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Chapter
Introduction
The terms 'work', 'energy' and 'power' are frequently used in
everyday language. A farmer clearing weeds in his field is said to be working
hard. A woman carrying water from a well to her house is said to be
working. In a drought affected region she may be required to carry it over
large distances. If she can do so, she is said to have a large stamina or
energy. Energy is thus the capacity to do work. The term power is usually
associated with speed. In karate, a powerful punch is one delivered at great
speed. In physics we shall define these terms very precisely. We shall find
that there is a loose correlation between the physical definitions and the
physiological pictures these terms generate in our minds.
then
W (F 1 F 2 F 3 .... F n ).( r 2 r 1 )
0 o 90 o
Fig. 6.2
The positive work signifies that the external force favours the
motion of the body.
Example: (i) When a person lifts a body from the ground, the work
done by the (upward) lifting force is positive
F man
F sin
F
F cos
or W F.s
s
F
Fig. 6.5
s
F
Fg
Direction of motion
F
+
90 o 180 o
Fig. 6.8
Fig. 6.6
The negative work signifies that the external force opposes the
motion of the body.
Example: (i) When a person lifts a body from the ground, the work
done by the (downward) force of gravity is negative.
Zero work
Under three condition, work done becomes zero W Fs cos 0
(1) If the force is perpendicular to the displacement [ F s ]
Example: (i)
When a coolie travels on a horizontal platform with a load on his head, work
done against gravity by the coolie is zero.
(ii) When a body moves in a circle the work done by the centripetal force is
always zero.
Fg
always zero.
(2) If there is no displacement [s = 0]
Example: (i)
When a person tries to displace a wall or heavy stone by applying a force and it
does not move, then work done is zero.
(ii) A weight lifter does work in lifting the weight off the ground but does not work
in holding it up.
W A F. d s A (F cos )ds
dW F. d s
A
Fig. 6.9
d s dxi dyj dz k
B
or W
x A Fx dx y A Fy dy z A Fz dz
xB
yB
zB
Non-conservative Field
] [L] [ ML T
(1) In conservative field, work done by the force (line integral of the
force i.e.
points.
Absolute units
Gravitational units
From, W = F.s
From
1 Joule = 1 Newton 1 m
1 kg-m = 1 kg-wt 1 m
W AB W AB W AB
Path I
or
B
II
Path II
Path III
III
Fig. 6.11
(2) In conservative field work done by the force (line integral of the force
i.e. F.d l ) over a closed path/loop is zero.
W AB WB A 0
or F.d l 0
= 10 dyne 10 cm
5
I
A
Path III
= 9.81 Joule
From W = F s
Path II
W=Fs
= 9.81 N 1 metre
erg [C.G.S.] : Work done is said to
be one erg when 1 dyne force
displaces the body through 1 cm in
its own direction.
Fig. 6.12
= 10 dyne cm = 10 erg
7
II
III
IV
h1
h2
h3
W I F. s mg h mgh
h
mgh
sin
WIII mgh 1 0 mgh 2 0 mgh 3 0 mgh 4
WII F. s mg sin l mg sin
xi
x
xf
dx
Displacement
xf
xi
dW
WIV F. d s mgh
dW F dx
W
mg (h1 h2 h3 h4 ) mgh
xf
F dx
xi
xf
x i (Area of strip of width dx )
Hence the net work done against gravity over a round trip is zero.
W Net W AB WBA mgh (mgh ) 0
1 Joule = 10 7 erg
1 eV = 1 . 6 10 19 Joule
1 kWh = 3 . 6 10 6 Joule
1 calorie = 4 .18 Joule
W AB mgs
(4) Mass energy equivalence : Einsteins special theory of relativity shows that
material particle itself is a form of energy.
The relation between the mass of a particle m and its equivalent
energy is given as
Further if the body is brought back to its initial position A, work has
to be done against the frictional force, which opposes the motion. Hence the
net work done against the friction over a round trip is not zero.
R
If m 1 amu 1 . 67 10 27 kg
W BA mgs .
Fig. 6.14
F.s
e e
Each photon has energy = 0.51 MeV.
Here two photons are emitted instead of one photon to
conserve the linear momentum.
(ii) Pair production : This process is the reverse of annihilation of
matter. In this case, a photon ( ) having energy equal to 1.02 MeV interacts
with a nucleus and give rise to electron (e ) and positron (e ) . Thus
energy is converted into matter.
(Photon)
e + e+
Fig. nucleus
6.16
(iii) Nuclear bomb : When the
is split up due to mass defect
(The difference in the mass of nucleons and the nucleus), energy is released
in the form of -radiations and heat.
while in the
Light Electrical
Chemical electrical
Light
N
Dynamo
Anode
Photoelectric
cell
+
Primary
cell
Cathode
+
257
Sound Electrical
Heat electrical
Fe
Hot
Cold
Coal
Burning
Microphone
Heat Mechanical
Electrical Mechanical
Engine
Electrical Heat
Motor
Electrical Sound
Heater
Electrical Chemical
Anode
+
Speaker
Cu
Thermo-couple
Electrical Light
Cathode
Voltameter
Bulb
Electrolyte
Kinetic Energy
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion, is called
kinetic energy.
Examples : (i) Flowing water possesses kinetic energy which is used
to run the water mills.
(ii) Moving vehicle possesses kinetic energy.
(iii) Moving air (i.e. wind) possesses kinetic energy which is used to
run wind mills.
(iv) The hammer possesses kinetic energy which is used to drive the
nails in wood.
(v) A bullet fired from the gun has kinetic energy and due to this
energy the bullet penetrates into a target.
v
u=0
F
v 2 0 2 as s
Fig. 6.17
Let
1
2
dW m a ds
dW m
v2
2a
W mv 2
v2
2a
dW mdv .
dv
ds
dt
[As F = ma]
dv
As a dt
ds
dt
dW m v dv
(i)
As dt v
v
v
v
W 0 mv dv m 0 v dv m
2
1
2
mv
2
0
1
m (v . v )
2
W E
This is work energy theorem, it states that work done by a force
acting on a body is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the body.
This theorem is valid for a system in presence of all types of forces
(external or internal, conservative or non-conservative).
If kinetic energy of the body increases, work is positive i.e. body
moves in the direction of the force (or field) and if kinetic energy decreases,
work will be negative and object will move opposite to the force (or field).
Examples : (i) In case of vertical motion of body under gravity when
the body is projected up, force of gravity is opposite to motion and so
kinetic energy of the body decreases and when it falls down, force of gravity
is in the direction of motion so kinetic energy increases.
(ii) When a body moves on a rough horizontal surface, as force of
friction acts opposite to motion, kinetic energy will decrease and the
decrease in kinetic energy is equal to the work done against friction.
(6) Relation of kinetic energy with linear momentum: As we know
E
1
1 P
mv 2 v 2
2
2 v
1
Pv
2
or E
P2
2m
mc 2
2
mc 2
[As P mv ]
As v m
1 (v / c )
and Momentum P
1
m[v 2 u 2 ]
2
v 2
1
1
p2
mv 2 Pv
2
2
2m
2E
2 mE
v
From above relation it is clear that a body can not have kinetic energy
having
momentum
and
vice-versa.
v
v
u mv dv m u v dv m 2
u
E P2
m = constant
Ev
m = constant
2
1
m
m = constant
P = constant
P
m = Mass of vehicle,
x = Stopping distance,
1
1
mv 2
mv 2
v2
2
Stopping distance x
2
2 g
F
ma
1
mv 2
2
[As a g ]
Initial velocity = v
Final velocity = 0
Stopping time t
mv
mv
v
F
m g
g
Potential Energy
Potential energy is defined only for conservative forces. In the space
occupied by conservative forces every point is associated with certain energy
which is called the energy of position or potential energy. Potential energy
generally are of three types : Elastic potential energy, Electric potential energy
and Gravitational potential energy.
x
Fig. 6.18
mv 2
2F
(i)
F t P F t P
P
F
or t
mv
F
(ii)
x
E
m v2
The ratio of their stopping distances 1 1 1 12
x2
E2
m 2v 2
t
P
m v
and the ratio of their stopping time 1 1 1 1
t2
P2
m 2v 2
x1
m
1
x2
m2
t1
m
1
t2
m2
P 2 2m
x1
E
1 1 22
x2
E2 2m1 P2
m2
m
1
t1
P
1 1
t2
P2
2m1 E1
2m 2 E2
Note :
i
j
k)
x
y
z
U U U
F
i
j
k
y
z
x
where,
U
Partial derivative of U w.r.t. x (keeping y and z constant)
x
U
Partial derivative of U w.r.t. y (keeping x and z constant)
y
m1
m2
U
Partial derivative of U w.r.t. z (keeping x and y constant)
z
(3) Potential energy curve : A graph plotted between the potential
energy of a particle and its displacement from the centre of force is called
potential energy curve.
U(x)
C
B
O
x
Fig. 6.19
dU
negative , then F is in positive direction
dx
i.e. force is repulsive in nature.
In graph this is represented in region AB.
(iii) Zero force :
On increasing x, if U does not change,
dU
0 then F is zero
dx
i.e. no force works on the particle.
Point B, C and D represents the point of zero force or these points
can be termed as position of equilibrium.
(5) Types of equilibrium : If net force acting on a particle is zero, it
is said to be in equilibrium.
dU
For equilibrium
0 , but the equilibrium of particle can be of three
dx
types :
Stable
Unstable
Neutral
dU
0
dx
d 2U
positive
dx 2
d 2U
dx
dU
is positive.
dx
dU
0
dx
d 2U
negative
dx 2
dU
is negative.
dx
dU
0
dx
0
dU
is zero.
dx
Example :
Example :
Example :
i.e. F x
or F k x
(i)
or
x=0
F
m
+x
Fext
k =F
F
m
Fext
x
Fig. 6.20
Dimension : As k
F
x
[ F] [ MLT 2 ]
[ MT 2 ]
[x ]
L
Note
1
Fx
2
As k x
F2
2k
As x k
Let the spring is further stretched through the distance dx, then
work done
o
1 2 1
F2
kx Fx
2
2
2k
Note
:
If spring is stretched from initial position
x 1 to final position x 2 then work done
=
Increment
in
elastic
potential
energy
1
k ( x 22 x 12 )
2
Work done by the spring-force on the block in various
situation are shown in the following table
1 2
kx
2
surface tension.
261
1 2
kx
0 2
Natural
Compressed
1/2 kx2
Natural
Elongated
1/2 kx2
Elongated
Natural
1/2 kx2
Compressed
Natural
1/2 kx2
Elongated
Compressed
Compressed
Elongated
(3) Energy graph for a spring : If the mass attached with spring
performs simple harmonic motion about its mean position then its potential
energy at any position (x) can be given by
x=0
m
O
x=a
Total energy E
x=+a
Fig. 6.21
1 2
kx
2
(i)
K EU
Energy
A
x = a
x=0
x = +a
Position
1
1
k a2 k x 2
2
2
1
k (a 2 x 2 )
2
1
mv 2 0 ]
2
(ii)
1 2
ka
2
(iii)
and
and
maximum but through out the complete motion, total energy remains
constant as shown in the figure.
[At extreme x = a]
U min 0
K max
1 2
ka
2
1 2
ka
2
[At mean x = 0]
[At mean x = 0]
K min 0
[At extreme x = a]
1 2
ka constant (at all positions)
2
M
mass per
L
unit length of the chain and y is the
length of the chain hanging over the
edge. So the mass of the chain of
length y will be ym and the force
acting on it due to gravity will be
mgy.
Let
Fig. 6.23
G m 1m 2
r
mgh
h
1
R
Energy
y 2
mgy dy mg
L /n
2
MgL
2n 2
U
K
mg L2
2n 2
L / n
[As m = M/L]
Alternative method :
If point mass m is pulled
through a height h then work
done W = mgh
Similarly for a chain we
can consider its centre of mass at
the middle point of the hanging
part i.e. at a height of L/(2n) from
the lower end and mass of the
M
hanging part of chain
n
L/2n
Centre of mass
Fig. 6.26
So work done to raise the centre of mass of the chain on the table is
given by
W
M
L
g
n
2n
or W
[As W = mgh]
MgL
2n 2
(L/n)
L
Fig. 6.27
Fig. 6.25
L/n
2n 2
MgL
Potential energy of chain when it leaves the table
2
Kinetic energy of chain = loss in potential energy
1
MgL MgL
Mv 2
2
2
2n 2
dW
F. d s
Instantaneous power (Pinst. )
[As dW F. d s ]
dt
dt
ds
[As v
]
Pinst F. v
dt
i.e. power is equal to the scalar product of force with velocity.
th
Important Points
(1) Dimension : [P ] [ F] [v] [ MLT
gL 1 2
n
1 MW 10 6 Watt
1 KW 10 3 Watt
The lost energy is transformed into heat and the heat energy developed is
exactly equal to loss in mechanical energy.
We can, therefore, write E + Q = 0
[where Q is the heat produced]
This shows that if the forces are conservative and non-conservative
both, it is not the mechanical energy which is conserved, but it is the total
energy, may be heat, light, sound or mechanical etc., which is conserved.
In other words : Energy may be transformed from one kind to
another but it cannot be created or destroyed. The total energy in an
isolated system remain constant". This is the law of conservation of energy.
Power
Power of a body is defined as the rate at which the body can do the
work.
1
time
i.e. the body which perform the given work in lesser time possess
more power and vice-versa.
(4) As power = work/time, any unit of power multiplied by a unit of
time gives unit of work (or energy) and not power, i.e. Kilowatt-hour or
watt-day are units of work or energy.
1 KWh 10 3
J
(60 60 sec ) 3 . 6 10 6 Joule
sec
(5) The slope of work time curve gives the instantaneous power. As
P = dW/dt = tan
Work
( K U) E W f
] [LT 1 ]
[P ] [ML 2 T 3 ]
1
MgL
1
Mv 2
1 2
2
2
n
Velocity of chain
W W
t
t
Time
Fig. 6.28
dW
dt
P dt
i.e. m
vP
As F dt
dt
v dv m dt
v2
P
t C1
2
m
As initially the body is at rest i.e. v = 0 at t = 0, so C 1 0
2 Pt
v
1/2
2 Pt
(2) Position : From the above expression v
or
ds 2 Pt
dt m
1/2
1/2
m1
ds
As v dt
u1
u2
m2
Fext
1/2
2 Pt
ds
dt
m
By integrating both sides we get
i.e.
Before collision
1/ 2
t3/2
Collision
Collision is an isolated event in which a strong force acts between
two or more bodies for a short time as a result of which the energy and
momentum of the interacting particle change.
In collision particles may or may not come in real touch e.g. in
collision between two billiard balls or a ball and bat, there is physical
Perfectly elastic collision
If in a collision, kinetic energy after collision is equal
to kinetic energy before collision, the collision is said
to be perfectly elastic.
Coefficient of restitution e = 1
Inelastic collision
If in a collision kinetic energy after collision is
not equal to kinetic energy before collision, the
collision is said to inelastic.
Coefficient of restitution 0 < e < 1
Here kinetic energy appears in other forms. In
some cases (KE) < (KE) such as when initial
KE is converted into internal energy of the
product (as heat, elastic or excitation) while in
other cases (KE) > (KE)
such as when
internal energy stored in the colliding particles
is released
Examples : (1) Collision between two billiard
balls.
(2) Collision between two automobile on a
road.
In fact all majority of collision belong to this
category.
final
(KE) = (KE)
final
initial
initial
final
m2
v2
t
During collision
After collision
1/2
2 3/2
2P
s
C2
. t
m
3
Now as at t = 0, s = 0, so C 2 0
8P
s
9m
v1
m1
m1 mm
1 2m2
initial
Oblique collision
In a collision if the motion of colliding particles before and after the collision
is along the same line, the collision is said to be head on or one dimensional.
m1
u1
m2
u2
m1
v1
m1
v2
m2
m1
Before collision
u1
b
m2
After collision
Before collision
u2
m2
After collision
v2
v 2 v1
u1 u 2
or
v 2 v 1 e (u 1 u 2 )
u2
m2
m1
v1
v2
m1
After collision
Before collision
v 2 v1 u1 u 2
m2
v 2 v 1 0 or v 2 v 1
Fig. 6.30
It means that two body stick together and move with same velocity.
(i)
m 1u1 m 2u 2 m 1v1 m 2 v 2
(ii)
m 1 (u 1 v 1 ) m 2 (v 2 u 2 )
v 2 v 1 e (u 1 u 2 )
(iii)
m 1 (u 12 v12 ) m 2 (v 22 u 22 )
(iv)
v 2 v 1 u1 u 2
(v)
u1 u 2 v 2 v 1
(vi)
Note
m m2
we get, v 1 1
m1 m 2
2m 2 u 2
u1
m1 m 2
Similarly we get,
m m1
2m1u1
u2
v 2 2
m1 m 2
m1 m 2
m m2
2m 2
u1
Since v1 1
u2
m
m
m2
1
2
1
m m1
2 m1u1
u2
v 2 2
m
m
1
2
1 m2
and
Substituting m 1 m 2 we get
v1 u 2
and
v 2 u1
It means when two bodies of equal masses undergo head on elastic collision, their velocities get interchanged.
Example : Collision of two billiard balls
Before collision
10 kg
u1 = 50m/s
After collision
10 kg
10 kg
10 kg
u2 = 20m/s
v1 = 20 m/s
v2 = 50 m/s
(vii)
(viii)
2 m 2u 2
u1
m1 m 2
m m1
2m 1u1
u2
v 2 2
m1 m 2
m1 m 2
and
Substituting m 2 0 , we get
v1 u1 and v 2 2u1 u 2
m1 = 10 kg
m2 = 60 kg
u2 = 10 km/hr
Before collision
v1 = 120 km/hr
v2 = 230 km/hr
v = u and v = 2u
After collision
(iii) If light projectile collides with a very heavy target i.e. m << m
1
m m2
Since v1 1
m1 m 2
2 m 2u 2
u1
m1 m 2
m m1
2 m1u1
u2
v 2 2
m1 m 2
m1 m 2
and
Substituting m 1 0 , we get
v1 u1 2u 2 and v 2 u 2
u2 = 2 m/s
v = u and v = 0
i.e. the ball rebounds with same speed in opposite
direction when it collide with stationary and very massive
wall.
1
u1 = 30 m/s
v1 = 26 m/s
m1 = 50gm
m2 = 100 kg
Before collision
After collision
m m2
v 1 1
m1 m 2
m m2
u1
If the target is at rest i.e. u = 0 then v1 1
m1 m 2
1
Kinetic energy of projectile after collision K f m 1 v 12
2
(i)
m m2
K
1 1
K
m1 m 2
or
4 m1m 2
K
K
(m 1 m 2 ) 2
or
4m 1m 2
K
K
(m 1 m 2 ) 2 4 m 1 m 2
1
K
2
u1
m 1 u1
2
2m 2 u 2
u1
m1 m2
Note
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
or
m1 m 2 0
m 1 m 2 then
K
1 100 %
K
v2
2u 1
As u 2 0 and
1 m 2 / m1
Assuming
K
4n
K
(1 n)2
v2
Kinetic
energy
retained
by
the
projectile
K
1 kinetic energy transferred by projectile
K Retained
2
m m
m m2
K
2
1
1 1 1
K
m
m
m m 2
1
Retained
2
2m 1 u 1
m1 m 2
m2
n
m1
2u 1
1n
2u 1
As m 2 m 1 n and v 2
1
n
P2
(3) Velocity, momentum and kinetic energy of stationary target after head on
elastic collision
2m 1 u 1
1 (1 / n)
K2
m m1
2m 1 u1
u2
v 2 2
m
m
1
2
1 m2
u1
u2=0
v1
m2
m1
2 nm 1 u 1
1n
v2
m1
Before collision
m2
2 m 1 u 12 n
1
1
2u
m 2 v 22 n m 1 1
2
2
(1 n) 2
1 n
4 (K 1 )n
(1 n) 2 4 n
2
As K 1 2 m 1 u 1
After collision
Fig. 6.31
Velocity
i.e.
Momentum
P2
m2
0 m 2 m1
m1
2m 1u1
(1 1 / n)
i.e.
Kinetic energy
K2
m2
m 2 m 1
m1
4 K1 n
(1 n)2 4 n
i.e.
m
1 n 0 n 1 2 m 2 m1
m1
m1
m1
u1
m2
Before collision
u2
m2
Fig. 6.32
After collision
v2
...(ii)
...(i)
...(iii)
...(iv)
u 1 v 1 cos v 2 cos
(ii)
...(v)
0 v 1 sin v 2 sin
and
By conservation of momentum :
v1 v 2 u
v 12
(i)
v 2 v 1 eu
mu mv 1 mv 2
u 12
v 2 v1 v 2 v1
u1 u 2
u0
v 22
(vi)
and v 2
u 12 v 12 v 22 2v 1 v 2 cos( )
(vii)
u
(1 e )
2
u
(1 e )
2
v1 1 e
v2 1 e
/2
1
1
1
1
= m 1 u 12 m 2 u 22 m 1 v 12 m 2 v 22
2
2
2
2
Loss (K) =
i.e. after perfectly elastic oblique collision of two bodies of equal masses (if
o
Where
e
u1 u 2
Relative velocity of approach
v 2 v 1 e (u 1 u 2 )
v 2 v 1 e (u 1 u 2 )
(1 e ) m 2
u1
m m
2
u2
h0
(1 e ) m 1
m 2 e m1
Similarly v 2
u 1
m1 m 2
m1 m2
t0
v1
m
Before collision
v2
m
After collision
h2
v1
v0
h1
u2
u1 = u
[From v 2 u 2 2 gh]
v 0 2gh0
(ii)
m 1u1 m 2 u 2 m 1 v1 m 2 v 2
m em 2
v 1 1
m1 m 2
1 m 1m 2
(1 e 2 ) (u1 u 2 )2
2 m1 m 2
v2
t2
t1
Fig. 6.34
v 1 e v 0 e 2gh0
velocity
before collision
Fig. 6.33
v 12
e 2 h0
2g
th
m 1 u 1 m 2 (u 2 ) (m 1 m 2 )v comb
hn
v n2
2g
e 2n h0
v comb
m 1 u1 m 2 u 2
m1 m 2
hn e 2 n h 0
u1
Fig. 3.36
2
4
As 1 e e ....
1 e2
2 h0
2 h1
2 h2
2
2
..
g
g
g
2h0
g
[1 2 e 2 e 2 ......] [As h1 e 2 h 0 ; h 2 e 4 h 0 ]
2h0
g
[1 2e (1 e e 2 e 3 ......)]
2h0
g
1
1 2e
1 e
i.e. the combined body will move along the direction of motion of
mass m 1 .
1 e 2
H h0
2
1 e
(4) Total time taken by the ball to stop bouncing
T t 0 2 t1 2 t 2 2 t3 ..
2
m 1 u 12 m 2 u 22 (m 1 m 2 ) v comb
2
2
1 m1 m 2
(u1 u 2 )2
2 m1 m 2
Collision Between
Suspended Block
2h0 1 e
g 1 e
Let v be the velocity of the system (block + bullet) just after the
collision.
Lh
m 1u1 m 2 u 2
m1 m 2
m2
M
m
vcomb
u2
m1
m2
h
M
Fig. 3.37
Before collision
Vertically
m 1 u 1 m 2 u 2 (m 1 m 2 )v comb
u1
and
After the collision bullet gets embedded in block. Let the combined
system raised upto height h and the string makes an angle with the
vertical.
m1
Bullet
1 e 2h 0
T
g
1 e
v comb
m2
Before collision
H h 0 [1 2e (1 e e e ....)]
1
h 0 1 2e 2
1 e2
u2
m1
After collision
Fig. 6.35
1 m 1m 2
K
2 m1 m 2
(u 1 u 2 ) 2
block
bulletandblock system
mu 0 (m M )v
mu
(m M )
(i)
(2) Velocity of bullet : Due to energy which remains in the bulletblock system, just after the collision, the system (bullet + block) rises upto
height h.
By
the
conservation
of
1
(m M )v 2 (m M )gh v 2 gh
2
mechanical
energy
done.
When the work is done by the body, its potential or kinetic energy
(m M ) 2 gh
u
decreases.
(3) Loss in kinetic energy : We know that the formula for loss of
kinetic energy in perfectly inelastic collision
1 m 1m 2
K
(u1 u 2 )2
2 m1 m 2
same direction.)
1 mM
u2
2mM
[As u 1 u , u 2 0 , m 1 m and m 2 M ]
can get h
u m
2g m M
becomes n times.
2
or
Lh
h
u m
1
1
L
L
2 gL m M
1 mu
cos 1 1
2 gL m M
Kinetic energy can change into potential energy and vice versa.
When a body falls, potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.
Although the exact nature of the nuclear forces is not known, yet
The area under the force-displacement graph is equal to the work
we can solve problems regarding the nuclear forces with the help of the
conservation laws.
done.
mgh
. When h <<
1 h/R
R, we find U=mgh.
dW 0 .
take place.
dW 0 .
Energy of a body is equal to the work done by the body and it has
nothing to do with the time taken to perform the work. On the other
hand, the power of the body depends on the time in which the work is
1
2
potential is V, is given by : U =q V.
P
1 q1q2
by a distance r is given by U
. Here 0 is permittivity of
40 r
9
2 2
vacuum and 1 / 4 0 9 10 Nm C .
1 2
LI , where L = inductance, I = current.
2
271
where u1 and u 2 are initial velocities and v1 and v 2 are the velocities
of the colliding bodies after the collision. This is called Newton's law of
impact.
1 2
kx .
2
conserved.
1
U m 2 y 2 .
2
a rigid wall, then the change in the momentum of the body is 2mv.
1
m 2a 2 .
2
v v
u1 u2
1
2a2 where
2
in nature.
When a light body collides with a heavy body, the lighter body
returns almost with the same speed.
If a light and a heavy body have equal momenta, then lighter body
collision.
The mutual forces between the colliding bodies are action and
reaction pair. In accordance with the Newtons third law of motion, they
are equal and opposite to each other.
v1 2 gh1
v0 2 gh0
1/2
h
1
h0
1/2
conserved.
If after n collisions with the ground, the velocity is v and the height
n
en
collisions.
vn hn
v 0 h0
1/ 2
dP 0 .
dP 0 .
In the above case if the coefficient of friction for the rail is , the
power of the engine is P mgv .
If the engine pulls down on the inclined plane then power of the
engine is