Vijay.

S
II-MSC
Biochemistry

Evolutionary synthesis

Evolutionary synthesisis a 20th-centurysynthesisof ideas

from several fields of biology which provides a widely
accepted account ofevolution.
It is also referred to as the newsynthesis, the
modernsynthesis, theevolutionary synthesis,
millenniumsynthesis or the neo-Darwiniansynthesis.
The synthesis, produced between 1936 and 1947, reflects
the consensus about how evolution proceeds.
The previous development of nineteenth century
evolutionary ideas by
1 .Charles Darwin
2 . Gregor Mendel

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10128/

Charles Darwin& Gregor Mendel

Charles Darwin

www.Google image.com

Gregor Mendel

Charles Robert Darwin

Born -12 February 1809

English naturalist and geologist.

Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling

evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species,
overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of
transmutation of species.

1870s, the scientific community and much of the general

public had accepted evolution as a fact.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin

Cont

the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the

1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural
selection was the basic mechanism of evolution

In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the

unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity
of life

Died -19 April 1882 (aged73)

Gregor Johann Mendel

Johann Mendel was born in 20 July 1822.

He is founder of the modern science of genetics.

Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856

and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel

The cell

The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological

unit of all known living organisms.
Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate
independently,
The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665,
He was born in 28 July1635
Cells are divided in to two classes
1. Prokaryotic cells
2. eukaryotic cells

Origin of cell

Theevolution of cellsrefers to the evolutionary origin and

subsequent evolutionary development ofcells. Cells first
emerged at least 3.8 billion years ago.
approximately 750 million years after Earth was formed.

The first cells

The prokaryotes
Image Credits Gary Gaugler Bacillus anthracis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Unicellular

A prokaryote is a single-celled organism that lacks a

membrane-bound nucleus
Prokaryotes can be divided into two domains, Archaea and
Bacteria,
A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled
organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell,
unlike a multicellular organism that consists of multiple
cells
ex. Prokaryotes

Cont

Prokaryotes, most Protista, and some fungi, are unicellular.

Although some of these organisms live in colonies, they are
still unicellular.
Each individual cell must carry out all life processes to
survive.
Some organisms are partially uni- and multicellular, like
Dictyostelium
Dictyostelium discoideum
discoideum

Biomolecules

genome.tugraz.at/GrundlBiomTechnik/Biomolecules.pdf

MOLECULES OF LIFE

Four main classes of organic compounds are essential to

the life processes of all living things:

Carbohydrates ,lipids ,proteins & nucleic acids.

These compounds build from C,H,O the atoms occur in

different ratios in each class of compounds.

Theory for origin of life by chemical evolution must explain

following:

NUCLEIATOMSMOLECULESMONOMERSPOLYMERS

hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/biomol.html

 Their will be millions of organic compounds if they were not

classified into groups.
Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are:
1.Carbohydrate.
2.Lipids.
3.Nucleic acids.
4.Proteins.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

CARBOHYDRATES
CHO are compounds made up of C,H,O atoms usually in a ratio of
1:2:1
Living things use CHO as their main source of energy.
The breakdown of sugar such as glucose, supplies immediate
energy for all cell activities.
Living things store extra sugar as complex CHO known as
starches.
The monomers in starch polymers are sugar molecule.

LIPIDS
Lipids are a large and varied group of biological molecules that are
generally not soluble in water.
Lipids are made mostly from C,H atoms .the common categories of
lipids are fats, oils and waxes.
Lipids can be used to store energy. some lipid important parts of
biological membranes. steroids are lipids as steroids serve as
chemical messengers.
Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with
compounds called fatty acids.

NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic acid are macromolecules containing H,O,N,C
&P..nucleic acid are polymer assembled from individual
monomer known as nucleotids.
Nucleotids consists of 3 parts: 5 C sugar. a phosphate group,
nitrogenous base.
Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to
form a polynucleotide or nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids store transmit hereditary. there are two kinds
of nucleic acids: RNA &DNA.
The RNA contains the sugar ribose and DNA contains the
sugar deoxyribose.

PROTEINS
Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as C,
H,O. proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids.
Amino acids are compounds with an amino group on one end
and carboxy group on the other end.
More than 20 different amino acids found in nature.
Each protein has a specific role. some proteins control the rate
of reactions and regulate cell process.

ABIOTIC SYNTHESIS OF ORGANIC

MOLECULES
BIOTIC:
biotic resources are based on living
organisms. these are obtained from the
biosphere.
Example: animals, birds, forests. they can
reproduce themselves.
ABIOTIC:
resources are based on non living
organisms .they are obtained from atmosphere .
they cannot reproduce
Example: water,air,minearls.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

OPARIN AND HALDAN CONCEPT

In the 1920s british scientist J.B.S haldane and russian biochemists
aleksandar oparin independently set forth similar ideas concerning
the conditions reguired for the origin of life on earth
Both belived that organic molecules could be formed from
abiogenic materials in the presence of an external energy source.
For ex:
Ultraviolet radiation and that the primitive atmosphere was
reducing (having very low amounts of free oxygen)and contained
ammonia and water vapour, among these gases
Oparin believed that life developed from coacervates,microscopic
spontaneously formed spherical aggregates of lipid molecules that
are held together by electrostatic forces and that may have been
precursors of cells

http://www.simsoup.info/Origin_Landmarks_Oparin_Haldane.html

 Oparins work with coacervates conformed that enzymes

fundamental for the biochemical reactions of metabolism
functioned more efficiently.
The oparin and haldane conclued that the organic
compounds could have undergone a serious of reactions
leading to more and more complex molecules

http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/chapter26/page10.htm

MILLER-UREY EXPERIMENT
The M-U experiment was an experiment that stimulated the
conditions thoughts at the time to be present on the early
earth and tested for the occurance of chemical origins of life.
The original experiment were able to show that there were
actually well over 20 different amino acid produced in millers
experiment.
That is considerably more than the 20 amino acids that
naturally occur in life.
The some evidance suggests that earths original atmosphere
might have had a different composition from the gas used in
the M-U experiment, which would have released carbon di
oxide, hydrogen sulfide , &sulfer dioxide into the atmosphere.
MillerUrey experiment - Wikipedia,

EXPERIMENT

Experiments using gases in addition to the ones in the

original M-U experiment have produced more diverse
molecule. The experiment used water,methane,ammonia
and hydrogen.
The chemicals were all sealed inside a sterile array of glass
flasks.
The flasks connected in a loop with one flask half-full of
liquid water and another flask containing a pair of
electrode.
The liquid water was heated to induce evaporation, sparks
were fired between the electrodes.
MillerUrey experiment - Wikipedia,

 To stimulate lighting through the atmosphere and water vapour

and the atmosphere was cooled again so that the water could
condense and trickle back into the first flask in a continuous cycle.
The miller observed that as much as 10-15% of the carbon with in
the system was now in the form of organic compounds.
2% of the carbon had formed amino acids that are used to make
proteins in living cells. with glycine as the most abundent.
Sugar also formed. nucleic acids were not formed within the
reaction.
Stanley miller stated:Just turning on the spark in a basic pre-biotic
experiment will yield 17 out of 20 amino acids
people.chem.duke.edu/~jds/cruise_chem/Exobiology/miller.html

Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium,_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm.360p.ogv