < , ?> S >> ( 2* > > W?( > * ?> p* #( <?> c-, ( ,6*|'-*
( f<?> 5* > Y, (+* `,-Y < * > * ,#c \c o* ( < % > * \c'b% ?> > .( < * Y < ,6' > c-,.( > .( >
5* > ' > #.( e, i,-Y( :' > o<.> > Y% :'_,.(+* % ?Y < , 6% S > c < * #Y * > ' Y < , >
% > < ,.(C( <.> Y < ,6'b,-Y( > 'i* (+* Y % D( <.> 2* > Y[, (+* e,-Y < * > 5*|' ( > ( 5* Y % > > > 'b, 2Y < ,6'P*
,-YV( > '4* (+* Y% ^,rc @c * > * >#> \c > %5' c >> x,' > % (% f( <.> Y%Zc > % f( < * 2* Y * % \
c \c@* > Y < , * Y, > * > ( < ,.(](V'b, > ' , > > YV(V'i* Y[, 5c% > ' ^% ( * .(0% < k'_, * Y71c% > '
\ ( dc* Y, dY < ,6'b,-Y( > 'i* (+* Y`% ],hc @c,' > > Y'4* S > j* 5* :' > !9/
,
?y
+ Uj
l
!+!.n
,k

,+

!+
&

Fk
!j
Uq
+ v
!+ n
!?j
,+

,+n8

+ k
j
p8
m
'n
A l y
,+
,+
&
Wq
!
,+
l

!+W
AW
j
1+ s
,+/
j
!?j
j
,+1j
'n
t u s p v kk 1 p xrt s | q s s t mEu/o.-*m q k S !+ FD!D#

o |0k p v t s k t | / t k 1k 1 p l
9yu8m8wOq kqnXv yp |3 1 v mOo8vnV
k 1 p v p xz3 m { x p v S
p0s
q
j
l? ,+B
j
lB
( t
!+
s

+ y
!
Wq

Xsm r ^:d p|p%d }{d r b8i(nsVsg~

_i.bn d sgeVsOVPy bn_iPpvtpvn_} d e{bp%^:d ~}b
etsOV4no^8_\^8bi.b\]n_id pn d \xp bi_Cno^_p b
}_7j f7h
i5no^_iE}s:i_
no^_,pob
}_ wgd 7_i_en d b
r|_h8bn d sgepbi_ c:s8q8_iEe:d ec no^_'pod noh8bn d sge*j r ^_,n.t7~:d \b:r *h_`pvn d sgep p]h\^ bp!no^_#e_x\`_`pvpobid r t
\`sgenvb:d e8_i{pod Ux_ b
ew no^_'i.bn d s sOVzc
bp=nsA^tw*i.b
h
r d \'r d *h:d w'y _i_'~8bi5n=sOVJ}Ltpnohw
t d e#^:d cg^'pv\^sgsgr
v~8isDT8b]T
r t,no^_
pod }{~
r d _`w=q_8i5p%d sgeVsOV no^_=i5_b:r\xbpv_ `jXz V w
_}zb:e8w=ns=no^:d pL}zbn_id b
ri.b8d pv_`wdz*yGd r rd epv_8i nCd nC^_i_Vd ezno^_ Vuhnoh
i_
j
Y%kc :'i* < ( k$

Fl
s
' X,6' > *|'
l
5 8/
ST

$& E3iHi1 @ 4r i(

pressure
efficiency
power
P
power
Q
8
5* d' > !D/ 8

% * * ,'gc \c Y[, > Y[% > YV(o* @( % g, > 'i* > , tc-,'_, > f<?> c?,6'b, > 5Y[% > YV(+* %
* -Y-' > , > ^% ( ( <?> % '_,.( > , < % * 5* :' > !9/ o<.> > '4* % Y[% > YV(+* % @* -Y-' > , > e% (
( <?> c' > :' > , < % * 2* d' > !9/ f<?> > '4* > Y% > Y(+* % `* .%5' e, * > 4\* ?> ' Y % > (0%( <.>
%5'i* 5* -, .c \c (jD% > ?> ' ( <.> c?,6'_, > [Y% > Y(+* % <?> ?%5' e, * > < % x, > ( ( > 'nc > ' 4%5' e, ?Y >
% ( 1( <.>a> > Y( % g( <?> 2* > Y[, (+* `,-Y < * > c > ' 4%5' e, -Y > ( <?> 4% % f* ?Y(+* % ,6' >
> , * > >[> 2* d' > ! (
? @ A B

K d
? @ 7 A B

K

? @ 7 A B

K
f<?> ?Y(+* % $ , $ , $ Y ' > c' > > .(f, 2* > Y[, (+* e,-Y < * > o* ( < ,jc%5%5'gc > P' *
4%5' e, ?Y > 6( <.> Y% ^% \c > ' 4%5' e, -Y > :, @, 2* > Y[, (+* e,-Y < * > o* ( < , > Y > > (/c > ' 4%5' e, ?Y >
' > c > YV(+* ?>
X% 6* * > ?,.(+* % $ ! o* ( < $ * >

A B @ K69;

K d

K
7 A B @ K69;

K
7 A B @ K69;
' > ,6' '_, 2* > -,.(+* % 4$ 6* >
B K A 9; A @ s

K d
8
j
,+
Wq+

Wq
,+
1
1
'n
q
Fl
1+"q
Sj

"+

1+!+
j
!+
Sj
,

n

1+
6+
,+
!+B
++
,+Nj
.

++
bq
,+n8

F
,+
Xs
Wq
Q
,+
AW'l
1+!+
Wq
;
,+ !j
!+
A l
&
j
j
1
1+

1+!+
,+
l
Wq
s
n
,+
n Wq
n !+
+
A l
j
!+
y
n !+
j
!+
1+
y s
j>j
1+
!+B
On
!+
j
s !+B
$
,+/Nj
,+/j
,+
,+
!+
n
j
!+
l
,+ ,+
j
+
Wy

!+/ ,+/
1+
1+

&@=&X&Fi L1H418i4 B&i

$&(EMiHi1 & 4E -X
Y[%kc d'i* < ( 2$ ' QX,6'8/ > *|'

l
s

1
0.8
0.6
P
0.4
P= 1 Q
P= 1 Q
P= 1 Q
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.9
2* d' > ! ( . A #
A B A K69; @ s

K
I
B A @ s
+ 9;

K
I
% * > -,.(+* % $ # 4%5' k, a(Q, * 1% ( <?> c% * > c < * Y, % (+* % 6* >
@ A 9; B 7 K 9; 9;

s d
I A
I
@ A K 9;

s
I
@ 7 A I A 9; B A

s
:9;
f<?> ' > -Y > ac' > :' > 5* c %6( ( > , , ?Y(+* % o% Z( <?> 9; > ' 4%5'2( <.> ( < ' >> 5* > Y[, (+*
e,-Y < * > c > ' 4%5' e, -Y > , < % * 5* :' > !D%
8
1
} '{
~
$ Ft|

} ={
k ,+
1+
y
!+W
,+/
1+ l
?
&

l
+Hs?l

1
,+
&
On
!+
j
?
Wq+
,+
n !+

1+
+j
'n
n
,+/
5* :' > D! % . A A z z

5* :' > > e% (V'_,.( > ( < ,.( e% ?%(0% 6* Y[, > Y' > , > f* ( < , ^* -Y-' > , > * ( <?> 9;
>'
4%5'o, ( <?> `!D,-% Y < * > c > ' 4%5' e, -Y >
&( <.> ( < ' >[> ' > ( Y[% .> ' ((0%t( <?> , > * > < * Y < * ,
c ,.( > , 1, _( > ' 9; @ K s -%5' ,6' > 9; > ' ( <?> ' > -Y > c' > :' > nY[, > Y[% * > ' > h(0%
> Y% (Q, ( s s K * o<.> d,.( > ?> %2Y?* ( * ( < * Y[, > Z*
T VU
s K)K
H
' !
f<?> A > ' > ' (V')%
> c > % j( <.> 5* Y < ,' > Y% > hY.* > ( zX ], TVU f<?> , >
% ? T VU * ' > ,.(+* ?> * > * (+* ?> (0% ( <.> * > % /( <?> 5* > Y, (+* e,-Y < * > o< X( < * > -,.(+* %
8
P

?
}
.{{
t?
'|
Ft|

} .{
?{
m|
}
F
1+
,+
+
!+

!+
Sj
.8
=n
1+
n

"
1+
lT
+j
)k

Q
Sl.s

,+
!+
,+
j
&
,+
1+ k
+!?j
,+
!+
1+
3+j
+/ l
l
,+
+
+B
1+
Y%kc :'i* < ( k$ T' 5X,6'8/ > *|'

Fl
s
-
+ Fs
,+
s
,+
!+B

s
k
=y

$& E3iHi1 @ 4r i(
1+
*
* d, cdc * Y, > (0%r, > > * > ' > ' ,6' > X , %5', ,' > 2* > Y[, (+* e,-Y < * > ,' >
T U
=
f<?> ' > ?Y > c6' > d' > 4%5'`, ?> ' e, , > % ( <?> 9; > ' > ?, (0% % > A
%5' T VU @ > (0% ( <?> ,6' > ' > * (Q, ?Y > * ( <.> ' > ' <.> ( <.> ' > * (Q, -Y > * #( <.> ' > '
,dcdc')%d,-Y <?> * * ( !# X( <?> @ A > -Y > &( <?> :,.( > ?> %2Y.* ( * > ( > ' * > ( <.>
,dcdc')% * e,.(+* % %
K T VU
\
H
'6$
f<?> 5* > ' > -Y > > ( >[> ( <?> ,6'4* % e,-Y < * > c > ' 4%5' e, ?Y > * e%5' > Y% * > 'b, > * 1( <?> * >
'_, > % D( <.>A > '
> ( ( > ' `,-Y < * > c > ' 4%5' e, -Y > c'b% -Y > , < * <?> ' ' > -Y > tc' > :' >
f<?> c' > > ' ' > * ( -,.(+* % * <?> ^( <?>À > '!* ,6' > , @( < * 2* Y[,.( > ( < ,.(( <.> e,-Y < * >
c > ' 4%5' e, ?Y > * > * \c%5')(Q, (f( < , a( <.> ' > ' > * jc?,6'b, > ( > ' o< * % > ' ,.(+* % * :')( <?> '
> -Y.* d,.( > #* * > % 2* d' > !)! , ! $

?
?

1+
!++
-
!+W
-
u
,+/wj
,+
-
y

&
,+ v +
+
j
l.s
l

j
k

!+
!++
y
+!j
,+

k
l
+
!+

,+
j
!++
,+
Fl
'n
!+/

n
j
q
!+
,+

!1!$p$
!+
'n
1
6$
;j
1+
j
t

>k
+!j
n
j
!+
On
j
!+
.+j
!+
,+
,+
!+W
,+

,+B

j
+
,+

&

(')?o"*

1 1 / 1 /
PB 2
atmospheric
pressure
DR
P1
D B PB
1
D1
rode
hydraulic
piston
! 6g} FA } |
plunger
5* :' >
! E

f<?> c' > :' > ,.(P( <?> c > '2(+*|c^Y, >f> , ?,.( > ')% ,?, , -Y > 4%5'_Y > ,-Y( % f( <?>e< k'_, * Y
c6* (0% a, c > 'P, < % a* 5* :' > ! o<.> ,.( e% c <?> 'i* Y@c6' > d' > ( < ,.(f,-YV(+* h% @( <.> > _(
* > % ( <?> c > 'n* > > YV( >
* @, ( > , (Q,.( > , > > YV(+* ( <?> '4* Y(+* % -( <?> 4%5'_Y > / 1 3 1 1 ! "
#%$ & ' ( $) *
-, , ?Y > % ( <.> 'b% * >
+ -, B +. -, @ + /,
+
+
I +

0 ''
+ hc-,')(+* Y ,6' Z* \( <?> (Q,.(+* % ?,6' @Y, > ( <?> e, *
c' > :' > % .(Q,6*
+ -, B - 1 T VU + . -, 1 T=U @ + -, 1 TVU
+
+

I +
0 ' /
f<?>\> -,.(+* % 0 ' * ' > -Y > <?> a( <.> ')% > ,6' > ,#* > * 2* > S c ?%(+* Y > ( < ,.( 1 TVU @
=T Ua(0%j' > , /
+ , B - 1 T VU @ + , =T U
+
+

0 '(
8
1+
!+W
?!+/
!+/
+
'n
!+
+
,+
1+
,+

Hy
,+

~'.
k

& ?j
,+
mn
Bl
!+
j
Aj
d} m|
} ={
1+
&
!+B

,+
1+gs
!?
lB
,+
1+

+
!+
Wq+
gl

&
1+
+
g1
!+!+
!+W

Ol
,q
j
g
?j
&
Hy
,+

sL+
?
B
243-5/673-598-:<;(="> ?A@B:C@EDF:C?G(3FHIKJL>-:(G
JM=ON-:QP&= ?R;(=">E6=SJ 5(;CTUI V 5-W H 5F?&H GX:9T
Y[%kc d'i* < (ZY[ 2$O\O\"\ U]' _^X,6'`ba > *|'

l
s
5* :' > 0 ! , > -Y > * * > (Q, !c' > :' > ,.(^( <.> c
-YV(+* % \% D( <.> ' > ?Y > c > ' 2* , > ( > '
8

n +

+

> ,6' '_, 2* > -,.(+* %

R + + W @
,
!+/ ,+/
1+
&

!+/
0 ')( * >
T VU
B C 1 T VU @ TVU @S

> '(+*|ch, r' > ?Y > :,.( > .> %5Y?* ( , ,
?!+/
!+W
j

&
>k
Sl

B -1 TVU R + + W
0 ' %

?y
"
f<?> :,.( > ?> %2Y?* ( e' > ,.( > (0%f( <?> * * > (Q, ?c' > d' > ,.(Dc > '6(+*|c/,-Y[Y[%5' 2* (0%f( <?> 4% % f*
> ?,.(+* % @Y% * 6* > -,.(+* % 0 ( , 0 'O\ 6* >

-1 TVU &"
K

@

0 0
N E O G " -1 TVU &"

I
K!LQM
> '!( <.> , @c(+* % `( < ,.(( <.> e,-Y < * > Y < ,'_,-YV( > '4* (+* Y*

rk
+
Sl
,+ ,+
j
1+
Uj
t

!+W
!+/
9
,+/
,+
n Wq

&)% $

H
zN+W
& ?j
%A
+
"! $ # &%w|'?
10 { )2+%

6
Y{ ?

3

*:%
# %~
<

!
t

-~ *
}
6

<
{
#%

FR{& }
,+
$# &%
( # % #

{b~
# ?)%

!+* ,# -%/.

{
!
w !+* ,# -%
Ag
>
T VU
-1 TVU54

+
4
A@
0

0

&=
?y

3
#
{
&%?F

*{ # F '| ?t7?
0 "B \
+
'F; } "#
) 2+% #"$# &%{.g !+* $# &%
={&
T VU

76 9
8
CED GFIH'JHLKNM H
r K,JZY1[ 7&J,\]J,^,_`Ja[ bHLKNM H
\cJId,\]J`bEJ,^$H'bHLK,JfegM hi[ eAjie/dI\cJ bkbWj)\cJFIlmHLK,J
ZUT
OWV \b
_-X b'HkM$HE[ F1^NM,\cus_ M,bEJwvmK,JI\cJtM,b [PON
^,rN]AJ,_S
\R HE[ ds[P[ ^t
HLK,]AJa
\]J,dI\]J`bEJ,^$H'bZHLKIJaxIM n jIJFIlyHLK,JzeM h)[ ejie
n [ jN[ YoeJpHkM n M$Hq[Pd ONn j)Q \b
T Q \b]A_
dI\cJ bkbWj)\cJFIl{HLK,J n [ jN[ YZeJpHkM n M$H(HLK,JAd n jiÎrNJ,\{HE[ dyHLKIM$Hw_ Mi^|iJM,_,KN[ J`x,[PJÒpYV \^v]AK,_ J,^ K$uIY\"Mij n [ _dI\]J`bkbpji\]Jyv[ HLKN[ ^HLK,JAdN[ b'H'F1^[ b
xIMI\;[ J`Y r K,Jl"Fi\}eyJ,\P\]J,dI\]J`bkJ,^,H'b~F1^ n uAHLKIJgY1[ JA_ M,b'HE[ ÎreM,_,KN[ ^,JAMi^,YHLK,JAbWK,FIHmb n J`JpxIJvKN[ n JyHLK,J n M$HH'J,\w\cJId,\]J`bEJ,^$H'b~HLK,J
_`F1eA|i[ XÎM$HE[ F1^ FIl9HLK,JY1[ Jg_ M,b'HE[ ^,rqeM,_,KN[ ^,J
Mi^,YZbpK,FIHmb n J`JpxIJ Mi^,YHLKIJ\;j)î^,J,\(bku,bkH'J,e
X
;l;FN\ n MI\crNJyxNM n j,J bmFIl
[ b[ ^,YiJ,diJ,^,Y)J,^$HyFIl

jIM$HE[ F1^
' t$ YiJIeyF1^,bkHL\]M$H'J`bHLKIM$HHLK,JxNM n j,JyFIl T
\^_$]AM$_ bkHE[ ^,r
eM,_,KN[ ^,J diJ,\cl"Fi\}e
[ \b
ji^,YiJI\PHLK,J M,bkbWj)X eAd$HE[ F1^,by[ ^vKN[ _IK HLKN[ bJ jIM$HE[ F1^Zv(M,byM [ HO HkV MN\b[ ^,]"J`_ Y
;HLK,J}_`F1eeyF1^$ZY1[ [ J
Mi^,]"_`_ J
JpH'_ r KN[ bwbWjIrNrNJ`b'H'bHLKNM HMybWegM n n JI\-Y1[ J~_ M,b'HE[ ^,regM,_,KN[ ÎJ_ MiÂM,_,KN[ J`x,J~HLK,JybEMieJ9F1|gM,bEbWjieA[ ^,rAM$xIJ,\"M,rNJdiJ,\cl"Fi\}eMi^,_`J
Y1[ J_$X M$bW[ ^,regM,_,KN[ ÎJ
X
Y%kc :'i* < (ZY[ k$O\"\O\ ]' ^X,6'`ba > *|'

Fl
s
2 -3 596 3-598-:<;(="> ? @B:C@EDF:C?G(3FHIKJL>-:(G }

JM="N-: P&= ? ;(=">E6=SJ 5(;CTUI V 5/WSH 5F?%H G(@QT

#"

&%
i2+% "# $# &%d{F+*&% )%+ $ # %~
.{t
*:%7
}

R T 6 U\ W

* # %1| $ ?
9;

s
!+* $# &%

?
0 B:$
3 @
B

*
?
* !={ ,# -%S* P&! #" .
*
0

} # 1% { |

+ s*:%

3 z*'t7*'{{ !
} H
o# % !(* $# &%
# % !+* ,# -%
&%d{ *:% * }.} ' # %~ } ' &%e
# *~?,*'
!{F , ; '| < *:% *'{
*u|'!9% } ,# -% | 3 F .{t)% * } | "!+%~'. # * F-% N ! } ~{*
'F; } #" *&% t ! } .{{ !t
,~-* ?F; } #] *:% # ! # *" .{{ !*
"!+
% ~'. $# } t*'{t.{ #" *&% # % } t*'{t # % U ;!9%~?F # '
* .{.+*'{){ % # % # ~-!

* }F} ' # %~ !+* ,# -%{
+ *:%
+
s r

/
')% /$
$

9
liquid
metal out
the moving part of

the control volume
atmospheric
pressure
UP
air flow
in
PB 2
PB 1
5* :' > 0 1=

> > '_, Y <?> e,.(+* Y% ( <?> Y% .(V'b% % > % ( <?>e< k'_, * Y`c6* (0% f* ( < ( <?> c > '
, ?c ,6' (/% P( <.> * 6* > (Q,
8Y% (V'b% %
> , * (@* < % * 5* :' > 0 =p* Y[% (V' ?Y( > t(0% ( ( <.>#>n> YV(\% f( <.>
c > ' 2* , > ( > ' < * Y < * ?Y > ( <.> c > ' f* ( < ( <?> 'b% > < Z'_, * Y@c* (0% :, < %( >> ?>
( < * Y < :% > ?%(o* ?Y > ( <.>a< Z'b, * Y * 6* 1%5'n( <.> * * > (Q, > ( f<?> Y[% .(V')% % > *
(Q,.(+* % ?,6' /,6')% e( <.> < %( >[> .> , * ^% * o* ( < ( <?>e< k'_, * Yoc6* (0%
/c:c * e( <.> ' ( ,
% ]( <?> ' ^% -, * Y <?> a( < ,.(f( <?> ,.( ^% c <.> '4* Yhc' > :' > * , > > * 5* > , > > YV(+*
( <?> 2* *|c?,.(+* % > > ' 6* >
Q
$
)" $)
)"
)
**
u !#%$'& #%$'& #%$)&
+%- .'-

@ !
u R " u @ W (R " @ W @ **,+%- .'- R/ @ W @ 0 +%- .' - 0 B{
1 e'4* (+* > ?,.(+* %
0 B- Z* ( < % > ?%(+* Y > a( < ,.(g( <?> % @Y < , > * ( <.> Y[% .(V')% % > *
* 1( <.> < %( >[> ?> o <.>j<.> ,.(f(V'b, > 'gY[, > > > Y( > * ?Y > ( <?> * c'b%2Y > * .> ' t'_,dc6*
f<?> ' > * ?% % * (0%p( <.> Y% (V'b% % > > > YV(+* ( <?> ,6*|' % * .(0% ( <?> -,-3Y 2 * > % o( <.>
c > 'D, h( <?> Y < , > % 42?* > (+* Y > > ' % ]( <?> ,6*|' <
5 n, ( <.> ' > 4%5' > ( <.> > Y[% 1( > ' 8%
( <?> 'i* < ( < , * > Y[, > % * ( ( >
/cdc 6* e, Y[% > ' ,.(+* % % ( <.> Y% (V'b% % > 4%5'n( <.>
* * > (Q, 6* >
friction is neglected

!+B
+
+
j
! "q
+
,+

!+B
Fk
+
'l
=8
*
*

@
* +%- .'-
1+
q
H
k ,+
+
!+
+
?!+
ABl
lW
!?
:+

1+
+
?j
&
y
'n
1+gs !+B

!
lB

&
l ,+

; Fq
"v
!+W

k j

,+
1
!+ n
!+/
!+W

Aj
y s
,+
!+B
!?
lB

Wq
+

! b
-l.sHl
,+
k j
?!+/
,+
lW
sdq
+
Wq
b
,+ W
+B
1+
'n

,+ W
g'l+ j
&
l
j
k j

!+
,+
j
k ?j

'l
1+ l

!+/
,+
s
,+
? l ,+/1j
Xsgq
t
1+
,+
&
Wq
,+
!+W
y s
1+
,+
Uv
1+
k ?j
+
'n
1+B
k ?j
Ol
1+
1+
j

0
6 #7$'&
^
Y[%kc d'i* < (ZY[ 2$O\O\"\ U]' _^X,6'`ba > *|'

l
s
B&B
y
f<?> % :,6' 5% ' 2f% ^( <?> Y% (V'b% % > * :% > `( .< > > _( < ,
>> c' > >
0 +%- .'-
`6
o<.> e, % '_,.( > % .(Y, > ' > ,.( > 1(0%a( <?> d,.( > .> %5?Y * (
1!+B
&
+
Ol)q
Wq
t
+
k j
1+
!+B
!+
mk
* > % n( .< > c

?!+
Sl
6 #%$)& 6
^
aa, Y[% > ' ,.(+* % % ( <?> * 6*
> (Q, 2* ( <?> < %( >[> .> , a( <.> ' > ' 6* >
6
6 6 R
6 W
(+* ( .(+* > -,.(+* % 0 B&B 0 B 0 * .(0% > ?,.(+* % 0 B- * >

6 6 6 " #%$)& / @ R 66 W

> ,'m'b, 5*
> ?,.(+* % 0 B 6* >
6 6 " #%$)& / @ R 66 W

% * 4%5' 6* >
N " #7$'& /

!" 8
4
, > % D( <.>a< Z'_, * Yac6* (0%
A '* \( > ' % D( <.> e, *
4 1 K!LJM N " #7$'& / 8
H

Z
!" 8
4
<?> \( <?> ( > ' " #%$'& / * > > Y( >
q . 4%5' * 6* > (Q,

C 1

H K!LJM N

!-" 8
4
BD%5' e, * .* @( <?> :,.( > ?> %2Y.* ( > -,.(+* % 0 $ * >
6
<
T VU 3 @ 9; Z
!6" 8

1+
&
1+
,+/
!+ ,+
j
+
1+
k ,+/n
,+
1+
,+

,+
y

+
!+B
Fk
+!+

> ', aY[,

!+W
!+
0

B
y
0

B
y
0 B 0

0

0

B-=
?y

j.j
k
!?
lW
0 \
y
0
+
j

j

,+
mk
l
1+
Y%kc :'i* < (ZY[ k$O\"\O\ ]' ^X,6'`ba > *|'

Fl
s
T

y
0 $
y
0

2 -3 596 3-598-:<;(="> ? @B:C@EDF:C?G(3FHIKJL>-:(G


U3
common model
realistic velocity
po
ssi
ble
ma
5* d' > 0 $"\ f<?> :,.( > ?> %2Y.* ( , , -YV(+* % \% D( <.> c > '!,' > , 6
5* :' > 0 $8 f<?> ' > -Y > c% > 'C% ( <.> 2* > Y[, (+* e,-Y < * > , , -YV(+* % #% ( <.> ?%5' e, * >
% 'b,.( >
A1

1
ri
1
mk
Wq
l.s
Un +
,+/
+
+
,+
gs
1n +
+
j

Wq
f<?>h> c' > * % 0 * , ?> ' tY% @c * Y,.( > ?Y(+* % #% 6 1 (Y, > < % h( < ,.( <?>
( <?> c > ' 2* , > ( > 'P,dcdc'b%:,-Y <?> * * ( + %5' <?> 6 ( <?> ( <.> d,.( > ?> %2Y?* (
,dcdc')%d,-Y <?> s X% .> ' > ( <?> d,.( > .> %5Y?* ( s <.> p( <?> c > ' 2* , > ( > '
,
s o< P( <?> ' > * ,.( > , (\% >
+ s f< * %2YY d' > Y[, > ^% (
c > ' 2* , > ( > '2( < ,.(DY-' > ,.( > e, * .> %2Y.* ( >> d' > 0 $O\
^%5' > > (Q,6* > ( < %
( < ,.( > c > 2* \% e( <.> c < * Y * e( <.> * ( -,.(+* % ^%5' > ( < , e% > %2Y, `, * Y, e%2Y[Y :' * ( <
, `, Dc > ' 2* , > ( > ' !( <?> d,.( > .> %2Y.* ( ,dcdc'b%:,-Y <?> > 'b% > Y, > Xr,dcdc')%d,-Y <?> * 6* (
-%5'&, ,' > c > ' 5* , > ( > ' 6( <.> :,.( > ?> %2Y?* ( ,dc:c6')%d,-Y <?> > ')% > Y, > ( <?> c' > d' > 5* n> ' > -Y >
,-YV(+* @% ( <.> ' > 'D* ,dcdc'b%:,-Y < * > ')% o<.> e,.( <?> e,.(+* Y, > c' > * % 4%5'n( <.> e, * d,.( >
?> %2Y.* ( (Q, 2 > > .> 'b, c?, > 2, a( <?> ' > 4%5' > * ?%( < % <?> ' > D% > ?> ' 4%5' c'_,-YV(+* Y, kc d'mc% >
( <?> e, * ?> %2Y?* ( Y, > , * ' > ,.(+* .> > Y[, Y ,.( >
* ,1Y% \c ( > ' c'b% k'_, -Y <
, ]g* > k> ' > YV(
i
1+
t
?!+/
+
g
j
-
1+

j
Ho
!+
j.j
j
m

(?
Wq
(

t
,+ v +

j
Sl
j.j
Xsn
l# ,+/
Wq
!+
1+
ABl
1+$n
Sl
j
&
,
!
Wq
+
mq
)k
!
l y
+
s
y
l
Wq+
1
Sl
4
l
!+B
s
!+
Sl
%
s
j
On

l
!+
Sl=s
1+gsgj
Xs
'n
!+B
1+
q
,+

j
ek
A
Fk
Q
j.?j
?j
,+
n !+
A l
j
Xs

!+!+
l
l
?!+/
+
!
?
l.s
l.s
!+/

,+
j
,+ v +
1+ k
+W ,+

l
j
j

#*
%'bo
f<?> > (+* % < % ,6' > ( <?> 2* > Y[, (+* `,-Y < * > > c > % < % > Y.* > .( * ( * > %
e, * * > ( <?> (+* * [,.(+* % ^% n( <?> 5* > Y[, (+* e,-Y < * > > ( > ' (Q,
> ' < ,.( Y[% 5* (+* %
* ( < ,dcdc > 1 (h* * \c%5')(Q, .(@(0%=' > , * > ( < ,.(( <.> * 7 > Y(+* % t% e( <.> * * > (Q, ]* .(0%p( <?> Y[, * (
' > *|' > c% > ' f<?> c% > ' > Y[, > (V'_,-YV( 'b% , `,-Y < * > > c > t% h( <?> c > ' ?> %2Y?* (
, e%6( <.> '&c?,6'_, > ( > ' p> % *2 > (0% > * /,\c')%2Y > %e( < ,.(gc% > ' > (V'_,-YV(+* % `* e, * * >
-> ( > > .%5' e, * > e,-Y < * > * >>n> YV(
T TVU - TVU -
0 B
.> ' 2* > Y[, (+* e,-Y < * >1< , ,1Y < ,'_,-YV( > '4* (+* YY d' ?> % \( <.> c 5* , Z'b, , >
* ]% X9]
$ &
( < ,.(^( <?> 2* > Y[, (+* `,-Y < * >j< , ( <?> Y% ^% #Y < ,6'_,-YV( > 'i* (+* Y ( <?> ?%5' e, * > #%$ &

+
j
Wq
+
!+B
&+
j
Xs
!+
mn
,+
1j
+B
,+
j
1+
Wq
!+B
,+
Nj
+
1+
j. I+B
,+
1 b

,+
,+j

Wq

!+
,+
j
j
Fv
+

Wq
-
+B
4
1+B
q
+
,+

1+
?!+
1+
Wq
&K
+B
Ol
=&
,+/ej
,+Nj
Sl
j
k
Sl
,+
,+
jUj
+
1+

j
?s
,
t j
j

Y[%kc d'i* < (ZY[ 2$O\O\"\ U]' _^X,6'`ba > *|'

l
s
,+

c% > !' Y, >> c' > >

T
0
<?> ' > T * ( <?> e,-Y < * > c% > ' .%5' e, * > TVU - T U o<.> e, * c% > '5% k( < * 2-*
% e,-Y < * > * ,.(D$:o% Z( <?> ?%5' `, * > % '_,.( > , < % ^* 5* d' > 0 $ 1 (]* ' > Y% > >
(0% > * `( <.> c'b%5Y > %( <?> %
'_,.( > %5YY d' ,.( ( <?> * Y.* 6* ( % !( <.> e, * % X( <?> c% > ' -%5'
,j'b, > % 1% ( < ,.(^* 'b% s * (0% s Z( <.> , ?> '_, > c% > '* \ - TVU T U ,
< % j* 5* :' > 0 $8 h( <?> < , :% > p' > YV(Q, ,6' A > `, ?%(+* Y > ( < ,.(^( < * , > * , % .>
( <.> Y[,dc-, * * ( @% ]( <?> 2* > Y[, (+* e,-Y < * > * ( % '_, > % D( <?> % '_,.( > o<.> ' > , % @( < ,.(/( < *
> '/* > p* > Y, > f* ( < % > * \c'b% ?> > ( % C( <.> ( <?> ' > ' > * a( <?> m% #Y[, >
c > ' 4%5' > h% ( < * e,-Y < * > 2, 1( <?> ' > * ?% >> a(0% ^% .> ( <?> m% (0%, ,' > ' e,-Y < * >
!+
Wq
&
,+

!+
l
Sj

,+
,+
+ &+
,+W
+W
jUj
k
Wq
!+!+
1+
"
+
-
,

Wq
j.?j
Wq
'n
Wq

l:+

1
!+/
Sq
j

j.?j
,+.8
Sl
!+1
,+
,+
Wq
K
j

"
&(') I
!$
)$ ?o
!+B
Fl
B Wq
,+/ej
!
+
Wq

j

j

Wq
'n
,+
+j
n
Sj
tT
'n
4+
Wq
'n
1+
Wq
,+
!+
,+
"

!
?o
# { } ! {{ # -% 1 %

%A

!"$#&%'
%A

# { } ! {{t } *:%~?.{ )% # .t1% '." } #"$# .{q* # % # F)% -~ *

U{$! 1%
} *:%~?
! 9!)% ( # %7&%
'| I*:% } ={
={
+*:%

-%

zY+B
$
! &
$ )
X
$

X
)- (

)
+*,-./$%0!"$#&%'
> 'PY% (V' -YV(+* %

% c .(g( <?> 5* Y * % , % .(C( <?> * > ' (+* ,@% D( <.> ( > 8, hY[% \c' > * 6* * (
( <.> e, * ( > , -, * > 4%5' > * ( > * Y[,.(+* % > > YV(
+
+
&
+
AB
1+
!+ l
,+
,+
+
l
!+W
1+
j
Sl/
t
1243
6798:<; >=? 6!6

5
BD% f* ( < ( <.> > c6* > Y > % `* 4%5' e,.(+* % < % % > > * #( <?> c'b%2Y > 5' > ' ( >
> *
> 5* >[> 'n* e, %5Y, .Y[% \c-, < , ?> (0% > ( < ,.( <.> Y, k'_, .> ' 6* Y32 f( <?> > * 4%5'k( <?> ^%
, (Q,6')( 6%2* h( <?>@> c > '4* > .( (+* <?> > ( ( <?> c6')% ?Y( ' * > p> Z( <?> * @c%5' (Q, .(
c?,6')( < % .%6( >< % 6* Y32 [% > (e* ((0%(V' h% [% d' `,-Y < * > .(`'_,.( <?> ' < % 6* Y32 [%
Y[, tc'b% -Y > , 6%5% -, * ( tc'b% -YV(, < % Y <?> ,dc * ( ( > Y-'_,dc#, c% * > , e, > ' 5* >
Y[, (+* e,-Y < * > Qa% > `* ( <.> ^% (* @c%5' (Q, .( i,-Y(0%5'* f( <.> c'b% -YV(+* % f< * > * c'b%5Y > *
% > 'd( < , ( k'_, o* e( <?> ' > 'Z, \* (g' > *|' > % > %5' 2 BD% > ?> ' > ( (+* ^( <?> c'b% -YV(+* %
6%2* * -Y < ^%5' > i, ( > ' * ^% (Y, > , Y <?> ,dc > ' > > * @,
> * Y-'_,dc@, >
Wqxq
+ ,+
!+W
,+
!+
g1
1+
,+/bj
,+
!+
,+/
1+
,+
+
!+W
Wq
!+B
Fl
s
A

&
Wq
+
x
t
Xs
!+W&!+B
1+
!+
j
lbl 1

1+
,+

j
!+B

T
t
H
1+
s
Wq
+
+
,
g1
r j
!+B
,+
C'C(bkbWj)eg[ ÎrHLKNM H~\]JjN[ \]J,eJ,^$H'bF1^HLK,J_ n MiedN[ ^,rl;FN\]_`JA[ b~eyJ`J`H
Y%kc :'i* < (ZY[ k$O\"\O\ ]' ^X,6'`ba > *|'
,+
l
l
+!+ ,+
!+
Ol
g
j
!+!+
&
Fq
1+bl 1 Tj
Ol
!++
!+)
g1
,+/
!+
' l>l
Sl
g
y
K
j.
Wq
1+
Wq
j
j
1 T+
+
j
!+.l
j
,+/

,+.n
'n
>
1+
!+WY
&
2 -3 596 3-598-:<;(="> ? @B:C@EDF:C?G(3FHIKJL>-:(G

Section 7.6. The Intensification Consideration
> c > 'i* > ( (Q,6')(+* Y[% ( > -Y > 4%5' 2* .> 2* > > % > (V' 4% d']Y% 2* (+* % ,-YV( -, ( ?< > ' > 6, ' >
^%5' > >[> h0( % ,.(+* k>

s
P6
0
+
j
,+/
y
b
sn
+
Ol=sgn 1
j
1+B
1+
A l
v

0 O0
( <.> Y , @c* 4%5'bY > 2, ,.(+* @( <.> c% > ']' > 6*|' > > .(
-%5' ( <?> > Y-'i* ( > 'i* , ( <.> > * > ' < , (0%rY <?> Y321( <?> ' > ' > * (0% >[> * :,.( > ?> %2Y.* ( ,6' >
,6')% ( <.> ' > Y[% > > j'_, >
c% * > , > ' < , (0%hY% > 'b% -, ?Y?* , :Y% * > 'b,.(+* %
* -Y > > ,' > * ^( <?> * > % 2* > Y, (+* (0% e,2 > ^% > B > -Y > -( <?> %kc.(+* 5* , > ( > 'X* ( <.>
% > < * Y < f* :Y[% (g( <?> > , ( ( <.> * 6* Y[% ( _P% :( <.> :% > ( <.> c > ' * > > ( > ' * >
Y% (%5 1 ( < , >[> < % 1( < ,.(c > ' 2* , > ( > ' < , , , > <?> ' > `, * :,.( > .> %5Y?* ( *
Y-' > ,.( >

?> ' ,6' > 2* , > ( > 'f' > *|' > , ?> ' ,6' > 2* > Y[, (+* e,-Y < * >
0
(
r
%
c
*
[
Y
,
*
> ,
$
$
} )% )& $

)%
)
>
<
( <?> > * < (g% P( <?> c > ' % 2% >a< , (0%1Y < % > , ' (,dcdc'b% * `,.(+* % ( <?> ,6' > (^c > 'X%
, e, > ( 2* > Y[, (+* e,-Y < * >
?%( <?> ' i,-Y(0%5' < , (0% > (Q,2 > a* .(0%hY% * > 'b,.(+* % @* ( <?> Y'b,dc
Y-' > ,.( > #* ( <.> < %6( >> ?> A * % d( <?> * 6* > (Q, k* ( <.> >> ?>a< , (0% > ( <.> , (ec ,-Y > (0%
% * 5* o< * ' > *|' > ( <?> * Y 6* (g(0% > % ],.( > , (C( <.> , > ( < * Y
2 > , ( <.> ' > '
$ uu
+ $ &
0
f<?> ' > 4%5' > d( <?> Y'b,dc % > < % >
P6
,+n
B j
n l
+B
,+
1+
,+

!+ q
?
&
,+
?!+/
;
Q
1+
y
l/
+ !+
k
+
j.j
+Hsg
k
j

Wq$s
j
1+
j
j
,+ j.j
Wq+
+!+
'n
&
Wq
1+
!+/
! ,+
+ s
j.j9
l
j
+
,+
j
bk
Sl
lN
,+
n l/
j
?!+
'n

+W
jUj
j
!+B
,+/
y

,+
l.s
,+/
n
,+

,+
,+

l
-
+

&
1+
?
+!+
!+W
+
+
(+
j
1
1+
j

I+
lN
+
ds
, +
k j
, +
1
uu
0 =
<.> ( .< > Y-'_,dca* \( .< > < 6% ( >> ?> > Y% > * 6* Y[, .( dY[% \c-,6' > a(0% Y-'_,dc\% D( <.> ' > '
+ $'&

,+
, +
$

j
Q
1+
!+ Fs
j
u6u $ uu
f< d( <.> c > ' 5* , > ( > ' < , (0% > * ( <.> '_, > %
s
+
+

,+
!+/
: 67?!7 = : = : 67
0 O \
y
0
:
12
j
+!+
$
y
U !7 =
8
%) / )& $& )

$
$
)/ X()%
$$

)

( > * Y[,.(+* % * ,oc'b%2Y > * < * Y < c' > d' > * * ?Y' > , > e,2?* /( <.> * 6* > (Q, % d'4* /( <.>
% * 5* Y,.(+* % c'b%2Y > (0% > :' > Y[% \c > ,.(+* % 4%5'( <?> % * 5* Y,.(+* % < i' * 2, > % &( <.> * 6* > (Q,
1+

=
+
1+
1+
&
&
,+;q
+
t
j
+
,+
1+
,+

1+
,+
$j

Wq
'n

,+
Y[%kc d'i* < (ZY[ 2$O\O\"\ U]' _^X,6'`ba > *|'

l
s

dc^(0%\"$ \ f<?> * ( > * Y[,.(+* % ^* ,dcdc * > e( % > ( < % % > e,dcdc 6* \, 2* (+* % -, 6c @c

(

'$)

] % &$ E )& % oa<.> * ?Y'' > ( , * > a( < ( % <.> :,6% ' > > ,@?% %!(( *<?-> Y-',-> YV, ( -> ,.((0%5<?>' * ( <?( > > * Y[(+,.*|c(+* % * > ' 4%5'_> Y ( > < (0% % 2 %5'&T( V<?U > c6' > -Y < > ( < D% % > .> '
/

( <.> > Y[% > ( < % 2Y% ^% > a(0% d, a* @( <.> * (V' kY, a* ?Y' > , > Y% * > 'b, ( <.> '_,.(+* %
?, * % f( <?> 4%5'_Y > > ^% (V'b,.( > ( < ,.(, ' (@,dcdc'b% * e,.(+* % #( <?> c > ' 2* , > ( > '
:% > ?%(Y[% .(V'4* .( > , , 5* (+* % ?, 4%5'bY > (0% g,6' #c < * a( <?> * 6* > (Q,

y
Sq
,+
,+
1+B
%A
g$
Hs
+ l
+
jUj
,+
+? l
1+
Sq
!+=l
,+
g
+
+

? l ,+
Wq
!+
,+
,
+
,+/
Hs
Wq
j

M$X)& $

?> ' `, kc
> ' 2* , > ( > 'XY-' > ,.( > i, ( > ' % * 5* Y,.(+* % 6, a( <.> ' > 4%5' > ( <?> -, Y( ?, 4%5'bY > *
' > -Y > X% .> ' > 5, ?> ' ,' > c > ' 2* , > ( > 'nY' > ,.( > , ?> ' `, 2c' > :' > 45% ' k'i* * @( <.>
)% $ ' X * 6* > (Q,
$ & 9' )&
l
1
j
?!+

1+ k
l.s
j
-
l
?!+

1+gs !+B
j
A 'n
l
j

&

,
121

( < * Y < ,dc.( > '@* ( < , >[> < % p( < ,.(h( <.> Y% ^% 2* , k'_, * ?%( , * ,
c'b% -Y >
d' > , * (+* Yj(V' > ( <?> ' > 4%5' > < , .% , > < ,.( % > ?> ' o<.> ' > 4%5' > c 2* , k'_, g,
* (V'b% -Y > o<.> e,.( <.> e,.(+* Y[, &( <?> %5' >dc' > > .(Q,.(+* % -, > p% > (Q, * <?> Y.* > (+* Ytc'4* -Y.*|c >
g, * (V'b% -Y > f<?>1>n> YV( % ,'i* % * \c%5' (Q, .(@c-,6'b, > ( > ' g, 2* Y > f<?> > ( < % %
> * * ( <?> 2* > Y, (+* c'b%2Y > g, 2* Y > f<?> c > ' 2* , > ( > ' < , , , > 4%5' < * Y <
( <.> :,.( > ?> %2Y.* ( < , , e, *
-%5' + s :,.( > ?> %2Y.* ( s <?> +
( <.>
, >j< ,dc:c > s o< ( < * e, * :,.( > .> %5Y?* ( > ( > ' * > <?> ( <?> ' , j* -Y-' > , > *
( <.> c > ' 5* , > ( > ' f* n' > (`* a, #* -Y-' > , > * ( <?> :,.( > .> %5Y?* ( 1%5' ?%(
h, ( > ' -,.(+* .> g,
< , >> hc'b%kc% > a(0% > ( > ' * > ( <?> c > ' 2* , > ( > '
1+
+

,+
,+
g1
l
?!+
r
j
&
s

Sj
!+
,+
j

Uk
r
j
,+

'b% ?> ( < ,.(( <.> e, *

k
y

8 ,+B

+B

<7>
?j
j
+
!+

I+

'n
rq
!+
% '_,.( > T VU * ' > -Y > @, ( < ,.( T U
+
Wq

1+
+
?@
q
j
,+
q
1
5* 1( <?> ' > ,.(+* % < *|c > ( >[> ,

a( <.> ' > ,.(+* % < *|c > ( >[> 6
/6 < ,.( %6( <.> 'Dc-,6'b, > ( > ' ( < ,.( X
v dv 5

H
k
N+
Sl

,+
0 B g* T Uh* a, Y% Q( , (
] > 'i* ?>> ?., (+* % 0
(Q,6' ( f* ( < `,-Y < * > Y < ,6'b,-Y( > 'i* (+* Y > ?,.(+* % 0

4
j
,+
,+

6 7 = : 6
12

H

Sj
( t

l.s
Sl,
,+
bk
!+W
k
j

+
+
j
?j
j
,+
?!+/

4
j
!+
&

,+
1+
j

1
j.j
j
,+
l
'n
k

+
jUj
Wq+
+ ,+
+B
g1
k ,+/

!+B
C

!+B
A >'
Y+!?j
+

+ >[> 2* d' >

I
n l
1+
,
6
I
> I c KP> LQM a% I < * Y < :% ?%(fc'b% * > ( <?> c% * 6* * (
!+W
+W
1
> 'X( < ,.( ,.(+* > -,.(+* % 0

1+mq
n+
&
l

0@
C ^,FIH'JZl;FN\HLK,JaegMiîj$l;M,_pHLj)\cJ bP[ lmu F1jv+F1j n Y n [ WJZH'F KIM$x,J u$F1ji\b'uIb'H'J,e/Y)J`bk_,\;[ |NJ`YK,J,\]Jvm[ HLKz[ H'bAM,YNxNMi^$HkM,rNJ`b
d n J$M$bEJZY\]F1dzeJZM n [ ^,JZMi^,Y {vm[ n n Y1[ bk_,j,bEbAvm[ HLKfu F1f
j Mi|NF1j$HAHLK,JfeM$H'J,\;[ M n HLKIM$H 9ÎJ`J`Y
vm[ n n ^,FIHg_,KIMI\crNJqu F1jfMi^$u
X
eyF1^,Jù
C !{J`X bL[ YiJHLK,JKi[ b'H'Fi\;[ _ M n xNM n j,J
z
oz
Y%kc :'i* < (ZY[ k$O\"\O\ ]' ^X,6'`ba > *|'

Fl
s
Fk
l
!+/
g
j.
+
j
!
j
Fv
l.s
1+ !?j
B?
gs
+Tn
,+B1
+ 'n
B
?
,+
+
g
j
j

'n
;j
"v
+
,+
2 -3 596 3-598-:<;(="> ? @B:C@EDF:C?G(3FHIKJL>-:(G


$%'/ %'
"!$#% & #'()

*,+
-/.10325460798;:;7=<?>A@;46@CB3DE.;BD;F GIHJ85@;46</KL.MGN:E8OB.E2;< 4NBP8RQO034=@;F 7MB(.A:

A. 767=4SQTBP.E2;< 4VUW.E<?>A4VX?8Y0Z760PF?B3F 79.E<TU=46< 8576F?B [,X\8Y0Z];< <;Q/460P764=:OBP.=^_4SGN< 8AK 460B`DE.E:
aOb_ced6dMd
fIgih/Tj?kmlLnoqpLj
sTtvu wyx;z9{P|T}m~5MzW |mxCttttttttttttttttttttttttRttttRtttt5s

sTt O=1|mC|mxO|T}O p tttttttttttttttttRttttRtttt5s
5 O\J1S=M COm6JVVNVVVJVVVJVVVJVVJVVVNVVV Y
5 O S6O\9 IOm6VVNVVVJVVVJVVVJVVJVVVNVVV65
VS;TSJ 1I\6=AVVVJVVVJVVVJVVJVVVNVVV65
5 O S6O\9 6?S6_y1ICOm=VVJVVVJVVVJVVJVVVNVVV6A
5 O y\\=M NS;_1SJCO56VVVJVVVJVVVJVVJVVVNVVV6A
sTt OC1 p }5 z q |Oz9O=1|mC|mxO|T}O p tttttttttRttttRttttuY5
5 5\J1S=M COm6JVVNVVVJVVVJVVVJVVJVVVNVVV6E
5 5 S6O\9 COm6\VVNVVVJVVVJVVVJVVJVVVNVVV6E
SO_1SJCO56VJVVNVVVJVVVJVVVJVVJVVVNVVV6E
CmSA6,JS=M ICO56VJVVVJVVVJVVJVVVNVVV6E
5 5 y\\=M NCO56JVVNVVVJVVVJVVVJVVJVVVNVVV6E
5 5 V COm6O_C9Sy6Y/COm6vVJVVVJVVJVVVNVVV6Y
sTt O*YP|O{À},|T}O p ttttttttttttttttttRttttRttttuYO
5 m\ JS=YSCMCOm6NVVVJVVVJVVVJVVJVVVNVVV6Y
5 m J6\E5S;66JVVNVVVJVVVJVVVJVVJVVVNVVV6E
sTt L~5CE{ q tttttttttttttttttttttttttRttttRttttuY5
sTt J~O zW |_x tttttttttttttttttttttttttRttttRttttuY5
5
=
Chapter 8. Critical Slow Plunger Velocity
:>= ? 7 = :
2

! "
$#&%'()+* ,- %.*/+*/
),0%. 1,
243526
,+*$)+*78 ,
10 +9;:28% <=& >%;?@A2
?+24B 2C
+ #
$ 4'D %.2C/ $%> 00E F .%@ % G H KB G ('Z%@[ KB,+*$#4
+ #
$ (%@ % G H<F T,0
*
3M
, E$\3<728%E+*$#$]^B *$#

> , K,! 00)
"% 2 *$%$8*M
$ ($M,Z - ,
0 %$_^B *#
E %O, H<
F 1 5
*$ T
T " 0BQ 8
4%M><K
B , B24O` 8 ,A
$ AO a,B a "]+*
E %.B$

9 :N
,, * < 5 <0%.BQ$%.B$#.bc=0F
$ ,%.2M28%.* 28%O+`
"% 2 *$%$8*(
$ Xd
N3 e28%O+` 6 ?$*$ G %.*$ T2
63<Qfg90E , 2$h `
P+^ `
* iei X26%@0
5 0 a*89 "X9 F[$53
$ G ,X'DB*
26*"
H9%@ [%'O "526%@
0 "*jF
D`$$6 'Z%@H28Q
*$ k +24 26%@ 0 -,l+3U
F 1 ['Z%K^ %$T43<eV
* *
*$1% %@[0 #.*Q

Y, FgSg'VmA
`K
$ !B 0B$
.B$0 "- %.*$ e
9!#O E*M
$!*]%'n4,$
DF
_p!qsr$?=
2"o
= :6t
= Mqu 6

1+*) ! a,- %K*7$ D,%K2428%K* 28%O Q

0 a,Z+3jF)WK+*$,0 G%. B
26%@
"% 2 *$%$8*
$ 8d
H3 428%O.*0EvT%@ 2 :l0E*73<& (%$8*4,9
%@V= Ò "0E
%$X28%O $
E$4

9jF
$0 a728%O 6
&0 -,l+3w9>%\
E$&
7,
9( ,B M%'T8
5A
$ !+*&$ /fv
mxYP>$+
28%O+F/y@+ 0`[
) a,Z+- %.*]%'5d
H3 28%O !#@ E$*1
5fg90E , 2 HT%I26%@ Q
%K*#)
P+^ 28%O z6
940 -,l+3/3l {O<F
$ <` $ ii 8* B26l ,0
K26%@K a,Z+3jF
| Z }k~

* n
1
vp
vw
H
h1
v1
P1
h2
P2
L(t)
yO #.B 94jF+ S -,$26

- ,6%'A
E'Z%@H26
- %.*&+*4 ""
- %.*
9<M,%@%@V@+*
0
$>0 -,l+- %K*7+*& ",- %K*] >3$

$ a)%.*%.*$>%'X)28% "8, I
+*&O >,0
$ "-+*#
9 "
V,:Dd
H3k =Fed
H3 Q26%@@
%.* <4 &
7 ^B#&{.%$+*>
&,+V,B
, % " x a,- %K*@F
a -$-ZH9 [--lZ-g4-0 --9 GH 8jm-GaZH- "!.G V -GGcHg-a!a(v-n 70laZ
G-+H 9
Dv-T-G OG 4j-aja[v
G nTa06 AH-e-kGv- N
K-GY j.G -K- "ZG .c "GXDG-.-H -+8HGaH-a OH-eX0G KGcXk TZGl T l
v gg00-j-v-- "8av laZ G-+H m5De GV [U+( AH-A"- - "
,%.0<l #.J `.K`j3<eDFfv

+xPM+
;0007-Q5+-c/ 0-
$0A U-5k-) V -e
Section 8.2. The common models
m*5 g a,- %K*@`T a+24 %E$ 6$626%@%>+*$,^B$

*<6#0%K289<8, % a g ",- %.*5 8
*<5E$ %O,$ N<
% F
%.*$ G A
/.B,:N
*</,9% " Q ",- %K*=8 /
\ KB 1
& E$
*$I
\ ^B*$#28%E+*$#'D9%K2
$> 0'V%&$Z #K0Ò
$ ( 0%$6*M+*)y@ #.B !jF+ FSX " B 2!+*$#]
KB$
$ @
<M{.%$ (0 ""
3 0
'V
&E$9<7 $%@mQZ %O)%'T-+28 `Y

/B* .B$7$$ #K0` `
*)
/B * KB$4A
E$4E$ %O, H<` (Ù'Z%@X
#@ E$*
,%K* ""
* ^B*$#E$ %O,$ N<` I
),9
UFw51 KB ;+*/) B 3 "
/

I%'A
E/
-+^+`Y 4$$ #K0`
`Y 8N2Q+*13<>]+* -
^+F 6*,Q$7$$ #K0` `K?,00 $] #.(%'
$M $%5 0 00E `
Ù9M+^3&
$ +*#UF8$M 0
$ 0+*$#7%O,0,B >3,0
B$ "*%) KB+ +3Z+B 2 ,0
*
3)
, 0EJ:N "0Iy@ #.B )KF
=0F y%@
& 2
^ e$
* J`g
;90{.,-+*$#A
E$]'D9%K2 $7%. %
A
^K

9 >9 B -+*#\+*7
*]* $
*,/
+X*V
+*26*M:l a0/y@ #.B &jF .3=0F4 B `j) 'ZH
G B
- %.*Q g8$*
:D+*!,$+ ,B
K 0$

=A+*86 ,6,0
$ aQ*$%Q
$ +*#Q%@j
> {.,-+*$#
A
E$> 0 0B 0F

V
initial height
l
y@ #.B !jF jS -,$26
- ,%'e {.,-+*#>A
E$6'Z%@H26
- %K*&+*4 B 3>
*$ 0B ,l - ,0
E$ %O,$ N<
! 8
$ G g%I28%O.MA
E> ],%@%@V@+*
0 8$
M28%E$>
5$>A
EME %@,$ N<`
$ 8 $%$8*
+*yO #.B 94jF jF
M$28%E+*#],0% %@VO+*$
`@!A
E$> "
- %K*$
9<`@$^B *#T26%E$0 !3
, 4

!
#"
v Y- N AZAH-g9 0 G$.G -Z [G-. U0-9 GG-+v-NkXAH"v TH Y"-llgTXaH-GXaN

v GGcH-eG+lGalaN
w0]007-!5+-c/ 0-
$0e j-5k-) 0 D
,0%.< l #.J ÒK`j3<)eDF(fv

+xPM+

E$ %O, H<

`Y
*$$ KB \28%E$0 8'D9%K2
"
- %K*$
m<M,0%.*9%KE$%.^B 28F
$7l #.%7$7 0'V0F>X

$ 0\ +*$M 0%$e (
1
vw-vp
v=0
2R
h1
v1
vw
P1
h2
P2
L(t)
y@ #KB 4KF KS a,$2

- ,6%'[$!A
E5 ]28%E+*#],0% %@VO+*$

P>
$ a ,%.*$ "mE
- %.*Q%'n$& .B +*Q4,0%.*9%KE$%.^B 28&9

! " #%$'&(*),+ - .0/$!!.*-2143*$5=3*CD3*$!.*$!61/*6*>*)*:;),/*++7= 3E58%?

14- 3*$@" )9-F8 ),- $,)*1AGH:;) 6*=#!)*-D),<>0),$*&(< - ),5!),$,< + )I B
-- )*.< /+ M JB K$!/*#.!- 3*)*<L65$*< $!:E) I

:NKFm=
8$ e
v$6 %@,
GE %@,$ N<FA*$ .B
$ G k
<,%K*$O - %.*$ `0$,%@H 0 %K*$O+*$#8
E
$#AE$ %O,$ N<
K
B$
e$^B *$#E$ %O,$ N<O

:NKF =

SX " 0B2!+*$#
X

*$ 'Z@,
*638*#. ,43,
B aT%'O$A 0%@9g9%O,00 " n.B
- %K*$
F$ 'Z%@ `
7 .
B 280"
O*$ G H<:l8 ,] 6
M'DB *,- %.*>%'g24
B =,
*3M
$ a B 287%3M,%K* ""
*0F
*v$4
3%E$!
$ a B 24- %.*$ ` K B$
- %K*7:NjF+$=,
*]3Q G+24 .>%
T
N %
O P QD SRUT W
:NKF =
V
!$ Y(X +*Q ,0
$ a4,0
*Q"
" E
^BQ%'!%@nKFg5B$ `

:NKF
^=
N [``Z __
b]aa \
RR 8
O+28*$ G %K* " ('DB *$,- %.*OFdc . B
- %.*:HKF ^ =,
*3M
*$ 'Z%@H28+*%
8$ Z L\

>O+28* %.* 0 " A'Z%@N2&

Z L\ f e
7g,h'i
e
@j e Z Z \ L \ `
7g,hLk

8$ mlUn F1SX " 0B2!+*$#1*$ #<I M,0%.*$ "9E$J:ld
H3bp 28%Ov
$ " B 24- %.*=`
*$JB*
e l;o
,%K*$O - %.*$ Q%'Q*$0#K #@+3 1
!
*$ 'Zk`g$*9#<,0%.*$ "mE
- %.*/ KB$
- %K*7'Z%@$\ KB +*)
,%K* %.E%K^B28:N "0]yO #.B 9QjF =5

rq;s`v
t uxw zy N % W
|q2s } u

{
{
}
:NKF =
N.GaZ-mODl 5 lG-lk

,%.0<l #.J `.K`j3<eDFfv
+xPM+
;0]00]G!5$0mac 0a
$0e9KG5k-/ -e

8$
w zy U W r fe W

:NKF =
e
$8 0$
8'l
,%@D` zy`. (+* %@KB,M%>
,,%KB*X'Z%@n% " +3 8E
- %.*$ A%'6E$ %O, H<>9% 8

w
",- %K*>'D %.2
1 B ^B$#{.%$!F%>$
4+*]O ,0
$ -+*$#jÙ$&{.%$_ >B$ $w3<]$/^B *$#
*&,
*3!,0%.*$ G &
$ e
*>+* T{.%$ +*%
4KB$,0Fg$8H< ,0

* B2M3
Ò
*$>'Z%@Y
E
^B86*m< *$#4 A#K9
U$
* ;`8 ,4 5
9#U$
*Q
*<! $%T 0 00EQ30<!
5
$ gHT%
%@V9 (%'e26
$#K* B F
$>9 " 0B Q+*Q$!#
$ 6
$ "Q,
*&3Q
$ a B 28&%)3Q,%.*$ "
*0Fg$M<. % ""
- ,M9 " B Q+*
$ .B 7,0
*3]9 0 "*!3<
: Y
D
V
*$
2> =0` 8$

$4,*n%'$4, % "
",- %K*M

OFey%@[
&,%.*$ "
*8 KB &*$ G H<4 KB
- %.*7:NjF =e,0
*73& 8l D*&
$
%~
q u zy ' % U q u
:NKF =

{
{
w
d
N35:N
*;
fg90E ,
" => B5 KB$
- %K*) ^B "0E
U#%.280Z ,
9
- %.*$ +
$ 6$& "%'
^B- %.*OF !T4,%.*-+* B%]%.3"

+*M
*>
*
<- ,
a%.^B- %.*OFg*+*#]
&@+26*$ G %.* 0 a 8

280

\
:NKF =

v-+ R$+*#]* - %.*:NKF =(

*/
NV
*#O+*# .B
- %.*]:NjF =<
:HKFm =
"y ! u w zy2 re #y ! u e
W@%K E+*$#K
B$
- %K*:HKFm =T'Z%@ ]y
Dn,0
*]3!'DB 9T9
HV
*#&%< U
_ ,%_ + * -a. ,% z_ a10 / . a

:HKFm$=
]y
$%
& % ')(
R
R

z

y

w
R R
dX E$*( B 3 "
6$$ #.0`K
B$
- %K*6:HKFm=[,0
*30E$
^B
8'Z%@@ y `
*$8$e,0%@N 0 0%.*@+*$#
^B*$#[E$ %O, H<` .
F58 , 6*$\3<& . B
- %.*/:NjF =F85 8 "%.^B- %.*M+^37 'ZN w$ $+*
$ e D *$ #<4 a%.^B- %.*#K

F
|#2 } 2 }
34/5)687:9<;g:=?>A@"BC5n
RphFEHGJILK5gihMEYpONOPERQ hmh S5h

WK+*,7d
H3bp M28%Ov*$E$gT%@ "fg E ,#"&
*,%xT%@ "G9 #%%K*]
H. +*$#7?@O - %.*#)+*
{B /28,$
* , !
B 9!%*K
B
- %.*$ %70 -,l+3!!A
E$FA$<4'Z%KB*)+*FT
243p !3% %"
"0E
$K
B
- %.*$
-+*$#(A
E$eE %O, H<5%(A
E$! #.['Z%@j
0Q KB ]:ZA
V=UFWK+*,
$0 ">K
B$
- %K* 6
M'Z%@X
HT%O+28*$ G %K*$
.,0
$ a`nfg90E ,&"
*),0%x T%@ " !3 B+ 5'Z%@X
] . B

D
VGaGX--/WD5HGe+Dm-+-G-!$ZN YXX- "6DH-XZ"N -nH-DA9-[
K
;0007-Q5$0mac 0a
$09UG5k-) k
,0%.< l #.J ÒK`j3<)eDF(fv

+xPM+

9/
$/ KB$
- %K* Q
4$< B$ "UF $ a+* ""
*"
*$0%KB ; #.M@
=5 (#@ E$*M
$
q u {

5 ( .
B
- %.*]:NjF+=0` ] D &9
HV
*#O+*#U`@%.3"
+*]
]*$ 'Z%@N2

$%4 0 0E$F
:

*,
:HKFm=
:HKFm =
5A
E$E %@,$ N<& #O E*]3<

"
u

O^
:HKFm =

fg90E , +*9%OKB$,00 $M%K-+26

Y ^B*$#
,,
- %K*&,0%.*,0F GfY< %D-+*$# #.5
*$
% - %.*6%'v
,Q+*, 28*"
A
E$ 6-+28`$$+28%O A
3 8%] O ,X$ "
3+ N< %'Y
9 B -+*#/A
E$&'D9%K*8$*]$&%.7%'e$>'D %.*&$
$ V
E /$ *$#]%'e 0%6 E$F $F
$<4$*]m'Z%@H28]?@l+28* (%.*4 -2!+V
, Q
,,
- %K* h F
|#2 } 2
4Y5)687:9<;:=
3
9 7+4Y9g<4
p
@#B 5n
[ %.3
3 <`(3,
B a1 MA
$ >,
e%w
B$%@ 4
Qw E %.B$ 728%OvA
$ >%.* </#% %OI'Z%@5
KB$
> 0%5 00E hh F450<& -
< 049B a]d
H3 &28%O.'Z%@XE$9<7 $%@9-+28> "$
*)
@ *eE %@,$ N<7:H
,0,0 V
- %.*=F
bp
|#2 } 2
>A7ZV 5 4$:=
=<4/5
@#B 5n
P+^ n
*/ ( B*63%@H9%$T
4HT%&O+28* %.*
.28%OKB *$
$ " B 24- %.*4%'[B N3 B *e{.%$F
$<>
$ a B 28]$
e!{.%$ "+** >BH3 B *$,0!
*$ 'Z%@T 5 5
^B$#&{.%$ h FeWK+*$,0

"%K^B- %K*>A
$ 8'Z%@AK$<1*
BV
^ <3B+ w28%OO'Z%@A
] KB$
> 0%5 00E h ! F4526
$ " >3$

*,
'Z%@[ KB
! $% 0 00E

:HKFm=

q s m
t u N
q s }

u

{
{
}
:HKFm =
P>%.26*B2
3$

*,!%.*Q$Q a
26!,0%.*9%KE$%.^B 28<
U~
" #7Ga( aZ-+ZN -6 " [[%$Ya(0a-k 1

[
'&($jYZeHDXH n nGGY0-G-(XZ( 0"H- l*)Z ----Z+6(-D/-"- -maN 8 Z,) -.--N /0-0+
Z- [ nGGv- "G@[-DHG-KH-D
W-G"/HGaH n ZGaN -nGcGG[0 " T--A9KT+ ZGGcAk-GvD DG
1 aH-eX /0av HAH v-G -k [
'2 #7aT-+[HGl9KA+-YZ+H-NXg -Gck 9A-AHGHgvGG-cHgGan-GK A -v HT"--AGH--+
K W0
,%.0<l #.J `.K`j3<eDFfv

+xPM+
;0]00]G!5$0mac 0a
$0e9KG5k-/ -e
43
Section 8.3. The validity of the common models
*$&$! "%.^B- %.*Q%'n$0 a6HT%& KB$

- %K* 8
Q u

:HKFm
pqQunp!qsr!"$#%#&$'6t(#&)Mq!u*
|#2#2 ~
8
4C5 4:=
@#B 5n
"
U*$ #< *$%$8*(%Q@ a G+

5+*8
M<$K
B 8
, aB 24!+*6 ,8,0
$ "e$( KB$
G #.*+*5 .B
- %.*4:HKFm$=
% *%e
<>
*&$!,Z Z %K*4'Z%@[
*%K* 0
$ 0+*$#M%KV
- %.*QT%.B )9

y"+

-,
/.Q0213
"
"
:HKFm =
,%K*
3 ]
28%.B *!%'!9 "
V,T%@ /$
$ ]3*,0
Nl I%.B!%K*7 QA
E `v6 ,1 *%$6*
+ *7$ a, *- K,)
B 97
$ $<K
B ,aB 24OF]$<.V
B ,-B2M\$*$%.26*$%.*$
$ 3*
BO ;'Z%@5$ $
$ "w<0
F A*'Z%@9B *$
<`(d
H3D`!:M
*$
6%Q9 "
V,$ )+*w@
,0
$ "-+*#x\ B,7
$ fg90E ,
*; "B$* 6'D9%K2 6 %\W "
T* E9 N<\:afg90E , `vS(H28* %.B
*
B =`g:H$%.28]
* fg E ,
="= h4 `g #.*$%@9) E %.B$ &9 "
V,OF 4 $9

$ "%K*Q$
+T28%OK*$E$[T%@ 0 F
%^
|#2#2 }
"
34/5)687:9<;g:=
5gih65N87/h
EHGJILK
x
"
#"

"
?@"BC5n =
"
$ !
NT%3$
$ ,42! ""
0 5+* 628%O+` 9 "a=T$>3$
$ ,8 .B
- %.*$ e
M*$%
,0
3 8%>
$%6 00E& G B
- %.*OÙ ",%.*@=($& .B
9&#%.280m< &*%'Z%.B *$\+*]$]+*.B$ 9<F4Y%\+^^B$ V

8<8$8 .B
- %.*$ fg E , 6,% "5
9M*%E
U`"
($6,0
$ a8$ 9
:
9<; :>= FAy%@K

,0
$ a
6% G - E$Q
*$<A$<$K
B , aB 24M%K% G 6%)
H<:
+
=F
#"
_g mh
"

mg *h_g3H EI5FN87/h Q
WK+*,7d
H3bp 28%OY 6 -, *- K,MH9%K*%.B$
*<Z E
- E$>
! >3$
$ a%K* M*%w3DX$
*
?@5BA NOS C7ED#K GF
e'Z%.B *$
- %.* h zF
|#2#2
>A7ZV 5 4:=
?@"B 5
$>{.%$ +*]$ $%8 0 0E$+**%8B N3 B * h F&$&{.%$_ Q

1 ^B$#{.%$L3,
B a>*9<\ *$#
%.3 2 h F
f0 A
^ `6#%.280m<!%'$8 0%T 00EQ ,$+ ,B
kFg5 82! "
e@ -,B$ " "&+*
,%K24
l "%K*M+*Q$4O a,B$ " %.*Q ",- %K*!%'n ,
kF
"
0J-GA HH-N(XKVKT ZlH

Wk"ML $vU $--.H-( "--+D GU.GÔN m $-5ZDG -+"aN G
ZDjG+Q(lQPO+D YWgv H(- N mGZaN -AH +N"-+-6aN -an #]- [
K-0--a1AG-RL $vU $)G SPO+D / WT9@H Xc"l"GcG [
lnlg"-X"k e-4
--YG+G-XGH-G^v N
NA.GaZ- $
;0007-Q5$0mac 0a
$09UG5k-) k
,0%.< l #.J ÒK`j3<)eDF(fv

+xPM+
|#2#2
.T?5
:=
@#B 5n
4Y7:9 g

@#B 5n
826%@K3$
$ a%.** B26l ,0
+24B
- %K* 83$
$ a&%.*!$'Z%.^ %$+*$#M
$ a B 24- %K* A$=A6{.%$
BH3 B *0`v =8BH3B *,&A
$ !
$ " 0B28>%;3 "* %. ,7$%.28%#*%.B$ 5E$9<78$ : &28%O =`
=4B*x 0,$ .13%KB*
9<7,%.*O - %.*$ 8
5$M'D 07+*m'l
,0):"%$0<] "%. E$ 8 $+*%'
,%K*$O - %.* $=`.
* @=B*,
A%$ $<
e5 4$ D,0%@N*$T%O+* +*>8 ,7 ^B *#T 2Q
+*8 , 26
mA
0<) 4 KB+ )%/
O ]R %7E$ %O,$ N<]%'X$& 00E&
*$ *$%$8*>E %O, H<&%'
^B *$#DF
W@E$V
%$
$ " 0B2M- %K* e+2M ,$ <
94+*6
XT%@ h U B,Q
$ 5*$%7$
XV
* "'ZD`
Q,0%.*$ "
*
0 " 0B >+*Q$Q 00E!0",F
ST,0,0%@ O+*#\%\$$+,0
,B
- %.*
H0M? 4 a%.2808$ /+*{.%$ . UFI50<wB$ "
28%O'Z%@
!. M !R %>E %@,$ N<KbX50<4,
+2
T$<'Z%.B *$>
X!,l - ,0
E$ %O, H<!%73
> a
28>
$ +*7d
H3 M28%O+F5$] 0 "
V,$ Q
EM'Z%.B *$ a
2879 B 4 0#
K 0 a (28%O
B aU`B N3 B *
*;
2!+*$
X{.%$QbNb 6*$7,0
*7%K* <]T%K*$ 'eB$ a
$#>%'
]28%On:l0E*7'Z%@
R %&E %O, H<Q. @=XA
$ (*$%.B$#.%/ %@KB,6 "!H9%K*%.B$ 8 0 0B (%@XN
e$&9%K3 2
0<
+*Q4,0%OM " ' h $F
"D

"
"
"
"

bp
;q2
p!q
Q #
"D

q
$J<$KV
B , aB 24J

+*
)Mqu

<x ""
I
*$
B * "
<0x@ "
\ B$
- %K* F
$
<$KV
B ,
aB 24
a%4

g8$*>B +*#4O *X,9% " x ",- %K* `$ B,6
$ T .B
9 `,+V,B
k`
*$4
R%@

0 F8$7<.V
B ,#aB 24,
*)328%E+*$#%@n ""
- %.*
9<F6$ HA
E$ )+*&$4 $%5 0 0E$ 6
28%E+*$#1<K
B #
, -B24+*]
],+V,B
g, % " x a,- %K*@F!y%@ 8
*$
<$ G `Y 8%@0 M*%2
DA 'X
aB 24 28%E+*$#%@X*%0F5&28% 5+24%@m"
*A+*$#>%/B *$ "
* e$

]
#&%@m- %K*4%'n
*$ #< & %
*
8 4,0
* *%M3/*$0#. ,jF&S(Û{B ;28,$
* , >3%@% 0 0%$

d
H3 Q'Z%@N2MB
- %K* &*$%!
,0,"
3 ]
*$1
)@ *Q
%
,1$
$ %;3]2M %$<0jF&Y%O
0<`
Q a%.^B- %.*>
E$
+
3 %]@ Q,0
$ " 6+*M
4'Z%@H2 %'X
>,0%.24 BX %#.V
2 xwA
.9'Z, F
"
bp
|#2 2 ~

5

4Y5 /@C40?58B
?@"B 5
+* A ",- %K*8$428%K28*B2 ,0%.*$ "mE

- %.*>Z+*,+ e
M%.*8$6,0%.*9%K$E%K^B28Q+*>yO #.B 9
KF KFy%@[
9# :

=$A
^$ $
j 0 a T,0
*>3Q*#. ,M,%.2M$
9!%!$+*m-
H28
:Z$!A
EM 5
$ a B 28>%
EQ
*#. #@+3 4 *#=0FX$&28%.28*B 2 3

*,&9

s t u "!

# s u !

w
:HKFm=
NN U
r W

e
' fe
w ' N
:HKF =
8$
Vv gG-U [T05kA gGUY+la-+-5+- "Z"Z(0jG+N-alaN 8-(ZkG-+lk -

'"Ne+-XG WgG
&a AH-e -l[-"a-+
,%.0<l #.J `.K`j3<eDFfv

+xPM+
;0]00]G!5$0mac 0a
$0e9KG5k-/ -e
%$
Section 8.4. The Reformed Model

e

w
w

:HKF .$=
u w N N
O u !
U
NV
*$#@+*$#> .
B
- %.*7:HKF .=(+*%
&O+28*$ G %K* " T'Z%@H2 <
:HKF =
Z \ Y u w fe u e
%.243+*+*$#&K B$
-,%%K_ * / . :Nj a F =(
*$:HKF =A< ,%_ Y . a
,'_ . 4a10
,%_ . 4a10

RR R R w Z
\ R R R R
:HKF =

Z L\

8$
) * B2M3!8 , E$%. E$0 )'D %.2 $28%.28*B 2 ,0%.*$ "mE
- %.* KB$
- %K*@F
c K B$
- %K*I:NjF =4 Q$
*
%#.B$%'K B
- %.*I:HKFm=4
*$\+^3190'ZH99+*/
$ Q$ Gfv
mx
P>$+bp ( "%K^B- %K* j
F
dX E$*Q$8E$ %O, H< % ` $6 0$
6'l
,%@
,
*3%K3"
+*$]+*QH28 e%' UFX56?@9
G %K* 5'Z%@
'Z%@A
2Q+*$

*7B H3B *(E %@,$ N<) % 0 5
5 a,- %.*>
$ G+ <,0
*)3>,0
,B
jF
fv
$ "]%.*Q$Q
$ " 0B24- %.*$ 6B a+*4$&90E %KB ( a,- %K*@`@ .B
- %.*]:HKFm=8

16.00
14.40
momentum
12.80
energy
..........
11.20
9.60
Fr
Miller
Karni
8.00
Garber
6.40

4.80

3.20
1.60
. .. . ..
..... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. . ..
0.00
0.00
0.17
0.33
0.49
...
. ....
0.99
1.16
...

........
. .. . .. . .. . . ..
0.66
0.83
..
.
..
...
.
..
...
..
...
.

..
...
.
..
...
..

..
.

..
..
.. .
..
..
.
.
..
...
...
1.32
1.49
1.65
h2
yO #.B 9QKF jg5y@ %.B&* B243n

$
4'DB *,- %.*4%'n$&9
- E$$ #K
bp
#
-h
*$$
\$
$ w30* Z' %.B *$
7$w a%.^B- %.*$ %'M Gfv
mxYP>$+ ) "%.^B- %.*
k*$ #<
"%K^B- %K* ;,0
* 3
0 "*+*w
w G+24 'Z%@H2>F P>%@9%E$D` "1 "%K^B- %K* ,0
* 3I
;%
Nkv g-j-GZH -DZv HeA0-maN 5GKA-GH--+N"-+-G-l

;0007-Q5$0mac 0a
$09UG5k-) k
,0%.< l #.J ÒK`j3<)eDF(fv

+xPM+
*<&, % " ( a,- %K*!'Z%@!V

* - %.*Q%'n!'D 0Q 0B9'l
,{.%$%/9 " 0Bl R&{.%$!Fn5QO a,B a G %.*
9'Z%O,B$ " %K*!!,+V,B
v,9% " e ",- %.*O` G+*,4 ( A$!%.* <Q%.*$MB$ "30<QO ,
$ 9 FgWO%.^B- %.*$
'Z%@5%$(E$ %O, H<w9% 0 `T B,1
$
2!+*
e{.%$C: .%O "B+^ I$

3%K %@ @=`X
9O a,B$ " a +*
S(*$O ? ( F %>
8$/y@ %.B)* B 243e &3
$ "%K*]/ ^B*$#gE %@,$ N<
*;*$%6%K*
B$
2 E$ %O, H<M,%K2428%K* <B$ "/+*QHT%x@O+28* %.*
O<.V
B C
, -B2M@F
$>? Z+26*"
j
"
7%.3"
+*\3</d
H35:kd
H3k=0`
*$ i
H*g:ai
H*mK=
*)

*$ G - %K*]'D9%K2 &'D 0] B 9'l
,{.%$ % 9 " 0Bl R/{.%$L 0 a*;3<7 .B
- %.*$ :NKFm$=
*$
:NjF =4'Z%@
I,+V,B
5, % a M a,- %K*
I 0 a*J+* y@ #KB /jF I'Z%@5
^B$#w{.%$F;$;P]+^
28%OX:ZHT%I@+26*$ G %.*
=%'($1<$K
B
, -B2M1 M
a% 0 "*;+*;y@ #.B KF jF15 ]yO #.B 9
$%$ A,
N <!
X Gfv
mxYP>$+ T a%.^B- %.* > (+*Q
$#. 028*X ]i
H* A? Z+26*"
.9 B F
$
$#K928*30NT*Md
H3 e? Z+26*"
.9 B
*> Gfv
+xPM+ A a%.^B- %.*O` Q
?,- %K*4%'g%.*$>%O+*:N

=`j (#%@%OUF
$>? Z+26*"
v9 B 6%K3"
+*$I3<\i
H*UT M"
*6*>$],l - ,0
.E$ %O, H<A
$ 8%K3
"
+*:" .B )9
,$M>+6, %$8*=g6+ 8?@l+28*"
O 0 0B 'D9%K2_d
N3v
Q+*H
"
- %.*: $+*]%'X
E
$#=(%' 0B3, Z - ,
E$ %O,$ - 0
*$7 B V,l - ,0
@E %O, - 0 e5 4Q?,0- %.*
%'&%.*$%O+*8

:
:Z6 ,7 E$9<, % "%) Gfv
+xPM+ "%.^B- %.* =0F n*$,0`
Q
$ "%K*$
3 Q%/
$ " B 28Q
(&
,0,BV
,<%'5i
H* Q 0 0B Q Q3D
*]d
H3 >9 B F
%$TE$D`Y "]
"
%@+* &$
E$&%w3&"
*]5 ] "%.26,
B- %K* ! F %.*]%'A$&? Z+26*"

"
a XT98,, & '[
6 "
<6 ""
A
$ T
, E$>
*$ A 5*%X,
[$%$ 428
$ 0B 28*
,0
Nl 7%.B0F
] M5 <
,,I
+*)NT%;@+26*$ G %.*
g<K
B
, -B2M 026
^[
*
#O 0
!,
>6 ,Q
M 0 0%.*$ G+3 5'Z%@Y>
9#8*$ #<4O " +$
- %K*&/: n*$ "%K* =Fn$ 'Z%@ `
*$ #<>,0%.*$ "mE
- %.*M,
**$%3B a%]0 -,l+3!<$KV
B , -B24) #. FX5! a
264,0
*73
a
&'Z%@v$&<K
B , aB 24+*MO 9*(#%.280Z F 'g,0%.B 9 a` $! a
28&
$ (%3Q -
&'Z%@
,+V,B
T,9% " 8 a,- %.*OF65B$ `j$ ^B*$#nE$ %O,$ N</$
$ 6%\3&#.
g$
*&&%.*$M%K3"
+*$\3<
d
H3 728%O+`n8 ,),
*I3)%.3$ "9E$;+*;y@ #KB KF jF5\y@ %.B1*B 243A'Z%@A$d
H3
28%O. 4
#v$
*>]y@ %.B]*B 243n%.3"
+*$+*M$Q?@l+28*"
Y 0 B F6y@ %.B* B2M3
+*E$ " <9%K%@m- %K*$
%7 .B
M%'X^B *$#nE %O, H<`
*$I*$,0Q$4E$ %O, H<7

:
26
^ kFX5Md
N3 !28%O$ 'Z%@ B *$ 0 "-+26
0 e$> ^B *#E$ %O, H<F
bp

"
#
bp
p
bp
Fp
U
2
"
#
"
#"
Fp
p
#
bp
%~~

bp
Fp
|#2 2 }
5=7
jF
^B*$#E %@,$ N<`@%.*$>

$ e%&'Z%.^ %$
%O,.B 9
,B
0 "-+26
8$T$ #KA%'n$& .B /280"
+F
F
jF

<4Y@"9J5==
Y%%.3"
+*QQ,l - ,0
%$
bp
"
,B
T$TE$%.^B 28e%'O$8 KB 4280"
:26
B 9$
[<0%.BB aA$5 KB 4 $
$ a5 %.mH<
*/*$%A$Q "%K )
$ "$=F
,B
& ,0*"
$#!%'^ +*#7+*Q$Q $% 0 00E `
R Q
R . F
ÛF6yO+*$&$ * B 243v'D %.2 yO #.B 9QKF ^jF

jF n
"$ * B243v'Z%.B *&%,
,B
^B*$#E %O, H<]3<]B +*# .B
- %.*]:NjF =F
Z("Gj AH-e-D-v- N
2 "k Z[G.05kGm g--ZG^9 XAlGm -g+N"-+-G-+n-+gKG X
,%.0<l #.J `.K`j3<eDFfv

+xPM+
;0]00]G!5$0mac 0a
$0e9KG5k-/ -e

Section 8.5. Summary

#%#&8
m*M

[T4
*
<$R7Q{.%$+*>4 0%e 0 00EM
*E$ %K7
&? , (?@ 0 " %.*4%
,0
,B
6! KB+ & ^B *#OE$ %O, H<F $
$ e30*8 $%$8*(
Xd
N3 (28%O %"
^ <8 %.*$#
*M$ 'Z%@ &fg90E , 628%O@ 6*, " a

l+ <N %.*$0%KB (
$ AT^+Fn5 a
26,
*&3 a
>%&
^
%$28%O AO a,B a "+*6
$
DFg$6,0%.* *,- %.*M3HT0*6 HA
E$ Q
*4$4<.V
B ,
aB 24;$
$ 30*/?
+*jFw$\280%O\'Z%@,
,B
-+*#$),Z - ,
v %$
^B *#eE %@,$ N<w$
$
30*7 %E jF

"p
Fp
qO* Q$'S*
!$
8 <aB$ - K,
- %.*!'Z%@[ KB
- %.*4KF
WU$%$ $

'Z%@
B *$mx@,0%.*$ HB$,- %.*
bp
WU$%$ $/9
- E&H %@A,
w3</d
H3 &28%O.6*&$& B 3 "
) #.
E
9<+*$#/$
V
28kF

;0007-Q5$0mac 0a
$09UG5k-) k

6
,0%.< l #.J ÒK`j3<)eDF(fv

+xPM+
,%.0<l #.J `.K`j3<eDFfv

+xPM+
;0]00]G!5$0mac 0a
$0e9KG5k-/ -e

& #%
"!
&
'
/'O ) M $'

+ #
#
(!

D;.A4VB`HJ@;81F TG Q_4PD;464:;P76F 7I4J.E25H4MB32;K F 4646:O46:qB7WB38;D;:;4@;B`F?KLB3F 88;:1F GNGNB48q1QB33DE481GiG9G94V46@4;29F[qG=B`76F :MDE^,.E:MF ^_:qF :MB`D;^C4VG=UWB.A.A:;7M@E>;.>APH @
BP.E:
! j hTg /h#" An %$
QQ
3H E E PRI7
OP
A

)(
#K*&%'T$ME$*-+*#) <$ 2 %.*$M%'A)9 .B+ 28* 6'Z%@(9.B,+*$#/

+ $#
$ 4%@ % N<F
% N<6KB$%4*V
+*28*T%'#
$ " A,%K* "- B T
>
#Q%@9- %.*%'Y$%"
@%@ % G H<`0 ,
^ <

8$*7,
$ !A
^ Q
]E$9<+*I:l a0\yO #.B 97jF+$=F/$)2
+*/,0
B$ " Q%'
+ #
$ %@ % N<
9
+*$ B ,$ *E$*>
9
Oè^B3Z ,
*40E$
%@V
- %.*;:
,- %K*w9%O, " a0 -=0À+*$,0%@N ,]
,028*4%'
E$* `K
*$]2! ?+*#9%O, " a0 F$ 0 "*5,$
n,0%.*$ G (+*{B$*,!%'g$!E*5
9
:k+*
28% 0$l ,Q
*]E
,B B2_E$*-+*#@=(%.*M] 0 .B
O#
$ Q:D+*>$MO =
($4*]%'X$!^ +*$#
%O,0 a F
n9%KA0 G
.%@
)*
maximum
porosity
shrinkage
porosity
"
wall thickness
"
yO #.B 9QjF+ X$M

- E$Q Z+*
$#>%@9% G H<M
$
4'DB *$,- %.*4%'[$4,0
$ -+*$#> , * "

Chapter 9. Venting System Design

S[26% $l ,]E$*-+*#U`w28% "Q < B$ ";,0
$ "-+*# 28$%Ojè M%.*$\+*)6 ,/$)E*
%.*I%w$/
28% 9/
*$J )90'ZH9 $ $+*\
$ &
+(E$*-+*#UF 6* <w+*? 26,
$ " >
9
%$v a%.^B- %.*$ 8 KB+ U`@ B,M
$ eE
,B B2 E$*-+*#U` .%@9y@ 0QY,* KB:k+*4R$+*$,!
*]
^B2!+* B 2
,0
$ "-+*#@=!
*$1 .B$0R7,0
$ "-+*#UF X
,B B2 M
/%1?$V
,4
+ #
$ !'D %.2 $28%. 3'Z%@ )
$
$ &$%. %@mB * H<%2! ?\ $w KB 28"
g
*$J ] ],
^[E
,B B2CE*-+*$#jF$ .%@9
y@9, * .B$! (
QE
l
- %.*!%'n6E
,B B2E*-+*$#]+*!6 ,6$!%?<$#*4 5+* %O.B,7+*%M
,0
E N<(%M9
,0A$
+.
*8%M9
,v5 $6 .B 426"
+`
*5$ 'Z%@ e,9
0 g
eE$
,BB 2:afv

PM+H
O3=FW KB0RM,
$ -+*$#) 6
O 9*8
%
,]+*>6 ,4> B m'l
,0Q*$ G %K*] +*,
$ a
% 9.B,&$% a G+3 )2Q ?+*$#;9%O,00 " a0 :l 026
^
j/* B2M3
$ !T^ =F]$#
$ a0 M+*]] 0%
E$!
*7,
E H<M
&26
>26% <4%'
+n
*&$ 'Z%@ 6$!H2 D
+ ] B$ "/9
'VDFX$0 "
0 k "%K^B- %K* >
M,B 243 "%K284
*,
4
>'l
A28%@ 4? * E %O, " F m*M 5,
k`j
.B
"
- E$O a,B a G %.*%.*!8$*$0 " "%K^B- %K* A $%.B 73>B a
*M6*6$<M
M*$%*$0]
0 "*jF
63E %KB 0 <`w30 "4E$*-+
- %.*1
, E$I8$*1

- E$ <
9#7E$*>

I 0 G #K*jF
%$TE$D`.%I2!+*+2Q R4$M a,%K*$
m<)26
,+*+*$#\:N B,]
$ 5l+242!+*$# =`j%)*$ B 9M'D90R+*$#75 +*
E$*-+*# <$ 2>`
*$6%*$ B 963

$#%.B G T$e,
$ T26%. U`0E$* e$
E$%M3Em<Q*
N %$F
S H< ,
G R0%'[E$*A , *$0 a " 8V
*#'D9%K2Lx@ F$0 a!,0%.*{U ,-+*$#7 KB+ 26* e%K*!
E*5
9
& B$## (
*M%.-+24B 2_

OFSX !B 0B$
D,%K2428%K* &
9%
, 50 -,l+3]$QH %@9
0 a*]
*& 'Z%@H28/26%@. 5 a,Z+3jF

"
#"
&
#2 }

2 ~
p!qsr!"$#%#&$'6t
5
9 2
84

#&)Mqu*
?@"B 5
$4 !28%OK
+*$# &>?$
,- %.*>%'A
+n'D %.2 &,0
E N<&A
$ 8%.*$]3<7WO
,$ F +*&
28%O+`jWO
, M:HWO
, =eE$ %.7
)28%O'Z%@nM#
$ ({.%$ 'D9%K2
&@ M,
E H<3
$ "]%.*M
'Z%.^ %$5+*#&
$ " B 24- %.*$ =$!#
$ 6B*9#%@0 (
*& "* %. ,M9%O, " 5+*QQO Q,0
E N<`K=e
KB$
$

</ "
7? " ` =$]%.* 0 a B 9 FMWO
,$ !
"%@ *-
w3HT0*NT%/,0
$ "
,$% M{.%$
*)B*x@,% Q{.%$ :3 B (O 9*-
- %K*QO )*%,%K28!+*%)
0<>+*& 628%O =F
SX " 0B24- %.* ] KB+9 A
X'Z%@v,$% 4{.%$JM 0 " 0B >
- %3
3%KBXHT%]3HT0*6$6,
E H<
*$]E*e? 0F
S(^28% "4$/ -
28w28%O[A
$ )9
30<\ "E$V
A 0 a
,9 h FJS(^n ";28%O `g5
?,- %K*>%' g$+* 7: g$+* =`v*#. ,$4'Dl ,- %K*7+*&, $QE*-+*$# "< "2>F8$QE*80 #.*
+*;
;,%K2428V,
g <$ 2 +*$,^B$0 7
/
$ "
*;? 0` aE$V
T.B, è
* aE$V
g
3HB ]?@
*
,
a0:kWU
+ %K
j`v
$#) ="=8,0
*
G %K* ,%K*V
,- %K* 6+*6 ,>$7 0 "
*,>,0%@ ], *4:
"
"
"
)(
"
" %~%~
U
U~

3>0E$
^B
7%\3)
#[
* )
*$/
&H< ,0
OE
^B>%'
6
3%KB %@A28%@ F +*& 6,0
$ a`
I 0 " 0B 1V
- %1'Z%@A$),%"$+*$#,0%.*@ - %K* M
]
$ \
*1$1 0 " 0B 1V
- %
,$0 M
E$
^B$!%.* <M
'V[
3%KB #>%'n& %.*! % " 4 (
$ "UF (,0
*3! $%$8*!
A8$*!${.%$
Q,$% " )$)9 " B ]+*]$],0
E N<%@0 &*%4 26
+*,0%.*$ "
*6
$ Q
$ " B 281+*]$/28%O M3 B
+*$,9
$ " e? %K**-
^ <F
$G-+--H " G5 Z-maH+AD cAj-n+Z + G- aG

- -"!aYHGaN X
,%.0<l #.J `.K`j3<eDFfv

+xPM+
;0]00]G!5$0mac 0a
$0e9KG5k-/ -e
U;
#2 }
2 }
>A7ZV 5 4:=
?@"B 5
9p
P]+^
*$) A B*0Ò+*$6
H <! `@,%K* "B$,>
28%O%>
,,%.B *X'Z%@U$5'Dl+*,- %.*>+*
E$*-+*# <$ 2>FX$<]3
$ "&+T28%O%K*Q'Z%K^ %$+*$#&
$ a B 24- %K*
Fn%/$

*$ 'Z
a%$H26
{.%$
jF
:H,%.*$ "
*24
B 9$=A+*8$*V
*$,0%!E*:H
,0,%@VO+*#%!$8
B$%@
+*Q& 0 a*"
- %.*=
jF!y
**$%M{.%$+*Q$&9 eE*
ÛF(S+ #
$ (%.30< e$4
#
$ 28%O
"
P]+^ v
*$/ e B*( a,l+3&$Q,0
,B
- %K*> %O,.B 9 e'Z%@HT%>,0
$ aQ
$ (,% &
*$
B *$,% G,0%.*@ - %K* F65&,0
,B
- %.*$ 5'Z%@$&,% G),
$ "&
> ""
*$
/
*$,
*/3>'Z%.B *+*

*<73%@% Q
3%.B6y
* *%&{.%$ 3BA5 M
*+*9 -+*$#MH "0Fg$!,0%.*@ - %K* 5+*Q$28%. ]
*&
E$M
9M,
,B
)
,0,%@VO+*#$M
243 *5,%.*O - %.*:N "044 026
m KB%4%'X
$
Z= F
$!,0
,B
- %.*$
3%KB8B*,$% >,0
$ a!
8E$9<&+*9 -+*$#&
*>+^.3QO a,B a "$ 4+*4
7 D
28%@ Q0"
+ Fg$Q,0
,B
- %.*$ 69%O,0KB 'Z%@v&B *$,%
$ ('Z%K^ %$+*$#j
"
"
"
"
"
QJ* B2M35:l*V
*,1P>
,*B 243X%/$&E*a=M %$Tg
* QI'Z%@A,$% "
SX " B 28
,%.*O - %.*

"
,B
]$,%@H9 %.*O+*#\ ""
!:N,% ;,%.*O - %.*$ -=
24
B 9V
- %&'Z%@4
$ a B 28
\* B2M3
,
Q
,B
64O *,3HT0*!4,
,B

,

`gI 0 " 0B \V

- %jÀ
*$I
,
*$]Q
,B

F
[ ">$O *,

%,
,B
4$]%KB3 > ""
&:Z$0%@ - ,0
j? a=!,%.*O - %.*$ Q3$
$ a
%.*Q$!
2M3 *(,%.*O - %.*$ F
,B
M$4,%K*$O - %.*$ (+*MQO 3$
$ a%.*Q$Q%KB3 ! "
[,%K*$O - %.*$ F
%$$26
$ a {.%$
%.B 5N2Q+*/3<]26
$ " ,0%.*$ "9E
- %.*OF
'T,%KB " `@$0 "4,

,B
- %.*$ e
4H9%K*%.B$ Fm*&,%"&{.%$` $4,%K*$O - %.*$
4H2!+*$
N " Q K "7 N " Q 3<wBx "
2
*$J*0E83<)7%$8*)
2 F)57,
,B
- %.*$ 6'Z%@6B*,$% "
{.%$
26
$26
- ,
8 %.*$#jFg5Q
$ " 0B2M- %K*&2
>+*Q$!9 " "7*$E$vA
$ ,,#" UFS(*$
26
$26
- ,
^ < 0
$
" +*$#j`$ v (KB E
*Y% aB$ #KB " G+*$# "%K^B- %K*@F[$0 "XN %@ n
9T%K* <'D
,- %.*
!
%'[%$%$+*!
528%O6 ,4+*,^B!
28%K*#>%$Y6'Z%.^ %$5+*#Uv%K*$=A
$ a B 24- %K*%'
,%K* ""
*A24
B 9M+*Q$O M e8 %.*$#j`NT%@=%@%@v
$ " 0B2M- %K*!%'v$4 a%$H26
{.%$!` 0=
%@%@X28
$ 0B 26* e0",F 6*M%.4%'n$
eA
$ 8 eQ,l l %.*M'Z%@X9 .B+9E$*(
9
OF
)(
v g-+D Zn -aN GXZ-G+aH+ AH-TD-Gvk DGA A9 "m-

21 a1GH--cv l "6 g
[1 T Wk-NkA -GaN GAZ-G+aH+5 (H-e e"a m(9 -5H- K "DN
[ n+" ZN [

;0007-Q5$0mac 0a
$09UG5k-) k
,0%.< l #.J ÒK`j3<)eDF(fv

+xPM+
&
q'q! 4u
*Q *Q* )'
!$*1
;*$%.*,%.2M9 " +3 (KB I B,
$ 4A
5 7 B 0j`n$7 a
26)
28%KB*9%K^
3<)
^B *$#e+^Y{.%$ %KB4%'e$ "< "2>F %$TE$D`n
+6 M
1,0%.24 0 a G+3 ] B 3 ""
*$,0
*\ B 4

3%E$> ""
28*5,
**$%Q3&
UF65M{.%$_
&%.B8* 8%.*&$7 0 G ""
*$,04%M{.%$
^B$ ($] "%.*QE$ %O, H<:" "%.*>
9
>
$ (T^ =F$ 4,%.B /3Q 94 G B
- %.*$ !=$!{.%$

%.B Q E E(
*8$E$%.^B 28Q B 03<4 "%.*O`=g{.%$ V
5%KB "F
5 N Q$
*65E%K^B28
B$ $73<Q %K*@`%@ =$5{.%$ V
8%.B G IOKOQ%Q$5E$%.^B 28Q B 0]3<$Q "%.*OFn5

$ ,0
$ a4 ,
^ &$!,Z - ,
@0 #.*O`@
*$) 5
$ " "%O,$
& Q$Q,l - ,0
O

OF
_gh

S+O{.%$ X+*e$E*-+*$#6 "< "2 ,0

*Q
,(E$9<Q
#E$ %O, - AB (%
3%KB : F[5
+K,0
* *%v?,6 nE$ %O, H<5 %KBv#%@+*$#5 9%KB#K(
5 ,$
^ <5,%.*.#.B 8,0%.*.B T:N,0%.*E9#O+*#
@ E$ #@+*$#1,%K*$KB a=0F] &$*$%.28*$
/ *%$6*3<7$)*
28]%' ,$% {.%$ jF&5 & <$ G ,

$*$%.26*$%.* X$ <5%B *9 ""
*$O+*#!$E$*-+*#40 #.*49%O, " F m*
+KE$*-+*$#j`$E$*-+*#
<$ 2 $
$ 4% 30 G #K*1 "%\$
4
+eE %@,$ N<%@ ]*%9
,$7 00I%'5 a%.B *$U&+*%$
T%@
` P
)N
E ONOP
LN
7[F +*5E
,B B 2 E*-+*$#j`$$8
+jE %@,$ N<M9
,$0 g$ 04%'U a%.B *$
^28% "T+*$ "

*"
*$0%.B$ <`
*$Q50 #.*8 0%KB &35 0B$,5
A g*$ B 0 g
n$8
+[9 " B 5%@0
*%?,00]Q
28% Z ,> 0 a B 9 F
1pTh
j
"
"
"
"
Vkmp *lEh
[l %@528%O 'Z%@5 O ,-+*$#/]%K-+2MB2LE*Q

9
)O *$%,0%.*$ G X$9 G ""
*$,0)+*]
E*-+*$#Q <$ 2_: 0, a B 9!V
- %!%' 0 " g
*6 =F$E$*X G #.*+*
6,0%.2428 ,$
"< "2+*$,^B$0
4
$ "5
*? 0Ù aE$V
K.B, Ù
*) "E$V
j
3HB 5?
* %.*$ ,%.*V
,- %.*$ 8+*>6 ,>$7 0
`. A%'%@ Y%' x
%@g28%@ F B$ `> 0 " 0B 4V
- %>,9
-+*#&,$%
"
*$,06,0% ,$ *0`
{.%$L M

$ " jF *7%'(O *,0 73HT0*E$
,BB 2 E*-+*$#\
*I
28% Z ,&E$*-+*#
%O,0,B T.B Z+*$#!$ "
mkxUB-+28 FAy%@KE$
,BB 2 E*-+*$#j`
,$% +*#!,%K*$O - %.* g0 ""
3 0Q
^28% "
+* ""
*"
*$0%KB 0 </:D 6* 6%K*&$
+XE%K^B28]+*&E$*-+*#/.B,a=0`Y8+ +*$&
28% Z ,
,0
$ a]E$%.^B 287%'$
+6$
$ !% 3\9.B,% 28%@ $
*w$
'Q:H*@+*$#1%.*7$1 0 a B 9

- %@=3'Z%@ $/,% $+*$#w,%K*$O - %.*0E %.$
4
*I ,0
* $
*1%K* <8$* 28%@ )$
*
)%@828%@9]%'$ %.*7 "9% 7 Q
aUF\P>%@9%E$D`Y{.%$ *$%&*, " a
l+ <,$% \+*
28% 0$l ,&E$*-+*#UF *$,0]{.%$L 4,% U`v$ / *$%I@ *,+*/,0
,B
-+*$#/7{.%$
3HT0*)$0 a7HT%w,0
$ a0 F QB N*$ >%KBQ
4$I2
26
- , ]+*w3%1,
$ " >
9) G+2!+
kÀ
*$
90'Z%@93%M,0
$ a0
0 a*+*Q$>9 "*,
kF
*

"
"
"
rd
"
"
"
$M %. %'[!,$2! ,

.
,- %K* AA
$ 0%$6*6%)34+* #.* K,0
*0F[$!@ *,M+*!#
$
"%K^B3+ N<:26% <<$K %#*=+* .B
*$/ "%K ),
*3> 0%$6*>%I3]+*$ G #K* K,
*Q:lSAWvP =F
y%@T?
24 `Y$/26
?+2MB2C<K9%#*
$ "].B l+*# "%K @ K,
- %.*&%'e
$+ %#K
2L%'(
^B2!+* B 2

3%KB

8
28% Z ,424
B 9
*\ 0 a B 9 F! 4 " 5
*
%'X$>E%K^B28
*!%735@ 0
,0U`
*4,0
*>3Q*#. ,UFnWO%.28%'U$%?$<#*! T 4.B l+*#!$^ +*$#
-+287:afv
GP>$+k
.3=0Fe57
$ (NT%] , *$7%,0
*,O
,&%$%.B0`j
*]$]*$ ,
!2!+*+26
+F

"
$I* B 28l ,0
[ +24B
- %.*$ 7 %O.B,;B *
"- ,\ 0 0B
*$;$ I *$%;%$ KB$
*- "
- E
%@%. 'Z%@U*O+*#ME$*5 %O,0
- %.*$ 8:l&
$ "5
,0:N -=A%36^ @=
*$> a B$Q e -+^
*4%K*
.B$0 "- %.*>%@
0<F5$ >
`[%$T0Ek` .B
"
- E$4?@
*
- %.*$ 8
*1
$ a%.*
3 4#KB " a0
8,0
*
B$ ]$]
,0,BV
,<%'A$/
$ M
,/:Z$ KB w280"
[
,$0 G=60 -+2
>%;3& +*]$)
$ "
!x
%'KX^ +*$#Q %O, " Fn +*'Z%@N26
- %K*+*,
$ a0 $A #.* K,0
*,T%'O8B*9 ""
*$O+*$#
%'(8
> Q$9 .B+9\E$*4

OF1WK+*,26% Q%'e$7
+$
$ !% 37E*IKBl+*#$/+* -

"
$#0 (%'n!^ +*$#9%O, " `K+*Q8 ,Q$!E*6 %@,
- %.*$ %/*$%8
0<M
7 %. F
)(
S+gE*-+*$#1 8,$

426$%@)%'%.V
- %.*O`Y
*$\ 8 0%KB \3/B aIB* 0 a 6
,0,0"
3
,%.0<l #.J `.K`j3<eDFfv

+xPM+
;0]00]G!5$0mac 0a
$0e9KG5k-/ -e
3
Section 9.4. The Analysis
0 B ],0
* *%31%K3"
+*$B$ G+*$# 0F ST,,"
3 9 B ]
\@ ],B 4% %K3"
+* =>6*1
0 G ""
*$,07%I
+({.%$ +*I28%. J 726%@9) G #.* K,0
*!$
*$\ 0 "
*,+*$E$*-+*$#
<$ 2>`v
*1=88$*]$/2! ?+*#w %@,00 a "0 !
9]
B$#.28*I30<] , K,)28%K )#0%K289<F +*
$0 ",
$ "0 `$$e?V
,- %K*8%'j
+vZ %@O%$(^ +*#!,0
*Q KB$,0e5
+%@ % N<6 ,Q9 .B+9
$>B$ "Q%'n%v,* .B$0 F
S(*1
O - %.*
%.3 H,- E1 M% %E /
/% %K% ,%.2M3+*$ $)
,B$
E$*>
9
/ /
0 G ""
*$,0):D+*]&E$*-+*# "< "2=8%)]
+X{.%$ B$ ` +2!+*
-+*#/*$0/'Z%@A,
,B
- %.*$
%'$7#
$ Q{.%$L+*)$]E$*&+*)%@V%J2!+*+2Q R]$\* B28Z ,
v,0
,B
- %.*$ F B)0M
+F : B
!
+F+=6
*$%9 &
E] 0%$6*&
8$]
+5 0 a B 9 &V
,- ,0
^ <1B * 'Z%@N2 +*] "< "2>F
*, ` (
*$
<$ G (,0
*4
"%) %E 6$
E$V
$#Q
+g 0 " 0B $
$%.B 73&B$ "7+** B28Z ,

G+2MB
- %K* F
&
pq
)(
'SQu2* *
$28%On ] 0 a* $ ]

w2!+*+2
U%'2
26
- ,0
0"
+ F %$TE$D`[24
$ G >
#@ E$*6%>
^$Q <$ G ,
OB*9 ""
*$O+*$#4%'$Q *%K28*
OFn5!+*9
,0
**$728%@9
"
+ >@ -,B$ " %.*$ +* aE$V
%$Y "%.B V,0 8:"fv
PM+H

=F[SX 530'Z%@9 `$!+*0#K

%
,
M24 %$<0UF1S(^$)
$ " 0B2M- %K* !6 ,/
9IB a +*) 728%Ov
9) "
w "%\$
Q$<1,0
*
31?
2!+*$J
* O a,B$ " a
&\,0%.*,^B$ G %K*%'8$ 0 "*],
DF n9w 7
&%'
$ " 0B2M- %K* 8 ,M

9&B$ ")+*M0E %.+*#> 626%@+
!
F$>2
+*]9 G "
*,%&$!
+[{.%$
jF$!
+{.%$
5
$ a B 28>%3M+*4$6E$*-+*$#& "< "2>F
+*4$Q,< +*$g
$ a B 28%K*x@O+28*$ G %K*$
+F
jF$!
++*MQ,< +*TB* #%@0 (
* "* %. ,M9%O,00 " F
ÛF$!
+v%K3<$ (M
#
$ 28%O+` s
jF$6#0%.269<4%'E$*-+*# <$ 2
%@0 *$%(,
*#KBl+*$#>$^ +*#) %O,0 a !:k9F F9`@
#
]3HT0*!
0 % *%+*,
$ "QKBl+*$#>$^ +*#/ %O, " -=0F
~jF$M ^B*$#g28%E$0 (
e
>,%.*$ "
*TE$ %O, H<MKBl+*#>$6^ +*$#79%O, " `
* (H2!+*$

3<Q
@
$#K
2_,0
,B
- %K* F
F$6E$%.^B 28!%'n!E$*-+*$#& "< "2

jF$6E$*-+*$#> "< "2
*#. #@+3 !,%.2M$

9&%&Q,< +*vE%K^B26F
, %.*$> %K*#U` V

#.e,%K*$KB 0F
,0
*]3 0 a*/3<>

jF$9 G "
*,4%7$] .B 126"
@{.%$`
Ù%@0 4*%8,
*#4.B Z+*$#]$4^ +*$# %@,00 a
:NKB%&4,$
*$#4+*4$ `@%@P&
,]* B 243 -=0F
jF($6{.%$
+*Q$6E$*-+*$#& "< ", 2
F($> 0 "
*,%&{.%$!`

*>
O
3$
- ,8{.%$_:"y
* *%&{.%$(=0F
`K !*$%e
,/3<MQ,
*$#M+*4$6E$*

OF
]]
3%E$]
$ " 0B24- %.*$ Ù$&'Z%.^ %$5+*#I28%OU
$ ! $%$8*)+*\y@ #KB ]KF & %.% "jF>S
^B*$#B$ $0 !$ .B ;280"
+`[
* 3%%'$2 :"*%$ ,0
^ \
$ !$ "%.*=49%KU7
+

9%KB#KM
] %.*$#j`@ "
#K(,%K*$KB 0F
;0007-Q5$0mac 0a
$09UG5k-) k
,0%.< l #.J ÒK`j3<)eDF(fv

+xPM+
yO #.B 9QKF KgS G+2M .26%@'Z%@!E$*-+*$#& "< "2

$&26
$ " 3

*$,0%'[$4
+g+*Q$4,< +*$<
)(
u

, .
:NKFm=
U
n .B
- %.*:NjF+$= ne%.* < KB$
- %K*
X*$06%>3 a%. E$UF[Y%6 "%. E$( 0`6<$ G ,0
9%K
9- 0 %'[$!
+A*&%)39
&%&!#0%.269<M
*$&$&9%O,00 " FgST,0,0%@ O+*#>%]
$ " 0B24- %.*
j`@$Q
+T26
$ a (,
*]3Q?@ 0 " a]
$
s
:NKF =
5E$%.^B 28!%'Q,< +*TB *$[

$ a B 24- %K* ],0
*]3!8l D*M
$

5B$ ` $9 "N2
:NKF =
21)
)(
+*4 .B
- %.*]:NjF+$=5 99 "*/3<
s

.
.

KF =

X HX @
$7^ +*$# %O,0 a M%O,0,B > +*

E$9<\ $%@9]l %@w-+28
`
*I, 90'Z%@9

*$ 'Z4 /+*$ G #K* K,
* KF_5 $+*J%'!{.%$C 190'ZH9%J
$ Iy
* *% {.%$ 4 F_5
+* ""
*"
*$0%KB {.%$L
\$
$ !%;37? 0 a "w+*]H28 4%'$9 G ""
*$,0>%${.%$`
`v
0 " 0B V
- %j`.
*$!,$
V
,l - ,0 (%'(y
**$%&{.%$
WU
+ %K =F(iA*%$6 #%'(y
**$%&{.%$

!9 .B+ &'Z%@[? 0 a G+*$#&! ",%K*$&N2 +*4 KB
- %.* jF+$=F

$&26
$ " e{.%$
4,
*]3!8l D*M
$
"
)(
s V

, .
21
Q s V

21 s V
8$
Z Q
q u

%$ $

V
Z Q
Q
z

{ #""
!
KF =
KF =
J & -!
'a/G-["-AZH- kGZ--k G- a-8X-+-nW"lGm GH ('$"7"e9- LO--cH-*)
NeG9 KkXG^T & -+'$"1 nG+G 6 $Y-- ![
,%.0<l #.J `-,K`j3<eDFfv
+xPM+
;0]00]G!5$0mac 0a
$0e9KG5k-/ -e
U $
Section 9.5. Results and Discussion
Q

;
$>P&
,&* B243v
T6*
*,8%M$6,0%.*.B 0`

`K e,0
,B
3<]y
* *%M{.%$,
V
,
l - ,0 T'Z%@Y$5E$*-+*#> <$ 2 9 G ""
*$,0`
`@
*4$M9 " B 4V
- %jF
21& $426
?+24B 2
E
^B%'
0F m*5E
,B B2 E$*-+*#U`$$*
*,QP&
,Q* B243k`
Ò X,%K* ""
*g
*$! .B

%
21 F
WUB 3 "- B-+*$#& KB$
- %K* jF @=
* KF =+*% .B
- %.* KFm=Ò
*/
NV
*#O+*#U` <

Q@
s

Z Q7 s
.

.

)(

Q

)(
s P
s

KF =
F(5 0 .B

$Q "%K^B- %K*4%] KB
- %.* KF =,
*34%K3"
+*$30<* B28Z ,
j+*#.V
- %.*4'Z%@

26
$ a >'DV
,- %K* +*\$1,0
E N<w
$ ]
I'DB*,- %K*\%'-+28w &*wH2!+*$B$ G+*$#; "
#
$
.

$ " 0B2M- %K*@F X X+24%@9"

*v%>%@+*v%.Bv$ #.* K,0
*,T%'.$
F T
V
280Y9 0 "*
.
$
- %!30NT*T$X^ +*$#e-+28A
*$XE
,B
- %.*T-+28 F $g -+28X8 ,AT%.B !3 KB+
%E
,B
&],< +*X'Z%@A
,%K* ""
*M26
$ " {.%$L
]
8$/26
?+24B2 P&
,1* B243X8$*
$&#
$ 824V
B 97
*w9 " 0B /926
+*
8$$+e+* -
.E
^B `gB *$X$],%K*$O - %.*&$
6
{.%$ !,% U` $/ 0 " 0B @ *,30NT*/28%K 1,0
E N<
*/$&%KB &*%'

,%K*$KB
#!*%KB#K%],9
4
M,$% M{.%$!F =>
*]?@ 0 " a/3<
"

21

"
s V
_a
V

KF =
)(
Z - ,
j,%K*$O - %.*%O,0,B 86*
21KF +*]E
,B B 2 E$*-+*#UÙ&E$%.^B 28 B$ $w3<
%.*7 8 .B
@%7$4{.%$_V
`Y
*$)*$ B 0
0 " 0B +*&$M,0
E N<]% 4*$%6+*,
$ "
3%E&$&
26% $l ,7 0 a B 9$=F +*
+XE$*-+*#UÙ],Z - ,
j,%K*$O - %.**$ B 9 8
8$>{.%$

!*$%,$% UF5y%@v !
$ "%K*@`.4,Z - ,
@

80*]
$ $4

>
626
(!-+28
V
- % 21
: .B
%%.*$Fg5 (,0
*]3Q%.*$>30<] % % $+*$#>
.B
- %.* KF =Ù+*Q8 ,!E
^B

%' ,
*]3!E$
Z B *-+. KB
% 21
*$] a%&Q,l - ,0
@

]
"

)(
21
21
s V

"
)(
"
_a
V

KF =
WUB 3 "- B-+*$#Q KB$

- %K* jF , =A+*%Q KB$
- %K* jF =`
*$7B +*#!$'l
,g
g5 a%.B *$QE %@,$ N<!,0
*

` <
3Q?@ 0 a "]
$

21
1
8$ X$5 00M%' "%KB*4
X$+* -
$,0%.*@ - %K* +*$ G (6,< +*$
$ 21 $%.B /3Q?@9 " a/3< O
c ,G" m Ofv
mxYP>$+)(.B
- %.*OF
&
;q*
u Q*
'
*Q *Q* $'

KFm =
243 *T,%.*O - %.*$ -=F
$&9 B %'g
7* B26l ,0
@E
^B$
- %K*!%'n$Q KB
- %.*$ +*4$ %O,0@+*$#& ",- %.*M
99 "*
B KF K`6 ,5?@+3 e*
0 " 0B e8$*8 %'j( "9% G6
$
aQ
$ g
5'DB *,- %.*
+*4y@ #K
%'
F

;0007-Q5$0mac 0a
$09UG5k-) k
"
,0%.< l #.J ` ,K`j3<)eDF(fv

+xPM+


,

K

280 /+*{B*$,$+*#
$J9%O, "

\$w
9

- %U`
F6y@ %.2_%$g0"
+ 7,
,B
- %.*$

`8
*$
I'DZ ,- %.*$

26D`
fv
PM+H
= A
$ ('Z%KB*
e$>+*{B*$,0Q%'

V
28
$
%.*)I9 " 0B E$ %. 28*>+*//,< +*$5 KB 7 026
^+FI5+*{B$*,/
26
^Y%.*) 0 .B

+8 26
$ a >+*$7,< +*$D`T3 B&
#%.*7$IP&
,\* B2M3D`
* .F)5
, %'[$4
9
]V
- %j`
`.
9! BO /$ Q G+*,M ($Q%K2!+*$
*8

280DF
%/$

)+*I
+5E$*-+*$#J 0 #. <I@ *>'D %.2

]+*\E
,B B 2 E$*-+*#
fv
GP>$+D`
,

O, 9&
*dn%K "$+*@ =]3<w
I'l
,%@8%'
21 F 'l
,%@Q
$ ] G #.* K,0
*,)'Z%@8 026
^
*4 026
^
6*8$MP>
,M* B2M3[
# `
$ XA
$ A $%$8*!+*%$U"
+ M,
,B
- %.*$
fv
P>$+k

=0F[$(0* - %K*(,% "*!$ 8 3
$ "%.*$'l
,[
v'Z%@K
5 026
^ P&
,!* B2M3

%'n$Q,0
$ a0 217 ( 26
^+F
!'l
,%@
21 (,0
*73M #.*$%@ UF m*4$&26
H%@l
N<4
y%@vE
^B %'4
9
7V
- %]#.
[
*F ,K`
`@$ 0 a B 9>+*,
$ a0 ($!E%K^B28
9
{.%$ V
8%'[
+nB *-+
KB
$ G
<x ""
5
,jF m*Q
+UE$*-+*#U` KB$
$
<x "

, E$&8$*Q$E%K^B26l ,6
+v{.%$
Q%KB5 .B
%&$E%K^B28& B 0)3<Q& %K*@F
*$ "
*
'Vg 8 "
& Q
,jF5
$] 0 a B 9M
*]$72
$ " {.%$_V
M
926
+*"
+*$,%.
0 " 0B /+*/ .B
$ G[
< x ""
) M
)'DB*,- %K*)%'
F y%@e 26
^YE
^B 4%'
91 ]*%

c #"

!
~

Z

)(

<x ""
Q "
$# F $*

%
Z
UQ

5#.
v
*>%.*$!$] 0 " 0B & 5,0%.*,0
E$BA
V `.
*$78$*
0 "
*4%.*$8$M9 " B 4 (,%K*$,
EQ%$8*A
V F[5 ">9 B e
4+*MO+ ,(,%K*V
$ T%
E %.B$ 626%. 630<&WO
,$ WO
, ,=0`Ye
eV
k

=` g$+*
+* ,=T
* T+* a<

*$ w
^
, T+* "</
*$ ;
^
, ,=Ù6926%@ Q
$ a B 28/
6$/ 0 " 0B 7
* 26
$ "

{.%$V
26
+*>,0%.*$ "
*
*7
Q
D"
+*+* ""
*"
*$0%KB 0 <!'Z%@n
+vE$*-+*#UF
~
!
yO #.B 9QjF j5& 0 a B 9V

- % e'Z%@[
+n
*E
,B B2
" %~
"
E$*-+*#]

"
"
%'n$& "%.*4 "9% G
"
Y%] 'Z%M6 % 8,0%.24 - %K*

%'6 % =e 528
*+*$#. " T +*$,0M$=(*$%M#
$ 826
$ "

'V+*\$\,< +*$D`B$ /*% 0 a B 9\,
* 3 28
$ B 9jè
*$ ,=>$E*],0
*J3 3 %O,
$
9-
^ <7%@X%"
^ <
8$*%'] ", 9% G FM5B$ `Y$ D,0%.24 - %K*
*%'/ %O, " -=6%'
$*4 %'[! % Q e
aUFAyO #.B 9 QjF 0 "* $8*

^ +*$#7 %O, " 5 e0 -,l+3&8
'Z%@
0 " 0B w
- %;
$ >
/'DB *$ ,- %.*
F;$7*
X 0 " 0B
9
^ <I9 " 0B \V
- % =

"
h

"
#"
$ Q0 a,Z+3w+*\
y@ #KB ]KF KF$/ 0 " 0B +*7$O ],0
E N<1+*$,9
$ "0
4+* -
OE
^B$M6* 'Z%@T
+gE*-+*$#jFQ5) 0 " 0B 7 2
+* !
^28% "

%'(

,%K* ""

*
'V 9
,$0 6E$
^B$!%'A F ,j Fg (+24 0 $
A6E*e

0B *], * <&
#
8$*
'Z%@g
+nE*-+*$#
*]6*
'Z%@nE$
,BB 2 E$*-+*#UF5WK+2!+
A 0 0B 8,
*3
* ! "9%K*#K <7%.*
3<7
3%.B6
%.3$ "mE$6*Q& 0 .B

K26
$ a e'D
,- %.* %DUF
8O a,B$ " %.*>
*]$0 a7 0 0B 8
79'Z, <,0%@N ,+*&
],
$ "Q69&
^ $>
$ a B 24- %.*$
& a
- .jF %$TE$D`.$)9
OT%@N 1 6O 9*
*$)$>
$ " 0B2M- %K* Q
E$M%)?
2!+*
*$
"%K28!%'2
9
FSX a B 24- %.* 1 /*$%>
J9 l ,- %K*1%I$;28%O+`3 B7V
$8#KB 1+*$1 G #.*OF 5
*#O+*n$
$ X%M*$ B 98$
g$Q9 G ""
*$,0+*6$Q28%K Q%M
+U{.%$
*28"
${.%$(=
$ T%

3&
$ 6 026
^.
$ 4% " G+3 F 5#KB MO ,"
0 8$
5*#O+*X G #K* $7
&'Z%@X
+
*

$& .B /280"
=(
$ (
$ 0%@9
$ !% " G+3 F
^
,jFSX a B 24- %.*$ j` j`.

*&
!E$9<79
- ,!
$ " 0B2M- %K* FAy%@[?
2M ` !H %@g+*]B +*#
Y^
$ a B 24- %.* ! 0 " e

*MKF )F
,%.0<l #.J `-,K`j3<eDFfv

+xPM+
;0]00]G!5$0mac 0a
$0e9KG5k-/ -e
U
Section 9.5. Results and Discussion

jF 728%Og
*w+*$O ,0
- %K*)6*1
$ a B 24- %.* &#%@%OjF +*$1+* -
[ "
$#0 %'6

^ +*# %O, " -=gM9 " 0B TE$9<! 26
^
*&+* ,0
$ "5M9 " 0B 'Z%@V,$=g%>%.*6

4 ! 026
^+`v
*90'Z%@9&$]#
/ Q
^28% 6R0 %jFSX !$>^ +*$#w9%O,00 " & %#K9 " a0 `
M9 " 0B !+*,
$ a0 `
*4$ 'Z%@ 5$8#
4 +*$,9
$ "UFnSJ G #K* K,
*g#
&9 .B+ 0 TE$9<
G #.* K,0
*! 0 " 0B >8 ,]%O,0,B 6%K* <7
5$M*
. "
$#0 %'T$>^ +*#I9%O,00 "
*$/%K* <
+
FX B ` 5
$ " 0B2M- %K*M eE$9<
$ a%.*
3 F
8$*Q$!

- % ( 26
^+`

)(
ÛF(SX " B 24- %.* ~7 5

$ " a%@,$
> M
$ a B 24- %.*MKÙ3 B !28%@ ! "*$ G - E$Fg5Q,
*$#M+*Q
)(
9 G "
*,
1,
*$#/+*
$ " B 24- %.*\+*/I,9
0 M,0%.*$ " .B$* </
1,$
*$#)+*/I^B *$#

E %@,$ N<F $ ^B*$#>
, 7$w,0%.*$ "
*&E$ %O,$ N<;Em< 'l
$ "0`!%$T0Ek` ]E$ %O,$ N<
,
$ ").B Z+*$#$)KBV
- %.*%'7^ +*# %O, " F157,$
*$#)
$#
+*)*$ 4%.*)
9 G "
*,7+*/28%K jFM ,
*/3/B$ "1
$
#.B )3<*#O+*T
*$/*
*$,00 6
+24%@m"
*,%'X,
-+*$#]
]
4 M
72!+*+24B2L 0 G ""
*$,0%{.%$F
jF(S(*%n#.B !'Z%@n$QE$*-+*#7 "< "2
0 #.* +*>E

,B B2_E$*-+*$# =8 8
$ a B 24- %.*
F$

*$#@+*$0M$
$ % KB$,01$1E*E$%.^B 281 "%
0 a ]#
$
$ % 3\E
,B
UF
9 l ,- %.*)$
$ 8%\3& G #.*,0
90'DB^ < 0+*$#)+*)2Q+*$$
$7 0 "
*,M
a%1
$ 5%\3
2!+*+2Q R "%.2666$
e%. % > 0 "Z ,- %.*=F m*>
+vE$*-+*#U` 8$*Q 5
$ " B 24- %.*> !*$%

E$
U`$
5@ *T28%O00 -,l+30 v$A B$
- %K*@F %$TE$D`*$%'DB ^ +*$#e
$ " 0B24- %.*(,0
*
+24 %E$M$],0
$ -+*$#w3,0
B$ ")
9#%@9- %.*]%') .B ;280"
.8 ,1B *$ #%@ M2! ?+*$#
Q$!
+X e?
B$ &%]%KB 6$>26%. UF
"
~jF(SX " B 24- %.*M7 %.*$Q%'$3$

7
$ a B 24- %.*$ +*4 !28%O+Fm*726
*<>,0
$ a0 e$ & 28%@9
$
*7%K*E$*0`n
*$]*
*,\P&
,I*B 243A'Z%@@ *!E* 4,0%.B ;3
/@ *
E$
^B$F]5B$ `Y$] B$##0 "w28$%O%',%K*E$ G %K*/ >*$%6E$
U`[
*$ 'Z%@ &E
^B
%'$),l - ,0
[

I 7*$%Q?
,0FIS 30DD`(28%@ ,%K24 ,0
J28%O 7 KB+ UF;
$ " B 24- %.*\,0

* *$%/3 B aJ
$ 7
;#.B )'Z%@8\0 #.*I +*$,0
$ 30D6E*-+*$#J,0
*J3
, E$
*& B *
*$,$+*#>$ KB
N<= $%.BA*$ B l+*#&$ -
287P&
,]* B243kF
F(SX " B 24- %.*> 6

m-
^ <
%.Z
4
$ a B 24- %K*@Fe$ 0 G ""
*$,0&+*ME$*-+*$#] <$ 2L
M'DB *,- %.*>%'

*IP&
,* B 243 F Y0`[9Q$] 0 "
*,`
` 5,0
,B
3$
$ a
%.*4$>
$ a B 24- %K*4
e$P&
,)*B 243A 8
],0%.*$ "
*(
*7 .B
@%
21 F55MH9%@
.B$7%I &
$ " B 24- %.*\ 7
9#/+*)$\+* -
"
$#0 M8$
*$P>
,w* B 243 >
9
26
^+F)SX Q$]^ +*# 9%#. 0 " 9%#. 0 " a0 ` 4H9%@5 ] KB$,0UF m*E
,B B 2 E*-+*$#
P>
,6* B2M3U9
,$0 n826
?+2MB2 +* ""
* <
*$8$ 'Z%@ T
$ a B 24- %K* n?
,0F$
B 243Y gE$9<! 26
^ $({.%$ XE$*M*$%X,$% e{.%$(=X+*6
+jE*-+*$#8$*
*
*,4P&
,4*

\
- %U`
6Em<\
#
*$/$ 'Z%@ M$]
$ " 0B24- %.* &%@%@kM
F n%$T0Ek`
99
9#
K 0 a (M
,,B
,<>%'X]26%@+`.> G #.*&
, E$0 8
+2
*]$Q * 8%'g
28%OU
9/*$%
,;3< !H %@kF1P>%@9%E$D`Y >26%@Y,0
*13)+249%E;3<]"
$+*$#
+*%,%K*
- %K*$4,
*$#%'& 0 G ""
*$,0F
)(

"
"
jF$4,
*#4%'g$QE*8

%@ 8
,($]9 G ""
*$,0F%$TE$D`K
"
+ ),0
,B
- %K*
,0
*6 0%$
T
$ %.*$#4
$ T$E$*T

4
3%E4$
'%'$H< ,0
,9% " X ",- %K*@`6H9%@
82!+*+26
+F 'n6E$*

QBH* (%KBX%)3&3 %$
'[%'v6H< ,0
E$*,9% " e ",- %.*Q
+24 %E$28*( !*$0jF
;0007-Q5$0mac 0a
$09UG5k-) k
,0%.< l #.J ` ,K`j3<)eDF(fv

+xPM+
&

#%#
6
7
*$
<$ G E$*I5 \$1H9%@ -=7+*@ ,
0 $ w 7
w,Z - ,
nE$*7

3 %$ 6 ,1

E*-+
- %K*1 ]%@%@(
*$;
3%E$]8 ,)\9 G "
*,7%I
+{.%$L 2!+*+26
+F1 4,l - ,0
v
9
* /%.*;$I#%.280m<

*J$I^ +*$# -+28 F $w,l - ,0
A

"% %E )
28
*;%
D,0%.243+* 6
,B
E*T
9
8$5E$*(9 G ""
*$,0'Z%@n* B 28l ,0
G+2MB
- %K* X%'8,
E H<
^ +*#U`."
+*#1+*%/
,0,%KB*$&,0%.24 0 a G+3+ N<>%'T$>#
$ 5{.%$!F m24%@9"
*$,0M%'A& G #.*]
"%
A
$ ( $%$8*OF

"

&
q* $'S*
T*n,%K* "NB,- %K*
,%.0<l #.J `-,K`j3<eDFfv

+xPM+
;0]00]G!5$0mac 0a
$0e9KG5k-/ -e
U

!#"$&%')(+*,".-)$/*10 %'

Chapter 10. Clamping Force Calculations
$/%!" 0 *
J
" " 0 "
,

;0]00]G!5$0mac 0a
$0e9KG5k-/ -e
]
3

!#"$&%')(#*,+.-0/1'23"5476,,836,!97:;"<1= >@?A = BC:D"E!1"GF

5 KQPOR
H
J
L
I
M
K
O
I
N
S * 0 ( ( $,*10 % CT 0 0 *+( * ) &( * )U 0 ()V # *XW @T ##" *+(ZY " $,*10 %' * #% (,0 *10 %' * * * )[W+$/%LV\V %'1Y
^]`_ 0 '" aV 0 ( 0bV #" %# "
dc 0 " $/%eVfV *+( " " ( #% ( &( *+% * ) - * % "hg ( # "jikWhc lV * .m
0V *10 $ U * )&% " %^n * ) 0]7_ 0 '" aVoYqp (,0bV 0 U "*+%r *+ "DsatZu
Xc ##"wv )( (&- V 0 * *+ *+%
x %'- " U %^n -.n $/*,-!" 0 zy $)0 #$/ |{ 0 #" 0
c 0 ( " * 0 (Dn % "* )&} ( ( % $ 0 *+~c $ #0 $ U { 0 *+% "w "

d
${
LyQV U ( "
H 5 R.PLjJHaoN1KMP|H^j),KMP 7 KJDOj0jah^^RJHaoN1KMPJHa^)JKJR@JIHLI 7 CLHa7N1KMP 7 K

IJKJ\LH))XHLIONXKQCZ)1CKQI37 LH);RCKQ^)a&CePML R.ebIOLR\7bIahKa 5 HaCKMI&5 aH)R@5 R@OI 7 H
^KM^NXKOCe RfHLeMJI z;KCJj^GOj^)R1 &bMXQH @KOaH^D,hK J
c 0 ( $/% )$ U -)!&( $/%eVfV # *+( *+% * z{ 0 *+% "
0.(% -!$&".% S " " U $/U "0 * C % 0 "Cv* v &** " % & $/% - " ( ( * * )W* ) " @T)#(!( #"#"% *+$)(Z(0 Y *+% #%- U 7(, 0 *11 0 *+0-)%'% " ( 0 ( 0 n " * * ))* ( V)% a * U # ^V
" *+ % %*1"0 $*W )" U * )" &%" (!" Y[#" %0+p "-n Cn.* n#" a&V ^]0 (U 0t~#_ "v v 000 $* ' " * a "V
)%' )V % - ( *+% * - * % " (

c ) $&%LVfV * %' * ##" $&$&% " 0 *+%* ( @T ##" *+( *
##" $&$/ * $/ 0 ( &*+#"GV 0 )
S ! $ )% ( # * ) - !-)(/- U (+*+ *+% - )U 0 ( * 0 " $&%LVfV # *+(
$ - ( [S U 0 C)* * %#* )#"~V %#*10 *10 %')( " 0 ! % U 0 * 0 " " ( #% ( &(

"*+&(% *#%#0 a( * *+ % * * * - )(+U 0 *w$ v *10 %' *+%%0n " 0V (/-a%^Vf V * )" 0 %^.nn % * "G#V 0 ( *10 %'# #"aU %0 $1 * X 0 ( 0 r*+% )% (+#*1#0 |0 * { r*+ % %'0- * U #" - v a" 0U0 *0 $
* V
.Z5GC!j$ @ZC
Q Q h@#$ h <G ;wC C G @C0
CC CC b ,
.Z< C ZE;< Z G7 bE,b< CGZCC ) ;; b@bJ G@C b .C
l$D,w 0E;,EZ.EG;1E@@0<C\ C CZ hG@b, , .C; CZ < G
; @ E!_<. GZZ G Z.@
D CC ,J7@@.Z;<@@
!^
Chapter A. What The Establishments Scientists Say
* # )#(#""( % 0 $) 0 * * *+ 3n " n- *, #"-!0 *+"&% " (

\ $ S n0 *1* 0)% " ( " $/Cn
* SL*+"v % 0 *UU ( )0 ( $ U )" % * % )- ( *0V* *+%U ) (&" &(V#%-( '*$ )*+ (3% )S %'* $ ) ) V " *+% % - -(`( * )#* %#0 vU $&** % ))" )0)0" &(""#%%$/%e'Vf0 # 0V % ) $&( ~v
*+(dSv a0 * V0 UU
(/ - "( % U* - *+ * U * #% ( 0 *1" 0 ) #"U %'(&--! " %^n* * )*)0 * " )$" 0 *10 $ " 0 (CV ( % #") %'- " %0(+n * * 00 " $" 0 *10 $ 0 0 (V 0* * U
* - " * * )#"0 * GV % #" S" ( aV0
!- aU 0 $ *10 %' (&-)$ )( * #0 ( % %L

!"#%$&('*),+-).0/1'
U
7v f} UU Cn
UU
Cn
Jg #v { U ~V a
Ot c
n
LV lv
Gv
U `n
v #t
aVfV
0n
W LVfV 1Y
U 0V
0]7_ aV v Ot
U LV wn LV
aV
hi
c#231H3G;s7 []D(V!5KR43;Z;a7 ;l4RYD;s7 HU3!5K3GH(=FD=!5B9Pn R5]9A23t6uvX7 UU 7 RYDGuHUR UU =5YH7 3\4G=;S9:7ED[@7ED6HYW;S9A5BMGNc 23
V^]7_Hb7 =[Y5n=aVw7 ;(9A23\
V RU;S94RLVf\V R]DO4G= U 46W U =9:7 RYDbxc7 1n =FDGM9A26=9= UU xc=!5K3yW;?3HzX<M[\V RU;S9(Hb7 3
4G=;S9:7ED[{3D[b7ED3G3!5K;GNqc 23T7b(
V V!R5B9?=FD64<3hR^#n 9A2!7 ;@H7 =[]5K=aw
V 4=FDX!3OHU30V RYD;S9A5n=9S3GHdX<Mi9A23n8=64A9
9A26=919S3!D;R0n&"
V 7 UU 7 RYD;R^`n HUR UU =5K;g26=! 3X!33!DO7ED! 3;S9S3H|X<M~}}`wr$#} xj}yv xo=FDHTR9A235`V =Z. R5
7ED;S9:7 9AW9S3;123!5K3(=FDH0=FX5BRF=6HC7ED0V0]7q
_ Hb7 =[Y5n=a
V 5K3;Z3G=5K4!2N
SEDgR5KHU3!5-9SRh4R5,5K3G4<9z.W []5K=aV\V =!55]Y xU9A23&5B3Pn 3!5K33(4!2=FD[319SRMi
c 23@V^]`_ Hb7 =[Y5n=a
#
V 7 ;a9A23\\V RU;S9l4RLVfV RYD(4= U 4!W U =9:7 R]DgW;?3HOX<M(H7 34=;?9:7ED[g3!D[7ED335B;l9SR0H3m
9S35<
V 7ED39A235B3 U =9:7 RYD;<27EVX!39<jv 3G3!D\9A23Hb7 34G=;S9:7ED[zV =64!2!7ED3\=FD6H[F=9:7ED[HU3;A7 [YDgV=5K=aV 3<9S3!5K;Gx
=FD6H&9A23@5B3G;<W U 9:7ED[\
V 39?= U R#
v 5K=9S3FN
S 9`;?3G30\V ;xF9A23&5K3CPn 35B3G33jv RYW U HiDR9 U 7bA 3";?RLV 3o8n =64<9S;a9SRiX!33v 5P7 9>9S3D!O! DR#\v DbN
P 5B5 H^jNzKOCJj^GOj^)RlQKJR@KMIO6
R
^GOj^|
3 UU xU9AV 23(RYD1V6iY =FV!V03!] 5_ Lv ==!;#5K3(VFWFRYX D U U7 M&;27E3D@Hh3@X!T 39APn5B3^R\V5B3@3fZ4}=}`;Z3w;r$N`} WFHb5Q79A323!4=5G\V ;?9:R7ED5K3U[gxe3!7 9#D[=67E4<D9A3W3= 55LtUU M=FD;HgWUVF9AV!2R3\5B9S3!;`55K9AR25B3;
7ED9A23qSW 4<ReVf\
SW 4<ReVf\
V RYD1YzV RHU3 U N
^GOj^{
35QM1=FD[]5P7 U M]^8âpR#v HU=5B3a9A23 =FWG9A2R5B;m;:=<M 9A26=9*9A23kSW 4<ReVf\V RYD1Y~V RHU3 U 7 ;\v 5KRYD[vN 23!D
7ED~n8=64<9xY=644R5KHb7ED[9SRO27bVgxv7 9 7 ;3!5BMhW;?3n>W U N
^GOj^{ c 230X7 <=5,5KRC=FVFV!5BRF=6462]^7c
r 2=FD[3H09A23z\V 3=FD!7ED[0R0nv 2=9`9A23=FWG9A2R5K;\v 5KR!9S3hf,;?33(9A23
>W R06
= U 3GHiX!R!6T 3GHa@Y 4RLVfV 3!D9Pn R5o3@!T =a(V V U 3!t Nc 27 ;\V!5KRbHYW64<3H0=hD3Cv 9MUV!3 U RU[7 47\v 27 462@7 ; = U \V R;?9
=FX;<WF5nHvN}m=a\
V 3 U MGxY9A23Hb7 ;Z4!2=5B[U3(4<R3<047 3DG9x*r ex-7 ;\4<R]D;?9?=FDG9DPn R5p=O5WUDFD3!5mR5p4=FD@RYD U M\6 =!5BM
v 7 9A2"9:7b\V 3UNc 23#9A27E5nHOV!R;?;A7EX!7 U 7 9MGx^\v 27 462g7 ;l9A239SRYV7 4#R^*n 9A23gV6=FV!3!5>xF9A23o8n =64A9l9A2=9or &4=FDFDR9
#
X!3#=;Z;s7 []D3H1=5WUDFD35];SM;S9S3^r
V XUW9L26=! 3`9SR(4G= U 46W U =9S3GHoPn R5]3 35QM1;?3<9pR0pn 5,WFDFD35v=FDHH7 3 4=;?9:7ED[
V =64627ED34=FD0DR!9a3@UT 7 ;S91V!R;Z;s7EX7 U 7 9,MGx=FD6H@9A235B3Pn R5B3"9A23&\v 2R U 3@V6=FV!3!5m7 ;\7E55B3 U 3C6 =FDG9N
1
3!D7 41&
*=!5QuJg37E5hg ;#=FD;jv 3!5hi
c
1
aVfV c
23046587 9:7 4<;"=9>9?=64 @9A23&=!5B9:7 4 3C7ED09A2F5B3G30H7 IJ3!5K3!D9 L=M;N

9A23O5K3 P3!5K33G;"9A5QM09SRTHU3!DMTVUWFX 7 4=9:7 RYD
X=;Z3GHRYD\[]5K= 1=!5?^8^ 23`_-5B;?9a5K3 P35B3G3\Hb7 HYD 9c;2R d=FDM eD[ 7 ;2 "7 ;S9?= A3; f89A2R]W[]2(23\= 3[U3GH19A26=9
23gH7 H <N
23(;Z3G4<R]DHT5B3 P3!5K33h26=6H0;ZR \3026=FD6H \587 9>9S3!DiDR9S3; RYDg9A23hV!5B3V!587EDG9"fP9 jRhH7 IJ3!5K3!D926=FDH
\587 9:7ED[k 0XFWG9l7 9l7 ;`DR!9m9A23\[Y5n= =5oXFWG9m9A23#4<RYD9S3!D9cR J9A23\=!5B9:7 4 3f89A23 8=64A9c9A26=9p9A23 >4R RYD
V qHb7 =[Y5n= 7 ; 5BR]D[ 7 ;l9A23@V!5KRYX 3 gN
p3!5K3g7 ;`=FD(R587 [7ED6= ;Z3[ 3!D9 >5KR r9A23";WUX "7 9>9S3GHOV6=FV!3!5
X
4<RYVMU587 [Y29z x U xvX<M a5>N *=5Eu-367E5
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a
sG
Section A.2. Referee 1 (from hand written notes)

!"#$#%
&'()+*,-. /0#00 .)$12 .34356 7&8
$9;:8< =&> =)8?)6@A=6B?
@C $98@BDE66#:
FU
kV
Cn oV
Cn
0 ?G H
f
U n
3G=;?35B3=6H \M@5K3!XFW9>9?= 9SR(9A23(V!R7ED9S;j9A23(5K3 P35B3G3; =6HU3UN 23(5K3 P35B3G3; 35B;A7 RYD=!5K3 A3!V9L=;l4 R;Z3
=;V!RU;?;s7EX 319SR09A23R5P7 [b7ED= N *VFWG9 ;?R \3(4<R55K3G4A9:7 R]D;7ED@=g; YW6=5B30X5K=64 s39 p9SRC4 =5P7 nMg9A23&5K3 P35B3G3;
V!R7ED9N
U 7S
eV
KI JML,JONPJOJRQ@S"TUTUV@WOXZY.[]\^\_V4["`bacW`dSeTR[]WgfhS"WOXijack"VXdlmacYYdV@WOXZV@WmQ@V"n
o"prqtsru"vMwrxMxrory^zo"{O{muMoes}|~po " wrs|Puest prxo^zxO|Oztz"u"prxû]p u
.e
Cn
& "(/ U),+v+-"/ /1"+-#'

N S"TUV[kMb["`ZRe`Z["TUTU["` V@Vlâc"lîcac"lOXdV~K\_S"`dXdacS"WmY
muesrur
N ajTUacic["`dajXS"f1XdlmVY^mT)ajXXZV4TR[]WMmYZQ`Zac\rXXdS)Xdl^V[]XX["Ql^V~g?ajVb[eYXZajWmUW^"acW^V4V@`1`["^V
S"^`ZWm[]i["`XZacQ@ijVR[^]"mW^VU4"eeacY Xd`ZajkMacW^m
mutoesMx_| yOu|~p|]uro^zPx|~prepr|~pmuOues|Ozo}z~w"MoesO xemu{rsûmz"u]prx
o"sMx| yeu-~x|Ozu"pMx| pmueqxOmuesr uxOmoex |x|Ozo}zw]MoesM t xemu {Msûmz"u"pMx
o"sMx| yeu m]ue sû |Ozp xO |~prz"u s^ uexo"v wrx |xb |OzoesMx| yOu
{ |~pMx_z wrx
|Oz|Oz u"prxMsôMy
xemoex
O
x
m
u
M
p
M
r
q
r
u
y
O
|
z
x
^
x
r
o
O
y
"
y
s
r
p
b
|m{ sMxro"p u x q|]u omzPx|4pru"pr|4pmuMues_z û{OwMvym| oex]| p txO|Oz

|4p^ s]_oex| p o"pMp xvmuqruryOo"ûOqwMprx_|"yxOmusûe|Pu"{rs umzMzt|Oz_|~p|ezmuOq
N XaYW^S"X.QicV4["`XZSUXdl^V`ZV4[erV@`lMRXZl^V(dQ@S"WmYXZ["WeX\^`ZV4YZYm`dV~["WmdQSeWmYXZ[]WOX\SPbV@`
YajXdm[]XdacS"WmYbV@`ZVY\_V4Q@aQ4[]icij;Ql^SeYdV@WKXdSrV4TUS"WmYXd`[PXZV.XZl^V[]rXZl^S"`~ Y\SeajWOX4$lmacQl
YajXdm[]XdacS"W;acYTUSOYXicajkeVXdlm[]XfhS"^Wm ijack"V4ijfhS"^Wmr1ajW([UracVQ@[eYXZajWÛTR["QlmajW^V.SMV~YXdl^V
dQSeWmYXZ[]WOX\^`ZV4YZY^`ZV4)QSe`d`ZV4Yd\_S"WmgQicSeYdV@icUXdSRS"irV4`YXMicVTR[eQlâjWmV4Yl^V4WgacWOXdV@WYajfh"V4`
acWOXdV@WYajmV@`dA_S]XXZijV\m`dV~YdYd^`ZV?["Y["\^\îcajV~XZSUXdl^VacW V4QXdacS"W(YdMYXdV4T^WOXdlm`dS"XXdicV4(.SMV~Y
Xdl^V(ZQS"WYX[]WOXb\_SPbV@`YdaXZm[PXZajSeWmY["YZYd^TUV[)W^V4V4`TR["QlâcW^V4Y4n^YdmQl;[eYb^l^V@` Q]nrXZlm[PX
"V@WmV@`[PXdV~Y6XdlmV?\^`ZV4YZYd^`dV`ZV4Oâc`ZV4)XdS)["QlâcV@eV.[#^V4Ydaj`ZV4UO[PXdV?"V4ijSrQajX^ S"TUV.V@r\îc["Wm[PXZajSeW
S]f1XZl^VicS""aQS]f6YV4ijV~QXdacWÛXZl^V4YdVXSRYdaXZm[PXZajSeWmYSeîK_Vl^V@ic\rfhî
ajW;XZl^VTR[]WMmYZQ`Zaj\rX~
zmomztzPxôexruOq|~pxOmutoesMx| yOu$gxOûmz"uzr|xewmoex| pzmuesru z"u"pvû o"wz]u
xemue"
oes^ uvMw|]yeq_|~prvy ]P z+vMwrx sû|^{ sMxô]prxmy"x qMu pzxMsôexûxOmoeqxt xOû
O M pM# qrury|Ozx xôryMy"Ms pr-P}|x|ezrs prt sxO vmo^zr| omz"u^z

|~xz~ wyeqvûo"v_z y]wrxrury" rs pr}|~po"pr " ^v|~pmoex_| pz xemuxO omz"u^z6
ueûesMxemuryOumzOz
Ko]p}oOqOq_|x| pmoryu"O{yOo"pôex| p|Oz|û"p|4peô"{rxûes
!"\
A&Ah:U6lG#QZFZ

UlB6es#.!6:Gi6 <! K .A
4RYV<MF587 [Y29z x U xvX<M a5>N`*=5Eu-367E5
lmV[]rXZl^S"`~ Y["\^\^`ZSe["QlgacYYV@fhîajeV4Y\_V@`Y\_V4QXdac"VXdSR[RQ@S"TUTUS"WîcmYdV4g\^`ZSMQ@V4YZY
V4W^"acW^V4V@`ZajW^)TUVXZl^Sr \?bajW(racVQ@["YXdacW^ S"TUVS]f
Xdl^V`Z^W^W^V4ìjV4W^]XZlmYQl^SOYV4W
TUV@XdV@`bTUajelOX_VQSeWmYdacrV4`V^QV4\rXdacS"W[]iacW;racVQ@[eYXZajWm#eVXXdlmV[]rXZl^S"`mYdV4YbXZlâcYXdS
Ydl^SPl^SPTmQlgacWV@`Z`dSe`b["Wd["V4`Z[""V~P[]ic^VfhS"`? Q4[]W;Vel^V[]rXZl^S"`TUac"lOX[]iYS
WmS]XdVXZlm[PXXZl^
V Se`XZl .TUV@`ZacQ4[]W.acVb["YXdacW^ .YZYSrQ@ac[]XdacS"Wg["Wm;TR[]WM\^`["QXdajXdacS"W^V4`ZYbmYdV
[ -: `[PXZajS)S]f #["Y[^V4YdajeWXZ["`deVXbfhS"`be[]XdacW^m$l^V[]^Xdl^Se`Z[]Wm["ijrYdacY`dV4ajW^fhS"`QV4Y
XZlâYP[]ic^ V["Y[)"SMSrX[]`Z"V@X4n^[]WXZlm[PX.YXd`[MajW^f[]`fh`ZS"TaXTR[`ZV4YdîjXZYacWg\_SMS"`rV~Yac"W
\[]`dXbijicajWmR\^`dSeîcV@TRY aj "
musûe_|]u"muessûOrueszx z]ueûesôMy{ |~prxz+M| o"sû|m{ sMxro"prxx oOqOqOsûmzMz
yMyxOmut wrs}zr| rumzz }yeoesMûuesOs s_z muq p xpmuOuOqx xro "
u !$#h %x
qru p_zPxMs^ oexruxOmo"'x & û pmu zr(| ru$;xO^ usruOruesûOusûOruesOsûOqx omz

ue u"{Mx| pmoM)
y !uexû"'s &1|Ozp xtxOûo OxO wmoryyOu]prMxO
vMwMxxemutsru"{rsûmz]u"prxûOq
yOu"prMxe*
dsûMoOqxOûo"sMx| yeuoeô |~'p &,
+ s qrumzr|ep o"ptvm usû"{rsû^z"u"prxûeqvro
yOoesMûtyeu"prMxOb |Oztzr|~xO"wm oex| p o]p
vmut wOp^qxOrs wrO wMxxOmuq_|]u o^zPx|~pr
|~p^qewzxMsMqewût x xO ûM M pM qruryM| q umzp x ] pzr|PqMuessOwMpMpûes
qrumzr|ep,
-M M| u|OzewyMy|~xOsOwMpMpmu"stqrumzr|epz|xesru"{rsûmz]u"pr"
x !uexû"s
yOu"prMxe}zw omz pmuM| x r zqrumzM|Opo"mo"srq _
~p srue ôesrqmz+x :. xOmutoesûMosô"x| K{yeuMomz"u " ^{moesû|xO xOm u xO mu"ssûOruesruMu
M
yOo|
0/21 4 325 1 7 698Bo~}p xz~wrsûM | wsruMoryM y"
sû"{rsû^z"u"prx r z{ zr|~x| *
p 4q_|qepx_|~prqo]pr r z{MwMvy^| oex| p
|~psrueôesrqmz+x xO|Oz{ |4pr'x &-q p x
oeMsruMu|xOtv xOsûOruesruMumz6 |Oz
ôry]wmuômzx vmu oMy wyOo"xûOqo"prq o"pMp xvû}z{û wyOo"xûOqo^zxOûsruOruesûOumz
omzMz"uesOxûOq:
+myOuMo^z"u_|~p^qo"pueO{myOo"pmoex_| px xO|Oz{ |~prx}|4pxOû{ô"{mues s|~p
ueû"ptvmuexOxûes}|~pemo"{Mxûest
=
l^V@`ZV[]`ZVYV4"V@`[]iTR[ Se`QS"WQV@`ZWmY lm["V[]_S"^XbXZlâY\m[]\_V@`~l^VR T)SOYXd1TR[ Se`bSeW^VR S"f
Xdl^V~YV@1aYXdlm[]X ajXacY^WQicV4[]`l[PXXdl^V\[]\_V@àY[PXdXdV@TU\rXZajWmUXdSR["Q4QS"TU\îcaYlA YbXZl^V\m["\V4`
Xd`ZMajW^)XZSYê"V~YX[)W^V@b[RS"f6^V4YdajeWâjWmXZl^V`Zaje"acW^#fhSe`[UrajVQ4["YXdacW^mnrSeàcYajXXd`ZMajWmXZS
["^;[]WgajTU\^`ZSP"V4TUV@WOXXZS)Xdl^VQSeWM"V@WOXZajSeWm[]i_\ YSeijrXZajSeWAnMS"àYaXXd`ZMajWm#XZSUYdS"TUV4l^SPtYm""V~YX
[>= TR[]Xdl^V4TU[]XdaQ@["im["YdacYbfhSe`Xdl^V'\ âc[""`[]T
mu{mo"{mues}z zxOmo"x !?&xOûO " prru"prx| pmory A{ @9B z y]wrx| pM|Ozx xôryMy"
rs pr CA&xOmMu
oexemuoex_| oryo"pmory]Mx| oMytz y]wMx| pt stxOmuA{ @9B {rs |Pqru^zo"p
ue uryMyOu]prxx y s}zPxOw^qO_|~prxOmutuOOru x tôes_| wz+{mo"sôuexrues_z6
l^VS]XZl^V@`TR[ S"`QSeWmQV4`dW;acYXdl^V\_SOSe`S"`Ze["WÊa D~[PXZajSeWKS]f
Xdl^VarV~["YlâQl;Xdl^V["rXdl^Se`ZY []`ZV
Xd`ZMajW^)XZSR\^`dV~YV4WOX4 ^SeàjWmYXZ["WmQVenraXaY^WQicV4[]`lmSPYd\V~QajQ`dV~YîjXZY\m`dV~YV4WeXZV4gajW;XZl^V`dV~YmiXY
YV~QXZajSeW;lmV@`ZVSerXZ["ajWmV4 fhS"àcWmYX[]WmQ@V1lmSPbV@`ZV.XZl^V`dV~YmiXYajFW aje^`ZV4GY )[]Wm
Q@["icQ@îc[]XdV~m
q p xwMp^qMues_zPxô]p^q xOû sMô"p| roex| p txOmu{mo"{ûestsûryOoexrumz+x xOmuro x
xOôextxOmusûOruesruMuq u^zp xwOp^qrues_zxô"p^q I
H|2
8o]pÎ
q Jmu"sû ory wmyOoexûOq û
<;
!"\
K G ,E$ D.L bE.L L
X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a
NM
Section A.3. Referee 2
sMro"p(| ro"x| p xOmu{mo"{muestq umzp xtmoeûo]prMxO|4prtq |xOt|ezwMprqrues_zPxro"p^q_|~pM

Ox mu " p u"{rx z+{rsûmz"u]prxûOq2~psûeroesrqx xOmuwMp^qru"s_zPxô"prq_|~pr IH|OwMsû 8
o"p^qIJmuesû vMxô|~pmueqKxOmusûOMuesûMuz~ wyeqsruOruesMsruOqx o"puryOuu]prxôesM^y]w|Pq
u mo"p| z+xûeMxv Oe o"p^q " mv|~pmuOq|~x|~xOxOmutueO{yeo"pmoex| p{rsrumz"u"prxruOq|~pxOmu
{mo"{ûesb
V4"V@`[]iYd\V~QajQQSeTUT)V4WOXZY[]`ZV`dajXXZV@WS"WgXdlmVTU["WMmYdQ@`dac\rXajXZYdV@ijf TUSeYXS"f
XZl^V4YdVbV@`ZV["`dV~["Y
l^V4`dVXdlmV`dV4OacV@bV@`["Y^WQicV4[]`SeW;l[PXXdl^V["rXdlmS"`YT)V~[]WOXS"` ["`dV~["Ybl^V@`ZVfh^`dXdl^V4`
raYdQ@mYZYacS"W;b[eYbW^V4Q@V4YZYd["`de ?WmVaYZY^VXZlm[PXaY\m[]`dXdaQmic["`dicac`dkrYdS"TUV?aYXZl^V[]rXZl^S"`YXdV4WmrV@WQ
acWYdV4QXdacS"WmY["Wm XZSUSeWmrV@` []WmrV4`S aXZlV4âXZS"`Zac["icYZ#["Wm;S]XdlmV@`^WmYd^\^\_S"`dXdV~
QSeTUT)V4WOXZYlâQllm["VW^SU\î["QVacW[)XdV4QlmWâcQ4[]iA["`XZacQ@ijVe
+myeuMomz"uz utueû"p pmuwMpz~wM{M{ sOxûOq ] Mu"pMxM
.XdlmV@`QSeTUT)V4WOXZYPQSeWmQV4`dWYacWmQ@ijm^ V
lm[PXrSMV4YbXZl^VXdajXdicVlm[eV.XZSrSUaXZl;Xdl^V\m["\V4`lmV\m[]\_V@`rSMV~YW^S]XrV@mW^Vlm[]X.[

\ #âc[""`[]TaY[]WmKXdlmV`dV~YîjXZY^S"WA X`dV~[]icijXdacVajWajXdl;Xdl^VYVS]f$YdmQl;âc[""`[]TRY@
mu{mo"{ûes{rsûmz"u]prx_z+xOûuero xo"pmoMy"Mx| orytz yPwrx| p stxOmuA{ @9B
q|]oeM sô~. mutsrumzwy"xz+"x |]u} |~pûesM muMyMy|xO"
xOmu " sOsû x{ @ B q_|]o"Msô.
p^ sMxewMpmoexûMy")xOmuM M pO qMury|Oz|~p sOsû xto]p^qz xemutsrumzwy"xz

o"pMp xvûx_|]uOq}|~p|xO|xb
\ aY[)`ZV4YdîXS"f
XZl^V[]\^\mijaQ@[]XdacS"W;S]fbV4`dW^Seîcija YV~Om[PXZajSeW
\A Rl^V`ZV@i[PXZajSeWmYdlâj
YrYXdV@TCijack"VXdl[PX.Ydl^SPWgacFW aj"$l[PXaYbXdl^V`[PXZajSeWm[]iS"`["YdacY_V@lâcWm;V4Om[]XdacS"W
V" m } KajXdlW "n rn^["WmP M
uesû mwzPxtxOô"p xOmusûOMuesûMu st|Oz " Mu]prx-xOûsruOruesûOumoOq
z]]ue s| w_z{rs vmyOuwMp^qMues_zPxô] p^q_|~prxO|ez{ |~prx {rs vmo"vy"
z~ wyeqôeû
pzr|PqMuesûOqoOqMq_|~pMoq_|ez wzMzM| po"v wrxxO|ez{ |~prxz~w omz|~p"mo"{rxû"st
\A )l^V`ZV@i[PXZajSeWmYdlâj\gV@XV4V@WV4Om[]XdacS"W e [eXdS(OQ4b["Wm[)âjVQ4["YXdacW^TR[eQlâjWmV["Y
\_SOSe`Zmn6dQSeTUT)SeWm^nr["WmdV^QV4ijicV@WOX\_V@`dfhS"`ZTR[]WmQ@V?aYW^S"XQicV4[]`["WmgW^V@V~^YXdSU_V
rV@eV@icS"\_V4nrSe`[]XijV~["YXrVmWmV4
z"uMu{rsû"| wz ] Mu"pMx
XaYbV@icikOWmSPWXdl[PX fhS"`[)racVQ@[eYXZajW^)TR["QlâcW^V[]WgracVacYWmS]X[UQS"WYX[]WOX4 Wgf["QX

aXaYQSeT)TUSeWg\^`["QXdaQVXdSUV@M\_V@`ZacT)V4WOXZ[]icicKrVXZV@`ZTUajW^V fhS"`mYdVS"WracV4YajXdl = YdacT)aci[]`~
e[PXZajWmi["SerXZYbacWgXZl^VfhrXZ^`dVebrXV~Q@["mYVTUSOYXracV4Ylm[eVWOmT)V4`dSemYbe[]XdV4Ym`Z["WmQlâcW^
S S]f6WM^TUV@`ZS"mYb`Z^W^W^V4`ZY4nMXdS^VXdV4`dTUacW^V[]iciAS]f
Xdl^Vfh`ZaQXdacS"W;f[eQXdSe`ZY[eY[#fhmWmQXZajSeW;S"f
V@MW^Seic^YWM^TV4`SeîK_VOâXZVr!a RQ@îjX.[]Wm;Maj`dXd[]icijmWeXZ`Z[eQX[]îcV.fhSe`.rV~Yac"W
\^^`Z\SOYV~Y@ V@WmV@`[]icijracVQ@[eYXZajWm)V4W^"acW^V4V@`YWmQS"WMeV@WOXdacS"Wm["i\ )[]\^\^`ZSe[eQlKbS"`ZkrY
emaXZVbV@icifhSe`rV4YdajeWg\m^`d\_SeYdV4Y4
|Oz Mz"ueûesrory{ |4prx_z
" Mu"prx|ûuxOmu {M{ sMxOwMp|xMx q_|ez wzMz]umz
xemu yMy |~pr{ |~prx_z#"
. s
A&Ah:U6lG#QZFZ

wyeq |~p^q^y"o^z xemusûOruesruMu$Kx {yOuOomz"u{rs |PqruxOûpôumz

o"pr " m{m o"p|PumzM OZueO{mu"s|u"pMxôryMyPqru"xûes]
|4pmumeM +ûesem o"{zxOûe
q |x
q MptwMprqrues w_zPxMsôry^|]oA& MûesûxOmuCMsûeOwyeoesMU{Mr_zr| zyOo"z
q p x o"{M{my" {yO uOomz"u$g sM |ru+ uo]v wrxvmum|~prtxOmu Op| oryo"v wrx
xO|ez+{ |~prx"B
x xO|O"z o"pM xOmuesmo"b& +^yOuMomz"u6
^{m o"pro"pMxOp ôexxsrwuMoz"umxt
z
u
o

z
O
x
muCM M pMA{ @9B q_|]oeOsôo"prq|x
s z6
O wmu x xOmu " m {Mwrxû"ssûe y]wrx| p x qroe |x|Oz{ zMzr|4vyOux q xOmu
ory wyOoex_| pz txOmu so}z{û |P_| qrumzr|~Op|xOo}z{mu |_| ^y
sôexru Zq_|]u omzx|~pro |~pmu &7~pro x;xO|Oz|Ozuer o xmy"OmoextxO|Oz
{mo" {ûesoryMyo"v wrxb - sû û"sKx qMoe xOmuesru}|ezo{rs O sôxOmo"xoMy"sûMoOqe
q u^zxOmumz"u |4p^q ory wyeoex| p_z
oryMyOuOq_|]u +ûesMru x r
uesruxOmusûOruesruMu|~prxOs qew uotpmu]|qruMo txOmuCMdro~
|"y"O>
595xOmu
|m{Ms ûOq ]" pzPxro"prx 4pu^ zMz"u"p u$gxOmu|PqruOo Mro
|"y]M |ez
|m{Ms û pzPxô]prx |~p O| pûo^zMzr|O pûOqôry]wûx o z{mu |P_ |
Ms wM{ tsOwM pMpmu" s_z6
m|~p uxO|Oz|PqruMo| yOoexûxOûvômzr| {Mrzr| zyeo"z
o"p^qxO^ u{Ms qew umz+xOmu {M{ zr|xûx sruMory"xMxOsû"p^qzt|~xmw_zPxvmu
o"vmo]p^q pmueq xOwmoryOy"xemu|qruMo Mdro~
|"y"O|OzsôexOmu"sv(| roesOsû$
vmu o"wz"uo mo]pr û|~pxOmutqrumzr|~O p o"pyOuMoeqtx ozr|Op"|P _| o]prx ô"prû
|~pxOmuôryPwmu HOwrsOxOm ues] sû$RxOmuCMdro~
|" y"O p Mu" {rx o]pyOuOoOq
x o { M sqr umzM|O*
p dsûOoOqo"v wrxtxO|Ozt|~pxOmuz"u x| pM{ stqrumzM|Op
uOMMu x_z
O txO|Ozv Oe & pmu o"pqru |qruOqM | qrum zr|~Op|Oz
{moesOx tOmoex Mdro~
|"y" OOû"p|PxOmuesru ûes^"u p
|O zPxô umz
Kxemu
o"wrxe sz uexO q ory wyOoex|4prxOût &|ez wrs_z"u ûMo"{mueso]p^q
romzxûesxOmo]pxemusûOruesruMu$zz~wrMûmzx| po"v wrxMro
|"y]M sOwOpMpmues
qrumzM|Op-~pz~w"MoesOKxO|ez|qruMototruesMvmoOq}|PqruOo
mo"x}|Oz / " p_zPxô"prx^ ûsruOruesûOusûOrueszx xemu omz"uMmu"sû |ez
" p_zPxô"prx s}z{mu |P_| sewMpMpmuesqru^zr|OpvMwMxtO| |Ozp xxOmu o^z"u|~p
s^"uM oMym|xMb mut
q umzp xqMu"{mu"p^q py" pxOmusOwM pMpûesKvMwrx pxOmu
^v|~pmoex_| p txemutsewMpMpmuesz_ zPxû |xOxOmuq_|]u o^ zPx|~pr _o |~pû|]o

xOm
u ûpMw"^vmuesb Mwz
o}z{mu |P_| sewMpMpmuestqMumzr|Op o"pMp xôeû
"M Zo^zMzr|OpûOq MUx |xb mu (momzx vm u ory wyOoex^ ueq so"pr
^v|~pmoex_| psewMpMpmuesz_zPxû|xOq_|]u omzx|~pro |~pmu
wyeqy^| ux _|~p^qo"pr o^z"uMOm uesûxOûO " M pMU A{ @ B q_|PoeMsô
q u^z+ s +^yOuMomz"usruMoOqxOmu{rs zt|~pemo"{Mxûest}z |4prMr|x
o"pOp x s
?aYdQ@mYdYdacS"W[]Wmg`dV~YmiXY "`ZV4[PXrV~[]iS"f6raYZQmYZYacS"WKfhSrQmYdV4YSeWKXZl^V`ZV@"acS"WYlmV@`ZV

:. c eVXacW;XO\macQ4[]iAracVQ@["YXdacW^RracV4GY :. XdS r
+myOuOomz"usûMoOqxOû ] Mu"pMx_z+x xOmu{rsû"| wzsruOruesûOu
W(QS"WQicmYacS"W1nraX~ Y YX.[)\î[]acW(YicS"\^\MR\âcV4Q@VS]f6Se`dk
{ûxemoextsûOru"sûMuq u^zp x
|~p^qxOmo"x|"yOyw_z"u|xo^zxOû mo"{rxû"s
ew xû
X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a
s
hXdl^V^Xdl^Se`ZYbV@eV@Wglm["V?S"W^VS]fAXZl^V`dV@fhV@`ZV@WmQ@V4YXdSXdl^V4aj`SPWg\^^îcacQ4[PXZajSeWmYYdajXdV4gacWmQSe`d`ZV4QXdic
+û"sOmo"{z1KxOmusûOMuesûMuz wyeqyOuOoesOpxOmoex_oeô _|4pmumz ô"prûpmo~umzo"p^q;xOôex
xOmupmo~uto"{M{muMo"s_zt|~pxOmusûOru"sû"p u|Ozxemuoeô |~pmupmo~utoexxemux|u
rs|~x|~prxOû{ô"{muesb

!"\
l^VfhSeijicSPajWm)Q@S"TUTUV@WOXZY["`dVW^S"X.[]`Z`Z["W^"V~RajW(["WOK\m[]`dXdaQî[]`Se`ZrV4`4
V@WmV@`[]i 6lmV?XZVMXlm[eY[WM^TV4`S]fV@`Z`dSe`ZYajWe`Z["T)TR["`4nMmYZ[]eV["WmgYd\_V@icijacW^)Xdlm[]XW^V@V~XZSRV
["mr`dV~YdYdV4KV@fhS"`ZV\^^îcaQ@[PXZajSeWA
\F; \m[]`[]e`Z["\^l l^Vm`YXZYYdV@WOXdV4WmQVYZ[MYXZlm[PXXZl^V
mSP`[PXZVacY[fh^WQXdacS"WS"f
XdV4TU\V4`Z[]Xd^`ZV"nreVXXdlmV`dV~YXS]f
Xdl^V\[]`[]"`[]\mlKYd[rYbXZlm[PXajX.acYdWA X4
ûsrumzPx txOmu{moesô"Msô"{Mz"oetxOmut^y tsroexû|OzomuOo ewMp x_| p xOmu
xû^{muesôexewrsû"o] p^q xOmoex
|xueO{yeo|~pzOrb {muxOmo"xu"ûesM pmuoeMsruMumz+|xe_u
xOmo"x|~ x|Oz M px zPxô" xûto " M pomzOzw"m{rx_| po"prqu" O{yOo|4p
Mr|~pxOmoex
{moesOx| wyeoes o^z"u|x|ezp x|m{ sMxro"prxb2|OzxOmoex sû{mu {yeu w yeqtq
wzxxemoexb H_|s_zPx |~x wyeqturym|
|~pmoexruo"pr
|ezPxô u^z+xOmoexoesru}zPep pr] wz
r
|xesrumz"uMoes }|~pq_|]u omzx|~prKvû o"wz]u|x s u^zxOmuCMz@_oesMxMsûmz"uMo"s muesz
x mu xOmuo so^zMzw"m {Mx| pz xOmueo u Mu " p^q |~xo umz yOuOoestx xOmu
sûMoeqruesMrtxOûomzOzw"m{rx_| pômz+_oOqru
\ [Pf XZV@` l^S"îacWmraQ@[]XdVajTUTUV4âc[]XdV@icRXZlm[PXbXdl^VYd^mYZQ`Zaj\^X~ Y`dV@fhV@`bXdSXdlmVYdV4QXdacS"WmYbacW
aje^`ZV)e
|"yMy " pzr|Pqru"sxO|Oz1 ûex o~p xz~wrsûxO|Oz|Ozo M q}|PqMuMo
F\ [Pf XdV4`V4Om[]XdacS"W l^V@`ZVacY[)TR[ Se`["YZY^TU\rXZajSeWgTR[erVl^V@`ZVXdlm[]X.YlmS"îKWmS]X\m[eYdY
ajXdl^SerX.YSeTUVQ@S"TUTUV@WOX~ Y K< .YZYd^TUajW^RYXdV~["rKYXZ[]XdV lâY["YZYd^TU\rXdacS"W;"SMV4YbXZS)Xdl^Vl^V~[]`dX
S]fXdlmacY["\^\^`ZSe["QlKXdSUXZl^VmicijacW^RQ@["icQ@îc[]XdacS"W[]WmgV4YXZ["îcacYdl^V4YbXZl^V_S"^WmmYS]f6aXY[]\^\mijaQ@["âjicajX"
l^V["rXdl^Se`ZYYdl^S"micraYdQ@mYZYbXdlâY\_S"acWeX~
uMyMy6 x xôryOy"tq_|Oz"o"MsûMu|xOxOmusûOru"sûMu pxO|ez{ |~prxb muo s
ewmu^zPx| p|~pq|]u omzPx|4pr}|Oz x u"pzwrsruxOmus|OMxsro"prû _|"yOym|~prx|u
ory wyOoexûxOmu
o"p^qô"xûûry ] |xMb |Oz{mo"{ûesz_o|~p " p uesOp|Oz x r
o"p^qtqru"xûes]
|4pmu|PtxOmu vmuC MZomzMzM|OpmuOq$Mx oz{mu |_| sOwOpMpm uesb mu wMpzPxruMoOqO
zPxô"xû|Oz py"ozr|PqrutuOMMu xo"p^qmomzû"sMym|
|xruOq|m{ sMxô"p uqewmux
" wrsz"uxOmu^y |ezp x ] prx|~pOw wz rzPxûMoOqetzxôexûo"prq|OzoOOru xûeqvro"pr
{moesrouexû"s_ zzw omzxemu {|OzPx pû|Orx;uex (oryOy M| oesûsûryeoexûOqx xOmu
xMsô]pzr|x | p{ |~prxo"p^qp xx xOmuA{ @9B q_|]oeMsro {muesz"u m uwM pzPxûOoOqOzPxroexû
ue|ezPx_z py]|4pxOû}|4p|x|]oMyo"p^qt_|~pmoMyzxôeûmz xOû}|4p u x_ | p zo
û"pûesôry sOwmyOu$Kmoe_ |~promuryMyqrumzM|Opm]uO q{ @ B q_|]o"Msô|"yMy {rs q"w u o
zr|ep|P_| o"prx|m{rs ruu"prx|~pxOmu{rs umzMzqrumzM|Op-xz~ wyeqvûp xûOqxOmo"xo
ewyOy{ô"{muestq_|ez wzMzM|~prxOûwOpzPxûMoeqOzPxôexru|Ozvû|~pr{rsru"{moesûeq s{MwMvy^| oex| p
oexxOmu{rsû^z"u"prxx|u

.
G;Db b, L CO Lw@LEh; j. .L;Z< L;

A&Ah:U6lG#QZFZ
W"V@WmV@`[]i_Xdl^VSe`dO[]Wâ D4[]XdacS"WgS]f1XZl^V\m["\V4àcYYdS"TUV4lm[PXbV4[]k Xdl^VacWOXd`ZSM^mQXZajSeWgV~Y\_V4Q@ac["ijic

rSMV4YWmS]X"V4`dbV@iciAYdVXXdlmVXdV4QlmWâcQ4[]iAQ@S"WOXdV@OXfhSe`Xdl^V\ TUVXZl^Sr[]Wm;YlmSPl^SPXdl^V
\^`ZV4YdV@WOXSe`dkU^XYacWeXZSRaX~
mu{rsûmz"u]prx s q umzp x_|x|~prx {ômzPx s 7xz zxOôextxOmu{momzPx
s |OzMs pro]p^qvMw|"yeqmzxemuoexOmu~oex| oryxOû sMvmu]|~p^qxOû{ @ B q_|]o"Msô.
l^Vi["YX\[]`[]"`[]\mlS]fXdl^VacWOXd`ZSUacYQ@S"WrfhmYdV4 QSeWrfhmYdajW^" $l^VarV~[acWOXd`ZSrrmQV~;ajWgXdl^Vi["YX
YV4WOXdV@WQVS"W;\m[""V acYbXZlm[PXXZl^VbYdl^S"î;P[]`ZYSeT)V4l^SP^^`dacW^)XdlmVQ@[]iQmic[]XdacS"WAnr[]W
YmmYV~O^V@WOXdicP[]`Za[PXdacS"W;ajXdl V@MW^SeicmYWOmT#_V@àYraYdQ@mYdYdV4Anr^rXXdlmVajWOXdV4`deV@WâcWÛTR[PXZV@`Zac["i
[]_S"rXeV@S"TUV@Xd`Z)V _V~QXYaYbajWQS"WYaYXZV@WOXaXZl;[)raYdQ@mYdYdacS"WKS"fAXdlmajWÔYXdlm[]XQ4[]Wg["`dRrm`dacW^Xdl^V
Q@["icQ@îc[]XdacS"WA$l^Vi["YXXSRYdV@WOXdV4WmQV~YrSUW^S]XmXXdS"eVXZl^V@`bV@iciV@ajXdl^V4` XZl^V["YZYmT)\^XdacS"WS]f
QSeWmYX[]WOX?b}aYW^S]XP[]ica^ S"kP["nM^rXaYXZlm[PXlm[]X"S";[]`ZV"S"acW^XdS)XZ["ijk;[]_S"rX~nrS"`["`dV"Se
"SeajW^)XZSX[]ickg["SerXR\m["`XZacQ@îc["`dicUXdlmV V V4QXYS]f
Xdl^VO[PXZV["`dV~["O
H_|s_zPxmy]g z wmyeqp xtôesMqewMs|~prxOû ory wyeoex| p_z|x|Ozo " pzPxô"pMx so
z{û |P_| z"uex tsOwMpMpmu"szP_ zPxû~}o"p^qtq_|]u omzPx_|~pro |~pmu
Mu ] p^q^y" p ut o"pM
{mo"sôuexrues|Oz mo"pMûOq z~w omz ôexûtoesûOo$; ômzx vûtsû ory wmyOoexûOq
xOûtsûe rues^ uMu6zzPxô"x^ uu"pMx
z wy"qôesM |ezpxts|erxo"p^qtxOmuesruO sûtz u
xOû yMy |4prq_|Oz wzMzr| p|Ozrs prb
}o"v wrxxOmut_|xOx|~pr "wmumzPx| p moexq sûOru"sûMu+uMo]pzvrMd_|x
x ^ uexOmu"sm6 M' xO mu{mo"{mu"stômz x vû ] m{ z]uOq|~posOM]
|~prûes_z"uM prO
û uexMs_| oryuOMru x_z oesû{moesOx û"Op yeqmzpMw"mvûes dsûe_|]u"^y]w|Pqu mo]p| z &

u]p u$gxOûuOOru x_z xemutroexûtoesûMoz~ zxOmo"x ô"s|]umzomzmuryOyto]p^qmomzx
"

vmu
x ^sûexOu moru"smy wyeoexûOq Mmo"x|ez|4p pzM|OzPxû"pMxm q xOmumz"uz"u]prxû"p umzp x_|~x
?W\;mnm[Pf XZV@` XZlâcW^kXZlm[PXajXSeîK_V[)"SMSrKarV4[XZSRajWmâcQ4[PXdVacTUT)V~ra[PXdV4ijKXdlm[]X
Xdl^V~YVV~Om[PXZajSeWmY[]`ZV? \mijS"XXdV~;ajFW aje^`ZV mnr`Z[]Xdl^V4`Xdlm["Wb["aXZajW^XdSUXZl^VW^V@OX.YdV4QXdacS"W;V@fhS"`ZV
`dV@fhV@`Z`dacW^XdS ac m
iYSn^TR[]kMacW^)Xdl^V D ,[]MaYS"W;XdlâYe`Z["\^lKicS"O[]`ZaXZl^TUacQbS"îKlmV@ic\;e`dV~[PXZijRacW(Yl^SPacW^Xdl^V
r!a _V4`dV4WmQV~YajWgXdlmVXdl^`ZV@V\^mT)\(Qlm["`Z[eQXZV@`ZacYXdaQ@Y4
-ru"prx| p|~prxOmut_|Owrsru " wyeqvût O q}|PqruMovMwrxq pxo"MsûMu|xet wo"v wrx
xOûy z oryOu$ q p x}z"uMuo"prvmu]pmuO_|xz6
?W\A [Pf XZV@`.(" l^VYdS"icrXdacS"WS]f6(e`dV~emaj`ZV4YfhîciAacWrfhS"`ZTR[PXdacS"W;S"W;XZl^VracVQ4["YXdacW^
TR["QlâcW^V .Q4QSe`ZracW^XdSUXZlâcYT)SrrV4i n^Xdl^VTR["QlmajW^VQlm["`Z[eQXZV@`ZEa D4V4RM TR[Pn ?TU[]g[]WKXZl^V
Vr\_S"W^V4WeXacW((e$l^VSe`ZâjW^)S]f
XdlâYYdV@WOXdV4WmQVen^l^SPbV@eV@`~neTUac"lOXVacWmraQ@[]XdacW^)Xdlm[]XXdl^V4`dV
acYYdS"TUV?ajWrfhSe`dTR[]XdacS"WXZS_Vlm["KS"WKXdl^VTR["QlâcW^VS]XZl^V@`bXdl[PXbXdl^V~YVXdlm`dV4V?\m["`Z["TUVXdV4`ZY4 rS)W^S]X
XdlâcW^kKXdlm[]XXdlm[]XacYl[PXXdl^V["rXdlmS"`YajWOXdV4Wmn^mrXXdlâYaYQSeWrfhmYdajW^
|Oz|Ozueô x^y"Mmo"xxemuo]wrxO sz|~prxû]p^qruOq mu qMuryq umzp x " p^_|~pmueq
x oz{mu |_ | ueO{ pmu"pr x s" wMp x| pRvOwrxsroexOmues_|^ umzym|
|x|~pM omz"um z
MruesM q_|]u omzx|~pro |~pmu o"p
ôesMvmuexemuMu"ptxOûxe ueMxMsû~uewMp x| pz1gomz
q_|ez wzMz]uOq|~pxOmu {mo"{ûesb u]p u$U sû|~p^ sPoex| p|OzpmuMuOqMuOq suMo
|~prq_||Pq"wmoryq_|Pu omzPx|~pMo |4pmu
\ XZV@WmgXZSUâcYZ[]e`dV4V?ajXdl;XdlmV\^`dV4TUacYdV4YS"f
XZl^VraYdQ@mYdYdacS"WgfhS"icijSPacWÛ( r XZlâcW^kXZlm[PX
?TR[PgrV4\V4Wm^YTUSe`dVYXd`ZS"WêijRSeWKXZl^VTR["QlâcW^VYdEa D4V?XZlm[]W(rSMV~Y TR[P W"V@WmV@`[]i n TR[PgacY
Xdl^VacWOXdV4WmYajQ4[PXdacS"W;\^`ZV4YZYm`dVXdl[PXS"WmV[]WOXYbXdSR["QlâcV@eV^^`dacW^RYdS"icacrajQ4[PXdacS"W1n^[]WmgXdlmacY
X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a

Ydl^S"îgW^S]X.Qlm["W^"VT#Ql;ajXdl;XZl^VTR["QlâcW^VYa D@Venrl^V@`ZV4[eYbXdl^VQ@ic["TU\âjWmfhSe`ZQ@V"nMXZl^V\^`ZSM^mQX
S]f
XdlâY\^`ZV4YZYd^`dV[]Wg\mic[]XXdV4W([]`ZV"nM"SMV4Ym\A ?WKXZl^VS]XZl^V@`l[]Wmnml^V@W;S"W^Vlm[eYic["`deV@`[]`ZV4[#XdS
TR[]keVi[]`Z"V4`bQ4["YXdacW^mnrSeW^V[]WOXZYXdSRacWmQ@`dV~["YdV.XZl^V"Seij^TUV@Xd`ZacQ
mSP`Z[]XdVS]fT)V@XZ["i1YS)XZlm[PX
mSP
`[PXdVS"f
TUVX[]i1YdS)Xdlm[]XmijiAXdacT)V~YacijiW^S"X"SU^\ajXdl;Xdl^VTR[eQlâjWmVYda D@V"SeTUT)SeWîc"nMXdlmVYl^S"X
YdijV4V@"VaYic["`deV@`~nMlâjicVXdlmVTU[]rajT^T\âYXZS"W"V4ijSrQ@aXrSMV~YW^S]XQlm["W^"VTmQlA
u"sûxOmusûOru"sûMu|Oz " prewzr|~pMz o"prq_|POruesû"pMx " p u"{rx_z+xemoex|xt|"yMy
xô uoM|]yOux ueO{yOom|~p|xt{rs {mu"smy"b :
+myOuMo^z"u_|~p^qmu"sûtooexOxûm{rxx
ueO{myOo|~p|xvrs_|]uO^y" mu}|~prxru" pzr|P| oex| p{rsûm zMz~wrs^ um o^zp xO|~prx q |~xO
xOm uA{ @ B q_|]oeO sô. ] muA{ @ B q umzp xtmoeû mw x q | xOxOmu
z y^|Pq_|P_| oex| p{rs umzMz7x|Oz qrumzr|~ OpmuOqp xx mo"û+ mw t|~xOxOmu 1
z y^|Pq_|P_| oex| p mu|~prxru"pzr|P| oex| p{MsûmzMzwMsû|Ozmw yOo"sMûesxOô"p

|ruwO{M7xt wmyeqxô utoy pr q_|Oz wzMzr| p] x xûMo t ]w xOmuewMpr qrou"pMxôr y^z
txOmuA{ @9B q_|]oeMsro}o"p^qxOmuq_|Pu o^zPx|~pr{rs u^zMz6 w pêwz] uz o"pr
xO|4pr_zxOmo"x|~x|^{ zMzr|4vyOux wMpMsôeûry|~xoMyMyt st w|~p
o}z sMx{moesô"Msô"{Mb
+myOuOomz"usûMoeq"mo"{rxû"s sueû]pvûexMxûessruMoOqxOmuM yOuv Me
iYdSmnMfhS"icicSPajW^R( mnMXdl^V["rXdl^Se`ZYYdl^S"micgajWracQ4[PXZVlm[PXXZl^V@TUV~[]WMTUa^ricV`Z["W^"V~#S"f
XdlmV DWM^TV4`ZY4 XacYW^S]X.Q@ijV~[]`bfh`dSeT aj )l^SPQicSeYdVS"W^VW^V4V4^YbXZSR"VXXZS D fhS"`XdlmV
Xdlm`dV4VQ@^`Z"V4YbXZSRQS"WMeV@`Z"V?["e["ajWA
û_oexOmu_oex| oMyu ewôex| p_zoesû|ru"p|~pxOmu{mo"{mu"sb mu"o"sûûesM}zr|^{yOu
xOm o"x
w o"pwz"umo"p^q oMy wyOo"x sx _|4p^q mw y z"u wtpmuMueqtx x
s wrs | u uesMs s q|Oz wzOzr| p pz~w |OzMzwû|Ozvûry xOmu
yOueruryOs }o"po oeqru
| {mo"{mues
N
bV4Ydac^V4Y_V@acWÛajicijYXZ`Z[]Xdac"VS]f
Xdl^V`ZV4YdîXY@nr\[]`dXS"f1XZl^VP[]ic^VS]f["WgV@^[]TU\îcVQ4[]iQî[PXZajSeW;Q@S"TUV4Y
fh`ZS"TajXTR[]kMajWm)\_SeYZYdajîcVr^\îcaQ@[PXZajSeWS]fXdl^V`ZV4YdîjXZYV@iYdV@l^V4`dVe W;S"`rV4`XdSRYm\^\Se`XXZlâcY4nrXZl^V
[]^Xdl^Se`ZYbW^V4V4gXdSRacWmQicmrVXZl^V`ZV@i[PXdacS"WYlâc\mYXdl[PXmYdV4gfhS"`?bajW;XdlmV4YdVQ4[]iQî[PXZajSeWmY4
ûy^|xûesô"xOwrsût|Oz"wyMy }zw |~p^ s]oex_| p PtxOmusûOMuesûMu {û"pzo"pr
vmomzM| ^y]w|Pq_u mo"p| z+xû"Mxv Me xOmu]pû o"p|~p^q}|~p^ s]oex| pto"v wrx}|xb
l^VraYZQmYZYacS"WgS"W;\ US]f
ac W^V@V~^Y[)ijajXXZijVTUSe`dVQSeWmYdacrV4`Z[]XdacS"WA6l^V4`dVaY[TR[]MacT#mTCacW
XdlmacYQ@^`Z"V"nrmrXXdl^V["rXdlmS"`~ YQ`ZajXdV@`ZacS"W;S]f
_V@acW^RSeWKXZl^V(`ZajelOXl[]Wmg^`[]WmQlm)aYYd["acKXdSR_V
Ydl^S"`dXdV4ìjiXZajTUVen^lâQl;aYW^S"X.[)Q@`dajXdV4`dacS"WgfhS"`QlmSOSOYacWÛ[)ijSrQ@[]XdacS"W;S"WgXdlâYQ@^`deV[PX[]ici lmV
miciXdacTUVacYT)SeW^S]XZS"W^VrV~Q`ZV4["YdacWâjXdlacWmQ`ZV4[eYacW^ U[]XQ@S"WmYXZ["WOX rnmYdacWmQVXdlmV
mSPaYXdlmV
\^`ZSrrmQXS"f ?TU[];["Wm ^?Q@QSe`ZâjW^XdSUXZlâYQ`ZaXZV@`ZajSeWAnMW^SQ@["icQ@î[PXdacS"WgacYW^V@V~rV4 $XdlmV
\^`ZVfhV4`d`ZV4;QSeWrm"m`Z[]XdacS"WKaYW^SUe[]XdVlm[]XZYdSOV4"V4`4ijV~[]`Zijen^Ql^SMSeYdajWm)["W;Se\V4`Z[]XdacW^)\SeajWOX
`ZV4Oâc`dV~YacWOXd`ZSrrmQXZajSeWS]f
S"Xdl^V4`Q`ZaXZV@`Zac[mnrajWQicmracW^)Xdl^SOYVXZlm[PXXdlmV[]rXZl^S"`YTUV@WOXdacS"WacWKXZl^V
acWeXZ`dS WmgXdlmVV@Wm;S]fXdlmV\m[]eV UâcYZQmYZYdajSeWKXZlm[PXXZl^VYTR["ijicV@`bmicijacWÛXZajTUVfh`ZS"TmYdacW^[
i[]`Z"Ve[PXZVRhS"`[UYdTR[]icijV4``d^WmW^V@` #aciciAijV~["KXdSR[RYdTU["ijicV@`TR["QlmajW^V mYX?rSMV~YW^S]XfhSeijicSP[PX
[]ici l^VTU[eQlâcW^VYa D@VaYrVXZV@`ZTUajW^V~;OXdl^V\m["`XYdEa D4V[]WmKXdlmV`dV~emaj`ZV4gajWOXZV@WmYda_Q@[PXZajSeW
\^`ZV4YZYm`dVenOWmS]XMK[]WMS"f
XZlâY@
p utoeô|~ptxemusûOruesruMu|Oz " pêw_zr|~pr_o"pr|OzMzwûmzyOu"xu|~pMxûesO{rsruextoeôm|~p
M mo"x|ez xOû{ @ B q_|]o"Msô |OzoryOyo"v wrxb ] muA{ @9B2q_|PoeMsô|Oz sôe|~pro]p
{mu"sôex| pmory+{ |~prxoextxOmus|erxôexûûMy |xOto"p^qtxOmus|erx_|"yMym|4prx|_u
H so"pM|~û"p xOmuesûo"sûtxe { zMzr|4vyOuz y]wrx| pz pxOmus|erxmo"p^qzr|PqMu
A&Ah:U6lG#QZFZ

o"prq pû pxOûyeuOOxmo"p^qzr|qru|xOxOmuz"o~uôexûûry ] |xM ûeûesxOmu

s|~Orxmo"p^qzr|qrumomztz@oryO"yOuest_|"yOym|~pr x_|u
prqoero|~pgxOûsruOruesûOu pêw_zr|~prto]p xOmu"s|OzMzwû_| u}|4po]pru"pr|~pûMues|~pM
zr|~xOwmoex| pz
Umuôeûmuesûtozr|xOwôex| p|~pO| sûxOmo"p pmu s|~xûes| p|Oz
pmuOuO qruOq m u yOo^{|~pr s u|Oz pmu txOmu s|~xûes|]oxOmoexqruexrues]
|~pûmzMmo"x
o |~pmuz~ wyeqvû z"u"p mu xOmu"s{moesô_uexûes|ezxOû{ @ B q_|]o"Msô.
X.YV4V@TRYbXdl[PXXdlmV@g["rXdlmS"`Ylm["VS"mYZQm`dV~gYdS"TUVV@icV@TUV@WOX[]`ZR`dV~YîjXZYM;rS"acW^)Xdl^V4aj`
Q@["icQ@îc[]XdacS"WmY4 4
mS"`V^["T)\mijVenXdl^V)ic[eYXYdV@WOXdV4WmQV)S]fXZl^V)T)a^ricVU\m[]`[]e`Z["\^l(S"W\ RacijicmYXd`[PXdV~YXZlm[PX[e Y
abYW^S"`ZX.V4["YQSelmTUV4VY6XdajlmXZYajWîjUacTUbaXZVajW^Yl^#Se^["iijKmV_S]Vf$\^"^ne^XdiclmaYV.l^racWâYdRQlmacW["`d4e"Ve"^V4 ijSrQajX#`ZV4[eQl^V4Y6ajXZYTR[PracT#^T6lâcY
muesû|Ozp u"prx_| p xOmuoryMyeueûOqMo x Md sûMo mumz|xztym|
|x|~pMôry]wû
)
!1eO muesû|ezp q_|Oz wzMzr| p|~pxOmuM yOutoesMx| yOu o"v wrx] Md sûOo |~pM
|xz+o"|mw" Z / !?&1M^ +ûesOmo]{zM"xOmu sûOMues^ uMumo^z1|OzP xô u"py" OeM u"pMx|~pr p
q_|Mrue"s^ u]prxtoesMx_| yOum"
z r z+v
so]p xemuesq_|]u omzx|~prv &M| tmu
mo^z pêwz"ueq|xOxO|OzoesMx| yOu
V@O[]`racW^#XZl^VQSeWmQicmracWÛ\m["`Z[""`[]\^lgS"W;\
N lmVmYVS"f
XZl^VSe`ZdQ@S"WmYXZ["WeX#aYW^S"X.QS"WYaYXZV@WOXXdl^`ZS"m"l^SerXXdlâY\m["\V4`4$?SUXdl^V4
TUV~[]WQS"WYX[]WOX["Q`ZSeYZYb"V4S"TUVXZ`dRSe`QS"WYX[]WOX["Q`ZSeYZY V@MW^Seic^YWM^TV4`4nmS"`S"XdlA
xOmusûMoOqMues_z " musûOru"sûMuuOo"pzo s zMzû _uexMsMto^zq_|Mruesû]prx
û u"xMsMto"prqo s zMz û"Op yeqmzpMw" mvûesomzq_|PMru"sû"pr
x rupOw"mvmues sruMoryMy"
q p xwMp^qrueszPxô"p^ qxOmutq_|PMMuesû"p uvmue xemuMu"ptxOûxe omz"umz6 sû"p x

o xOwmoMyMy"
xOûmz"u omz"u^zxOmuz"our ô"prû|~pû uexMsMtyOuMoOq]zx o mo"pMû
|~p rueOp y"qzpMw"^vmuespMw"^vmuesb prO gxOmusûOMuesûMuq_|qp x pzr|PqMuesto

" m{yeuexûry"q_|PMMuesû"prx{ zMzr|4v|"ym|xOb pzPxro"prxt uMo"p_zxOmoex |Oz
omzMzr|epmuOqx oz{mu |_| sOwOpMpmueszPzPxû s}ym| uxOmuCM " M pO) qruMy|~p
M| oMyMyxemusOwMpMpmu"s_zt|~pxOmu smy"qmoeûxOmuz"o_urory]wmu
N ?YdYd^TUacW^)Xdlm[]XXdl^V4KTUV4["W;Q@S"WmYXZ["WeX[eQ`ZSeYZYeV@SeT)V@Xd`Z"nOXdlmV@WS"MMajSemYdijenrmYacW^R[^rV4
P["ij^VfhSe`[]iciA`dmW^W^V@Ò[PXZV?YdMYXdV4TRYajiciAYdS"TUVXZajTUV4YijV~["KXdSUic["`deV?V4`d`ZS"`Y4l^V4gra;W^S]X
WmV@V4gXZSU^SU[UicS]XQ4[]iQî[PXZajSeWKXZSU^VXdV4`dTUacW^VXdlmacY4
p^qtûextxO|Oz uexO q|Ozxemu zPxwz"ueq_uexO q|4pxOû}|4p^qewzPxOsM @z uueru"p
|"yMyz"oetxOûue y]wzr|~û u"xO q &
N SeWM"V@`YdV@ic"nOaf6XdlmV@TUV4["W(QS"WYX[]WOX["Q`ZSeYZY V@MW^Seic^YWM^TV4`4nma V"bQ4[]W;P[]`Z

XZl^`ZS"êlRXdl^V`Z^Wg[eYXZl^V"V@icSrQajXU["`dacV4Y4nOXdl^V4WXZl^V@l["V.WmS]XTU[erVXZl^V@ac`Q@[eYV"V4`d)V4iji
ajWmQ@VXdl^V4lm[eV[eYdYd^TUV4;YXdV4[erKYXZ[]XdV[]WmgXZl^V )rSMV4YWmS]XV@WOXdV4àjWOXZSUXdl^V
^ ; Z $ bEj L
.Z LEG@ d;Z;b..CLC @QC C EC@CEb, EGbZ< L!
G LbhEZ< L7 L;,Cb,,.M. & h Lw;Z b .L!
X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a
Q@[]iQmic[]XdacS"WAnOXdlmV@W;Xdl^VSeWîcK`ZV4["YdS"WKXdlm[]XT)V4WOXdacS"W;fhS"`XZl^V"V4ijSrQajXRXZS)P["`dK^^`dacW^)XdlmV
mijibS"mic;_VV~Q@[]YVf
P["`dacV4Y[eY[#fhmWmQXZajSeW;S"f
XZl^Vmicifh`["QXZajSeWA$l^V@Klm["VW^S"X
rV@eV@icS"\_V4KXdlâY[]`Z"mT)V4WOXYd QacV@WOXdic"
ruexuzPxMsû^zMzoeô|4pxem uo|~pt { |4prx xO muoesMx| yOuE ô"s|]umz s
q|PMruesru"prxsewMpMpmueszo"p^q stq_|]u omzPx|4pro |~pmumz7x|Oz{ zPxewyOoexûeqxOmoex
xemuûry ] |xMq umzp xtôesMqewMs|~prsO wOp Mq |Oz wzOzr| po]v wrx |ezo"p
u]prx|sûMy"q_|POruesû"pMx|OzMzwûsûryOoexruOqx xOmu qû]prx|~prtqMumzr|Op sM|
sûo|4pz " p_zPxô"prx
N f
XZl^VV^[]TU\îcV4YbeajeV@W;ajW;XdlmV\m[]\_V@`rSRWmS]X`dV4\^`ZV4YdV@WOXXdl^VQlm["`Z[eQXZV@`ZacYXdaQ@YS]f6[)XO\macQ4[]i
rajVQ4["YXdacWÛTU[eQlâcW^V"nrlMXZSU\^`dV~YV4WOXbXZl^V@T[PX.["iji ;lMg[]`ZVXdl^V(dTUS"`ZVrV@XZ["ajicV4
Q@[]iQmic[]XdacS"WmYZ#WmS]X\^`ZV4YdV@WOXdV~nrajWYXZV4[";S"f1XdlmVXd`ZajMa[]i`ZV4YdîXYbXdlm[]X.[]`ZVYl^SPW_
mumz]uu"ôm{yeumzqru pzPxMsroexûxemoextxOmuCM ] M pM)uexe q|OzuesMs pmu wz
o]p^qxOmoextxOm uCMdo"wrxO s_z
MM #uexO qz wmyeqvmuoOq {rxruOq s xOmu"s_uexO M qmz
vômz"uOq pz |Pu"prx|P| {rs_|~p |~{myOumz62vûrym|]ueruxOmoextxO|ez|ezotûesM q
sruMomz pb
.)
A&Ah:U6lG#QZFZ

X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a

Q

U C
U zS aV n LV
S
&S aV c
U )V
U U
U .
Uv
U v
bV 0
} 7SOv CT
~v U eV
U v !
V UU
S U
U
V
U )V
0V
V
CT
0n
U )V
U aV
U #v
wS U C
wv
!
fv
oV U
UU
C
X #v
~v < aV U
c
Og
U #v
v
V ^nwV
S ;S9?=5B9S3GHV#Mh5K3;Z3G=5K4!2xS*D=9AWF5K= UU M4G= UU 3GHv2=9vL=;l9A23!Dlywr{-N-Mg4G= UU ;vj35B3@D3C3!5
23DXY
5K3<9AWF5,D3GHeN
} ;2R5B9L9:7bV 3 U =9S35ywrwC{ HU3C 3 U R]V!3GHC7ED9SRv 2=9\7 ;1DR#v 4= UU 3HT}}`wr#} NJS 2=6H2RYV!3H
9A26=9L9A27 ;"D3
v 4!5B3=9:7 RYD~jv R]W U HiV!5KR0 3@X!3<9>9S3!5>N`} VFV!5KR!T 7bV =9S3 U M9<jv RgM3=!5K; =[RSJ\v 5KR!9S3= U 3<9>9S3!5o9SR
y 9S3 3p H06 =!5nHMGxYHb7E5B34A9SR5*R0an 5K3;?3=!5n462=FD6H03HYW64=9:7 R]D&Pn R5L}}`wr$r
F
} fj= U 3<9>9S35w-S D3C 3!5o;WUXa"V 7 9>9S3Hat N
}pR#vJ
S 26=! 3"HU3G47 HU3GHg9A26=9`7 9`7 ;l9:7b\V 39SRg;Z3!D6H9A23 U 3<9>9S3!5*=FD6Hg9SRXV =aA 3(7 9LRYV!3D"9SR9A23VFWFX U 7 4UNwJS 26=!3
= U RYD[@4R5,5K3;V!RYD6H3D437#
v 7 9A2F]=FW U m5K= U R#jv 35.xJPn R5<\V 35oH7E5K3G4<9SR5*R0cn 4<ReVf(V WFD!7 4G=9:7 RYD3Pn R5L}}`wr#} x
v\27 462HU3;:46587EX!3;&#V MhX6=9>9 U 319SROVUWFX U 7 ;2@7b(V V!R5B9?=FDG9#7ED.Pn R5GV =9:7 RYDbN`} DRYV!3D U 3<9>9S35*9SRTh5>N`*=!5n=FDbx
7E5K3G4A9SR5*R^`n @=5<A 3<9:7ED[fPn R5a}}`wr$#} xv7 ;#= U ;ZR@=9>9?=64!23HvNF U 3G=;Z3g5K3G=6H@9A23;Z3 U 3<9>9S35B;N#c 23Mh5K3C 3G= U =
L
U R!9aR0Ln 7ED.Pn R5GV =9:7 R]D=FX!R]WG9oV =FDMg=;<V!34A9S;`R0n }}`wr}`g ; RYV!35K=9:7 R]D;NJS 26=! 3;<WFX)"V 7 9>9S3H@_J 3&f t
=5Q9:7 4 U 3;a9SR@9A2!7 ; 4<R]D.Pn 35B3D43&f
9A2@7EDlr U 3C 3 U =FD6Haat =FD6H0RYD U M(RYD3&Lv =;`=64G4<3VG9S3Hif,RYD U M
=6443!V9?=FD434<RL
V V=5B3Hg9SR
s 9SR0=FDGMCX!RHM(3 U ;Z3!t Ndv 3=6H0=FX!RYW9 7 91235B3FNda WU587ED[\V MhX=9>9 U 319SR
?W 7ED;?35Q9g
Y ;Z47 3!D64<37EDgHb7 34=;S9:7ED[vxQ1V =FDGM4!WU587 RYW;a9A2!7ED[;126=! 319?=aA 3!D0V U =64<3=FD6H|SOjv RYD6H35jmi =5B3"9A23<M
4<Rb7ED47 H3DG9?= U kqe
3G=6H0=FX!R]WG9a9A23;?3=FD6HOV U 3=;?3 U 3<9o\V 3l! DR#v v 2=9lMRYW9A27EDaU N
]4G=FDUDR!9#X!3 7 3 3"9A23";A7 9AW=9:7 R]D9A2=9 ]= 7EDbN 23@2RU;S9:7 7 9M ]=
5B34<37 7ED[ >5KR r9A23
3;?9?=FX 7 ;2 3!D9`7 ;"WUDFX!3 7 3 =FX 3Uxb=;\7ED6H7 7 H]W= \2Ri26=;`;<V!3DG9l9A23 =;?9
M3=!5K;\7ED05B3G;?3=!5n462(9SR
7 (V!5KR 39A23"H7 34G=;S9:7ED[vN o9l_-5B;?9 L=;l3 FV!34A9:7ED[9SRi5K3G4<367 3"= j3 4<R \3#9SRg9A234 WUXbN !=9S3!5 \23!D
#M&7 W;s7 R]D;`Hb7 ;Z=FVFV!3G=5B3Hvx -5K3G= 7 3GH@9A26=9 7 915B3 R 3G;`=5KRYWFDH \R]D3M= RYD[
7 9A2= R7 Hb7ED[
3 X=5,5n=;?; \3!D9L9SR@9A233;?9?=FX 7 ;2 \3DG9aHYW319SR@3 FV!RU;s7ED[&R p9A2319A5WG9A2;#=FDH@9A233!55KR5B;a9A23
3;?9?=FX 7 ;2 3!D9#2=; ;V!RYD;?R5K3GHeN *X!3 7 3 319A2=9a9A2313G;S9?=FX 7 ;<2 \3!D9aHUR3;1DR!9 L=FD9\V!3GRYV 319SR DR
9A26=9L9A23<Mh26=6Hi7ED 3G;S9S3GHC7ED05K3;Z3G=5K4!2 \27 462&V!5KRbHYW64<3G;`3!55BR]D3GRYW; RHU3 ; =FD6H04<R]DG9:7EDFW3G;a9SR&HUR&;?Rex
3 3!D9A2R]W[]219A23<M !DR
9A23;?3@5K3;Z3G=5K4!2 jR5 ;A \RbHU3 ;a=!5K3;Z47 3!D9:7 _]4= M&5,WFXFX!7 ;2N 23<M@HR]D 9
L=FD9\V!3R]V 319SR !DR =FX!R]WG9l9A2367E5 "7 ;W;Z31R \R]D3MGN
!"

XdV4"V ?rP[]`r ? #n

V~YX .aje"acWmY Se[en âjXdVe
SeYdV@TUSeWeX~n 4
^
Chapter B. My Relationship with Die Casting Establishment
$@"/
1`+e+-"+J
v
"
#
e["WMm[]`Z ^n~"e
^ V~QX ?^V4YXdacS"W[]îcV?V@XdlâQ@Y
.V~[]`(`~ .^["`Z^
["T`ZaXZajWÛXZSUVr\^`ZV4YZYTgQ@S"WmQ@V@`ZWmY[]_S"rX\_SeYZYacîcVajTU\^`ZS"\^`ZacVXdacV4YacW;Xdl^V[UXdl[PX
? [[]`^Yb`ZV4YdV4[]`Qle`Z["WeXY@ .Y.[ . }TUV@TV4`4n V4ijacV@eVXdlm[]XXdl^V~YV\_SeYZYacîcV
ajTU\^`ZS"\m`dacVXZajV~YQS"micg`dV~YmiXacWTU["kMajW^XdlmVrajVQ4["YXdacWÛajWrmYXd`ZijV~YdY.QS"TU\_VXZaXZajeV?XZlm[]W;XZl^V
\î["YXdaQ@Y[]WgS"Xdl^V4``dV4ic[]XdV~KacWmrmYXd`ZacV4Y4 feS"K[]WOXXdSRV4W^lm["WmQVXdlmVQS"TU\_VXZaXZajeV@W^V~YdYS"f
XZl^V
racVQ@["YXdacWÛacWmrmYXd`Z"nêS"gS"êleXXZSY^\m\Se`XracVQ@[eYXZajWÛacWmrmYXd`ZV@XdlâQ@Y["Wm;[]WmYdV4`bXdl^V
O^V4YXdacS"WmYbXZlm[PX.["`dV`[]aYV~l^V4`dV4ajW1
[]WMS"f
XZl^V`ZV4YdV4[]`QlK[[]`^Yb`Z["acYdVYV4`dacS"mYO^V~YXZajSeWmY[]WmQ@S"WmQ@V@`ZWmY[]_S"rXXZl^VVXZlâcQ4YS]fXdl^V
\^`ZSMQ@V4YZY[]Wm;Q@[eYXeV@`ZKYV4`dacS"YbYdlm[erSPYbS"WgXdl^VacWOXdV@e`dajXRXZl^SeYdVajWM"SeijeV4KajW;XdlmV\^`dSrQ@V4YZY@ W
Xdl^VfhSeijicSPacW^\[]`[]"`[]\mlmY ajiciAYd\V4ijiSerXYSeT)VS"f1XdlmVXdlâcWêY lm["V?fhS"mWm Ydê"V4YXbXdSU"Se
[]Wm["ijiXZl^SeYdVQS"WQV@`ZW^V~g["SerXXdl^VracVQ@[eYXZajWm)acWmrYXZ`dKXdlm[]XeS"_Xdl^V4KYdl^S"îgl^V@ic\;XdS
Qi[]`ZafhXdl^V~YVO^V~YXZajSeWmY@n^["WmgV@icajTUacWm[PXZVS]XdlmV@`\^`ZS"îcV@TRYajf
XZl^V@gVraYXacW;Se`Z^V@`bXdSRacWmQ`ZV4[eYV?XdlmV
racVQ@["YXdacWÛacWmrmYXd`Z Y\^`ZS]mXZY[]W;Q@S"TU\_VXdajXdac"V4W^V4YZYajXdlS]XZl^V@àcWmrmYXd`ZacV4Y4 []iYdS)bS"WrV@`
lM ? }^V@TUS"WmYXd`[PXZV4YW^SRrV~Yac`ZV?XZSR\m[]`dXdaQac\m[]XdVajWgXdlmVajTU\_S"`dXZ[]WOX.[eQlâjV4"V4T)V4WOXZY l["V
TR["rVe
?W V@\rXZV@TV4
` ^n~" ^n acWrfhSe`dTUV4> ? }Xdlm[]X []`ZV4`4 YbT)SrrV4iAS"WgXdlmVQ`ZaXZacQ4[]iAYdijSP
\îc^W^"V4`"V4ijSrQajXaY^WrfhSe^WmrV~nm["WmnMXdlmV@`ZVfhS"`ZVYSnracY["ijiAXdl^VS"Xdl^V4``dV~YV~[]`Qlm["YdV4gS"W
[]`ZV4`4 YTUSrrV@i rS"WmVM;.`~$`ZV@MaQkRfh`ZS"T ?lâcS XZ[]XdV .WâjeV@`YajX^$
S)T"`ZV4[]XY^`Z\^`ZacYdV
icV4["`dWmV4Kfh`dSeT Xdl^V[]`Ql_( .\^`daci64e
acYZYmVS"f6?acVb["YXdacW^RWêajW^V4V@`bXdl[PX ? lm["Y
S"WmQ@V["e["ajWK[[]`rV~R.`~$`ZV@MaQkUaXZl;[#"`[]WOXXZS)Q@S"WOXdacWM^V?lmacYb`ZV4YdV4[]`QlRacWXdlmacY["`dV~[^ iYSnM[
"V~[]`[Pf XZV@èS"YX[PXdV~XZlm[PX.[)`ZV@\_S"`dXS"WgXdl^V`ZV4YdîjXZYbfh`ZS"Tb`ZV@MaQk_ YQSeîcg_VS"rX[]acW^V4Kfh`dSeT
? #nmW^SRSeW^VXdlm[]X kMW^SPS"fl["Y_V@V@W(["îjVXZSWm;S"`S"^XZ[]acWgXdlâY`ZV@\_S"`dX4 ["Wm;TR[]WM
S]XZl^V@`Ylm["V?Xd`ZacV4gXdSU"V@XXdlâY`ZV@\_S"`dX4nM^rX?ajW;P[]acWA XijV~["V~YTUVbS"Wm^V@`ZajW^)l^V@Xdl^V4`YSeT)V4S"W^V
rSMV4YWmS]Xb["WOXS"Xdl^V4`ZYbXZSUkOWmSP[]_S"^XXdlâY`ZV4YdV4[]`QlA aciji1\m[ ? XZS)Xdl^Vm`YX\V4`ZYdS"W;l^S
ajicifh^`ZWâYlTUVajXdl;XdlâY`ZV@\_S"`dX4 ["icYdSUijV~[]`ZW^V4 hacFW ? # Y?.V~ QV@TV4` ^n4"
\^^îcaQ@[PXZajSeWXdl[PXS"WQVTUS"`ZV . [[]`rV4g.`~$`ZV@MaQkajXdl([]W^S"Xdl^V4`"`[]WOXXdSRrS

`dV~YV~[]`QlKSeWKXZlâcY.Yd["T)VXZS"\âQfhS"`["W^S]XZl^V@`^m^"VXeV4["`4e"e `ZV?`~`ZV@MaQk Yb`ZV4YdîXY
`dV~[]icijXdlm[]XajTU\^`ZV4YZYac"V .[eYl^VQlm[]Wm"V4KlâYTUSM^V@i lm[PXaYbXdlmVQ^`Z`dV4WOXTUSrrV4ilM
lm["VbVW^S]Xl^V~[]`K["SerXaX
["icYdS)ijV~[]`ZW^V4gajW;XZl^VYd["TUVaYZY^VS"f6?ajVb[eYXZajWmUW^"acW^V4V@`bXdlm[]X..`~b`dV4MacQk["Wm;lâcY
QSeijicV4[""^V~Yl["VV4V@W([[]`rV4["W^S]XZl^V@è`Z["WOXbSeWgXZS"\;S]fXdl^VS"Xdl^V4`ZYbXZSRrSU`dV~YV~[]`QlKS"WgXdlmV
XdSe\âcQV4WOXdajXdicV4d?V@eV@icS"\^TUV@WOX[]Wg["ij[PXdacS"W;S]f
Xdl^V V@WmYdS"` rYXdV4T; WgXZl^V
V@\^XdV@TV4` QXZS"_V@`4e
acYZYmV"n^bVijV~[]`ZW^V4KXdlm[]X.(`~ ["`d `ZajMMi nrQlm["aj`ZTR[]W;S]f
Xdl^V
? `dSrQV~YdYb
V4Ql^W^SeijSe"R["Ydk `dSe^\AnMacYb\m["`XS"fAXdl^V`ZV4YdV4["`ZQlRXZV4["T;$lâY(`~ `ZajMMiaY
Xdl^VQl[]ac`dTR[]WgS]f
Xdl^VeV@`ZQS"TUTUajXXdV4VlâcQlgfh^Wm^V4gXdl^V`ZV4YdV4["`ZQl1 .f6QS"m`ZYdV"n ["TCYd^`dVenMXdlâY
QSeîcgW^S"XVe mYXSeîKicajkeV.XZSUl^V4["`"S"m`bV@r\îc["Wm[PXZajSeWA YaXicV@eaXZajTR[PXZVPVXdlmacQ4[]iXdSUlm[eV[
TR[]WS"WgXdl^VQ@S"TUTUaXdXdV4V[b["`ZracW^#Xdl^VQlm["aj`ZTR[]W[)"`[]WOX
Se`dkMacWÛS"WgXdl^VYZ[]TUV`ZV4YdV4[]`QlK\m`dS V4QXajXdl;XdlmacY `4 `dacMOi["Y?`4`ZV@MaQkRl^SR[]iYS

X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a
`ZV4QV4ajeV4g[U"`[]WOXbTUV4WeXZajSeW^V4["SPeV" YbXdl^V4`dV[UQSeW^W^V~QXdacS"W;_VXbV@V@W;XZl^Vf["QXbXZlm[PX ["`d

`ZacOMiQSMSe\V4`Z[]XdV4gajXdl(.`~m^b`dV4MacQkSeWKXZl^VYdV@WmYdS"`\^`ZS V~QX[]Wmg"Se;^V4QaracWÛXdSU`ZV@W^V4
?`4mb`ZV@MaQk_ Yb"`[]WOXS"WgXdl^VQ@`dajXdaQ@["iAYicSP\îc^WêV@èV@icSMQ@aXK\^`dS V4QX SeîcgicajkeV?XZSUijV~[]`ZW
lm[]XXdl^V`ZV4[eYSeWâjWmfhS"`Q@S"WOXdacWMâcW^)XdSUfh^Wm?`4`ZV@MaQk[Pf XZV@`"Segl["gijV~[]`ZW^V4KXdlm[]XlâY
`ZV4YdV4[]`Ql["Y\^`ZS"mijV4TU[]XdaQ]
.mraXZajSeWm[]icic"n ijV~[]`ZW^V4KXdlm[]X.(`~ XdV4"V .rP["`ZrKb[eY"ac"V@W[)ic["`deV["TUS"^WOXS]f6TUS"W^V4RXdS
YXdmr;raYX[]WmQ@VQ@S"TUT#mWâcQ4[PXZajSeWmY@ []TCYd^`ZVXdlm[]X.(`4 ?rP[]`rgQ4[]W;V@W^lm["WmQV . Y
[]majicaXRacWgâcYXZ["WmQVijV~[]`ZWâcW^["WmXZlm[PXbXdlmacYaYblORlmV?["Yb[b["`Z^V4UXZlâcYbe`Z["WeX~ []T[]iYdS)Yd^`ZV
Xdl[PX.(`~ .rP["`ZrKlm["Y["ijiXZl^VQ`ZV4^V@WOXda[]iYbW^V@V~rV4gfhS"`YdmQl;`dV~YV~[]`QlA ?W^VQ@[]WSeWîjKSeWmrV@`
lMlâY\^`ZV4YdV@WOXZ[]XdacS"Wgb[eYW^S]X.[e^rV4KXdS)XZl^
V ? }\m`dSrQV4V4racWÔY@ ?W^VTR[K[]iYdS)bS"WrV@`
lMRXdlmV@`ZVacY[)W^V4V4gXdSrSRYdmQl;`dV~YV~[]`QlKl^V4W;YdSUT#mQl`ZV4YdV4[]`Qllm[eY[]ic`dV~["rR_V@V4W(rS"W^VacW
XdlmacY["`dV~[#MRXZl^VbS"`Zic YbfhS"`ZV@TUSOYXV4rQ@[PXZajSeWm[]iV@r\V4`XY@ [M_VaXaYV~Q@["mYVâcYXZ["WmQV
QSeTUT#^WâQ@[]XdacS"W;Se`dkrYr!a _V4`dV4WOXdicRfhS"G` . YXdl^V4`dV[UQSeW^W^V4QXdacS"W;V@XV4V@W((`~ XdV4"V
.rac^`dV~Q["XZ`ZS"^` V4bajWmS"î[gbij["ac`Zk"rVV~XdRSUXZicl^V4ac["Y`dWg"`Xd[]l^WOVX`Z["V4Wm[egYSel^WmacYbY"l^SeS"gireacW^S"RmQ[lmYZ\_[PSefhYdV?ajXdXdaclmS"acW(Y["TUY Se W^V@.RXZ SR( Y`4 `dV~ .YrV~[]P`[]Q`lr
[]iYdS)bS"micgijack"VXZS)kMW^SPaf$(`~ .rP["`Zr YrrXZajV~Y["Yrac`ZV4QXZS"`S]f6V4^mQ@[]XdacS"W;ajWmQ@ijrV
kMW^SPicV4reV["Wm;`dV~YV~[]`QlajW;XZlâcY.[]`ZV4[^ f$YSnrlOgacYbXZl^V@`ZV[)W^V@V~XZSR\m[K(`~ .rP["`Zr
["mraXZajSeWm[]iTUSeWâjV~YbXdSrS)XZl^VSe`dkUXZlm[PXlmVb[eYlmaj`ZV4gfhS"àcW;Xdl^V`ZYX\îc[eQV
V.bV@`ZVajW^fhS"`ZT)V~RMR(`4e ["ijkMacW^]XZS"WSeWUXdl^V_V@lm["ifAS"f . ajWRXZl^V .SPeM?V4Q~"? aYZY^V
Xdl[PX[]`ZS"^WK ["`ZQlgS"` \^`Zaci$4"
MnMbV?bS"îglm["V?Xdl^VYdS]f X[]`ZV.SeWKXZl^VQ`ZaXZacQ4[]iAYdijSPt\mij^Wm"V@`
"V4ijSrQ@aXe YbXZl^V@`ZV[UQSeW^W^V4QXdacS"W;V@XV4V@W;XdlmacYYdS]f X[]`ZV" Yb[]\^\m["`dV4WOX^V@i["V4g[]\^\_V4["`Z["WmQV[]W
XdlmVf["QXXZlm[PXXZl^V`ZV4YdV4[]`QlacW ?lâjSUlm[eY\^`ZSM^mQV~XZS]XZ["ijicacWmQSe`d`ZV4QX[]WmgS Om[eYV`ZV4YdîjXZY
[]TY^`ZVXdlm[]XXdl^V4`dV["`dV`ZV4["YdS"WY\m`dV4"V@WOXZajW^ ? }fh`dSeTCQSeT)\mijV@XdacW^[]Wmg\^^mijaYlmajWÛXZlâY
YdS]f X[]`ZV Seî mYXijack"V?XdS)kMW^SPlm[PXbXdlmV@K["`dVe ["T[]iYS)Ym`dV?Xdlm[]XXZl^V^[PXZV.XZlâY[]`dXdaQicV
Q@["TUVSerX# .SPmP?V4Q)4e? e["YbS"WîcgQ@S"acWmQarV4WeX[]icijRacTUTUV4ra[PXZV@icg[Pf XZV@` YV4WOXeS";T#g\m[]\_V@`
[]WK\^`ZS"\_SeYZ[]iSeWKXZl^VYdl^S]XYdijV4V@"VR V@\rXZV@TV4`4e? e
l[PX.rSU"SeKXZlâcW^k^
ack"V4acYdV"n ijV~[]`ZW^V4KXdlm[]X(`46[]ickMajW^"XdSeWAnrS"W^VS"f1XdlmVeSP"V4`dW^Se`ZYS]f . n[]iYS)`dV~QV4ajeV4K[
"`[]WOX~ YbXZl^V@`ZV[UQS"WmW^V4QXdacS"W;V@XV4V@WgXdlâY"`[]WOXV4ajWm[b["`ZrV~UXdS `4r[]ickMajW^"XdSeW;["WmKlmacY
\_SeYdaXZajSeWlm[]X.[]_S"rXXdlmVQS"WmW^V4QXdacS"W;V@XV4V@WlâY`dV~QV4ajMacW^#XZl^V"`[]WOX[]Wm;lâYbfhS"`ZTUV@`
\_SeYdaXZajSeW;[eYbXdl^Vrac`ZV4QXZS"`S"f ? `dV~YV~[]`Ql ["TCYm`dVXdl[PX"`[]WOXb[eY[b["`Z^V4["YdV4gS"W
TUV@`ZaXSeWîc" SPbV@eV@`~n lm[eVYdV@`ZajSemYQSeWmQV4`dWmY["SerXlâY`dV~YV~[]`QlA []TYm`dV?Xdlm[]XXdl^V~YV
QSeWmQV4`dWYb["`dV^W^fhS"^Wm^V4n^mrX bS"micgijack"VXZSRkOWmSPlm[]X `4$[]ickMajW^"XdSeWA YQ@`dV~rV@WOXZac["icY[]`ZV
acWgXZlâY[]`ZV4[S]f`dV~YV~[]`QlA
l^VXZl^`dV4VT)SOYXacTU\Se`X[]WOX.[]`ZV4[eYacWrajVQ4["YXdacW^R[]`ZVXdl^VQ@`dajXdaQ@["iAYicSPt\îc^WêV@`"V4ijSrQ@aXenMXdl^V
\ f_tra[]"`[]Tnr[]WXZl^V`dmW^W^V@`YdrYXZV@TC^V4YdajeWAl^V`ZV4YdV4[]`QlKYd\SeWmYdS"`ZV4M> . S"W;XZl^V
Q`ZajXdaQ@[]iAYdicSP\îc^WêV@`"V4ijSrQ@aXRaY[]YSeijrXZV@ic^WrfhSe^WmrV~;V~Q@[]YVajXOacS"i[PXZV4YbXZl^Vm["YdaQ?\mlOrYdacQ4Y
i[Y@$l^VacTU\îjV4TUV@WOXZ[]XdacS"W;S]fXdl^V\ _ ra[]"`[]T aY["icYdS)["mYdS"icrXdV4ijmWmYSe^Wm;_V4Q@["mYdV["e["ajWAn
ajXOacS"i[PXZV4YXdlmVm["YdacQ\^lMrYdacQ4Yic[Y4 ?W^VS]f1XZl^V[]Y^`rajXdacV4YS"f1XdlmV\^`dV4MajSemYbT)SrrV4iAaYbXdl^VarV4[
Xdl[PX\îc^WêV@`ra[]TUVXZV@`lm[eYbXdSrV~Q`ZV4[eYVajWSe`ZrV4`bXdSUajWQ`ZV4["YdVXdl^VO[PXZVeV@icSrQajX"$lâY
QSeWmQicmYdajSeW S]fXdl^V\m`dV4OacS"YTUSrrV4ibMacS"i[PXdV~YYV4"V4`Z["i\^lMrYdacQ4Yic[Y4 .Y[Urac`dV~QX.Q@S"WmYdV4O^V4WmQVen
XdlmVrV4YdajeWgS"f
XZl^V`Z^W^W^V4`YrYXdV@T ["Y\m^îcacYdl^V4;acFW . }icaXZV@`[PXZ^`dVacY4nm[PX_V4YX4n
VMXZ`dV4T)V4ijKb[eYXZVfhî
.Y"S"[]iYdSkMW^SPn . An bnrXdlmV.V4\m[]`dXdTUV@WOXS"fWmV@`Z""nr["Wm;S]XdlmV@`YY\_S"WmYdS"`ZacW^
`ZV4YdV4[]`QlacW;Xdl^V~YV["`dV~["YbV^QV4V4KXdl^VXZV@WmYS]f
TUacijicacS"WmY4nm[]WKeVX\^`ZSrrmQVV4`d`ZS"W^V4S"mY`ZV4YdîXY@
[]TXdl^VSeW^Vl^SRraYdQ@SP"V@`ZV4RXdl^VQ@S"`Z`dV~QX\^`ZSMQ@V4rm`dVajW_S]XZl["`dV~["Y4 Xl["Y_V@V@WT
. s
A&Ah:U6lG#QZFZ

QSeWeXZajWM^SemY[PXdXdV4T)\^XXdSRTR[]keV . }\m[]`dXS]fXdl^V~YV[eQlâcV@"V4TUV@WOXZY4V@X4nêS"YXZajiciAlm[eV?WmS]X
`dV~Y\_S"WrV4KXdSUT#K`dV4\V~[PXdV~K`ZV4O^V~YXYbfhS"`[)"`[]WOX~ YbXZl^V@`ZV[`ZV4[eYSeWXZlm[PXajXlm["YX[]k"V4WgeS"
"V~[]`YXZSR"ac"VTUV[WmV@e[]Xdac"V[]WYbV@` YXdl^V4`dV[UQSeW^W^V~QXdacS"W;_VXbV@V@W(["WOKS]f1XZl^V[]_SP"V
ajW^fhS"`ZTU[]XdacS"W[]Wm;l^SPijSeWÛaXl["YbXZ["k"V4WgeS"
icV4[eYVYV4V?XZl^VajTU\^`ZV4YZYac"V\m["`XZac["i MijaYXbS]fAXZl^VXdlâcWÔYXZlm[PX lm["V["QlâcV@eV4 ["T Xdl^VS"WmV?l^S
fhS"^W ["`d_V@`~ YT)SrrV4iXdSU_VXdS"XZ[]icicK[]Wm["mYSeij^XdV@icR`ZS"W^ []T[]iYS)XdlmVS"W^V`ZV4Yd\SeWmYacîcV
fhS"`mWrajWmUXdl^V\ _ ra[]e`Z["T ajTU\îcV@TUV@WOX[PXdacS"WgXdSR_V`ZS"W^ []TCXdl^VSeW^Vl^SUacY
`dV~Y\_S"WYacîcV?fhSe`mWmracWÛXZl^VQSe`d`ZV4QXb\ _ ra[]e`Z["T ajTU\îcV@TUV@WOX[PXdacS"W1 []TCXdl^VSeW^Vl^S
rV@eV@icS"\_V4KXdl^VQ@`dajXdaQ@["iA[]`ZV4[UQSeWmQV4\rX4 []T XZl^VS"WmVlmSrV@eV@icS"\_V4KXdl^VV~QS"WmS"TUacQ4[]i`Z^W^W^V4`
rV4Ydac"WQS"WQV@\^X4 WT#eV4["`ZYbS]f6`ZV4YdV4[]`QlacW;Xdl^V["`dV~[#S"f6racVQ@[eYXZajW^ lm["VW^S"X.QS"TUV["Q@`dSOYdY
[]WM`ZV4YdV4["`ZQlKXdlm[]Xb[eYbYd\_S"WmYdS"`ZV4KO> ? }lmacQl;b[eYQSe`d`ZV4QX["WmSe`lâcQl;\^`ZSrrmQV~
mYdVfhî`ZV4YdîjXZY YbXdlmV@`ZV["WOQ@S"`Z`dV4ic[]XdacS"WR_VXbV@V4WKXZl^Vf["QXbXdl[PX[]ici_Xdl^VacT)\_S"`dXZ["WOXâcYZQSPeV@`ZajV~Y
XZlm[PX []T[b["`dV?S]fZblm[eVV4V@W(raYdQ@SP"V@`ZV4W^S]XacWMOmrXS"rXYarVS]f ? bS"îKicack"VXdS
l^V4["`[]_S"rX.["WMeXZlâcWÛajW;T#;[]`ZV4[S]f
V@r\V4`XZacYdVYm\^\Se`XZV4gM ? }lmacQlaYmYV@fhî1["Wm
QSe`d`ZV4QX YbXdlmV@`ZV[)Q@S"W^WmV4QXZajSeWg_VXbV@V4W;Xdl^VfhSe`dV4"S"acWâcYZYmV4Y[]WKXZl^Vf["QXXdlm[]X.YSUTR[]WMS"f
Xdl^VâjVQ4["YXdacWÛV@WêajW^V4V@`Y lm[eV?TUV@X.rSRW^S]X_V@icajV4"VacW(YdQ@ajV4WmQV
(S"`ZV`dV~QV4WeXZijen l["VijV~[]`ZW^V4KXdlm[]X"Se^`YV~Q`ZVXZ["`dm]["YZYaYX[]WOX4nO1`ZaQa[)[]`Z"V@i nMlm["YWmSP_V@V@W
[b["`Z^V4SeW^VS]f6"Se^`"`[]WOXZY[]WgaYrSeajWÛ`ZV4YdV4["`ZQlgS"W;\SeijicrXdacS"W1 ["TCYm`dVXdlmV"`[]WOXb["Y
"ac"V4Wgm[eYV~KSeW;Om["ijajQ4[PXdacS"W[]WgTUV4`dajXS"Wîc" SeîKicajkeVXdSUkMW^SPlm[]X. Y4 []`Z"V4i Y
Q`ZV4rV4WOXda[]iYajW;XdlmV\SeijicrXdacS"W`ZV4YdV4["`ZQlK["`dV~[["`dV .[eYYl^V^S"W^V[]WM`ZV4YdV4["`ZQlKS"W\SeijicrXZajSeW
V@fhS"`ZV~ f$Ydl^Vlm["Y^S"W^V`ZV4YdV4[]`QlacW;Xdlm[]X.[]`ZV4[^nMl^V4`dV["YajX\^^îcaYl^V~mlMK["YdWA Xl^V@`
`dV~YV~[]`QlKbS"`ZkR\^^îcaYl^V~m f6aX?b[eY\m^îcacYdl^V4An^l^V@`ZVQ@["W S"rX[]acW;[RQ@S"\MRS]fXdlmV`dV~YV~[]`Ql
YXdlmacYXZS"\âQ\m[]`dXS]f$ Y4 []`Z"V4i YrrXdacV4Y.[PXl^V@` Se f$YSnracYdWA XXdlâY[UrSe^îcV\m[MT)V4WOX
?`\V4`dl[]\mY4nrb[eYbXdlâY["WgV@OXZ`Z[UYdV@\m["`Z[]XdV~\m[MTUV@WOX;lmV@`ZVQ@[]W S"rX[]acWKXZl^VmWm["WmQa[]i
`dV4\Se`XSeWgl^SPXdl^VTUSeW^V@gb[eYbYd\_V@WOX
1Se"V@Xdl^V4`VT#YX\^`ZS"TUS"XdVrajVQ4["YXdacWÛkMW^SPijV~r"Ve []TrS"acWÛT#KrXdTUSeYXXdSUacWmQ`ZV4[eYVXZl^V
QSeT)\_VXZaXZajeV@W^V~YdYS]f1XZl^VracVQ@[eYXZajWÛacWmrmYXd`ZajXdlS"m`[]`QlK`ZajP[]iY 6Xdl^V\î["YXdaQ@YacWmrYXZ`denMXdl^V
QSeT)\_SeYdajXdVTR[PXZV@`Zac["i_acWmrYXZ`denm[]WmgS]XZl^V@àcWmrYXZ`dacV4Y4 ["TCQ@["ijicacWÛS"W;V@"V4`deS"W^V?XdS SeajWTUVXdS
["rP["WmQVXdlmVkOWmSPijV~r"VS]f
Xdl^VâjVQ4["YXdacWÛ\^`dSrQ@V4YZY@
lm[]WmkK"SefhSe`"S"m`QS"WYarV@`[PXZajSeWA
acWmQV4`dV4ijen
V@WâQkg["`r(V@ac`4n l1
bSe["`ZKS]f SP"V@`ZW^Se`ZY
0b ..
}TUV@TV4`ZY
.WM"S"WmVlmSUQ4[]`ZV["SerX.racVQ@[eYXZajWÛacWmrmYXd`Z
X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a
>),+
( ,q"
b#' $&&/ g"/ a
F U
U #v
3n <V
0n eVfV
}`wr$} $S !
U
U #v
U
^]7_ aV
}`wr$}V
U
U
U
@T aV U ^nwV
^] _
&v
U
}`wr}
& 0n .n GV {a !n
U #v
U
&v U U oS
\V
]=FW m5n= R j3!5p7 ;a9A23 PR5 \35 Hb7E5B34A9SR5*R m4<R (WFD!7 4G=9:7 RYD;a=9"}
#N J26= 3"9A5P7 3H&9SROVUWFX 7 ;2
=5Q9:7 4 3; =FX!RYW9a4!5P7 9:7 4G= ;<2R ;<2R!9L; 33 3(=FD6H@9A23&V H7 =[]5K= r9A2F5BR]W[]20}
1=[U=7ED3UN
p3!5K3g7 ; =FD(3 != (V 3R #MCX=9>9 319SRVFWUX 7 ;<2"9A23(=!5B9:7 4 3@5K3[U=5nH7ED[CV
N JRYW :WHU[3 239A235
}
26=;X!3G3!D3DG9A2FW;s7 =;S9:7 41=FX!RYW91VUWFX 7 ;2!7ED[g9A2!7 ; 7ED6H&R j7ED PR5 =9:7 RYDbN 3D= n9S3!5lC5>N
m5n= R j3!5*;Z=7 H@9A26=9123 jRYW HiVUWFX 7 ;<2@7 9 *2=6H&9SR04RYD9:7EDUW3 \M;S9A5W[U[ 3FN
"!$#&%&')(*+( ,%.-/#0 1! 32)2)2
&S
9l_-5K;S9 Y;?3DG9`=
U 39>9S3!5-9SRTh5>N`m5n= U R#vj3!5jfE}`W[
$[]miA+^b`Z["ijSPbV@`
? #nraXZS"`

V~YX .aje"acWmY SO["n maXZV"
SOYV4T)SeWOX4n 4
^

s)ti
?V4[]` `4b`[]icSPV4`
icV4[eYV?mWm;V4WmQicSeYdV4KXS( "QSe\âcV4YS]f
Xdl^V\[]\_V@`RdlmVTU[]Xdl^V4TR[PXdaQ@["iXdl^V4S"`ZS]f
Xdl^V\' _
ra[]e`Z["TU)Yd^^TUaXdXdV~gMTrYV4iffhS"èS"^``ZV@MajV4$lâcY\m[]\_V@àYacWeXZV@Wm^V4gXdSU_VQS"WYarV@`ZV4
fhS"`\m^îcacQ4[PXdacS"WacW 46587:9<;>=@?A58BDCFE<B@C<58BG7D7@H,
^Se`"Se^`QS"WMeV@WâcV@WmQ@V acWmQicmrV[UraYk; fhSe`dTR[PXajXdl((aQ`ZSeYdS]f X .fhS"àcWmrSP
fhS"`ZTR[PXh\ r acbS]fXdl^V\m["\V4`4nr\_SeYXZYZQ`Zac\rXP\âcQXmijV~YS]f
Xdl^V"^`ZV4Yhm"^`ZV4Y["Wm e f
XdlmV@`ZVaY["WOXdlâcW^)Xdlm[]X Q4[]WrSUXdSUl^V4ij\\îcV4[eYVrSUW^S"Xl^V4YdajXZ[PXZVijV@XT)VkMW^SP
lm["W^k"SeKfhSe`"Se^àjWOXdV4`dV~YXacW;S"^`bS"`Zk
V~Y\_V4QXfhîcij;Ym^TUaXdXdV4An
?`4 V4WâcQkgb["`r(V@ac`
0b [][)`Z`ZYdRl^Se`XajW^rkMacVicV@Q@` ["YXdacWÛicacYX
V@WQi ??SracYdQk ^TUV@WOXY@n
p3H7 HDR!95B3G;<V!R]DHU3GH@9SR@9A27 ;
$[]miA+^b`Z["ijSPbV@`
U 39>9S3!5>xb;?RSY;Z3!D9\27bVr=FD@=6HUHb7 9:7 RYD6= U RYD3"RYDXm34<30VX!3!5Ivx s]N
? #nraXZS"`

V~YX .aje"acWmY SO["n maXZV"
SOYV4T)SeWOX4n 4
^
?V4[]` `4b`[]icSPV4`
l["VW^S]X`ZV4QV4ajeV4K"S"m``ZV@\îcRXZS)TQV4`XZamV~KTR["ajiXZS)eS";^[PXZV4>êmYX n4e
ajW;lâQl
V@WmQ@ijSOYV~XZl^V\m[]\_V@èl^VTR[PXdlmV@TR[PXZacQ4[]iXdlmV@S"`ZS"f1XdlmV\ _ âc[""`[]TR["rXdlmS"`ZV4MgT#rYV4if
fhS"èS"^`Q@S"WmYdac^V@`[PXdacS"W [RQ4Q?["Y["icYdSUYV4WeXXZS []`Z`ZRajW^kMicV@`fh`ZS"T .[]`d<X D4V@ici icV4[eYV
QSeWmYdacrV4`\^^îcaYlâcWÛT#g\m[]\_V@àcW;Xdl^VV~[]`ZijacV4YX\SOYdYdajmijVaYdYd^Ve _V@icajV4"VXdlm[]XXdlâY\m["\V4àcYS]f
VMXZ`dV4T)VacTU\Se`X[]WmQ@V?XZSUXdl^VâjVQ@[eYXZajWmV@i
^WmrV4`ZYXZ["WmXZlm[PXeS";lm["V_V@V@WeV@`ZR^mYdKajXdl;Xdl^Vi["YXVrlâcâjXdacS"W([]Wm;QSeW^"`ZV4YZY4
SPbV@eV@`~n XdlmajW^kKXdlm[]XXdlâY\m["\V4`rV4YdV@`Z"V~Y[U\^`dSeTU\rXl^V4["`dacW^m
rSUW^S]X.[""`ZV@VaXZl;eS"^`YXZ[]XdV@TUV4WeXacW;"S"m`.V~QV@TV4G` ^nA~" icVXXZV@`XZSUT)VYXZ[]XdacW^)Xdlm[]X
"lmacY\m["\V4àcYlâjelîcRXdV~Ql^WâQ@[]!i XdSMS)XdV4QlmWâcQ4[]iajXdl^SerX.[)ijV~YdY XdV4QlmWâcQ4[]im[eQkOe`dSe^Wm
.
A&Ah:U6lG#QZFZ

V r\î[]Wm[]XdacS"WgfhS"`Se^`"V4W^V@`[]i`ZV4["^V@`Yc rSRWmS]XV4ijacV@eVXdlm[]X.raYdQ@S"^WOXdacWÛ"Se^``dV~["rV4`ZYbaY
l^V@ic\rfhî lm["VTUVX.YdS"TUVS]f6"Se^``dV~["rV4`ZY[]WKlm[eVfhS"^WmgXZl^V@TCXdSUVeV@`ZacWeXZV@icijac"V4WOX4n^[]W
fh^`dXdl^V4`dTUS"`ZVXdl^V4K`ZV4["ijicQ@["`dV[]_S"^XbXZl^VracVQ@[eYXZajWÛacWmrmYXd`Z" V4ijacV@eVXdlm[]XXdl^V4KQ@["W mr"V
fhS"`XZl^V@TRYdV@ic"V4Y4 V4"V@`dXdlmV@icV4YZY@n l["VOacV@irV~XZS)eS"^`rV4TR[]Wm;[]Wmglm[eV?V4ijacTUajWm[]XdV~KTR[]WMRS"f
Xdl^VTR[]Xdl^V4TU[]XdaQ@["i1rV@`Zac[]XdacS"WmYfh`ZS"T XZlâY\m[]\_V@`XdSRYd[]XdaYfhK"S"m`rV4Ydaj`ZV?XdSRlm[eV[ReYacTU\îjV~
\^`ZV4YdV@WOXZ[]XdacS"WA$lâY\m["\V4`4nrl^SPbV@eV@`~nOYXdacici1QSeWeX[]acWmYbXdlmVV4YZYV4WeXZac["icYXZSRV^WrV@`YXZSMSM;QicV4["`dic"
icV4[eYVW^S"XdVXdlm[]X aciciaXZlmr`[tXdlmV\m[]\_V@àjf rSRW^S"X`dV~QV@ac"V[)`ZV@\îcKYXZ[PXZajWm)eS"^`
ajWOXZV@WOXdacS"WmYMO[]WMm["`d"n~"e^nOajW;`dajXdacW^ rSUV4ijacV@eV.XZlâY\m[]\_V@àcijiAQl[]WêVXdlmV[R\ _
ra[]"`[]T Q4[]iQî[PXZajSeWmY[]`ZV?TR["^V"$l^V\ _ ra[]e`Z["T;nr[eYeS"gkOWmSPnOaYXdl^VQ@V@WOXd`[]i\m["`XS]f
Xdl^V
Q@["icQ@îc[]XdacS"WmY["Wm;rV4YdajeWKXZlMmYXdlmV\m[]\_V@àjXZYdV@ijfaYS"fYZ[]TUVajTU\_S"`dXZ[]WQV"
lmS"\_VXdlm[]X"S"g`dV~[]icijgrSRYV4V?XZl^VacT)\_S"`dXZ["WmQVS"f6[erP[]WmQ@ajWÛkMW^SPicV4reV?acW;Xdl^VâjVQ4["YXdacW^
ajWrmYXd`Z"n^[]WnMl^S"\_V.XZlm[PX"SeKacijiQ@SOSe\V4`Z[]XdV?aXZlXdlmSeYdV?l^S)lm[eV.TR["rV.Xdl^VTR[ Se`\m`dSe"`ZV4YZY
ajW;XZlâcY.[]`ZV4[^
lm[]WmkK"SefhSe`"S"m`QS"WYarV@`[PXZajSeWA
acWmQV4`dV4ijen
.`~ V@WmacQk;b["` (V4aj`
0b bSTUMV4XdT#V4`4_n^V@`Y Q~icajT#XdaQ]n Q@S]XdX4nracicYdS"WAn S"ici[]Wmn^bV4lîjV4`4n^?^\^`ZV"n[]WmYdS"TUVS]XdlmV@G` ?
OR6 S"acWm;Q@ij\^m`d^SeajmW^[]m["ijijikMXZW^l^SPVS]XZMl^V@`WâcSPWMt"V~XZYlmXZ[PajOX [PXdacS"["W`d_YV@XZ`~lm Y[PXTUSrlmrV@V4`ZiAVacYXd["S]YdXV4[]gicijS"gW;[]aWmX~;n^V@[]emV@YdW;S"icarfXZXdV@lîcV4Kb`dSeV@W^`ZV
Yd\_S"WmYdS"`ZV4KO . .iji1Xdl^V`ZV4YdV4["`ZQl^V4`ZY[]e`dV4V4gaXZl;TUVacWgXZl^Vi["YXQ@S"Wê`dV~YdY
UU
&V
bV
lV
7V
kV CT U
fv
U bV
= 7 9A2=923
3 A9 26=9 3<9>9S35o[R9#27 r[UR7ED[@=FD6HO23 =FD=[U3GHg9SR&[39 \3(= 3<9>9S3!5c7ED \27 462&23(4
;?3DG9 \@
3 2!7 ;15K3 7 ;s7 R]D;N 3 xe5K3G=6Hh=FX!R]WG9#7 9 7ED \MhD3 9 3<9>9S
3 5 HU=9S3H =FDUW6=!5BM vx ]
t N
$[]îAmb`Z["ijSPbV@`~n
UU
? #nâXZS"`

V~YX .aje"acWmY Se[en âjXdVe
SeYdV@TUSeWeX~n 4
^
zx
s
. V~[]`(`~b`Z["ijSPbV@`
lm[]WmkK"SefhSe`"S"m`f[Pg^[]XdV~;?V4Q@V@TV4`]^n~"
acWlâcQl;"Se;["ijicV@eV4KXdlm[]X"SegYdV@WOXTUV
"Se^``dV4MacYdajSeWmYXdSUT#g\m[]\_V@`RZl^VTR[PXdlmV@TR[PXZacQ4[]iXdlmV@S"`ZS"f
XZl^V\ _ âc[""`[]T IJ^)a
j)0a )HLIONXR.PJ)|CebIO iciXdlmV\m[]`dXdacV4YbXZlm[PXeS]XXdlâYacWrfhS"`ZTR[PXZajSeW;["WmKTrYV4if
mWmgXdlâY
\m[]\_V@`XZSRS]f6VMXd`ZV@TUVacT)\_S"`dXZ["WmQVe
âc;W^S"X`dV4OaYdV?TK\m["\V4`["Q@Q@S"`racW^#XZSU"S"m`Q@S"TUTUV@WOXZYS"WgXdlâY\m["\V4`4n^["e[]acWAnrYdajWmQ@V ra
W^S]X`ZV4Q@V@ac"V?["WM" rV~QarV4XdSU`dV4MacYdV4UXZl^V\m[]\_V@`YdajWQV raKW^S"Xb`ZV4Q@V@ac"V~K[]WMU`ZV@\îcUfh`dSeT "Se
fhS"`TUS"`ZVXdlm["W )TUSeWeXZlmY4 `ZV@MacYdV4;["Q4QSe`ZracW^XdSU"Se^`QSeTUT)V4WOXZYS"W;T#g\^`ZV@MajSemYb\m[]\_V@`SeW
Xdl^VQ@`dajXdaQ@["iAYicSP\mij^Wm"V@èV@icSrQajX" .Y YX[PXZV4;ajWTijV@XXZV@`.^[]XdV~g?V4Q@V@T#_V@` ^n4e
rn YdV@WOX
"SeKXZl^V`dV4MacYdV4g"V4`ZYdajSeWg[eY YdV@WmKXdS["ijiXZl^VQ@QicacYX4 `ZVMYdV@WOX"SeKXZl^VYd["TUVeV@`YacS"WgS"W
.V~QV4T#_V@` "^n4e
r ijV~["YdV?W^S"XdVXdl[PXXdlmacYaYXZl^Vic[eYXXZajTUV ajiciAYV4Wm;"SeKXZl^VYd["TUV\[]\_V@`
YacWmQ@V _V@icajV4"VXdl[PX"SegaciciAQi[]acT[]O[]acWXZlm[PXeS"rSUW^S]X`ZV4Q@V@ac"V[]WMS]fT#;Y^mT)ajXX[]i W
Q@[eYVXdl[PX"Se;Q@ic["ajT[]e["ajWgXdl[PX"Se;ra;W^S]X`ZV4Q@V@ac"V?Xdl^V\[]\_V@`"Se;Q4[]W;"V@X.[)Q@S"\MRfh`ZS"T
[]WM"SeW^Vl^SRacYSeWKXZl^VQ@QicaYX~ icV4["YdVV[[]`ZV.XZlm[PX Qlm[]Wm"V4KXdlmVXdajXdicVS]fXdl^V\m["\V4`
?V4Q@V@T#_V@`~n mn4"
eV@`YacS"W_$XZSRV SPtXZSRQ@[]iQmic[]XdVXdl^V'\ ~_tra[]e`Z["TQSe`d`ZV4QXdicMm
X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a
Seîc;[]\m\^`dV~Qa[PXZV?ajfeS";`dV~Y\_S"WXZSRT#V , ["ajiMKO[]WMm["`d( mn~""m ijV~["YdVQ@S"WmYdarV@`XZlâcY

\m["\V4àXZlmr`[Wgajf acijiAWmS]Xl^V4["`fh`dSeT"SegMRXZl^VTUV@WOXdacS"WmV4^[PXZVajW;`ZaXZajW^ V@TR[]aciaY
mW^Vbl^VXZl^V@`Xdl^V\m["\V4àcY[eQ@Q@V@\rXZV4
l^S"\_VXdlm[]X"S";`ZV4[]icicKrSRYV4VXdl^VacTU\Se`X[]WmQ@VS"f6[erP[]WmQ@ajWmkMW^SPicV4reVajW;XdlmVrajVQ4["YXdacW^
acWmrmYXd`Z"nr[]Wnrl^S"\_V?Xdlm[]XbeS"acijiAQ@SMS"\_V@`[PXdV.aXZlKXZl^SeYdV?lmS#lm[eV.TR["rV?XdlmV?TR[ Se`\m`dSe"`ZV4YZY
acWgXZlâY[]`ZV4[m
acWmQV4`dV4ijen
?`4 V4WâcQkgb["` (V4aj`
OR6KMP|R.PLjO NaILK^^NIJK) JHaH^MOR XK

ea R\;KL;HJNXHLI
HLORCKMbPO;aNk&hKQIO
bIJ^P
MIO|HJOKJOOdbIO)^R@C eHaCKMIJR&LH)o3JajJHaR@
KMI|
p3@5B3G;<V!RYD6HU3GH@9SR&9A27 ; U 39>9S3!5o=FD6Hh4626=FD[3GHi27 ;#=9>9:7 9AWHU3 b
S 9A2R]W[]2G9N
x=FDFW=5QM x tvN
? V4[]` `4[]` (V@ac`

lm["W^k"SeKfhSe`"Se^``dV~QV@WOX[]`dXdaQicVYm^TUacYZYacS"W[]WKXZlâYfhS"icijSP ,^\;V ,TR[]aci []TW^SPajW
\_SeYZYV~YdYdajSeWKS"feS"^`[]`dXdaQicV .SPtXdSRQ4[]iQî[PXZV?XZl^V\)ra[]e`Z["TQS"`Z`ZV4QXZije XaYbXdl^VeV@`YacS"W
^[]XdV4O[]WA ^n4"e^ l["V`dV~["gaX.["Wmg["TC\^`ZV@\[]`ZV4RXZSR`dV~QSeT)TUV4WmKajXfhS"`\m^îcacQ4[PXdacS"W;acW
?ajVb[eYXZajW^RW^"acW^V@V4`4 rac;W^S"X`dV~QV4ajeV["WOKV4[]`ZicajV4`Yd^^TUaYdYdacS"WmYS"f1XdlmacY["`XZacQ@ijVen ["Y
QSeWrfhmYdajWm)ajXajXdl;Xdl^VV~[]`ZijacV@`["`XZacQ@ijVXdl[PX `dV@Xd^`ZW^V4KXdSUeS"A(g[]\_S"icS""acV4Y4 SPbV@"V4` ["T
"V4`dR\mijV~["YdV4;[PXXdlmVb[ReS";lm["V[]\^\m`dSO["Ql^V~RXdlmacY["`XZacQ@ijVe X.[]\^\_V4["`ZYbXZS)\m`dSPMarV["ij[]îcV
acWrfhS"`ZTR[PXdacS"W;acW["WgSe V4QXdac"VTR[]W^WmV@`~nrlâcQlaY[]iciVl["VV@"V4`["Ydk"V~RfhS"`~ .YaYT#g\SeijaQ
fhS"`lmajelîjXdV4QlmWâcQ4[]iATR[]XdV@`Za[]i n []TC`dV~emV4YXdacW^)XdV4QlmWâcQ4[]i\_V@`YSeW^W^V4iS"W;Xdl^
V . }YX[ XZS
`ZV@MajV4tXZl^V\m[]\_V@`[eYV4iji Q@V@`dXZ["ajWîcRXZlâjWmkXdlmacY\[]\_V@`lm[eY[TmQlV@XXZV@`.Qlm["WmQVS"f
[]\m\^`dSPP["i nr[]Wg[eY YZ[]an ajiciA`ZV4QSeTUT)V4WmgaX~ acijiicVXeS";kMW^SPS"fSe^`rV4Q@acYdajSeWgacW
bV@V@krY4 icV4["YdVrSRW^S]XajXdlm^`Z[aXO"ac"VmY[)icaXdXdicVTUS"`ZV.XZajTUVXZSU`dV4OacV@aX bS"micgijack"VXZS
\^^mijaYlajX.[]Wm XdlâcW^kXZV4Ql^WmacQ4[]i`ZV@MajV4V4àjici1[]e`dV4V.XZlâYXdacTUV"
acWmQV4`dV4ijen
$[]miA`[]icSPbV@`
3
UU SJvL=7 9S3HnPR5o=fv2!7 U 3=FD6H@9A23DkSY;?3DG9"h5>N-m5n= U R#vj3!5o= U 3<9>9S3!5oHF=9S3GH63!X x t]N
? V4[]` `4b`[]icSPV4`4n
\m\m[]`ZV@WOXdic"nreS"rSUW^S]Xl["V?Xdl^VXZajTUVXdSRicSMS"kSPeV@`T#K\m[]\_V@`[eY"S";\^`ZS"TUaYVe6"V4W;[
W^V4e[PXZajeV.`ZV@\îcRacijiArV4TUS"WmYXd`[PXZVXdl[PX"Selm["VYdS"TUV?Q@S"^`dXdV~Ye6brX[]\m\m[]`ZV@WOXdic)Xdl^V\m["\V4àcY
W^S"XajTU\_S"`dXZ[]WOX["YeS"^`V@M\_V@`dXZYbXZS"i;"S"[]W []TSeWîcg[UYTR["iji_S]XZl^V@`ZajWmUQ@SrQkO`ZSe[eQlA
icV4[eYVYdV@VXdlmacY\m["\V4àjXdlmr`[W
[]TCYdS"`Z`dUXZlm[PXbVrSUW^S]X.[""`ZV@V?Xdlm[]X.[]W;S"\_V@W(raYdQ@mYZYacS"WgS"W;XdV~Ql^WâQ@[]iaYZY^V~YYlmS"îK_V
rSeW^VajW"Se^`TR[]O[ D@acW^Ve Se;Se`"Se^`bXdV4QlmWâcQ4[]iV@M\_V@`dXZY^SRW^S]Xlm[eV?XZSR[]"`ZV@VajXdlT#
`ZV4YdV4[]`QlA _V@icajV4"VXZlm[PXeS";lm["V?XdSUicVX"Se^``ZV4["^V@`YXZS mr"Ve ["TCYd^`dVXZlm[PXXZl^V@`ZVacYWmS
S]XZl^V@``ZV4[eYSeWmYXdSU"Se^`rV~QaYacS"WA []TC["mYdS"icrXdV4ijKYd^`ZVXdlm[]X"S";rSRW^S"XbX[]keVacWOXdSReS"^`
QSeWmYdacrV4`Z[]XdacS"WKXdl^Vf[eQXXdl[PX ? ajicilm["VXZSUYXdSe\;XdV4[eQlâcW^ ? G
lâQl([]`ZV?`ZS"WÛ["Q4QSe`ZracW^XdSUXZlâcY`dV~YV~[]`QlA
lm["W^k"SeKfhSe`"Se^`\^`dV~QacS"mYbXZajTUV
?`4[]` (V@ac`
A&Ah:U6lG#QZFZ
icV4[eYVW^S"XdVXdlm[]XXdlâYicVXdXdV@`?[]WmKXdl^V`ZV4YXS]fXdl^VQ@S"`Z`dV~Y\_S"WrV@WmQ@V.ajXdl"SegacW;XdlâYTR[PXdXdV4`
ajiciA_VQac`ZQ@î[PXdV~KacW;Xdl^VâjVQ4["YXdacWÛajWm^mYXZ`de ["TCYm`dVXdl[PX"Se;YXZ["Wm;M"Se^`rV4Q@acYdajSeW
[]Wm;eS";SeîcgicajkeVS"Xdl^V4`XdSRYdV@VXdlmacYQ@S"`Z`dV~Y\_S"WrV@WmQ@V.V4"V@W;ajfXZl^V@g[]`ZV . }TUV@TV4`ZY4
p3!5K3g7 ;l9A23 U 3<9>9S35S-5K3G4<367 3Hi7ED05K3<9AWF5,Dg= U 3<9>9S35n>5BReV ]
F =FW U m5K= U R#vj3563!X x t]N
.V~[]`(`~[]` , V@ac`
iciAlm[eV"S"gkMW^SPtXZlm[PXeS";lm["VajWQS"WMeV@WâcV@WmQ@V4gTUV[]WmgS]XZl^V@`YS"W;S"^`YXZ[ XdSr^[KaXZl
"Se^`^WOXdSP[]`nM^W^W^V~QV~YdYZ[]`ZQSe`d`ZV4Yd\SeWmrV4WmQVe f6"Seglm[eg[)bS"`ZkMajW^XdV4ijV4\^l^SeW^VS"`bf[PgXdlâY
V ,TR[]aciSeîc;W^S"XVW^V~QV~YdYZ[]`Z" .YajXaY TmYX`ZV@\mijRXZSU"S"mìjV@XXdV4`[]WmgX[]k"VajXXdSRYdS"TUV@SeW^V
V@iYVe YS QV[]WKlm[eV.XZl^V@T V ,TR[]aciaXXZSU"S";`ZajeleX[["
XZ`dacV4gXZSXZV@icV@\^lmS"W^VeS"Ki["YXbV@V@kKS"WlOm`ZY4 "#ajXdl;XZl^VW^V@YbXZlm[PXbVlm["V[""`ZV@V4XdS
\^^îcaYl"Se^`[]`dXdaQicV"n$ SPXZSgb[]iQî[PXZVXdl^V\
âc[""`[]TQSe`d`ZV4QXdic" b["WeXZV4KXdS[eYkReS"
XdSYdV@WmKXdlmVV@WOXdac`dV\[]\_V@`~nraXZl;e`Z["\^lâQ@Y[]WKV~e[PXdacS"WY@nrSeW[UraYdk_$bV4Q4[]mYdVS]fXdl^VQ@^`Z`dV4WeX
YX[PXZmYS]fS"^`V TR["ajiAYdrYXZV@Tn bS"mic;["rMaYVeS";W^S]XXZS)V TR["ajiajX4 V4Wm;aXSeW([]WMS]f
Xdl^V
fhS"icijSPacW^ MO^V~YX~n ?TUV@O[ Se` ?T)V4e[) .YdV(aQ`ZSeYdS]f X QV
rnr Se`Z> ^ S"`
Se`Z 6V4`fhV~QX ^
l^V\^`ZS"îcV@TCacY QSeîc^WA X`ZV4[eQlKeS";Og\^l^SeW^V" Xd`ZajV~gYdV@WmâjW^ReS"[f[PgYdV@eV@`[]i_XdacTUV4Y
lM^`ZY4$[]Wm;i["YGX ^`Zac^[e$l^V@`ZVb[eYW^SU`dV~Y\_S"WmYdV"6 VXd`ZajV~[)Q@S"^\mijVS]f$r!a _V4`dV4WOXWM^TV4`ZY
Xdlm[]XVlm[egfhS"`"SeA .[MacWÛW^SU`dV~Y\_S"WmYdV"n XdSMS"kXdl^Vf[];[]WKTR[]acicV4;aXXZSU"S"["Y[)icVXdXdV@`
S"W((SeWm^[ e r YdV@WOX `dacS"`ZaX ,^[[]aciXdSU"Se^`[PXdXdV4WeXZajSeW;[]X W^W^SPP[PXZajeV aciXZV@`Y@n1"
]Xdl "Ve cnm(acW^W^V4["\SeijaY4n^(ajWmWAAn ? m m S"Yl^Seîgl["V`dV~QV@ac"V~KajXXdSr^[[]Xic[]XdV~YXajf

XdlâY[e^r`ZV4YZYacYQ@S"`Z`dV~QXbfhS"`"SeAnrlâQlaX.Ydl^S"micgVYdacWmQVajXb[eYbS"W;"S"m`TU["WMmYdQ@`dac\rX~
SPnrlâcicV TV4WmracW^RSP"V4`b["QkMb["`ZmYXZSRajWrfhSe`dTC"S";S]f"Se^`["Q4QV@\^XZ[]WQV"nreS"glm["VXdlmV
W^V@`Z"VXZS)ajXdlr`Z[Xdl^V\[]\_V@`[]WKXZl^`ZV4[PXZV@WgXdSYd\^`ZV4["KW^V@O[PXZajeVeSeYZYac\g["SerXTUVajW;XdlmV
ajWrmYXd`Z kMW^SPeS"gQ@S"îrWA Xlm[eV?kMW^SPW ["YbXZ`dMacW^#XZSRQS"WOX["QXeS"Anr^^X T#YXacWrfhS"`ZT
"SeKXZlm[PX Q@[]W1 XV@OXZV@Wm;[]WMRfhm`XZl^V@`Q@S"^`dXdV~YacV4YXdSReS"A ?Y"S"m`b\[]\_V@`lm[eYV4V@W(["Q4QV@\^XdV4An
Vr\_V4QXXZlm[PXeS";ajici1Q4[]WmQ@V@i"Se^àXZlmr`[iA[]WmYdV@WmgTUVXdl^V\[]\_V@`S"WraYkgajTUTUV4âc[]XdV@ic
fhS"`\^mîjaQ@[]XdacS"WA f6W^S"X4n^\îcV4[eYVrSUW^S"X.Ym^TUaX.["WOfh^`XZl^V@`["`XZacQ@ijV~Y@
(MC5B3G;<V!RYD;?319SR]
F =FW U ON-m5n= U R#vj3!5>N
mV@(^n~"e
.V~[]`(`~b`Z["ijSPbV@`
lm[]WmkK"SefhSe`["Q@Q@V@\rXZajWmXZl^V\m["\V4`. .SPXdSQ4[]iQî[PXZV?XZl^V\ _ rac[""`[]TQ@S"`Z`dV~QXdicr^
YXZ`dSeW^"ic_V@icajV4"VXdl[PXXdlmacY\[]\_V@àcijiAV4W^lm["WmQVXdlmV^WmrV4`ZYXZ["WmracWÛS]f
eS"^``ZV4[erV@`YbS"WgXdlâY
QV4WeXZ`Z["iXdSe\âcQ"l^V@`ZVfhSe`dVenMaXaciji1l^V@ic\;Xdl^V4TXdSRTR["k"VacYdV@`rV~QaYacS"WYajW;XdlmacY["`dV~[^nr[]WXZlOY
ajWQ`ZV4["YdVXdl^V4aj`\m`dSrrmQXdacMaXe bS"îgVlm["\^\MRXdSRYdV@VXdlmV\m[]\_V@`\m^îcacYdl^V4;acW(.acVb["YXdacW^
WêajWmV@V@`~
.YeS"gkOWmSP ["T D@V~[]icS"mYfhSe`Xdl^VracVQ@[eYXZajWÛacWmrmYXd`Z" []TC^S"acW^TKrXZTUSeYXbXZSU\^`dSeTUS]XdV
Xdl^VkMW^SPicV4^"V[]Wmg\^`ZS]^X[]âcicaXS"f1XZl^VracVQ@["YXdacWÛacWmrmYXd`Z" rSRW^S]X["\SeijSe"a D@V?fhS"`.rSeajWm
YSl^VlâYXZS"`ZS]fS"^`Q@S"`Z`dV~Y\_S"Wm^V@WmQ@V?TR[]keV4YajXijSMSekK["Ybajf6eS"g`dV@fhmYVXZSU\^^îcacYdlajTU\_S"`dXZ["WeX
ajW^fhS"`ZTU[]XdacS"W[]_S"rXXZl^VQ`ZajXdaQ@[]iAYdicSPt\îc^W^"V4`"V4ijSrQajX"lmVlmacYXdSe`dKYdl^SPYXdl[PX"SegicSeYXXdlâY
\m[]\_V@`lmV@W m`YXYdV@WOXajXXdSU"Segac>W .^"YX~nm[]Wm;[]iYdSicSeYXaXl^V4W `ZV4Yd^^TUaXdXdV~KajXajW;V4["`dic
.V~QV4T#_V@`~lâcY4nm["WmXZl^Vf["QXXdlm[]X lm[e;W^S]Xl^V~[]`fh`ZS"T"S"gM ^V4^`Zm[]`Z("n~""mnr[]Wm
S]XZl^V@àcWrfhS"`ZTR[PXZajSeWAnr\^`ZS"TU\rXdV~;T)VXZSRYV4WmgXdl^VV4TU["aji YdV@WOX4 []TCYd^`ZV?XZlm[PXajf6"S";bV@`ZVacW
T#KYdl^SMV4Y"SeKbS"îl["V?^S"W^V?Xdl^VYZ[]TUV"$(K\^^`Z\SOYV?b[eYWmS]XbXdSUajWYîjXZY["WOeS"W^Ve S"Wîc
X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a
:
[]acTaYXdSU\^`ZS"TUS"XdVXdl^VâjVQ4["YXdacWÛajWm^mYXZ`dXdSUXdlmVV~YXS"f
T#;[]âcicaXe _V@icajV4"VXdlm[]XXdl^SOYV
l^SRrSRW^S"X[]"`ZV@VajXdl\^`ZS"TUS]XZajWÛkMW^SPicV4reV?acW(racVQ@["YXdacWÛYlmS"î;W^S]X_VajWM"SeijeV4gajWracV
Q@[eYXZajWmm YXd`ZS"Wm"icRV4ijacV@eV?XZlm[PXXZl^VV4âXZS"`S]f ? TU["e?[ D@acW^V) .acVb["YXdacW^RWm"acW^V@V4`
Ydl^S"îgVacWOXdV@`ZV4YXdV~;ajW[]`dXdaQicV4YbXZSR\^`dSeTUS]XdVkMW^SPicV4reV" Smnrajf6"S"gmWmgXZlm[PXTK[]`dXdaQicVacY[
QSeWOXd`Zaj^^XdacS"WgXdS)XdlâYkMW^SPicV4reV"nMXZl^V[]`dXdaQicVYl^SeîK_V\^^îcaYl^V~
rSUW^S]XX[]k"V\_V@`YSeWm[]iacWmYdîX.["Wm aciji1Veic[eXZSU["ijicSPeS"gXdSU\^^mijaYl;XZlâcY\m[]\_V@àcW(.acV
b["YXdacW^RWm"acW^V@V4`4 _V@icacV@"VXZlm[PXXZl^VTR[]e?[ D@acW^VacY["W([]\^\^`ZS"\m`da[PXZV.\î["Q@VfhS"`XdlmacY["`XZacQ@ijVe$1S
["QlmajV4"V?XdlâY\^^mijaQ@[]XdacS"WAn ajiciAl^V4ij\eS";ajW([]WM[ Q@[]W16lmV\m[]\_V@`["Y`ZaXdXdV4WgmYdacW^
[]ic i XdlmVnm["mWmijV~Y@ XZl^ V"acijì1[]["\micl^YdacSUQ4YQS"[]WM`ZeV?V@ac`dWX\XZl^SOVYXmYdQ@icV`dac\rXdSUXm icV4SeY4`Z ml^ Se` XZije[]n T [Pacfhijì
[]YaRV4WmXdKl[PeX.S"QSe[UWM"rV@ac`YZYdQajSeQWKSeWOXZ[]acijaci WâcW^
`ZV4Oâc`dV`ZVXM\âcW^S"f6["ijiXZl^VV4Om[]XdacS"WmY4 .YeS";kMW^SP nM \^`dSrrQV4YicSPOm["ijajXKYdVXZ^\
[]W`ZV4Oâc`dV~YYdS"TUV?XdacT)Ve$ SeîKeS"\^`ZVfhV4`bXdS)lm["V?Xdl^V"`[]\mlâcQ.micV4YXdS)_VacW fhSe`dTR[]X
S"`["W^S]XZl^V@`bfhSe`dTR[PX l["VV@W^l[]WmQ@V4KXdl^VQ4[]iQî[PXZajSeWmY`dV~YSeij^XdacS"Wg["Wm;\îcV4["YdVV[erMacYdV4
Xdl[PX lm["VQlm[]Wm"V4;Ydijac"lOXdicRXZl^V"`[]\^lmacQ4Yb["WmKXdVMX~
lm["W^k"SeKfhSe`"Se^`["YZYaYX[]WmQ@V"
acWmQV4`dV4ijen
?`4 V4WâcQkgb["` (V4aj`

Z'
+ ""\+v+ ,
UU S
#
$v U
UU
3 x -2=6H09A2R]W[]2G9`7ED9A26=9`;S9?=[39A26=9l9A23@V=FV!35 jRYW Hg_-D= M0X!3&VFWUX 7 ;<23GH0=;a9A233GHb7 9SR5m2=6H

V!5KR "7 ;Z3GHeN
3=;?34<R]DG9:7EDFW39SR5K3G=6H@9SR&;?3G3&2R
9A23;:=[U=(4RYD9:7EDUW3;N
LV
bF U
#v
t
?V4[]` $["îAb`Z["ijSPbV@`
S)TKe`dV~[PXY^`Z\^`ZacYdV"S"ra;W^S]X\^mîjaYdl;TK[]`dXdaQicV["YeS";\^`dSeTUacYdV4 Se["icYdSUrac;W^S"X

[]WYbV@`T#K\^`dV4MajSemYijV@XXZV@`~ ["TCYm`dVXdl[PX"Segl["V[eSMSMg`ZV4["YdS"WYfhSe`W^S]X.^S"acW^RYS
mYXSeîKicajkeVXdSUkMW^SPl[PXaXaY4 e["ajW1nrSeîc;eS"K_V\^^mijaYlmajWÛXZl^V[]`dXdaQicVajW;XZl^VW^VMX
aYdYd^V~ []WMS]XZl^V@àYZY^V;\^^îcaYl^V~[PX.[]ici WQ4["YdVXdlm[]X"S";acWeXZV@WmgXZS)\m^îcacYdl;Xdl^V["`XZacQ@ijVen
Q@["W `ZV4QV4ajeV[)\^`ZV@\m`dacWOXYdS Q4[]W;\^`ZSOS"f `ZV4[eRXZl^V[]`dXdaQicV\^`dacS"`bXZSUXdl^V\^mîjaQ@[]XdacS"W
lm["W^k"SeKfhSe`"Se^`QS"WYarV@`[PXZajSeWg["Wm["YZYaYX[]WmQ@V
V@WmacQk
c 23!DkS][R!9a=;WU5V!587 ;?3)i 9A23&V!3!5K;?R]DH3= U 7ED[v 7 9A2zV3ovL=; 4!2=FD[3HvN 2GM!kfV=<MFX!3"MR]WxF9A23

5K3G=6HU3!5>xY4=FD([]W3G;?;Dv\26=9L9A23&5B3=;?R]D@7 ;t<NSY4G=FDUDR!9#7bV=[7ED37 n 9A23 U 3<9>9S35$vL=;a=FDgR!IJ3!5*9SROXFWGMkV3
RYW9NDS#ZW;S9DvjRYD6HU3!5v\2Mh23ovL=; 4RYD64<3!5D3GH0=FX!RYW97V3&DR9l;<WFXaV"7 9>9:7ED[iV!5KRYV!RU;Z= U ;1f8R5*9A27 ;&V=9>9S3!5
R0m
n ;<WFXa"V 7 9>9:7ED[Pn R5cVFWUX U 7 4=9:7 R]D1t Nap3= U Lv =M;15K3<9AWF5,D3GHh=hV!5KRL(V V9\5K3;V!RYD;?319SR#V MhV!5KRYV!RU;Z= U ;xM=F2
;<WF5K3UNw*
r RYW U HO23@V!R;Z;s7EX U M02=! 3;<W6HFH3D U M~Pn R]WUD6H#V Mh5K3;Z3G=5K4!29SRX!31;ZRC7b(V V!R5Q9?=FD9NF U 3G=;?3@5K3G=6HO27 ;
U 3<9>9S35.x]=FDH@MR]W4=FDHU3G47 H3&Pn R5*MR]WU5K;?3 U ?n N
p3!5K3g7 ;h5>NF
y 9S3C 3 H^6 =!5nH!MC5B3G;<V!RYD;?3"R]Dk 5P7Bx `} V!5 t
V@WmacQkn
ml ["VijV@f X"SeacQ@VTR["ajifhSe`"S"1 aYl;XdSRYd\V~[]kajXdleS"[]_S"rXlm[]X[]\^\_V4["`ZYbXZS)_V

W^SeW ,Yd^^TUajXX[]iS]f6"Se^`\^`ZS"\_SeYZ[]i acWmYXd`ZmQXZV4;"SeKXZS)fhS"`Zb["`ZXdSgb fhS"`XdlmVR4"eQ4[]ici
Q@[]W[]WgYdl^S"mic[]iYdS`ZV4Yd\SeWmKXdSUXdlmVemV4YXdacS"WmYeS"g["`dV\_SeYdajW XZS $[]î
Q@[]W;_V`dV~["Ql^V~MK\^lmS"W^V[PX ^4^ ]e^
r

A&Ah:U6lG#QZFZ

lm[]WmkK"SeAn
XdV4"V ?rP[]`r
y]7ED64<319A23HU3G=6H U 7ED3onPR5J9A2=9V!5KRYV!R;:= U 26=6HCV6=;?;Z3GH U RYD[iX!3CnPR5K3UxSOvjRYD6HU3!5K3GHh7 no9A23!5K3&vL=;a=FDM0V!R7ED9

7ED;<WFXa"
V 7 9>9:7ED[&=FDMhV!5KRYV!R;:= U N15LV!3!526=FV;a9A23!5K33vj3!5K313CT643!V9:7 RYD;a9SRiX!3lV1=6H37EDzV#Mg4G=;?3k}pRvx]7 9
4<R]W U H]DOg 9\X!3]
S =ar
V ;<WF5B3"9A26=9\233Lv =;Pn R UU R#v 7ED[g9A23"3@T!=64A91V!5KRb4<3GH]WF5B3FNyRvxSb9A23!D(;Z3!D91C5.N
H^ =5nH!M(9A233Pn R UU R##v 7ED[ U 3<9>9S35.N
} V5P7 U t]x t
`
)H)
;
e)H^
e]N
lm[]WmkK"SeKeV@`ZT#mQlgfhS"èS"^`\m`dSeT)\^X`ZV4Yd\_S"WmYdVS"WgXdl^V_V@lm["if6S]f $[]îAb`[]icSPV4`4
.YeS";kMW^SPn ["TXd`ZMajWmXZSU\^^îcacYdl;Xdl^V["`XZacQ@ijVSeWKXZl^V\ _ rac[""`[]T ["TCYm`dVXdl[PX"Se
[]`ZV[b["`dV.Xdlm[]XXdlâYaYdYd^VacY.QV@WOXZ`Z["iXdSRracVQ@["YXdacWÛV@Wm"acW^V@V4`ZY4 _VXdXdV4`.rV4Ydac"W[]Wm[
Yac"WmaQ4[]WOX`dV~rmQXdacS"W;S]f$QSeYXSeîK`ZV4YdîjXbfh`ZS"TajTU\îcV@TUV4WeX[PXZajSeWgS"f
XZl^V\^`ZS"\_V@`\f_

r a[]"`[]TQ4[]iQî[PXZajSeWmY4
.Y[)\_V@`YSeWglmS)l["YrV~racQ4[PXZV4gXdl^Vi["YX "V~[]`YbS]f
lmacYicajfhVXdSRacT)\m`dSPeV.XZl^VracVQ4["YXdacW^
ajWrmYXd`Z"nm["Wmg[eYS"W^VlmS)l["YbXdacV4;lâYicafhVXZS)Xdl^VYdmQ@Q@V4YZYS]f
Xdl^VracVQ@[eYXZajWm)acWmrYXZ`den
YXZ`dSeW^"icR_V@icajV4"V?Xdlm[]XbXZlâY[]`dXdaQicVYdl^S"micgV\^mîjaYdl^V4 .Wmglm[PX_VXXZV@`\î["Q@V.XZSU\^^îcacYdl;aX
Xdlm["Wd?ajVb[eYXZajWÛWm"acW^V@V4`ZO
l["V\îjV~["rV~;aXZl;V4"V4`deS"W^V.XdSRl^V4ij\TUV\^^îcaYl;XdlmacY["`XZacQ@ijVe l^Se\VXZlm[PXeS";ajici1[]e`dV4V
aXZlT)VXZlm[PXXZlâY[]`dXdaQicVYl^SeîK_V\^^îcaYl^V~ f6"SeKbS"î;ijack"Ven Q4[]W;Vr\î[]acWKfh^`dXdlmV@`
lM XZlâcW^kXZlm[PXXZlâcY.[]`dXdaQicVaYacTU\Se`X[]WOX4
["T"V4`dK"i["KXdlm[]XXdl^V4`dV[]`ZVQSeT)\[]WâcV4Ybl^S["`dV["rSe\rXdacW^)XdlmacYXZV4Ql^WmS"icS""e mYXacYdl
Xdlm[]XXdl^VlmS"icVacWmrYXZ`dgSeîc;rS)XdlmVYd["T)Ve
O[]acWAnrXdl[]W^keS"gfhS"èS"^`kMajWgicVXdXdV4`4
V@WâQk
OR6 acijiA_VacW;TKS RQ@V1^V~Ydm[RV@XV4V@W( "[]TCQ@V@WOXd`[]iXZajTUV ^ e
PP "
S =ar
]
V ;<WF5B319A26=91C5.N p H06 =!5nHMgH7 HODR!9\5B34<37 3"9A23"4RLVfV 3!D9S;lR^n !>n 5KRL
V 9A23@5K3CnP3!5K33G;f8;Z333}`VUV!3DHb7 T
}wt<N}`D6Hi7 na23Hb7 HvxSv=aVr;WU5K319A2=9a9A23<MgHb7 HODR9aHURO2=!3(=FDGM(3Ie34A9`RYD027bV v\26=9S;?R3C3!5>N 2M
;<2RYW U H@7 9 26=! 3=FDGM"3<IJ3G4<9jRYD27b1
V k`} DMU2R#1v xMSZ W;S9m9A2!7EDa 9A26=9 23dLv =; 35QM&XFW;?Mov#7 9A2R!9A23!5v9A2!7ED[;
;?RO23(H7 HODR!92=! 33!DRYW[Y2"9:7b\
V 319SR5K3;<V!R]DH@9SR#V M U 3<9>9S3!5>Ny R-S 26=6H@9SR&;?3!D6H27bVr=FDR!9A23!5 U 39>9S3!5>N
t

H);
e)H^
eN]
[") C
T ["YXdSeWâYl^V~XZlm[PXeS"rSUW^S]XWmgXdacT)VXZSR[]WmYdV4`T#icVXdXdV4`.^[PXZV4 ^Wmm["n \m`daci n
4e";h\îcV4[eYVYdV@VV4ijSPQSe\MRS]fXdlm[]XijV@XXdV4` ["T`ZaXZajWÛeS"gXdSRicVX"SeKXZlm[PXXZl^V@`ZVacY[
YV4`dacS"Y^[]WêV@àcWQ@S"WOXdacWM^VXdS)XdV~["QlgXdl^VQ@S"TUTUS"WîcmYdV4;\f_tra[]e`Z["T; .Y"S"g\^`ZS"m["îj
kMW^SPaf$"SegrSRWmS]XkMW^SPnr\îcV4["YdVQl^V4QkKS"rX YV4;YdaXZV âjV4\V4`fhV~QX4 QSeTnrXZl^V
QSeT)TUSeWîjKmYV~;\ _ ra[]e`Z["TC["YbajX.[]\^\_V4["`ZYacFW ? # Y_SMS"krYMajSeic[]XdV~YbXdl^Vm`YX["WmgXdl^V
YV~QSeWmKi[YS]fXdlmV@`ZT)SrrMWm["TUacQ4Y@nr_V4Ydac^V4YWM^TUV@`ZS"mYS"Xdl^V4`QSeT)TUSeW;YdV@WmYdVXdlâcWÔY@ f
? XZV4[eQl^V4YbXZlâcYTU[]XdV4`da[]i n ? }Q@S"î;Vicac["îcV?fhSe`"V4`di[]`Z"VYd^TRYS]f6T)SeW^V@XdS
Xdl^VYXdrV@WOXZYlmS)l["V?XZ[]keV@WgXdl^V~YVQ@S"^`YV~Y@ .Y[ . }TUV@T#_V@`~n YXd`ZS"Wm"icR`dV~QS"TUTUV@W
Xdlm[]XXdl^V~YVQ@ic[eYdYdV4Yb_VYY\_V@Wm^V4;^WOXdaciXdlmVajWmYXd`ZmQXdS"`YicV4[]`ZWXZl^VQSe`d`ZV4QXb\m`dSrQV~r^`ZV4Y4 nm["Y[
X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a
:
? T)V4T#_V@`~nrajiciAW^S"Xijack"VXZSUYdV@V
. }kMW^SPacW^"icUXdV~["QlâcW^)Xdl^V`ZS"WmTR[PXZV@`Zac["i
[]WKTUS"`ZV@SPeV@`bV4ajWmY^V~gfhS"`rSeajW^RYdSm
fhV@V@iAXdlm[]XajXaYYXZ`Z["W^"V?Xdl[PX ?
rac;W^S"X\^^îcaYl;XdlmVajWrfhSe`dTR[]XdacS"Wg["SerXXdlmVQ`ZaXZacQ4[]i
YdijSPt\mij^Wm"V@èV@icSMQ@aX["WmKXdl^V\ _ âc[""`[]T []WmKl^SPtXZS)^SXZl^V@TQS"`Z`ZV4QXZije []TCYd^`ZV.XZlm[PX
?
T)V4T#_V@`YajiciA_V@W^V@^Xfh`ZS"TYdmQl;kMW^SPijV~r"Ve []iYdSWm;aX_V@eS"Wmgâ 4D []`Z`ZV.XZlm[PX
?
rSMV4YW^S"Xb["WeXXZSUQ@SMS"\_V@`[PXdVajXdl;XdlmSeYdVlmS)TR[erVXdl^VTUSOYX\^`ZS"e`dV~YdYajW;XZl^V
^Wm^V@`YX[]WmracW^RracVQ@["YXdacWÛ\^`ZSrQV4YZY4brXajf .
XdV~["QlâcW^)Xdl^V`ZS"WmTUSrrV@iYTUajelOXV4Wm^Y
^\_V@acW^YmacQ@ac^["iA[]Wm SeîcgicajkeV?XZSQlm[]Wm"V?Xdlm[]Xaf Q4[]WA

lm["W^k"SeKfhSe`"Se^`[PXXZV@WOXdacS"W1nrXdacTUV"nm["Wm;^WmrV4`ZYXZ["WmracW^
acWmQV4`dV4ijen^.`~ V@WmacQkK["` (V@ac`
OR6 V@`ZVaYT#K\m`dV4OacS"YicVXdXdV4`4
3n GV U Z
#v S
1#t
}pR
][R!9`=05K3;V!RYD;?3UN
!
3 D7 4 <N
26=9`=gH7 IJ3!5K3!D9l9SR]D3FN`} R9S319A23 PR5 = 7 9Mhf a5L*=5 Ag37E5o=; RYVFV!R;Z3\9SR
g=M
aH^ wH^ O
x t
V4Y4n []TClmV@`ZV" ["YbSeW;P[eQ@[PXZajSeWg["WmgXd`ZajV~XZSQS"WOX["QXeS";OK\^l^S"WmV_VfhSe`dV ijV@f XfhS"`

P["Q4[PXdacS"W16?^`ZajWm)mmYacW^V~YdYXd`["V4i n b[eYbYdS"`Z`ZXZSUW^S]X_V[]îcV.XZSRQ@[]iciAr^`ZacW^#XZl^VXdacTUV\V4`dacSr
"SegacWmraQ@[]XdV~
.Y $[]îTR[lm[eVTUV4WeXZajSeW^V4AnrVlm[eV["\^\^`ZSP"V~K[]WKaciji1V\^mîjaYdlâjWmR"S"m`["`XZacQ@ijVSeW
Q@["icQ@î[PXdacW^ ^lmVV~YX^XfhSe`XdlâYaY[]W^\QSeT)acWÛaYdYd^VrV~racQ4[PXZV4KXdSR\^`ZSrQV4YZYQSeWeXZ`dSei
icV4[eYV`ZV4YX[eYdYd^`ZV4KXdlm[]XaXaciciAYl^SP^\ajW;XZlâcY.[]\^\^`ZS"\m`da[PXZV?aYdYd^VS]f$bTR["e[ D4ajWmV"
acWmQVXZl^V@`ZVlm["Y_V@V4W(QS"TUT^WâQ@[PXZajSeWmYfh`dSeT"SeKXZS $[]îA["WmKTrYV4if6[]Wm;YSeTUVS"f
XZl^VaYdYd^V4Y
[]`ZVYmmYV~O^V@WOXdic\^`ZV4YdV@WOXZV4KXdSUS"^`rV4Q^Xdac"V .aQV `ZV4YdarV@WOX4n^[]W([]`ZS"nekMacWmricgrac`dV~QX
[]icifhrXZ^`dVQ@S"TUT#mWâcQ4[PXZajSeWmYbXdSUlâcTlâYajici1["YZYdacYXajWk"V4V@\âcWÛlâcTXZajV~gacWgXdl^VicSMS"\([]Wm
["YZYdacYXajW"V@XXZajWÛ`ZV4Yd\SeWmYdV4Ybm["QkXdSU"SeA aY V ,TR[]aciA["^r`ZV4YZYaYb["`dSe racV4Q4["YXdacW^m S"`Zm
lm["W^k"SeAn
XZV@"V ?rP[]`r
^
LVfV
`v lV v dV v {)T
U ^n
U LV 3v W
U #Y S
U v
U
^n lV
S-26=!3";WUXaV"7 9>9S3GH&R9A235jV!5KRYV!RU;Z= U ;l9SR}}`wr$#} xJXFWG915B3= UU M0D335j5K3G4<367 3Hh=C5B3V U MGN @=MUX!37 9\7 ;<DJg 9
3@TV!3G4<9S3GH&9SROX!3&5K3!V U 7 3GH@9SRk 5LV!35,26=FV;\7 9ZW;S9a[R!9:#L
v =; U RU;S9Zk
2GMHUR3;C5>N H =5KHM&DR9 L=FD9c9SR@4R (WFD7 4=9S3 #7 9A2 \31=FD6H L=FDG9 3\9SR \587 9S3\9SR 346W9:7 3
7
<
4
5K3;s7 HU3!D9Zk 2GM&H7 H@9A23<Mg4!2=FD[39A23"9:7 9 31R 9A23=!5B9:7 4 3=FD6H&R "7 9l9A23 jR5nH >4R5,5K3G4<9 M vN
3
= ;?R jR]DHU3!5*=FX!RYW9a9A23 Rb4=9:7 R]D7ED9A23"3!D6H0R o9A23 =[U=7ED3UN
RF
$@"/
,`+v+-"+-
\
/
SQD(9A2!7 ;`;Z3G4A9:7 R]D(=FDRYV!3D U 3<9>9S3!5o9SR 63GR*=!5n=FD&7 ;1V!5K3;?3DG9S3HvN`C5.N`*=5n=FD[U=!3=hV!5K3;Z3!D9?=9:7 RYDg7ED

07EDUD3G=FV!R U 7 ;lR]DCg=M x xFRYDqW@WG9AWF5K33cp5K3!D6HU;`=FD6HrcWU55K3!D9F 5BRC34A9S;ZY9SR W.;Z3 UU YO}}`wr}9SR
7 9S;&\
V 30V X!3!5K;GN} 9l9A23(4<R]D4 U W;A7 RYD"R0na2!7 ;1V!5K3;Z3!D9?=9:7 RYDbxMSv=;CA3GHi27bV v2GM@7 np9A23;s7 9AW6=9:7 RYDg7 ;`;?RO5BRU;SM
=;23gV!5K3;?3DG9S3Hvx9A26=9L;?R
V =FDM4RL(V V6=FD7 3;l=5K3[UR7ED[0X=FDa! 5WUV9L=FD6Hg;ZR U HeNDSvV5BRb4<3G3GHU3GH9SR@=;(27bV
v\2Mi}}`wr$} 7 ;a9S3G=64!2!7ED[&;?RV =FDM(3!55BR]D3GRYW;&\V RbH3 U ;GN`p3[U=! 3V3&C5>NyF9S3C3 H^=5nH!MJg ;

A&Ah:U6lG#QZFZ

U V
#v U
n V (
0n
XUW;s7ED3;Z;a4G=!5nH0=FD6H@9SR H \319A26=9\23g26=;DR !DR 3H[U3\R 9A2!7 ;`=FD6H@9A2=9a;s7ED64<3@234G=FDUDR!9 :WHU[3(7 9x

23(4G=FDUDR!9`H7 ;:46W;?;#7 9N =;12 3&V5B3V=5B3H PR5 #M ]W3;S9:7 R]D;aR5 L=;a9A2!7 ; \35B3 Mg=g;<V!RYD9?=FD3RYW;
5B3=64A9:7 R]D6k
&V U
. V~[]`(`~[]`[]WAn
.SUeS"gQ4[]`Z`d XdV@eV ?rP[]`r YmmYacW^V~YdYQ@["`Zg[]iciXdl^VXZajTUV~(lO^lMK^S)eS"gW^S]XXdlmajW^kKaX
ajTU\_S"`dXZ["WeXXZSRracYZQYdYlMKYdSUTU["WMKracVQ@["YXdacW^RQSeTU\m[]WâcV4YeS[]W^kM`Z^\rX.[]Wg["`dVYdS"im YajX
W^S]XacTU\Se`X[]WOXfhS"`mYXdSRraYdQ@mYdYlMKXdl^V4`dV[]`ZVYSUTR[]WMRWm[]WmQ@ac["i\^`ZS"îcV@TRYacWKXZl^VracV
Q@[eYXZajWÛacWmrmYXd`Z^(?S"WA X"Seg[]WOXXdSUTR[]keVâjVQ4["YXdacW^RQS"TU\m["WâcV4YbTUS"`ZV\m`dS"^XZ["îjV Wmajf
YSeTUV@S"WmV?XZV@icicY"S"KXdlm[]XXdl^V`ZV4YdV4["`ZQl;Y\_S"WYSe`dV~M ? acY`Z^^macYdlAn^[]`ZV@W1 X"SegeS"acW^)XdS
Ql^V4QkKaX(.aYZQmYZYajXaXZl;S"Xdl^V4`ZYacFW ? #?S"WA X"Se;Q4[]`ZV?lmVXdlmV@` . XdV4[eQl^V4Y
`dSeW^)XdlâcWÔYZ ?àYajXXdlm[]X"S" mYX.rS"W1 XeajeV[U^["T)W_
["TCYd^`dVXZlm[PXajXacYajTU\_S"`dXZ[]WOXfhS"èS"A SeQ@ic["ajTUV~XZlm[PXajXacYajTU\_S"`dXZ[]WOXfhS"èS";ajW;XZl^V
\^`ZV4YdV@WOXZ[]XdacS"WA Snr\V4`dlm["\mY"Se;Q4[]`ZVXdSU`dajXdV["WgV@r\îc["Wm[PXZajSeWgacW;Xdl^VWmVMGX .
TR[]e?[ D@acW^V" SeîKicSP"V?XdSR`ZV4[eajX4
acWmQV4`dV4ijen
V@WâQkg["`r(V@ac`
Z'
),+
lg)Z/`),"/+J

S-26=6H04<RYD!7ED43GH !=5,5BM 7ED) U 35m7EDzV"7 H shfv23Dh23ovL=;`;?9:7 UU vjR5G7ED[\nPR5lm=!5B9S<3 UU t<x9SR0=;C

h5>N H^6
=!5nH!M\\v 2Mi}}`wr}4<R]DG9:7EDFW3H&;<WFVUV!R5B9wnPR5-9A233v\5KRYD[V\RbH3 U ;1f89S3G=64!2!7ED[@9A23"3!55KRYD3RYW;
=!5X!3!5hg ;~\
V RbH3 U =FD6Hn>W3 U 7ED[V=;Z;s7 3"[Y5n=FDG9S;a9SR 27 RkyF9?=9S3 jD7 35B;A7 9,M0t<N p33vj3!D9L9SRT}}`wr$}
=FDH09?= U s 3Hg9SRC5>N H^ =5KHMg=FX!R]WG9a9A2!7 ;N}nn 9S3!5L234=a\
V 3@X6=641U xe233@T V U =7ED3H@9A2=9l9A23M(9SR U HO27bV
9A2=93Y
S Hb7 HYDJg 9 =FVFV!5BRF=6462h}}`wr} 7ED9A23@5P7 []2G9DLv =<MNlfE\v 26=9 7 ;`9A26=9Zk#it j7 ;`3!D9A2FW;A7 =;C
V 9A23D
3C6
=FV!R5K=9S3Hvx]=FDHO234<RYD9:7EDFW3G;l9SR&;:=<M9A26=9xJX!3G4G=FW;Z30}}`wr$} U 7bs 3G;l3 R U WG9:7 R]D=FDHODR!95B3 R U WG9:7 R]Dx
9A23Mg4=FDFDR!9l;WUVFV!R5B9a=FDMR0n#
V Mh5K3C R U W9:7 RYD6=!5BM@7 H3=;GN`p3;<W[[U3;S9S3Hg9A2=9&-S D3G3GHU3GH@9SR U 3G=5D9SR
X!3!26=! 3&X!3Pn R5B3h}}`wr$} j
v R]W U H@3 35 4<RRYV!35K=9S3&#v 7 9A2z\V 3UNSJLv =;`;WU5V!587 ;?3GH0=FD6H&;<26=aA 3!DbNfW 2=9
2=FVFV!3!D3GHex !
=5,5BM!k.Y YS =;s 3HO2!7b@V N`mWG9&-S 5B3= UU MgHb7 HYDJg 9a[39a=FDM(9,MFV!3R0ln 5B3= U 5K3;V!RYD;?3FN ! =9S35Lf83DH
R0n s)t7S U 3=!5D3HO23@26=6H5K3G4<367 3HT}}`wr}`g ;#H3G;s7 []D=CL
v =5KHeN
eR]WxF9A23&5K3G=6HU3!5>xY4=FD4RYD64 U W6H3
v\26=926=FVFV!3!D3GH YS =aV : W;?9l;WUVFV U M7ED[gMGRYW~v 7 9A29A2338n =64A9S;N
y 3C 3!5n= U V =FDUW!8n =64A9AWF5K3!5K; R0cn H7 34=;?9:7ED[V =64!2!7ED3;xJmW U 35.x*bFmixAFo587ED43Uxb=FD6H L y{ V!5K3;?3DG9S3H@9A2367E5

V!5KRH]W64A9S;\7EDi07EDUD3G=FV!R U 7 ; 7EDf`
} V!587 U N 23!DkvS =;CA 3GH@9A230V \v 2M(9A23<MHURiDR!9`=6HU=FV9a9A23@D3Cv
9S3G4!2UDR U RU[7 3;x)v 7 9A29A2313C6
T 43!V9:7 RYD(Rôn 9A230 mW U 35.x9A23@5B3G;<V!R]D;Z33Lv =;a4RL(V V U 3<9S3";s7 U 3D43UN`} D6H&Z W;S9
mW U 35o;Z=7 H@9A26=9a9A23Mfj
v 3!5K37EDG9S35B3G;S9S3GH e2R#jv 3C 3!5>xF9A23MhD3 35 U =9S3!5o4G= UU 3GHeNbFY3!52=FV;Gxb9A23M U R;S9o#V M
VU2RYD3@DUWa(
V X!35.N} 5B3V!5K3;?3DG9?=9:7 33>n 5KRLr
V RYD31R^n 9A23"R!9A23!5 4RL(V V6=FD7 3;a3C 3!D(9SR U H\V 3";?RLV 3<9A27ED[@RYD
9A231R5nH35JR^n~W
e3=F2x)j
v 3! DR#dv 9A2=9j9A23 =!5X!3!5 =FD6HOm5B3! 7 40\\V RbHU3 U ;`=!5K39SR!9?= UU M&\v 5KRYD[vxvXUW9jv 3"HR
DR9a4G=!5K3 !: W;?9l[UR&=L
v =MuFMRYW(=5B3@X!R!9A23!587ED[iW;^]Y N
S 26=! 3&D3Cav ;Pn R5-MGRYW([YWM;.i O|IO^ OIJK)&
LL ROOj;KR@;H0NXHLI
dN1KMP|HLIJo@K XH !
V O=a A 31
Q 9A230HaHbR@7 3(@IO4=;S9:bI7ED
Q[hPO7ER@DCH]jNW;?9Aa5QhMCKLR.V!M5BRUa;< V!3N15*KM;?P|R@R.9AJ2KM=9aPeM
R]W~H
ev KM7 JUU 7V5BRUO;<|V!3!IO5o)= ;;jv )3 )UUMvIJV KeU 3KJ=;?M3 )HR1RO
eDR!R]9 WU ;<RF2ReRY" W =U H 9
9A23;2R5B9L9S35<
V ;`=;7bV V!R5Q9?=FD9N
c 23@D3CT 9\7 ;?;W3"R0pn 9A23lL 7 3\or =;S9:7ED[|e{ D[b7ED3G3!5jfZ@=M!0x WFD 7 ;?;<W3!twLv =; HU3GHb7 4=9S3GH@9SRV =64!2!7ED3
V!5KRH]W64A9S;GN 23<9A23!5*9A27 ;DL
v =;`4R7ED647 HU3!D9?= U xUMRYW0X!319A23DZ W6H[U3UN
S ;<WFXa"V 7 9>9S3GH0=hV!5BR]V!R;:= U 9SRT}}`wr
Y
} fZ}pR0 30V X!3!5 x I)lt =FX!RYW9 =5X!3!58m5K3C 7 413jv R5<@ fP9SR\v 27 462

X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a
M
U 0t cv
U
S C
!
)iDSV
U S 0V
U
C 1ag Dv G`n eV
wv Ot #t U 0n
UU U
}`wr$} V
WGv n U
1Y
zy
0n Gv
LV t [W
Y U {
bV l{ U
U U U
^
#v
0n Gv &v wn
!
{
U C U U U U
^ 0V
^n
U }`wr}
)}n
I MS
0
U
U
U U #v U
0nwr{ #v
f
^n ^n <v on
U
U
U
0n Gv
S
0n
U
U
U
U
aV &v
U
} !n UU LfV V zSJv
0x
t 0ndwrw{
U #v nS
V
0n
C 1
U
}`wr} GV 0t S aV
0)g
&V V
U ~v
Dv
v v DS# v
LV U aV
U
U bV }`wr$}
^]`_ aV [Wh} U V 0V U
U ^V
Y}n DS
#v ^] _ aV
UU
U
!
&V
U
v Dv
#v
LV
S ! aV J t
!n
r U U Ot n t !
U
U ni
h
Dv UU
U $n LV d
-D3 3!5j5K3G437 3GH0=C5B3V M <N jR@9A2!7ED[;2= 3&26=FVUV!3D3H&;s7ED64<3
1=6H319A23&V!5BR]V!R;:= f.7ED"9A23
V!5KRYV!RU;Z= YHU3 \R]D;?9A5K=9S3\9A2=9\m5K3 7 4 ; jR5 >5BR
27 Rh7 ; 5BR]D[ VFWUX 7 ;<27ED[R o9A23"=!5B9:7 4 3gX<M
7 = 7ED[9SRYD7EDh}
1=[U=7ED31=FX!R]WG9L9A23 jR]DHU3!5 >W 5B3G;?3G=5n462 07ED 27 R F9?=9S3 jD7 35B;A7 9,M
=FD6H@9A23;ZR n9 L=!5K3\9SR04R \3FN S= .;:47 3!D9:7 _]4 g=!5B9:7 4 3@X<M aN aWU587ED[&9A26=9L9:7 3 = ;?R
=6H 35Q9:7 ;Z3GHO2R [URRH@9A237E5*;ZR n9 L=!5K3 L=; PR5 ;<2R!9l; 33 34= 4!W =9:7 R]D;Nlm= 3"MRYW(;Z33D=FDGM
=6H 35Q9:7 ;Z3 \3DG9S;`RYD9A23[Y5K3G=9a;<W6443;?;`R ;<2R!9a; 3G3 3"4G= 46W =9:7 RYD; =9S3 M6k
p3!5K3g7 ; =FDR9A235p7EDG9S35B3G;S9:7ED[&4R7ED647 HU3!D64<3Fx n9S3
5 vx ];?3!D9a=CV!5KRYV!RU;Z= 9SRT}

#xY9A234R 3!5
V6=[3"R
i;<2R 7ED[(9A23&X!3<9?= 35B;A7 RYDR ;?R n9 L=5K3 PR5o4G= 46W =9:7ED[g9A23(46587 9:7 4= ; R
V WFD[U3!5
3 Rb47 9MGN J3<9xJDR&;?R n9 L=5B3g2=;`3 35jX!33DhVUWFX 7 ;<23GHeN 2M6k ;\7 9 =6447 HU3!D9?= 9A26=9l9A23=FWG9A2R5*R
9A23"=5B9:7 4 3g7ED9A231;:= \3g7 ;?;W3 L=;1 7 = 7ED[9SRYDbN
`D6Hh= n9S3!5 = 9A2!7 ; 4R \R9:7 RYD L=;`;<WF5V!5P7 ;Z3GH@9SR 3G=5D@7ED(9A23&f:g=M! UWUD3 `7 ;?;W3"R
=[F=7ED319A26=9lR]D3"R p9A23@m5K3 7 4 []5BR]WUV026=6HO5B34<367 3Hh=0V!587 <30f,;?33@V7 4A9AWF5B3&X!3 R q7 Y[U3<9
}
V!3!5 "7 ;Z;s7 RYD <N Y= ;WU5K319A2=9"m5B3 !7 4 ; [Y5KRYWFV02=; =6HU3";?R (W64620V!5KR[]5B3G;?;\7ED9A23 =;?9
M3=!5*9A26=9L9A27 ;\7 ; \2M(9A23(= L=5KH L=;`[7 3!DbN ZW;S9 L=FDG9l9SR 3G=5,D 2=9l9A23G;?3=644R (V 7 ;<2 \3!D9S;
=5B3FN
6R5o= RYD[9:7 \3h}
HU3;:46587EX!3GH@9A23(4 =;Z;aR]D9A23@V
H7 =[]5K= =; = 4 RU;?3 =9A23 =9:7 4G=
HU3;Z4!5P7EV9:7 RYDbN
n9S3!5 Y;?3DG9l9A23@V6=FV!3!5 =FD6H&9SR H@9A23 r=FX!R]WG92R 9A23gV
H7 =[]5K=
7 ;`3!55BR]D3GRYW;Gx
9A23<Mg4!2=FD[39A23(HU3;:46587EVG9:7 R]DN 3 7 9#7 ; [RRbHvxFM39L9A23<Mh26= 39SR0;:=<M9A26=9 7ED9A23@V6=;S9 =9S3!587 =
L=; \5KRYD[0=FDHODR 9A23<M@=!5K3"9S3G=64!2!7ED[g;ZR \39A2!7ED[@3 ;?3FNmR5o=!5K319A23M6k
J26= 3;WUX "7 9>9S3GHg_ 3&f V6=FV!3!5K;a9SR@9A23(4RYD P3!5K3!D64<3@f %$h7ED
3 3 =FDH `=FD6H PRYWF5jf 26= 3gX!3G3!D
5K3 34A9S3H0RYD9A23"[Y5KRYWFDHU; j3 xUMRYW@4=FD05K3G=6H&9A23 3<9>9S3!5oMRYWF5B;Z3
p3!5K3g7 ;a9A23 3<9>9S35 >5KR
h5>N eRYXFXN

^V44"e
l^V WOXdV4`dW[PXdacS"W[]i1V~Ql^WâQ@["i
S"^WmQ@aji .TUVXSeW;O[]WMm["`d XdlgXdSU`ZV@MacV@["ijiAYd^^TUajXXZV4
[]YXZ`Z[eQXZY4 Xb[eY[PXXdl[PXXdacTUVXdlm[]XXdl^V4grSPWmYdV@icV4QXdV~XZl^V[]mYXd`["QXZYXdSUfhSe`dTXdl^VQ@S"`ZVS"f
V4[eQlgS"f1XZl^VR )YdV4YZYacS"WmY4$l^V#b[]icifhS"` $["\V4`ZYfhSe`Xdl^VR~""US"Wê`dV~YdY["Wmgr\SOYajXdacS"W
\^`ZSrrmQV~ \_SeYZYacîcV["mYXd`["QXYfh`dSeTlâQlgXZSRQl^SMSeYdV?fh`ZS"TnrS"f
XZlâcYWM^TV4`.[]\m`dSracTU[]XdV4ij
["mYXZ`Z[eQXYbV@`ZVYV4ijV~QXZV4KXdSR_V`dV4OacV@bV4g["YbmW[]iA\m["\V4`ZY4 ra;`dV~QacV@eV["iji )["mYXZ`Z[eQXY[]Wm
raYXZ`dac^rXZVXdl^V4TXZSUXdl^V["\^\^`ZS"\^`Zac[]XdVS"Wê`dV~YdYlm["aj`ZTUV@WA$l^VSeW^V[]mYXd`["QXicaYXZV4;ajWeS"^`
["Q4QV4\rXZ["WmQVicVXXZV@àYacWKf[eQXXdlmVS"W^VfhS"`lmacQlbVbS"micgijack"VXZS)`ZV@MacV@Xdl^VmW[]i\m["\V4`4l^V
S"Wm"`ZV4YZYl[]ac`dTUV@W;acijiA_V`ZV@MajV4ajWm#XZl^VmWm["iA\m[]\_V@`Y[]Wm;bVajiciA_VQS"`Z`ZV4Yd\SeWmracWâjXdl
[]iciA[]^Xdl^Se`ZY[eYbXdSR[]WMKQlm["W^"V~Yb`dV4OaYdajSeWmYblâcQl(["`dVfhV@ijXXdSU_V[]\^\m`dSe\^`da[PXZV"
l^VSeW^"`ZV4YZYl[]ac`dTUV@W[]`ZVajWrmYXd`ZVr\_V@`dXZY["WmKajXaYXdl^V4`dVYdS"icVracYZQ`ZVXZajSeW;[eYbXdSUlâQl
\m["\V4`ZY["`dVYdS"icacQ@aXZV4gm["YdV4gS"W[]mYXd`["QXXdS"\macQ[]WKmXXdSR[)\m[]`dXdaQî[]`YdV4YZYdajSeWA
XaY^WrfhS"`dXdmWm[PXZVXdlm[]XVQ@["W^W^S"X[eQ@Q@V@\rX[]ici1["mYXZ`Z[eQXYSe`\m[]\_V@`YlâQl;["`dVYd^^TUajXXdV~
WOXZV@`ZajWÛ[]W(["mYXZ`Z[eQXrSMV4YWmS]XQSeWmYXZaXZ^V[]W[]^XdS"TR[]XdaQ[eQ@Q@V@\rX[]WmQ@VS"f1XZl^V[]mYXd`["QXPS"`mWm[]i
\m["\V4`4
lm["W^k"SeKfhSe`"Se^àjWmOâc`Z"nm["WmKbVijSMSekRfhS"`Zb["`ZXdSR`ZV@MacV@acWêS"^`Wm[]i\m["\V4`4
V4e[]`^Y4n
?V@W^WâY S"m
?
SV(W;S92=!3;<WFXaV"7 9>9S3GH@9A23
R^nlV6=FV!3!5K; R!9A23!5v 7 ;Z3UN`pR#v4G=FDMRYW(3CTFV U =7ED(9A26=9lRYD U M
R0nV#MhV6=FV!3!5K;"f RYW9lR^n KOtljR@=6 4G4<a3bIVG
9S3HvN }pR!9S39A26=9L9A23R!9A23!5c5K3;?3=!5n4623!5K;.ge5n=9:7 R&R0nc=6443!V9?=FD43
RYD9A237E5LV=FV!35B;\7 ; I xa\
v 27 462zV\3=FD;a9A26=9lR!9A23!5LV=FV!35B; =5B3"9A2F5B3G3"9:7bV\3;1X!39>9S3!5*9A26=FDzV"7ED3UN

A&Ah:U6lG#QZFZ


"!#

FU
n Jg U b
~v
Dv
3=;?31_-D6HO235B3"9A23=FX;?9A5K=64<9S;`=FD6H0HU3G47 HU37 MGRYW H 7 A39SRi23G=5o;W4!29SRYV7 4<;aR5cDR9N W3G;?; \27 462

9A23"9SR]V!7 4&}
4!2RU;?3Ux]7ED 2=9a;?3G;?;s7 R]D(=FDH0R]D \26=9aHF=<Mhf89A2!7E5nHhHF=<M <N
}`wr$}
~v
0t
6! #" ,%&# $

' %0
U
U 0V
LVfV U
} 0 U
n GV c
U
<v
V U
2319?=FD[U3!D9:7 = [U=9S3"3 3 \3DG9#7 ;`4R RYD M@W;?3Hi7ED05WUDFD35 HU3;s7 []D;N

DR 3 =FVUV!5KRU=64!2"9SR&9A2!7 ;
5,WFDFD35oH3G;s7 [YD@26=;\X!3G3!D(H3 3 RYV!3H9SR&=64627 3 3(X!39>9S3!5o4RYD9A5BR R 3!5-9A23D33H3HhV!35 PR5 =FD64<3UN #23
D3 q=FVUV!5KRU=64!2g7 ;\X6=;?3H&RYD;Z47 3!D9:7 _]4V!587ED47EV 3G; 7ED 2!7 4!2"9A237ED9S3!55B3 =9:7 RYD;<27EVgX!39 j3G3!D"9A23 \39?=
V!5KRYV!3!5B9:7 3; =FD6H&9A231[U3R \3<9A587 4= V=5K= 3<9S3!5K;\7 ; H3G;Z46587EX!3GHeN
eV
U aV
U 0
U ~v

' %0 % '
-"
U
U
^n
c
U
U
)V a aV
0V ^
DS LV
U
^n )V U
( U
\v U
U
n
0n f
^n 7 aV ^V
U U 3 )V ) c
U Dv ~v
( 0V
3 aV 0V d
3 aV 0V
=;s!=7E5jV!R5BRU;s7 9M(4<RYD;S9:7 9AW9S3;`= =!5K[3@V6=!5B9lR 9A2319SR!9?= V!R5KR;A7 9,MN JRO5K3GH]W43"9A23@V!R5KR;A7 9,MH]W319SR
9A23"[F=;s6=7E5J3!D9A5n=7ED \3DG9x 6=646WFW 4=FD&X!3=FVFV 7 3H9SRi5K3 \R 39A23@5K3;A7 HYW6= =7E5p7ED"9A23"Hb7 3UN ED(;ZR \3
4=;Z3;a9A23(=FVFV 7 4=9:7 RYDR 6=646WFW
5K3;<W 9S;\7EDg=027 [Y2 ]W6= 7 9,M4G=;S9:7ED[ 2!7 37EDR9A235o4=;?3G;a9A23
5B3G;<W 9S;l=5B3DR9j;Z=9:7 ; 8=64A9SR5BMGN D3R -9A23 A3<M;j9SR(9A231;<W6443;?;`7 ;j9A23HU3;s7 []DR -9A23 =64!WUW
;SM;S9S3 gx
3;V!3G47 = M9A23 6=646WFW 9?=FD FN 23gV5B3G;?3!D9l;?9AWHMHU3G= ;
7 9A2 2=9 =!5K319A23(HU3;A7 [YD&5K3 ]W!7E5K3 \3DG9S;
RYD9A23 =64!WUW r;SM;S9S3 @N m3;s7 []D46587 9S3!587 ==5B3&V5B3G;?3!D9S3GH@9SR0=64!2!7 3 3=FD3Ie34A9:7 3 =64!WUW ;?M;?9S3 gN

6"! 6-< 'G'"

' %0

,% $" -( #0$ %& ' -< *%
" -(
0n
#v
bV
U S
^n bV U
V5BR]V!3!5oHU3;s7 []DR o9A23"H7 34=;?9:7ED[iV!5KRb4<3;Z;a4G=FD05B3HYW64<319A23 3G=6H@9:7 \31;s7 []D!7 _]4G=FDG9 MGN QD9A2!7 ;1V6=FV!3!5
= Hb7 ;Z4!W;Z;s7 R]D"R]D02R
g
9SRh=64627 3 3=0X!39>9S3!5 4G=;S9:7ED[&=FD6H0=g;<2R5Q9S35 3G=6H@9:7 \3&W9:7 7 7ED[9A23;Z3"4!WG9>9:7ED[
3GHU[319S3G4!2UDR RU[7 3G;`7 ;"V!5K3;Z3!D9S3GHeN
V6=!5B9:7 46W =!5*3 (VF2=;A7 ;#7 ;`[b7 3D(RYD9A23&W;Z31R o9A23;s7 (V 7 _Y3GH
4= 4!W =9:7 R]D;`=FVUV5BRF=6462bN
U U
# +( %$ - F& D $

* + ( !" $*!$#,/'G%&'
0n
U ^V
)V
c
DS
bV
' *+( 6- ,%&'& % + % )(
' %0
Uv
XV Z
!
U
e3GH]W4<9:7 RYDR c=7E5o3!D9A5n=FV \3DG95B3HYW64<3G;a9A23&V!5KRbHYW64A95B3 34A9:7 RYD05n=9S3(=FD6H0= L=<M;\7 ;`= = .R5o4<RYD64<35,D

<X MgHb7 34=;S9:7ED[&3!D[7ED335B;N #23"3Ie34A9S;`R a5,WFDFD35 H3G;s7 []D"R]D9A23(=7E5 3!D9A5K=FV \3!D9\26= 3&X!33!D
H7 ;5B3G[U=5KHU3GHC7ED9A23&V6=;S9N EDCV!5B3G;?3DG9a;S9AW6H!MGxY3<IJ3G4A9S;`R 9A23@5,WFDUD3!5pH3G;s7 [YD4!2=5n=64A9S3!587 ;S9:7 4; =!5K3
;S9AW6H7 3HvN W7 H3 7ED3G;a=5K3gV5B3G;?3!D9S3GH@R]D@2R
9SRh7 V!5BR 39A23g5WFDUD3!5oHU3;A7 [YD;?Rg9A2=9 3;?; =7E58[F=;l=5B3
3!D9A5K=FVFV!3GHeN
.-
%$
0n
#v
&0/ %
$ % # '+ 6
- '
^n
bV ^
aV
1(32 ' /+4 'G')"
%& -< %0
c 23 R#v V6=9>9S3!5D&7ED9A23l\V R U H0H]WU587ED[g9A237ED!7 9:7 = U V=5B9aR^no9A23g7ED.3G4A9:7 R]Dg7 ;aR]D3"R^n 9A23@V=5K=aV3<9S3!5K;

v\27 462HU3<9S35<V"7ED3;a9A23;<W6443;?;`R^no9A23(4=;S9:7ED[vNc 27 ;\7 ;?;W3@26=;X!3G3!D;?9AWHb7 3GH&3CTFV!35P7bV3!D9?= UU MGN
y 3C 3!5n= U ;<WF5,V!587 ;s7ED[04<R]D4 U W;A7 RYD;l4=FDCX!3(HY5n=Cv D~>n 5BReVr9A23"3@TV!3!587bV\3DG9S;Nc 23;?3@5K3;W U 9S; =FD6H

4<R]D4 U W;A7 RYD;a=5B3@V!5K3;Z3!D9S3GH0=FD6Hh4=FD0X!3&W;?3HOX<M(9A23H3G;s7 [YD3D[b7ED3G3!5K;#7ED9A2367E5oHU=7 U MhV5K=64<9:7 4<319SR
=64627 3C 3&X!3<9>9S35 4=;?9:7ED[eN
X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a
:
] "
+J" q
9l9A23 i
s }}`wr$} 4RYD!nP3!5K3!D64<3lS-26=6H0= U R]D[&4<R]D.3!5K;Z=9:7 R]D~v 7 9A2CC5.N =!5D3!5L*=.T9S3!5>N p3"9SR U H
V\3"9A26=9oS-26=6HO5W&3GH0= U R!9aR0nnP3=9A235B;7EDO}}`wr$}#N*p3";<W[[U3;S9S3Hg9A2=9\ 7 nDSOvL=FD9S3GH@9SR&[U3<9\5K3G= U
5K3;<W U 9S;Gx]
S ;<2RYW U HOX!3gV!R U 7 9:7 4= UU M=64<9:7 3FN 319SR U HV\3&2R#vX6=6H@9A23;A7 9AW=9:7 R]D@26=6HX!3G3!D@7ED(9A23@V=;?9
=FD6HO2R#v (
V W6462h}}`wr} 2=6HC7bVV!5BR^3HvNamW9\23!5K37 ;a;ZRLV\39A2!7ED[XSY4G=FDUDR!9\WUD6H35B;?9?=FDHQij7 ;<DJg 9l9A235B3
=FDMRYD3&\
v 2R&4G=!5K3; =FX!R]WG9l9A23Hb7 3(4=;S9:7ED[h7EDH]W;?9A5QM@=FDHv 2RLv =FD9S;#7 9l9SR RYWF5P7 ;26kqS n MGRYWHURh4=5B3Fx
V U 3G=;?3. R7EDz\
V 3FN]S =64A9AW6= UU M02=! 3&Pn RYWFDHh;?RLV 37ED6H7 7 H]W= U ;D\v 2R0HR04G=!5K3=FDHh=5K31;WUVFV!R5B9:7ED[#V M
3<IJR5B9S;l9SRi7ED6465K3G=;Z3";Z47 3DG9:7 _]4\!
DR#v U 3H[U3"7EDgHb7 34=;S9:7ED[vNbF 5B3G;?3DG9 U MGxe2R#jv 3C 3!5>xF9A23<Mg=5B3=X"V 7EDR5P7 9MGN
S 2RYV!319A26=9a=; U 7EDFW&T 7 ; U 7EX!35K=9:7ED[@9A23&jv R5 U H\>n 5KRLV 07 465KR;ZR0nn 9x;?R@9SRRjv 34=FD U 7EX!3!5n=9S3(=FD6HOX!5P7ED[
V!5KR;V!3!587 9,M9SR@9A23(H7 34=;?9:7ED[C7ED6HYW;S9A5BMGN
}nn 9S3!5lX!3<9>9S35*9A2=FD=M3=!5*;A7ED43\V M(_-5B;?9f=FDHWFD;?3!D9Zt U 3<9>9S35*9SRkFy 9S3C 3 H^ =5nH!MGx$SJPn 33 U 9A26=9L9A23!5K3
=5B3"9A27ED[U;L9A26=93SOj
v RYW U H U 7bs 39SR0=6HUH09SRg9A23=FX!R0 3 U 3<9>9S35.N}nn 9S35#V Mg4R5,5K3;V!RYD6H3D437#v 7 9A2KF]=FW U
m5n= U R#j
v 3!5>x-S 2=6H@9SR04RYD9:7EDUW319SRiV5B3G;?;a9A23^r
V 9SRiVFWFX U 7 ;219A23(=5Q9:7 4 U 3"=FX!R]WG9l9A23&V^]7_ N#c 2!7 ;1V!5KRb4<3;Z;
7 ; = U ;?R&H3G;Z4!5P7EX!3H07ED9A23@V!5K3G4<3H7ED[;Z3G4<9:7 RYDbN
JRYWbxF9A23g5K3G=6HU3!5>xQ(
V W;S9X!39A23Z W6H[U3R^nv 2=9`7 ;15K3G= UU M
26=FVUV!3D!7ED[vNj
} HUHb7 9:7 RYD6= UU MGxFRYV!3DYW3;?9:7 RYD;s6Hb7 ;Z4!W;Z;s7 R]D#9SRYV7 4<;L9SR9A237v 2R U 31Hb7 3"4=;S9:7ED[g4RLVfV WUD7 9,M
=5B3(=6HFH3HvN
7 40)g ;5K3;Z3G=5K4!26kS ;`9A23!5K3;S9:7 UU DR5K3!V!R5B9Zk`} DH0HUR3;`9A27 ;a9,MFV!3R0n
2=912=FVFV!3!D3GH@9SR@9A230m5B3!
5K3;?3=!5n4624RYD9:7EDUW319SROX!33>n WUD6H3HFk
r =FDg=FDGMGRYD33CFT V U =7ED9SR\V 3@2R#
o
v }}`wr$} R]V!3!5n=9S3;:k
S ;(}}`wr$#} x9A23"R5B[F=FD!7 =9:7 R]DxM\V R5K37b(V V!R5B9?=FDG9l9A2=FD9A23(H7 34G=;S9:7ED[h7ED6H]W;?9A5QM!k
A&Ah:U6lG#QZFZ

X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a

Q \
fT v &v UU
UU
c
c
Cv
U U b U
S zV
U ~n <V bV
U
U
U
~ U
0n a
U U aV u
}
U
U Cn
U
c

S
&n
&v
aV
a
Jg U
QD(9A2!7 ; =FVFV!3!D6H7 j3 #7 HU3!587 3"9A23&X!RYWFDHF=5QM4RYD6H7 9:7 R]D PR5cVF26=;?34626=FD[U3

7 9A2=g;s7 [YD7 _]4=FD9
HU3!D;s7 9M4626=FD[U3UN p5K=6Hb7 9:7 RYD6= Mg7EDgHb7 3"4G=;S9:7ED[9A23(HU3!D;s7 9M4626=FD[U3(7 ; =;Z;<W \3GH@9SROX!3g7ED;s7 [YD7 _]4=FD9
7ED(H7 3"4=;?9:7ED[eN #23"=FW9A2R5 7 ;DR9L= L=5B31R p=FDGM \RbHU3 7ED(Hb7 314G=;S9:7ED[(9A26=9j9?= A3\9A27 ;\VF23!DR \3DR]D
7ED9SR@=64G4<RYWFD9N QD =9S35P7 = ; 7 A3\;?9S33 =FDH L=9S35J9A23HU3!D;s7 9M4!2=FD[3(7 ;<D 9 =5B[U33DR]W[]2"R5p7 9aHR3;
DR!9#V =<M >WF5B9A235 \R5K37 (V!R5B9?=FDG9#5KR 3FN 27 3(7EDH7 34=;?9:7ED[9A23HU3!D;s7 9M(4626=FD[U3V =<M=;s7 []D!7 _]4G=FDG9
5KR 3@X!3G4G=FW;Z3"= =5B[U3"Hb7 IJ3!5K3!D64<3g7ED 6= W3G; PR5 3 != (V 3= W "7EDFW
7 ;`R 3!
5 F N WU5B9A235 R5B3Fx9A23

465K3G=9:7 R]D(R m;<2F5P7ED <=[3gV!R5BRU;s7 9Mg7 ;`=@Hb7E5B34A9 4<RYD;?3 YW3!D64<31R 9A23(HU3!D;s7 9M4626=FD[3UN
4<RYD;S9?=FD9a4RYD9A5BR R W \3 7 ;#4<RYD;S9A5W64A9S3GH&=; ;2R D7ED_Y[]WU5K3 jN UN bR 7 HOVF2=;Z3(7 ;`R]D9A23&587 [Y29
;s7 HU3=FDH 7 ]W7 HOVU26=;?37 ; RYD9A23 3 n9`;s7 HU3UN n9S3!5m=; = 9:7 3(7ED6465K3 3!D9L9A23 \R 3GHC7ED9SR@9A2319A23
HF=;<23GH 7ED3"=9 =Hb7 ;S9?=FD64<3
N #23"3D35B[M4<RYD;?35 6=9:7 RYD(R o9A23(4<R]DG9A5KR R W \3@5K3G=6HU;
0n lV U
LV
v
U
U
n @T aV U U aV )V 0
D <V
0n
#v
\r y U
}n V UU bV 0V
lV 0
U U aV
^n
fhrjN !t

"!
}`D6= U R[!M9A23V=;?;#4RYD;?356=9:7 RYD3nPR5*9A234<RYD9A5KR U R U Wa\V 37 ;

fhj
r N t

#
c
jr !t
hr t
U U

$
0n
U V 0 0V v
$ U
23"3]W=9:7 R]D;1f LN a=FDHf jN `HURODR9#26= 3(=FDM05B3G;S9A587 4A9:7 R]D;`R 9A23 7 ]W!7 H R 3 \3DG9 \27 462&2=;
9SROX!3;?R 3H&;?3!V6=5K=9S3 MGN`hW 9:7EV M(3 YW6=9:7 RYDhf jN XM=g4RYD;S9?=FD9
5K3;<W 9S;7ED

$
hr !t
hr t
f jN
! E ;EG, L LGwZG< Zh@h$b M.Z, h .L;Z< L LG@ C LZ$ . Z j o Db b

Chapter C. Density change effects
boundry at t=0
liquid
solid
boundry
after some
time
dx
A1
B1
A2
B2
b7 [YWF5B3rLN )ic

234<RYD9A5KR
U R U WaV\3"R0np9A23gVF26=;?34626=FD[U3
yJWUX9A5K=64<9:7 RYD(3 YW6=9:7 RYD0fjrLN tn>5KRLV3]W=9:7 R]DhfjrLN #tlM!7 3 U H;

fhrjN t

$
$
"
c#231_-5K;S9l9S3!5Gr
V R]D9A23&587 [Y29\26=FD6H&;s7 HU3"4RL(V V!RU;?3H>n 5BRe
V 9GvjR&"!4<RYD9A587EXUW9:7 RYD;.i RYD3!twn>5KRLVr9A23 U 7 ]W7 H
;s7 HU3=FDH&9Gj
v Rat>n 5KRL
V ;?R U 7 H&;s7 HU3UNo} 9a9A231;ZR U 7 H&;A7 H319A23(4<RYD9A587EXUW9:7 RYDg7 ;D =FD7 ;<23GHOX!34=FW;?3
$ 7 ;`<3!5KRhH]W319SR 7 ;\7 H3DG9:7 4G= UU M(<3!5KRTfSDR\V R0 30V 3!D9lR0pn 9A231;ZR U 7 Hex]7 9 7 ; =g[RRbH
=;?;W)V(V9:7 RYD0t<NDSQD(9A23 U 7 ]W7 HOVU26=;?319A23"9S3!5GV
$ 7 ;`<35BRTfEv\2M6kt(9A2FW;l9A233v\2R U 39S3!5GV
7 ;
=FD7 ;<23GHjv 34G=FDf\v 587 9S319A23g7 HU3!D9:7 9,M
fhj
r N t
# $

v 235B3 7 ;a9A233 3 U Rb47 9M=9l9A237EDG9S358n =643UN

c 231_-5B;?9l 9S35<
V R0pn 3]W=9:7 R]DhfjLr N `t 4G=FD0X!33@T V!5B3G;?;Z3GHC7ED(9A2319S3!5Gr
V R^n 9A234N N _ =;
# $ 4$

$ $

$ $ $

fhj
r N I)t
$ d $
K E L;;E. LG L$ . L, D;G;e.Z. L L;$ LZ;M LZd!@< LE<E<

#
# !

X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a
U 7 Y W$ 7 H@ 9SR& ;?=FR DUH&7 Hv9AN2c 3"2;?3"R U ;?7 H034<4<RYRYD6DHg9A589S7E3!XU5GWV9:7 RYRYD(D0=F58VF7 [YV!23G9=5B26;`=FRYDDH&U M@;A7 H7ED 3"R^n
7 YW7 H&;s7 HU34<RYD9A587EXUW9:7 RYDg7 ;`<3!5KR0;s7ED64<3

9A5n=FD;A7 9:7 RYD6= =<MG3!5 H]W319SR@9A5n=FD; PR5 =9:7 R]D
3]W6=9:7 RYD0f LN #7 ; ;s7 (V M
ULU
n <V
jr t bV U
fhrjN s)t
" $

"!
! "!
c 2FW;Gx3]W6=9:7 RYD0fjrLN t#7 ;`9A5K=FD;,nPR5GV\3HC7EDG9SR
fhrjN t)t
$ $ "
S 9#7 ;1DR!9S3Cjv R5B9A2M19A26=9a9A23&>n "5KRY! D9V!5KRY"V6=! [U=9:7 R]D(7 ;#=FX!R]WG9 V!5B3!7 R]W; U M3vL=;`4G= U 46W U =9S3GHeN{ YW6=9:7 RYD
fjL
r N s)t 2R U HU;a=; U R]D[&=;`9A2319A5n=FD;A7 9:7 RYD@7ED9SR&;?R U 7 Hh7 ;#=FX!5WFVG91f8;<26=5,V9A5n=FD;A7 9:7 RYD0t<N
v 235B319A23"9A5K=FD;s7 9:7 R]D"9SR0;?R U 7 H@Rb44!WU5K; R0 3!5-9S3^(V V!3!5n=9AWF5B3&5n=FD[U33vj3@2=!3
);H R5*9A234=;Z31R^n
465K3G=9S319A2U5K33RYD3;GN`@=9A23^V=9:7 4= UU Mx]7 9 7 ; 4<R]D.3!D7 3!D9L9SR0HU3;Z4!5P7EX!3"9A2319A23lVW;2GM(<R]D3
X!RYWFDHF=!587 3;X<M(9Gj
v RiX!RYWFDHF=!5BM4<R]DHb7 9:7 RYD;GN
I
v 2!7 4!24626=FD[U3\9A23&23G=9L9A5n=FD;,Pn 3!5

);H 23(465K3G=9:7 R]D(R0n Rb7 H;\7 ;"5K3;<W U 9S;`R0mn H3D;A7 9,M4!2=FD[3G;
V 3G4!2=FD7 ;CV>n 5BRe
\
V 4RYD6HYW64A9:7 R]D"9SRi5n=6Hb7 =9:7 RYDbN#c 23 U Rb4=9:7 R]D(R0n 9A233 R7 H0HU3!V!3DHU;`RYD9A23
465BM;?9?= UU 7 =9:7 RYD(=FD6H0;<WF58n =64319S3!D;s7 RYD(3Ie34A9xb39?4Nc 23@V!R;Z;s7EX7 U 7 9,M(Rô
n 9A23W U 7 ]W!7 H&4626=FDFD3 U ;ZY
=FDH@9A23 R#v R^p
n ;Z30"V 7 .m ;?R U 7 H@=FD6H&3C 3!Dg;?R U 7 H&4RL(V V!3D;:=9S3oPn R5o9A2!7 ;D R7 HeN
I

V V!35K=9AWF5B3
);H 39xbRYD326=;a9SR9?=aA 3(7EDG9SR&4<R]D;A7 H35K=9:7 R]D"9A23gV!5K3;?;WU5K3"3<IJ3G4<9Dc 23 U 7 YW7 HU=9:7 R]D"9S30(
=FDH@9A23 U =9S3!D923G=9`=!5K3=Ie34A9S3GHh;?RLV3Cv\26=9#X<M9A23@V!5K3;Z;<WF5B3FN}o91V!5K3;?;WU5K3@X!3<9Gvj33D9A23
=9@\
V R;VU23!587 4#9SR@9MUV7 4= U 7EDG9S3D;A7 _]4=9:7 R]D@V5B3G;?;<WF5K39A2319S30(V V!35K=9AWF5K3(=FDH U =9S3DG923=9a=5B3
3<IJ3G4A9S3H 35QM"
V 7 U H U MGN` R#jv 3 35.xaPn R5LV!5B3G;?;WU5K3@D3=!56 =646WFW)r
V 9A23 U =9S3!D9\23G=9 =FDH@9A23
9S30(
V V!35K=9AWF5B3(=5K313Ie34A9S3H\V R5K3gDR!9:7 43G=FX U MGN
I
c 23& 3 U Rb47 9M(R0pn 9A23 U 7 ]W!7 H\V 39?= U H]W3"9SR@9A23@VU26=;?34626=FD[34=FD0X!3&5K3 U =9S3H&9SR@9A23&>n 5KRYD9
V!5KRYV6=[U=9:7 R]D@W9:7 U 7 7ED[9A23"3]W=9:7 R]DhfjL
r N <t N#c 23 U 3Cnn 9126=FDH&;A7 H34=FD0X!3;2R#v D"9SRX!3 N
c 23@5P7 []2G92=FD6H&;s7 HU3g7 ;15B3HYW64<3HC7EDG9SR&R]D U M U 7 ]W!7 H R#v =FD6H03G=;A7 U M4=FD0X!3;<2R#\v D"9SRX!3 $ $ N$
$ $ $
fhj
r N t
~ $

v\23!5K3 7 ;l9A23(HU3!D;s7 9M@5n=9:7 Rvx : $ N
;Z;$;E L @,b L J!;Z< L,< ZG;. L@ L$wCZGCb ;;) ,.b,, hG; .Z
.d;Z;L.ZLZe h ;LZO0 @ @L;.;L $ jCQbL GD@G Z Zw< EL;b. dL Lw)G;; L ;$ZL^. .DE < .7d;, D LC LwG ZGCbC

A&Ah:U6lG#QZFZ

Chapter C. Density change effects
X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a

U
#v 0n
7
0V
#v 0n LV
c
U
U
c 23 R#vR0n 9A23(=7E58[F=; 7 ; =6Hb7 =FXG9:7 4(7BN 3UNaDRO23=9L9A5n=FD;Z3!5m7 ;"D3[ U 7 [7EX U 3=FD6Hh4=FD0X!3g7 []DR5K3GHeN
c 27 ;`7 ;l9A23"4=;Z37v235B3gV!5KR43;Z;`7 ;35QM~n8=;?9l=FDHi23G=9j9A5n=FD;?3!5V3G4626=FD7 ;CV\;a=!5K314RYD;s7 HU3!5n=FX U M
; U R#j
v 3!5cf,;?33V\R5K3H7 ;:46W;s7 R]D=FX!RYW9aHb7bV\3!D;s7 R]D U 3G;?;#DFWaV(X!3!5m7EDzrm26=FVG9S35)t<Nwc 27 ;77ED6H&R0nL7 ;
DR#v D(=;&! =FDFDR R#"v N
!
V V U 7 ;?9\V!R;Z;s7EX U 314G=;?37 ;\v 23!D9A27 ;
=FDR9A235cV!R;?;A7EX U 7 9Mg7 ;a9A235B3g7 ; =FDh23G=9l9A5K=FD;?35 =FDH09A23";s7b

23=9L9A5n=FD;Pn 3!5m7 ;#=g4<RYD;S9?=FD9Nc 23@23=9L9A5n=FD;Pn 3!5m7 ; ;A7 [YD7 _]4=FD9`7ED4=;Z3o
v 235B3"9A23!5K37 ;
46230"
V 7 4G= U 5B3=64A9:7 R]D;`;?Re\V 3<9:7bV 3g5K3CPn 35B3H&9SR0=;#4<Re(V XUW;s7 R]DNc 27 ; R#v 7 ;1D6=a\V 3GH&R]D ! =!5nH
3M U 367 [Y2bN
v
V = U 4=;Z3UNc 23 R#qv 7 ;126=;"23=9
} 4G=;?3@X!3<9Gjv 33D19A23"9Gjv RCV!5K3C 7 RYW; 4=;Z3(7 ;a9A23g7 ;?R9A235<

9A5K=FD;,Pn 35cXUW9`7 ; U R#
v 3!DR[]29SRA 33V9A23\9S3^(V V!3!5n=9AWF5B34<R]D;?9?=FDG9Nc 27 ;#7 ;L9A2314G=;?3o\v 23!D=([F=;
R#l
v ;Pn R5o= U R]D[&H7 ;?9?=FD43&f.7EDR5nH35*R0nD 7 U RLV 3<9S3!5K;t NwQS D;W4!24=;?3G;GxF9A23[U=;a9S30V V!3!5n=9AW37 ;
3]W= U 9SR@;ZR5,5KRYD6Hb7ED[g9S30(
V V!35K=9AWF5K3UNS n 9A23;?R]WUD6H7ED[&=!5K37EDhWUD7 Pn R5GV 9S3^(V V!3!5n=9AWU5K30fP9A26=9 7 ;
;s7b(
V V U 7 ;S9l4G=;?3&\v 27 462~jv 3 U 7bA 3!t 7 ; 4= UU 7 ;?R9A235<1V = U 4=;Z3UN @=9A23^V =9:7 4= U MGxY7 9\7 ;a9A23;A7b(V V U 7 ;?9
4=;?3 u N
SQDgH7 34G=;S9:7ED[vxF9A23"=7E58[F=; R#av ;w>n 5KRLr
V 9A23(4=! 7 9,M9SR&;ZRYWF5KHb7ED[C7ED~ 3!5BMC5n=FV!7 H1V =FDUD3!5>Nc 27 ;
;s7 9AW6=9:7 RYDg7 ; 3!5BMg4 U RU;?319A23_-5K;S9&\
V RbHU3 U jv 3Hb7 ;Z4!5P7EX!3HOX!3CPn R5K3UN p3!D64<3Fxajv 3"4G=FD=;?;W)\V 319A26=9Pn R5
V=FDMR0n 9A23(4G=;?3G;l9A23 R#qv 7 ;"5K3;A7ED=FX U M=6Hb7 =FXG9:7 4 _ N#c 235B3Pn R5B3Fxajv 37EDG9A5KRbHYW64<319A23z! =FDUDR R#v =FD6H
=[U=7ED@7ED=g;s7b
V V U 7 ;?9Pn R5<@V N
;b,Eh1Cbb $b LEZ LG@L $,Z L h bEb! L <E,ZL;b G w EeE QG E LZGb.@ !Z C)@ G
$L;K o@ L3Z@ G. C@ b d d,jZ L,L7b.G.LZ<& @hME $@ . L b. .L; #jL GGd7Gb;C7M@ @Lb G.w.L wE <h C w Z Z < d.LDL 8 o ; @; LZ # Z b LD G
!oZG 7a@b ,E LZL ZG^G`@b
c
23 R R p=7E5e9A5KRYW[Y2"9A23 3!D9:7ED[g;?M;?9S3 7 ;`= R

R 4R (V!5K3;Z;s7EX 3\;WUX;S9?=FD64<3FN #235B3"=5B39A2U5K33
7 HU3G= RHU3 ;aA9 26=9a4G=FDhV!R!9S3DG9:7 R]D= M(Hb7 ;Z46587EX!3"9A231;A7 9AW=9:7 R]DN
UV
"
<
Chapter D. Fanno Flow
R`).&/
</\+p
frincional
force
P1
V1
T1
rho1
Cross Sectional
area, A
P2
V2
T2
rho2
7 []WU5K3k N )ir-R]DG9A5KR U R U W)V31R^no9A23[U=; R#v 7ED4<RYD;S9?=FD9a4!5BRU;?;`;?34A9:7 R]D

!#

r-R]D;A7 H35o=[F=; R#l
v ;l9A2U5KRYW[Y2(=@4<RYD6H]W!7 9v 7 9A2=~n>587 4A9:7 R]DCf8;Z33l7 []WU5K3k N UNc 23V=;?;

4<R]D;Z3!5=9:7 R]D~Pn R5-9A23(4RYD9A5BR U R U Wa\
V 37 ;
fZ N !t

c 23"3!D3!5K[!Mg4RYD;?3!5 7 RYD0fSWFDHU3!5o9A23(4RYD;<587 4A9:7 RYDR^cn 7 HU3G=FX9:7 4 R#vd\t 5B3=6H;

fZ N t

c 23&Pn R5n4<3=64A9:7ED[&RYD9A23[U=;\7 ;a9A23&>n 587 4A9:7 R]Dg=FDH@9A23\V RLV 3!D9AW)
#
V 4<R]D;Z3!5 =9:7 R]D05B3=6H;
fZ N t
G

R5o;s7bV V U nn M9A23&V!5K3;?3DG9?=9:7 R]D!#Pn RR!9ADR!9S3!DR!9`D3;Z;Z=5 U M~Pn R5*9A23@V!5K3;?3DG9?=9:7 R]D(4=FDhX!34 U RU;?319SR047E5n46W U =!5
6
vj3=;?;<Wa\V 319A23(4<RYD6H]W!7 9j9SROX!3(=@47E5n46W U =!5-9A23!5K3CPn R5K3Ux

fZ N t

7 ;`3 YW6= U 9SR N * 9:7 U 7 7ED[9A23(HU3<_-D7 =9:7 RYD"R0pn 9A231_-5n4A9:7 RYD~8n =64<9SR5 =FDHjv 3

}pR9S39A26=9

RYX9?=7ED9A23&Pn R UU R#v 7ED[

fZ N t
-:

"!

9:7 U 7 7ED[@9A23HU3<_-D7 9:7 RYDR0pn 9A231;ZRYWFDH&;V!33H&RYD3"4G=FDRYX9?=7ED"9A233Pn R UU R#v 7ED[
*

# %$
fZ N I)t
!
$
%

'&
r RYD! 3!5B9:7ED[@9A2313CFT V5B3G;S9:7 RYD~Pn R5lf O: `t =FD6HPn R5)( : 7ED9S3!5G
*
V R^n 9A230g=64!20DUWFX)V 3!5*M367 U H;
$ + $

fZ N s)t
!
*

0
/1

$
$.,
4<RYVMU587 [Y29z x
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ
U xvX<MXa 5>N *=5Eu-367E5

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a
Section D.1. Introdcion
SED9S3!5K[U=9:7ED[ U =;?9l3 YW6=9:7 RYDM367 U H

$ icW / $

!

$
/ 1 $
c 23g5K3;W U 9S;`Rôn 9A27 ; 3]W=9:7 R]D=5K3&V U R9S3GHh7EDX7 []WU5K3
b7 [YWF5B3z N iD!=FDFDR R#v=;#=~n>WFD4<9:7 RYD(R0n
A&Ah:U6lG#QZFZ

Z N t)t
f

Chapter D. Fanno Flow
X
A0<0s6"lG#QZFZ

UaB!]s#.!6:GO6 <! K :a

Chapter E. Reference

"!$#&%(') $
*,+-/.0+-1203546)798:2;8=<>27@?A+BDCFEG62A?
E>4H2IJ4K73546=.L4KE)-M3;NOC)P -QKB -7RB ?M8N
S5TU

"!#"$%$%& %' )(+*", ' .- % % ' !"( /10!32 54
5<=/5 >8> : >8 '?@( 'A, '8; >,B*( ! M 58DC />' ' ' '( ", 'A8 AC
"!)62/'K 57 !"869 !"8 ;:
( '' ' '1E 'A( > 0 JFG( 'H/9GIJ8LKNMPORQ)MTS.UVWXQY$%HZ@[\]^P!_a`b5$Adc>3c $" %0 >88>';!GK5( /
6f H g
% >8"8>'H/ ! >!GK'=e
"!K f %(') $ Y7 ! ihj1Z5kmlnc+[ob5$[$6pc>+q_c+rbn[\]^Hs[3!"c+utdk.3c+HZ G0 /'./5 / <8 ' 'v// (C
% >8"8>'H/ !
"!K f %(') $ Y7 8)!"( k// /Cj, !/^/ /R!"8/wC ' KR 'H/a/ './= >8 />' K R'DCR''9 ')"8K x5*>'zy6$)sA[3
$%{N|@HZ@c+.H[3c+HZ}"3.[\c ~"!iHt.$" $kZq k 5 #
@0 R'H/a/p*GJ'B9 ' !/ M >8 , n9'A(C
"!K f %(') $ Y7 ? A25'@ ?& !"869 7 )( 9/ ') >8 ; )
' !)A**", *", >8 %y6$)sA[3n$%{N|@.ZYc+"HH[3c+.Z{J$[J!nskH3[Jq k 5 #
$ ' 'A8 M >8 >8 KR'H/a/p*GJ'u9 '
"!K f %(') $ Y7 ? A25'@ ?& 7 !"869 7 )( 9/ ') >8 G n

5

g

!/ M >8 yA$ns[\5$%{o5>sAc+!61|@HZ@c+.H[3c+HZ
# g
g ;6*GR! ' ~"!"( A*( ! M 58k/9Oc+Q@kH3c+.Z|@HZ@c+.H[
"!K f %(') $ Y7 !"89 >82( 'K G
5 # - ' ', 'K"# '', 'K
@?%/^/M! %/p*G( !/ )(+* M )88"*, 'K
x)*>'u9'Bx5*'( x)*>'H/ KR ( 'A, './ , 5* ' 'A, 'A8
D'A ( !"8>' "%O .
K'K3, !"8>'A8 9'H/ ';!"*. )*GR!"8 'H/;0!K
/ ;: !"8)'
g %e=' d*69K C
& ) ' ! d2> >8 ?& % K'2 R ' ! GIR !"869 !69G) >2/ ' !

"!/ M >8 / ',R/ % ';!"8/ AC% n9'( /; p.m)M&.!%oK"s&N G ;vN=s++k3c+_$%{=3"
Mtd!"HPq$%{;@tHc+H"tH]~$%{j+; GJ5 )!>'./ #
;oq%!["sA+c+tBO]dc ZY$n{;;3c+++c+.ZX=kdc+6~!stH&|@"H[JZqLOc ^pc b%"3c $[
R!"8)) o

<: &N*GJ'!"*(AC ';A( !", ! M )8 ?@8> >8>'' >8>F%(58 !G 'A8 ' ' &5( R!69
g % >8 >,9 ! M 58 AC 'A8 /R! >8>'.9 G!/
J' ' A2 \, 'A8 /J5*; n !"869L "* " f
K J/5 >8(!"(+*, >8*", >
)8 !"(5( 90))!", 'K9 ' !/ M >8/ []tk3c $%P$%{
KNMPL ln;z| g # g
k
BIBLIOGRAPHY
& A2H/ ;ORQoXo.td$%BBH"!"H!o[$)tH.!%s[\]Pk@) $o[3H!"c+tk$[qAH3.

, 'K
!"8 ' !/ M >8>I>8/ M d* ' IJ8> 'H/10o( ! >8>'H/ I>(+( >8> /
& A2H/ !"869 !"(+( 5G - "e ')"85( / !"8/wC 'K >8 /'*"8K 'k9z2> >8>9), 0 RJ'./^/
!"8O
9 KR/ K'; w;/ YI>8[]tk3c $%RS6VWLJ%3.[\"3c $"";ORQo| % >8"8>';!GK)( / %0 >8"8'./ K ! )!GK'K
7 f e -6f g
! ' '
!"89 &)*"89/ % n
9 '( >8 />' J'./^/pG* R'B9 ' !/ M >8 KR 'H/a/*k// >8 )*"869 !@
!"89FG
8 ' 'A( 'A, 'A8 D, ' /n9;/ Ly6$)sA[3n$%{=1"3.[\c o[$)tHadc+.Z HtH"$" $.Zq -5 #
! ' / nG
Y? '; w:/ C />'(R'A( ! M 58k/ K $ ' ''8, )( 'A8, ' !"( >81C ';'.9/ / ',R/ !"89
;6
9 !"*"( G* 9 >8B9 '9!/ M >8 L, !)KK >>8 'H/ 5IJ8[ 6t3c $"6AVWLJ%3.[\"3c $"%;ORQo|
)* ;/ )!GK'K 7 f e 6f g
R!GK' & G? ';/ AC ' ';
8 !"89 ! ' !KR';!/ 58 /' K R5/ ACN9 ' ;!/ M >>8
[ 6t3c $"6$n{@MB.[\c+tp$ns"![Jq"H ~)$)tHc++q 5 # -Ag
? 62/'KJ &? >9, >( !K
(!">8 !"( 5/ / !GG( 'k(9 />'0 '" !/ M >8 0 J './^/ yA$ns[\n$n{
|@HZ@c+.H[3c+HZX"3.[\c ~"!Ht.$" $kZq - - # - g 4 /
?@( f % 'K)!"( ! % ; >* G !"869 % >(+( ' G / 'H/ M >, ! M >8 L, n9 '(C =9 ' !/
KJn95>
* w;/ ;IJ8LKNMPORQ)MTS.UVWXQY$%HZ@[\]^P!^`6b5$6dc>3c $% %0 >8>8 ';!GK5( / %0 >8>8 'HA/ K ! >!GK'
e Af gg
: ! $ !"8"2H/ Yoq%!["s+c+tu"!"=$%$%& &%( R'H/ !"869L& !"8A/ !/ !"8kM/ !;/
: )869A/ ' G ; ') 9 'A8/ G !"89 4 ),R/ Y7 - 4 8 />' >8G>* 'A)8 ' AC /'9'p 589 M )8:/ 58 /'
'A
8 /R! >8", 'A8 R! '( >8 />'u9 ' ' '( ", 'A8 R' )8 AC !BC R'' R)*"89 d* *( ';8 ' Mb"b)+c+.!
YtHc+.%3c"tB=pd6[\t. )!>'./ - # -
7 !K 'K G % %e >' R' M ;!"( !")8 !"( k// / !"869 'd K'K
>, ';8 !"( / ' ' ! M )8 C ! $ ';8 / !G, 'A8
9)G* >>8 05( 0
9 ))!", 'K FG(+( >>8 Oc+rQYk.3c+HZ|@.ZYc+"HH[ -5 --
!"8kA/ 'A8 J /G* 57 )5>sAc+!_.tHc+t] " "8D >( ' !"89 58k/ IJ)8 ' \2 ' 32
'A869 'vA/ )8 ;: "%O GhNb@HQG"H@) $ &% !)6, >(+( !"80=* ( / K >>8 _" ' \2 '
32
R!)> 7 !"869 %0 >(+( 'K G ' ;!/ M >>8 9 'u9 ' '; M )8/ 5, * 'K // >,B*"( ! M )8 AC
!"*/ 'H/ !"860
9 ' '; w;/ ;IJ8LKNMPORQ)MTS.UVWXQY$%HZ@[\]^P!^`6b5$6dc>3c $% %0 >8>8 ';!GK5( / %0 >8>8 'HA/ K !
>!GK'=e 6f -
* G !"869 JRK5*( / % ! />'A, ! M ;!"(), n9 'A( >>8 C=A/ )( 9 F ! M )8 !"869, 'A( M >>8
-
! R' ' ' i$)!"H+c+.Z@c+rsA "3c $%"3.[Y@tHc> |@.Z; g@ - #
* !", !"( >8 G!", %(''K / 58 57 ? A25'@ &? !"869 7 )( 9/ ') >8 ; ) ;?G K' >, 'A8
!"89 ), "
* 'K, n9 'A( >>8 C />' j=/ >0
8 KJ'./^/H* R'B9 ' ;!/ M >>8 ;!5/ >>8 / YIJ8rM;z|"lGQ |
Odc Z@ !"8 : R!")8 M/ !"( C 3K8 !
!3K8 " YH+.tk3c $%$n{@bn[ $)tH]û][3c #+]{J$[!c+utpkH3c+.Z G0 />'H// / 54 ! '
<8 ' 'v// ;
>, "%O !"869 !"8 ;: ) 8 !GG( ;! M )8 AC - #& / 5( 9 F ;! M )8 !">8 !"( 5/ / z( !J'
)(
, ( 'p !/ M >>8 / ;I>8!"#$@t.c"t1[\c+ c+n3H[3A"3c $%A)tp$"%{ H[3H"tHD$"_u$n!"H+c+.Zz$%{otdkH3c+.Z
!r]$"+c+!"c"td"3c $% >>8 !GK R'

"!$#&%(') $
*,+-/.0+-1203546)798:2;8=<>27@?A+BDCFEG62A?
E>4H2IJ4K73546=.L4KE)-M3;NOC)P -QKB -7RB ?M8N
%
S5T
BIBLIOGRAPHY
> 89/ ' !"869 !"(+( !)' : @? '; C ' 'A8 // ' !"899'./5 )8 (+* ;! M )8 K !)/ M '
, ' !"(%9';!/a/5 >8> 9 ' 'p d*G >8> !"869FG(+( >8 ACN/>K /p( '' ' '9589 ' !/ M >8/A)*"8958'./^/YIJ8
[ 6t3c $"66VW;ORQo|J%3.[\"3c $"YOc+Q@kH3c+.ZQ@$".ZY[3a K ;!> )!GK'K -
% !69/ '8
0 !"89 ' '89/ '8 - %e* *"( 'A8 R'H/ !"86O
9 ;69 R!"*"( a*", /;nyA$ns[\5$%{o5>sAc+!
.tHc+t] 5 #
% ! ' o & Ag YJnsA.t.R$n{ +c nsAc+!_k HktH[tk3.[$""d"j3[ 6p{ .[!nsA[3c+HZ}!"c+
tdk.3c+HZ&;0 />'H// / !/ ' 'H/ 'K38 'HA/ 'K ' '_<K8 ' 'K 5/ ;G?@>8 >>8 ''K
>>8 , ' !"(+(+G* RK;
% >)
8 ! ' '( / 58 !"869E )(+( ' E )8 !"( k// =/ !"89 >! '\8/ !"89/ )( 9 F ! M 58
>'A>
8 ), 'A)8 ! >89 ' ;!/ M >>8 J './Â/ 'H9/ Ly% |@.Z;GHt.%Ht.$" $kZqk%M;z| .-Y # -
)* 'A8 e !"869L !K ! 'K )8 !"( 5* ' d*69 'H/ AC 7 R! ' e >( ~" !/ M >8 & K'
(+( >(5, K)>8 'A8 w;/ LM% [ )!>'./ #
4 / 3>8 ' %O %( ( ' o&? %0 >(+( 'K G !"89 !"(+( 'A8 ; - %(n9 'A( >>8 CN9 '
!/ M >
8 OKR 'H/a/ './R*5/ >>8 z, !>), !A/ AC @IJ8LKNMPORQ)MTS 6VWXQY$%HZ@[\]^~!_a`b5$Adc>3c $%
'
N( ' '( !"89 54 )!GK'K=e -Af -
0 !> G : @)>sc+!L.tHc+t] % "8u

>( ' !"869 )8/ IJ)8 ' 32 ' \G2
! L !R! d)8 !", %e >' ;69 !"*"( a*", (!/ ! !"(+( ' nyA$)sA[3A5$%{oq"!"[ "s+c+tOcJ.)M Qo|
>!>'H/ # .-
=
!))/ M q)3c+td".msA!.q$%{N3"!"c+1tdk.3c+HZb%[$)tHa ;0 /'.5/ / & 5(+*, !
<8 ' 'v//
)!GK $R - ;"BO=q"Bc+t~"!L3"H[31$)!Hq%Ac+t~$%{QY$%Db%[3^pc+#+1)>sc+!5 $
' 5(+*, 'RI ) "8u >( ' !"869 )8/ ' 32
dG* 3/2 ' : !"89 !"(+( !)' : 7 ! M >8 AC9 '9;!/ M >>8 / []tk3c $"6P$%{;MBH[3c+td
$ns!"[Jq"B. ~)$)tHc++q -5 #
!"9, >)8 ! />!"8 !"89E )(+( ' E - 4 (8 /'_?@8 />!"( % ' />n9 >ny"oKsrGk3n
jd"5>sAc+!L) $ -5 -- # gg
e >), ' % !"869 R' ' 62 G 4 M >, !"("/p( / >K ' 'A( > JFG( 'H/jC )( 0
9 K>!", 'K

9 ' ;!/ M >>8 ;IJ8LKNMPORQ)M QY$%HZ@[\]^P!^`6b5$6dc>3c $% IJ89 !")8 !GK)( / IJ89 !")8 ! >!GK'oe 6f g
E ') >K8 >2 GJI ;"d$[Jq$%{@^b@.tHc 5tpkH3c+.Z}Bk3$)
! %z? ' 32
E ') >K8 >2 GJI "=e '\, %9 ">8 !"9, DC
!) v/ >8, ' !"( >8 '/ M )8 ' '; CoC
/ M )8 5(8 !/
5;
8 ';8 !"89_x5>* !"( ;;IJ8i[]tk3c $"6 VW;ORQo|Jn3H[3A"3c $%AYOc+Q@kH3c+.ZX|"`b5$Adc>3c $"
QY$%HZ@[\]^ N( ' ' '( !"89 54 )!GK'K -
E / !")8 ! />!"8
>82A, !"8 0 @ ' " !"869}0oG* R'KJ &%O 50 R%95)* / M )8 C
- , K N, )*"8 !)62/' />', ' !"( )(, KJ'./^// )81C \, >8 OKR 'H/a;/ ;IJ8KNMPORQ)MTS.UVW
QY$%HZ@[\]^~"!_^`6b5$6dc>3c $% %0 >8>8 ';!GK5( / %0 >8>8 'HA/ K ! )!GK'Koe 6f
>))8 !"8/p>2 RI !"869L )!", )!"8 ;: - "e >'
>8 C "*;=/ !"869/p(+>* / !"89 />'
>(8 !
d
* *( ';8 /p(+>* zy" )>sc+!.tHc+t] )!>'./ # --
.-
*,+-/. +-/12 3M46)7 8:2;8=<>27@?A+BDCFEG62A?

E>4H2:IJ4)7 3546=.L4KE)-M3;N C)P -QKB -7RB ?L2/N
G

"!$#&%(') $

Fundamentals of Die Casting Design

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi

Fundamentals of Die Casting Design

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Fundamentals of Die Casting Design

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles



xLpg"q"twiv0p}"j tw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} ts7iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

v*lRfB0aM:kdj0Msg0ceao~gn aBlRfg*]2nfBcevH]cyagn `]5lRj0waB`Wl0w%]5j0saBl.``JwGaBq nv*c]ecus*| m\adcKl.`W^0`blRk*q aBw%c_n fM]5jBax~dlRwwolRfHwolRv*aBq cKl0"]5jBadc2as0`agsl*`fBlH`badceaus0`b~BjMpNsBc

xLp?"q"ti,vp}"jty"pgiUyvop?p7}x}jt kr:i"kz} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

    

GMC?D<.)O: V P' - XRQ

xLp?"q"ti,vp}"jty"pgiUyvop?p7}x}jt kr:i"kz} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

xLpg"q"twi,vUp}"j ty"p?iUyv5p?p7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lts7i"jul tn|jl ln|k xX"i|n l l

xLpg"q"twi,vUp}"j ty"p?iUyv5p?p7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lts7i"jul tn|jl ln|k xX"i|n

).C>G 89) )LG  )7'

xLp?"q"tirvUp}"jtw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,iDk} ts7iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

xLpg"q"twirvUp}"jty"p?iUzyvop?p7}x}jt k,iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

xLpg"q"twirvUp}"jty"p?iUzyvop?p7}x}jt k,iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

xLpg"q"twi,v0p}"j twy"p?i(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lts7i"jul tn|jl ln|k xX"i|n l l

M Z7K T YX\ [Z T ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

xLpg"q"twi,v0p}"j twy"p?i(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lts7i"jul tn|jl ln|k xX"i|n

@  G + U '*+ N +7-/I,5>- +L?DG V C.8

2'PG ?DG IK+.-

4J4 T xLpg"q"twirvUp}"jty"p?iUzyvop?p7}x}jt k,iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnfi xX"in

O e O e K uO > ? [QTY z\ [ V+KA zO / [  zK?[\ ^  K7O\ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>?>?>>@@

-/+ N @>G C U V *' I$) +7-/I,5>- +L?DG V C.8

xLp?"q"ti,vUp}"j tw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

xLp?"q"ti,vUp}"jtwy"pgiUyvopgp7}x}jt kr:i"kz} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

Section 1.2. Designed/Undesigned Scrap/Cost

3YX[ ; 55 CCZZ 5 OB 7:9B8; ;1 B Z4\ ]^

 7T K K ' T [ VTWV^ YXZ $ T \ K ^* \

 /* I%( G#  /* I%(# "  3 /0

  &%  # ("!#  +, /02   ((!#   /* I%"

+/0  +  &$%(,!

 KH)')I51*<G  L %N') "V

xLp?"q"ti,vUp}"jtwy"pgiUyvopgp7}x}jt kr:i"kz} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

Section 1.4. Historical Background

xLp?"q"ti,vp}"jty"pgiUyvop?p7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnfi xX"in

ausBvs.k*lRg]]5j.n c_n f>j.s.^B]aB` |

xLp?"q"ti,vUp}"jtwy"pgiUyvopgp7}x}jt kr:i"kz} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

Section 1.5. Numerical Simulations

xLp?"q"ti,vp}"jty"pgiUyvop?p7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnfi xX"in

H"`D,n ]WulR*`cea0q 'q JsMk*l0]]5q aMs*fBv>]5*`xf,n ]_*^0c5n v&azs*fBv,ceadaGpyj0sg]_j0s*^*^*aBfBcg|

xLpg"q"twiv0p}"j tw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} ts7iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

Section 1.6. Integral Models

>?> xLp?"q"tirvUp}"jtw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnfi xX"in

xLpg"q"twiv0p}"j tw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} ts7iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

KY  [ V K ^ K []Z T ^ Y ^ $4K7\WO

Chapter 2. Basic Fluid Mechanics

#  +/ ! + # & /0  &//

T  K e Ou> I H ^ Y;Y T [ ^ KDY  [ $ [  KDK  [$

    "! $ #&%$ ( ' )%

xLpg"q"twiv0p}"j tw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} ts7iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

Section 2.2. What is fluid? Shear streass

K Y K;Y T YX\ K7Z K ^ K V T [ V [K  Y T T [ VNe O c(T ^ T ILK V

_ ' ,1+*<G I

=lq=yk9y q=x jo{ui#{jt{i wuq joj9p x {=rui q x y

xLp?"q"tirvUp}"jtw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} t"s}iDljWtnjl lnfi xX"in

Chapter 2. Basic Fluid Mechanics

TWV K T ;K Y T $ T \ Y wK [0KZ K Y V T ILK VTWV Z K"I T [ ^ KK.47YZX\ KgO

K ^ K [ Va K*$ [ V \ Y*$ [Mz[ T [ VT ^ $ T K V ;Y KY T YX\ NY ^

7T ^ K*4XZ}Y K T [ V_ [ [  ^ K _ [  ?T  ZLY T YX\ K ^ Y V K $ T K V Y ^

NAOYP R=T U7TV

[ TWV z [ KK.4Zg\ T ^wT T Y V K $ T K V Y ^

xLpg"q"twiv0p}"j tw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} ts7iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

vlRfB0aM:kdj0Msg0ceao~gn aBlRfg]2nfBcevH]cyagn `]5lRj0waB`Wl0w%]5j0saBl.``JwGaBq nvc]ecus| m\adcKl.`W^0`blRkq aBw%c_n fM]5jBax~dlRwwolRfHwolRvaBq cKl0"]5jBadc2as0`agsl*`fBlH`badceaus0`b~BjMpNsBc

xLp?"q"ti,vp}"jty"pgiUyvop?p7}x}jt kr:i"kz} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

GMC?D<.)O: V P' - XRQ

xLp?"q"ti,vp}"jty"pgiUyvop?p7}x}jt kr:i"kz} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

xLpg"q"twi,vUp}"j ty"p?iUyv5p?p7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lts7i"jul tn|jl ln|k xX"i|n l l

xLpg"q"twi,vUp}"j ty"p?iUyv5p?p7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lts7i"jul tn|jl ln|k xX"i|n

).C>G 89) )LG )7'

xLp?"q"tirvUp}"jtw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,iDk} ts7iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

xLpg"q"twirvUp}"jty"p?iUzyvop?p7}x}jt k,iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

xLpg"q"twirvUp}"jty"p?iUzyvop?p7}x}jt k,iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

xLpg"q"twi,v0p}"j twy"p?i(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lts7i"jul tn|jl ln|k xX"i|n l l

M Z7K T YX\ [Z T ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

xLpg"q"twi,v0p}"j twy"p?i(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lts7i"jul tn|jl ln|k xX"i|n

@ G + U '*+ N +7-/I,5>- +L?DG V C.8

4J4 T xLpg"q"twirvUp}"jty"p?iUzyvop?p7}x}jt k,iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnfi xX"in

O e O e K uO > ? [QTY z\ [ V+KA zO / [ zK?[\ ^ K7O\ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO>?>?>>@@

-/+ N @>G C U V *' I$) +7-/I,5>- +L?DG V C.8

xLp?"q"ti,vUp}"j tw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in l

xLp?"q"ti,vUp}"jtwy"pgiUyvopgp7}x}jt kr:i"kz} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

3YX[ ; 55 CCZZ 5 OB 7:9B8; ;1 B Z4\ ]^

7T K K ' T [ VTWV^ YXZ $ T \ K ^* \

/* I%( G# /* I%(# " 3 /0

&% # ("!# +, /02 ((!# /* I%"

+/0 + &$%(,!

KH)')I51*<G L%N') "V

xLp?"q"ti,vUp}"jtwy"pgiUyvopgp7}x}jt kr:i"kz} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

xLp?"q"ti,vp}"jty"pgiUyvop?p7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnfi xX"in

ausBvs.k*lRg]]5j.n c_n f>j.s.^B]aB` |

xLp?"q"ti,vUp}"jtwy"pgiUyvopgp7}x}jt kr:i"kz} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

xLp?"q"ti,vp}"jty"pgiUyvop?p7}x}jt k,:iDk} Lt"s}iDjWl tnjl lnfi xX"in

H"`D,n ]WulR`cea0q 'q JsMkl0]]5q aMsfBv>]5`xf,n ]_^0c5n v&azsfBv,ceadaGpyj0sg]_j0s^^*aBfBcg|

xLpg"q"twiv0p}"j tw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} ts7iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

>?> xLp?"q"tirvUp}"jtw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} t"s}iDjWl tnjl lnfi xX"in

xLpg"q"twiv0p}"j tw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} ts7iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

KY [ V K ^ K []Z T ^ Y ^ $4K7\WO

# +/ ! + # & /0 &//

T K e Ou> I H ^ Y;Y T [ ^ KDY [ $ [ KDK [$

"! $ #&%$ ( ' )%

xLpg"q"twiv0p}"j tw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} ts7iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

K Y K;Y T YX\ K7Z K ^ K V T [ V [K Y T T [ VNe O c(T ^ T ILK V

_ ' ,1+*<G I

=lq=yk9y q=x jo{ui#{jt{i wuq joj9p x {=rui q x y

xLp?"q"tirvUp}"jtw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} t"s}iDljWtnjl lnfi xX"in

TWV K T ;K Y T $ T \ Y wK [0KZ K Y V T ILK VTWV Z K"I T [ ^ KK.47YZX\ KgO

K ^ K [ Va K$ [ V \ Y$ [Mz[ T [ VT ^ $ T K V ;Y KY T YX\ NY ^

7T ^ K*4XZ}Y K T [ V_ [ [ ^ K _ [ ?T ZLY T YX\ K ^ Y V K $ T K V Y ^

NAOYP R=T U7TV

[ TWV z [ KK.4Zg\ T ^wT T Y V K $ T K V Y ^

xLpg"q"twiv0p}"j tw"pgi(v5pgp7}x}jt k,:iDk} ts7iDjWl tnjl lnk xX"in

"!#$$%'& ()+$,'& .-/$%/ 01& (/-32546$%.78/9/):;78/< =?>/&@$ 4

|"}~ w ":?*5 :3}1}V}1}V}1}V}1}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}V}V}1}1}1};}1}1}1};}1}1}1}?

W]OiUjaNVS[kl`m N(nj_ N2Xo_ ^VY?k

0j. &j0]1 0I

,'1 02I-:. J)j'

)D- 1V. &

I,1 Ij- fD- IJ)D-gD

W]OiUjaNVS[kl`m N,n_ N2Xg_ ^AR k

XfY[hZZ\^\[]ij_f[`b_ak2f^c dd[ei f[] \[l_a2abXfZ[mn_gi c X Yea\e2X XZc oZd p

'1V. &(Il1 0D21

>1 0IM- I2D

M ^. 88* 8bM8bM\Q\8"!$#\\\8w M8P*/ Q88 8 w5\ Q\" 8w^%J\wP b58 % /KS8I

W]OiUjaNVS[kl`m N(nj_ N2Xo_ ^VY?k

&-". 1V. &,D

)D- 1V. &

&0D-gD&(1 Ij-". ,D21V. '

z {+)-,.'g{ " Sz z/Sz

W]OiUjaNVS[kl`m N,n_ N2Xg_ ^AR k

_Xq aa Zqr Yd[afXd[a2q _xXXxZod{Z r i a{Ya a r qa2f[] f^_da f[r iX c Zdr a X p

1 02I!&-". 1V. &,D

C1 0. T)- '

% )-,.'g{ " zSz/Sz

'j1 IJ1 0D21C1 0.

ioZ f[i oa2_Df YaDf^l dr _ f q k2Ya] mZ^Z er c i

GYB3F;A+?>G@F<$[RW?M:QIZQ8+?>A_GJIA+<MLd:QD7IFU7Z;[ ?>\IKLND78T\eDf8TFagY=7<MLN=f8+=3:QD7IF;\8I-=V:Q8hJ\KA+8:QIZe?M:QU7Z;Ii?>F

D(+[Ij-E1 0. &

D21f1 0IJ0I[D21Z1 -gD

%J8\5PKP\ ` IQ TK9PM S P* *:\ 58%HwP1QQF /\

W]OiUjaNVS[kl`m N(nj_ N2Xo_ ^VY?k

1 02IP)- ':)jIj- 1V. I