Climate Responsive Architecture is a must in Building Design Architects must realize that the building skin is not just specifying materials and creating a Facade for aesthetics. ‘The building envelope serves as a climatic mesh that filters the outside environment to create a proper and hopefully a comfortable indoor environment. A climate responsive building envelope is only one functional criterion fr cottect design. In the Philippines, hot humid conditions require protection from heat and maximum ventilation for interiors, therefore, focal designs should firmly consider these issues. Proper fenestrations and building materials should be selected. Opening fenestrations such as sun-shading devices should be consideted by designers Good building orientation must also be Looked at by architects fo minimize direct solar radiation but maximize potential for natural ventilation. /t ts Basic Concept: "Weather" is the set of atmospheric conditions prevailing at a given place and time. "Climate" can be defined as the integration in time of weather conditions, characteristics of a certain geographical location ‘At the global level climates are formed by the differential solar heat input and the uniform heat ‘emission over the earth's surface. The movement of air masses and of moisture-bearing clouds is driven by temperature differentials and strongly influenced by the Coriolis force. Classification of Climates: © Equatorial y Example: Those countries lying just above or below the equator, Soutlfeast Asian Countries, Central America andthe Amazon Basin in South America Cool Temperate é Example: NW. Europe, Canad, and pats oft America ° ‘Warm Tem; Example: Mediterranean Countries a Arctic / © )Exampte: Iceland, Greenland, Noythern Russia; and China For the purposes of building design a imple system based on the nature of the thermal problem in the particular location igaften used. Further Classification’ ot ‘Tropical, Sub-Tropical & Equatorial Climates: art Hania opi Island) overheating is not as great as in hot-dry areas, but it is Ceravated by véry high humidities, restricting the evaporation potential. The diurnal temperature variation is small Bist Dey (Arid/Matitime Desert) main problem is overheating, but the air is dry, so the Japorative cooling mechanism of the body isnot restricted. There is usually a frge diurnal (day = night) temperature variation o}composie (Tropical Uplands) Warm Humid: High temp during the day, low diurnal change; Relatively high humidity: Heavy rains especially wie THE THERMAL® during monsoon season, Cloudy and glaring sky, Lesser ground vegetation Hot Dry: Very high temp during the day; large diurnal range; can be quite low in winter; Low and very Jow humidity; fairly constant throughout the year, Often low or very low precipitation; Little or no cloud. Cold and non-glating sky; Sparse and often bare ground vegetation. Very high glare from ground. Rich soil which only requires water Composite Mixture of warm/humid and hot/dry.; 1/3 to 2/3 ratio af monsoon period The general climate (macroclimate) is influenced by the topography, the vegetation and the nature of the environment on a regional scale (mesoctimate) of at a local level within the site itself (microctimate). Tropical Climate: Philippines ‘Temperature — average mean temperature (dbt) 20 - 30 deg C small diurnal temperature changeirange 2-5 deg Humidity Levels - 50% - 100% Relative Humidity Wind Conditions — Slow Wind Flow, Average of 2 m/s . Prevailing Wind in the Philippines Amihan (SE) November to April Habagat (SW) - May to October y Sky Conditions - Overcast Sky most of the time; a lot of reflected heat/ solar gain Precipitation ~ high during the year — average of 1000méuyt Micro-Climate: ‘Many factors contribute to micro-climate, for instance, the location of hills, rivers, streams and lakes, the position of buildings and trees, whether the site is on coast or inland, in atown or in the rural areas, whether the location is above sea level, et. Some micro-climate phenomena are ~ fand/sea breeze - Courtyards - Evaporative cooling - Orientation. - Slope of land height in relatiod to air movement, rainfall and temperature Urban Climate: Almost every city in the world today is hotter - usually between 1 to 4 deg C hotter - thai its surrounding area. This difference between prban and rural temperatures is called the "urban-heat- island” effect”, and if has been intensifying throughout this century.Elements of Climate Needed in Design: A. DBT (Dry-Bulb Temperature) - measurement of the temperature of the air and as far as possible excludes any radiant temperature; measured in the shade. instrument - silvered thermometer (in OF or 0C) - monthly mean of daily maxima (deg C) - monthly mean of daily minima (deg C) - standard deviation of distribution B. Wind — direction, frequency and force of the wind throughout the year. instrument — vane anemometer for high speeds kata thermometer for low speeds C. RH (Relative Humidity) ~ amount of water in the ait. instrument — hygrometer (in %) or sling psychrometer measured in OF or OC if WBT (wet-bulb temperature) - early morning relative humidity (in % - early afternoon relative humidity (in ) D. Precipitation - mainly rainfall but could also be dew. instrument —rain gauge measured in inches or centimeters - monthly total (in mm) E, Sky ~ either cloud cover, measured in 1/8 or 1/10 or % of the sky covered, or it could be measured in hours of sunshine Cloud cover - based on visual observation and expressed as a fraction of the sky hemisphere (tenths, or ‘octas’ = eights) covered by clouds Sunshine duration - the period of clear sunshine (when a sharp shadow is cast), measured by a sunshine recorder which burns atrace ‘on a paper strip, expressed as hours per day or month. F, Solay Radiation - measured by a pyrancmeter, on an unobstructed horizontal surface and recorded either as the continuously varying irradiance (Witn2), of through an electronic integrator as inradiance over the hour or day. Four environmental variables directly affecting thermal comfort are temperature, humidity, solar radiation and aiy movement, these are the four constituents of climate most important for the purposes of building design. Rainfall data may sometimes be needed, such as For designing drainage systems and assessing the level of precipitation Posted by RSG at 3:00 PM 0 comments 2” Labels: Tropical Design lesson modulesClimate and Architecture Lauren Turner Report for Honor's Section 8 of MET1010 Introduction to the Atmosphere Florida State University 1 December 2003 Since the beginning of time, man has been affected by climate and its influence over the earth. The first humans built shelters and lived in caves to protect themselves from the weather elements. However, the first documentation of architectural design with climate interests in mind dates back to fourth century B.C. in Greece. The philosopher Vitruvius is quoted as saying, “We must at the outset take note of the countries and climates in which buildings are built (Oktay),” In Rome, architects made note of the reduction of temperature created by the huge stonewalls and their shadows. ‘The walls were made of stuccoed brick and were typically twelve to twenty feet wide which allowed for an extended area to be captured in the shadows of the walls keeping. the city cool during the midday hours (Oktay). The stuccoed walls are an example of climate-responsive architecture, or architecture that is constructed and built with designs that make use of the surrounding climate and its natural effects. With the help of new climate technology, many developing countries, such as Algeria, are making use of climate-responsive architecture and its benefits in helping to keep humans comfortable (Bensalem). The impact in Algeria is strong because with the country’s struggling economy and varying climate zones, itis a huge step to be able to use the country’s natural environment as a building tool instead of expensive technology. Climate- responsive architecture takes advantage of free energy in the form of heat and light. Each region of the world employs its own techniques and designs in its buildings that are best suited to that particular region and that encompass the region’s cultural patterns. This is, known more commonly as vemacular architecture, or “forms which grow out of the practical needs of the inhabitants of a place and the constraints of the site and climate (Oktay).” Vernacular architecture varies for regions of hot climate and regions of cold climate. Many of the same techniques are employed, but it is the way they are used in each respective climate that makes them unique. Before getting into the specifics of each climate, general guidelines are used by all architects in any building situation. A man by the name of Olgyay is credited with creating a biocliimatic chart that helps in the design of buildings so that they are conducive to the human requirements of comfort using the surrounding climatic conditions. Olgyay’s chart is a “zone of human comfort in relation to ambient air ‘temperature and humidity, mean radiant temperature, wind speed, solar radation, and evaporative cooling” (Givoni 280). The axis of the chart include the dry bulb temperature and relative humidity which create the “zone” in which other important characteristics can be calculated. A comfort zone is created in the center of the chart, which emphasizes the correct temperature and humidity for maximum comfort. If the temperature and relative humidity fall below the lower limit, shading is required to in comfort and if they rise above the upper limit, then the cooling eflects of thewind is usually the only element that can balance the comfort zone (Givoni 280). To create the chart, local data are collected and recorded regularly and then charted based on annual percentages. The bioclimatic chart is important because it allows builders and architects to figure out the right specifications for design factors such as orientation, location, size, shading, and form. A hot-humid climate is defined as a “region that receives more than20 inches of annual precipitation” and either has 3,000 or more hours of 67 deg F temperature or 1,500 or more hours of 73 deg F temperature during the warmest six months of the year (Building Science Corporation). In this type of climate, the main function of the buildings is to simply moderate the daytime heating effects of the external sir (Givoni 290). In other words, itis important to design buildings whose structure and interior are best able to keep warm air out. Living in a hot climate can quickly become uncomfortable for its inhabitants with the extreme heat that is built up by midday. That is why it is important for the buildings structures to have effective ventilation and an internal temperature below the outdoor level (Givoni 285). The ventilation keeps air ‘moving through the environment and, therefore, keeps the inhabitants cooler, In many arid, desert regions, buildings are designed with flat roofs, small openings, and heavy weight materials. ‘These materials include dried mud ia rural areas and reinforced concrete in urban areas (Givoni 316). The thick exterior roof and walls help to absorb temperature fluctuations and, therefore, keep internal temperatures from rising above the outside surface temperature. An important function of the roof is its color. A white or light colored roof will stay approximately the same temperature as the outdoor air during the day, and six to ten deg C cooler than the outside air at night (Givoni 319). This is an important feature because the cooler nighttime air will be channeled down by the sloop of the roof and into the rooms in the building. One function of the small openings is to prevent dust, a huge problem in Africa, West Asia, and West ‘Australia, from entering buildings. Windows are arranged so that equal areas are open on the windward and leeward sides of the building. The reason for this is very simple, the air stream can be directed into rooms that need constant ventilation such as the bedroom (Givoni). When one window is positioned higher than another, thermal force will direct the airflow from the high window to the lower window creating good ventilation. Courtyards, patios, and verandas are other common features of buildings in hot climates. With high walls, these outside areas provide shade and a relaxing environment to their inhabitants for social gatherings, evening entertainment, food prepa: domestic work such as laundry (Oktay). Concrete is the most common mat the walls because it has low cost and high thermal capacity which in turn reduces internal temperatures (Givoni 316). This keeps the patios cooler and more enjoyable. Another way to provide shade in a more aesthetically pleasing way is through greenery. For example, trees, shrubs, and bushes provide natural shade from the sun while giving the courtyard area a pleasing look. Why are these outside areas so important? They are important because essential functions happen outside like cooking and entertaining. The outside environment in hot regions is just as important as the inside because it is a daytime relief from the intense climate. The following chart was created to show theoptimal comfort temperature for an outside area in a hot region. As one can see, depending on the orientation of the building, there is a different corresponding optimal temperature (Bensalem). Generally between the afternoon hours of the day (1:00pm to 4:00pm), the most comfortable temperature is around 30-35 degrees C. (Notice how the lines cross so that at different times of the day, different sides of the building have higher comfort teempératures) * imary, a typical hot climate building possesses three main sections, a main building, a service building, and an inner courtyard (Oktay). The main building will contain the living room so as to make use-of the cross ventilation from the windows and has a north-south orientation is preferable to deal with ventilation issues. The outside areas provide relief from heat with thick, concrete walls, ‘A cold climate is defined asa region with approximately 5,400 to 9,000 heating degree-days (Building Science Corporation). A heating degree-day is calculated by subtracting the mean temperature for the day from 65 deg F. It is general belief that when the temperature drops below 65 deg F, people begin to turn on their furnaces, so therefore when the mean temperature drops below 65 deg F the day is assigned a heating degree number. A bullding constructed in cold climates should ideally have healthy and comfortable indoor thermal conditions and a reasonable fuel economy with the heating methods locally employed (Givoni 291). The key to reaching that goal is good insulation and sunshine exposure, which helps ‘0 keep the warm air inside the building, The ancient Greeks employed this technique by realizing that the winter sun had a low are in the southern sky, due to the tit in the Earth at the season, allowing windows in the walls to capture much needed heat from the sun (Oktay). A traditional building is usually built Just below the brow of a hill on the southward slope. This way the building is protected by the hill and by surrounding shelterbelts of trees (Oktay). The north face of the building typically has few openings while the south contains the main openings to maximize sun exposure. Orientation is important because it affects which sides of the buildings receive the most sunlight and how long the sun stays with those sides. The long axis of the building should ideally stretch east to west. The north end receives the least amount of sunlight aud, consequently, has lower temperatures (Oktay), This is why storage rooms, toilets, and kitchens typically are located at the north end of many buildings. The south end is much warmer and generally will house he living room, bedrooms, and study areas. To minimize and reduce heat loss many rooms contain low ceilings, thick stonewalls, small windows, and centrally located heating. The difference between thick walls in cold and hot climates is that in hot climates the walls outside are ‘meant to shade the interior from the intense heat, whereas, in cold climates the walls inside are meant to insulate and keep heat in. The chart below was ereated to show theoptimal comfort temperature for a cold region at different times of the day (Bensalem). As discussed early, the chart shows that the south end of the building in a cold region is, in fact warmer than the other ends of the building, especially in the mid afternoon hours of the day (1:00pm to 4:00pm). Winter the “south” line and its higher comfort Many settlements, like The Dechra settlements in Italy, cluster their houses close together facing the south in order to minimize heat loss (Bensalem). It is an inexpersive way to solve a heating problem because, unfortunately for many countries, detailed climatic data and analysis is not available. In Austria, for example, thermal insulation mast be calculated based on the average annual minimum outdoor temperature (Givoni 280). Where in other countries, houses are constructed based on a detailed scale that helps decide how much insulation is really required. In a cold climate, using the right type and amount of insulation is key to conserving heat loss and energy and itis the ultimate goal of cold climate architecture. Both hot and cold climate-responsive architecture use special techniques and designs to help get the most benefit out of the natural environment. Architects who use climate-responsive architecture build their creations with the intent on takirg advantage of the surrounding environment and the average climate conditions of the region. Around the world there are famous examples of buildings and settlements that employ such designs. For example, in Cypriot, an Italian settlement, houses in towns and villages are grouped close together in order to help shade each other from the intense stn (Oktay), In Delhi and Lahore, mosques consist of large areas of open space surrounded by just ‘enough built form to make one feel “ le a piece of architecture (Correa). Around the world architects are continuously expanding and inventing new ideas that make use of the natural environment and its extraordinary effects on the way humans live comfortably in their homes and workplaces.Tropical. Tropical Design This is concerned with countries where discomfort due to heat and humidity are the dominant problems, Tropical Design is applicable to Tropical and Sub-tropical climates and Equatorial Climates covering the Southeast Asian Countries. Importance of Climatic Design Climate has amajot effect on building performance and energy consumption. ‘The process of identifying, understanding and controlling’ climatic influences at the building site is perhaps the most critical part of building design ‘The key objectives of climatic design include i To reduce energy cost of a building 4 To use "natural energy” instead of mechanical system and power ii To provide comfortable and Kealthy environment for people Factors Affecting Climatic Design: The local micro-climate and site factors will affect the actual environnental conditions of the building ‘The important site-related factors should be considered when making the climate analysis: Topography - elevation, slopes, hills and valleys, ground surface conditions. ‘Vegetation - height, mass, sithouette, texture, location, growth patterns. Built forms - nearby buildings, surface conditions : ‘Major thermal design factors to be studied include: solar heat gain conduction heat flow and ventilation heat flow. ‘The design variables in architectural expression that are important will include: Shape - surface-to-volume ratio, orientation, building height Building fabric - materials and construction; thermal insulation; surface quafities, shading ancl sun contrat Fenestration - the size, position and orientation of windows, window glass materials, external and internal shading devices Ventilation -air-tightness, outdoor fresh air, cross ventilation and natural ventilation, Posted by RSG at 3:21 PM 0 comments #” Labels: Tropical Design lesson modulesStrategies of Climate Control: Humd Overheated Climates 1/14/2010 Page 1 Strategies Of Climate Control Humid overheated conditions are most severe along the Gulf Coast, but occur across the entire southeastern U.S. Atmospheric moisture limits radiation exchange, resulting in daily temperature ranges less than 20 F. High insolation gives first priority to shading. Much of the overheated period is only a few degrees above comfort mits, 0 air movement can cool the body Ground temperatures are generally too high for the earth to be useful as 2 heat sink, although slab-on-grade floor mass is useful. The strategies are to resist solar and conductive heat gains and to take best advantage of ventiation Minimize Solar Gains 1. Plant trees tn shade roof and east and wast walls 2. Shade building to minimize solar load on envelope, 3. Shade all glazing during overheated period 4, Shade north elevation in subtropical latitudes. 5. Use light-colored surfacing on walls and roof, Minimize Conductive Gains 1, Insulate envelope components in proportion to sol-air-indoor temperature difference. Use radiant barrier in attic space 3. Consider thermally massive envelope materials to reduce peak air-conditioning loads. 4. Use slab-on-grade instead of craw! space and insulate only at perimeter Promote Ventilation Losses 1. Orient building to benefit from breezes, Use plantings to funnel breezes into building, but be careful not to obstruct vent openings. Use wing walls and overhangs to direct breezes into building, Locate openings and arrange flcor plan to promote cross ventilation. ok ON Plan interior for effective use of whole-house fan, Ventilate building envelope (attic or roof, walls). Copyright © 2000 Architectural GRAPHIC Standards CD-ROM John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NYOverheated Climates 1114/2010 Page 1 ‘Space Ventilation for Hur Space Ventilation “Air-change ventilation" brings outdoor temperatures indoors by breezes or whole-house exhaustfans. Whole-house fans yield about 20 ar changes per hour (ACH) and are useful only as long as outdoor conditions are within comfort limits (72°-82.F). They may offer 30-50% savings in electricity costs over air conditioning. ‘Whole-house fans do not provide high enough airflow rates for body ventilation. Ceiling (paddle) fans are recommended for air movement ang can maintain comfort with indoor temperatures up to 85 F ET”. Air conditioning is necessary above 85 F ET*, The issue of when to ventilate and when to air condition is a functon of building type, occupancy hours, heat and moisture capacity of the structure, and climatic subregion. Humidity is & factor, as night air may be cool but excessively humid. Roofs and Attics for Humid Overhsated Climates. 4114/2010 Page 1 Roofs And Attics The attic should be designed to ventilate naturally. Most of the heat gain to the attic floor is by radiation from the underside of the roof. While ventilation is unable to interrupt this transfer, most of it can be stopped by an aluminum foil radiant barrier. Foil ‘acings on rigid insulation and sheathing can be used as radiant barriers when installed facing an airspace. Roof spray systems can dissipate most of the solar load, leaving the roof temperature near the ambient dry-bulb instead of the sol-air temperature. The theoretical lowest temperature tat the roof can be cooled to by evaporation is the wet-bulb, but is not attainabe under real daytime conditions. The cost-effectiveness of spray systems depends on the roof section, R value, building type, climatic region, and other factors. Spray systems are most advantageous for poorly insulated flat roofs. Walls for Humid Overheated Climates 1114/2010 Page 1 Walls: Radiant barriers enhance the performance of walls by reducing solar gain. They are most effective on east and ‘west walls and are recommended for predominantly overheated regions [<2000 heating degree days (HDD), >2500 cooling degree days (CDD)]. They are not recommended on south walls except where CDD exceed 3500. Radiant barriers must face an airspace and can be located on either side of the wall structure. Outside placement allows, the cavity to be vented. This enhances summer wall performance, but admitting cold air degrades it during winter. Venting is recommended for regicns having more than 3500 CDD. Discharging the cavity into the attic ensures best vent action. Thermal mass in walls reduces peak air-conditioning loads and delays peak heat gain. By damping off some of the peak load, massive walls help keep indoor temperatures in the range where ceiling (Paddle) fans and airflow from cross ventilation provide comfort. Daylighting for Humid Overheatec Climates 4/14/2010 Page 1 Daylighting ‘Windows and skylights should be shaded to prevent undesired heat gain. North- and south-facing glazing i 7 . facing glazing is ‘shaded most easily for predictable daylighting. Light-colored reflective sunshades and ground surfaces vill bounce the light and minimize direct gain. Cloudy or hazy sky conditions are a source of brightness and glare.Pree. ote SRN MkSSnay WaLlovi TC SESTION, VENTED, ENERGy-EFPOENT WALL ezoTION VENTED NESE NGIUATION SEIN WALT WITH RADIANT BARRIER sta a CORO Sinevoya sna hertoClimatic Responsive Energy Efficient Passive Techniques in Buildings Dr Anupama Sharma, Associate Member KK Dhote, Non-member R Tiwari, Non-member ‘Theenergy conscious traditional Indian war oflifeand architecture evolved out ofthe great timeless vedic philosophies, and bence, it was immutaily appropriate to the veryesence of life based on human knovoledge, wisdom and vision of nnature-man interaction. Thus, architecture in its nature based manifestations, and appropriateness integrated tothe life, bas been mos assiduously cultivated in India through ages. The energy conscious architectural heritage, thus, reached its pinnacle of perfection due to the sound principles embedded in man-nature spiritual and moral Indian ‘aluesand honest dedication tothe spatio-temporal creations. The ever alarming cost ofenergy in buildings enforcesa statuary demand of energy conservation passive design techniques in buildings. Modern buildings reveal inadequate thermal performance andrequire mechanical devices to bring thermal comfort. Key INTRODUCTION ‘The idea of using solar energy to heat and cool our buildings is not new. For centuries man has made use of sun’s energy. In early days sun was used to temper the indoor climates. The ‘earth's climate is dependent on solar energy. Earlier, man was, aware of the advantages of finding a ceve or placing wall ‘openings in the direction of the sun's path to capture its, ‘warmth during winter days and the unique ability of certain, materials to retain sun’s warmth and release it later after the sun had set. Therefore, the designs, materials and orientation that exploited the natural energy flows arcund the inhabitants ‘were chosen. Basic form and material were carefully refined to introduce solar heat or to keep out the sunas per requirement, Man continually explored new avenues of harnessing solar ‘energy for the service of mankind. Itis only during the recent, times that these essential principles of design set forth in the rich heritage of ancient architecture have been neglected. Despite the increased sophistication and reliability of solar powered devices, none of the early applications of solar energy survived competition with the emerging use of cheaper fossil fuels. Although solar energy was free and readily available, the capital investment was very high. In recent years, interect in making use af mergy feam the sun has accelerated enormously. This problem is: how to convert the energy at reasonable cost into a reliable usable form for heating and cooling of buildings. NEED FOR PASSIVE DESIGN India has different climatic conditions ranging from extremely hot conditions to severely cold conditions. Energy of Architecture and Planning, Maulana Azad National Institute of ‘Technology, Bhopal and Shei R Tiwari isa practising Architect at Jsipur “Thispaper was presented and discussed at the Eighteeth National Convention cof Architectural Engineers held at Jaipur during October 17-18, 202. s:Bnergy conservation measures; Pasivetachaiqus;Evaporativecooing availability is scarce and people have to protect themselves, from these extremities of the climate in a natural way. Traditional architecture exhibits variety of building design suited to the respective climatic conditions. The month wise climatic data available for 233 stations spread over the whole country has been analysed by the CBRI, Roorkee. The various climatic zoaes thus determined have been delineated ‘on the map of the country. The various stations have been categorised under one or the other climatic zone if their climate conformed for six or more months, otherwise itis, placed under the ‘composite’ zone. PASSIVE TECHNIQUES AND FEATURES ‘The first step to achieve passive cooling in a building is to reduce unnecessary thermal loads that might enter it. Usually, there are two typesof thermal loads (1) Exterior loads due to the climate. Vol 84, April 2003 Table Basiccooling strategies ‘Minimize Minimize Removal Provisionof External Imernal Hest of Heat Additional Load Due Load Cooling toClimate Reductionof Redtetionofcasual Ventilation Earth contact penerrtionof gine buldings desta Reducionof Evaporative conduction of cooling Tea through | wall ols Reductionof Radiaive inflation of cooling oursidehocair v7Figure! Pasivetechniquesin practice @) Internal loads due to people, appliances, cooking, bathing, lights etc. Proper zoning of different components and local ventilation, of major heat sources can reduce the overall impact of internally generated heat loads. Table 1, summarises the basic, cooling strategies that can be considered ina building design. 18 Depending on the weather, the thermal load enters into a building in three major ways: (1) Penetration of direct beam sunlight. @) Conduction of heat through wals, roofs ete. () Infiltration of outside air. IE() Journal—ARFigure? Heat gain prevention technique through commonly used passive shading device features sch as: projections, balconies, buffer spaces et ‘Any building design for warm climatic conditions would attempt to exclude any of the above major heat loads arising due to the prevailing ambient temperatureand the intensity of solar radiation. Figure 1 shows the paisive techniques in practice. Vol 84, April 2003, HEAT GAIN PREVENTION TECHNIQUES Reduction of Solar and Convective Heat Import ‘The interaction of solar radiation by the building isthe source of maximum heat gain inside the building space. The natural‘way to cool a building, therefore, is to minimise the incident solar radiation, proper orientation of the building, adequate layout with respect to the neighbouring buildings and by using proper shading devices to help control the incident solar radiation om a building effectively. Good shading strategies help to save 10%-20% of energy for cooling, Properly designed roof overhangs can provide adequate sun protection, especially for south facing surfaces. Vertical shading devices such as trees, trellises, trellised vines, shutters, shading screens awnings and exterior roll blinds are also effective. These options are recommended for east-facing and west-facing windowsand walls. If ambient temperatures are higher than the room temperature, heat enters into the building by convection due to undesirable ventilation, which needs 10 be reduced to the ‘minimum possible level. Adequate wind shelter and sealing of windows reduces the air infiltration and this requires proper planning and landscaping. Figure 2 shows some of the heat, sain prevention techniques. Orientation of Building Maximum solar radiation is interrupted by the roof (horizontal surface) followed by the east and west walls and thea the north wall during the summer period, when the south oriented wall receives minimum radiation. It is, therefore desirable that the building is oriented with the Tongest walls facing north and south, so that only short walls, face cast and west, Thus only the smallest wall areas are exposed to intense morning and evening sun. Shading by Neighbouring Buildings ‘The buildings in a cluster can be spaced such that they shade ‘each other mutually. The amount and effectiveness of the shading, however, depends on the type of building clusters. Martin and March (1972) have classified building clusters into three basic types, ie, pavilions, streets and courts. Pavilionsare isolated buildings, single or in clusters, surrounded by large open spaces, Street, long building blocks arranged in parallel rows, separated by actual streets in open spaces and courts are defined as open spaces surrounded by buildings on all sides. Shading by Vegetation Shading by trees and vegetation is a very effective method of cooling the ambient hot air and protecting the building from solar radiation. The solar radiation absorbed by the leaves is mainly utilized for photosynthesis and evaporative heat losses. A part of the solar radiation is stored as heat by the fluids in the plants or trees. The best place to plant shady trees is to be decided by observing which windows admit the most sunshine during peak hoursiina single day in the hottest months. Usually east, and west oriented windows and walls receive about 50% more sunshine than the north and south oriented windows/walls. Trees should be planted at positions determined by lines feom the centres of the windows on the west or east walls toward 20 the position of the sun at the designated hour and date. On the south side only deciduous trees should be planted. Shading by Overkangs, Louvers and Textured Facade The devices which provide shading to an opening can be classified into three types: @ movable opaque, eg, roller blind, curtain ete can be highly effective in reducing solar gains but eliminates view and impedes air movement; (i) louvers which may be adjustable or fixed affect view and air movement to some degree and provide security; and (ii) fixed oveshangs: easy to attain on single storey buildings with overhanging roof. Also gives rain protectionto walls and openings and has little or no effect on view and air movement. Maximum solar raciation in summerisincident on the roof. It is, therefore, advisable to protect the roof from the sun as far aspossible. Shelter Against Hot Winds ‘Hot winds during summer in hot and dry climatic conditions are a source of large convective heat gain and a source of, ‘extreme thermal discomfort. ‘Wind shelter for s building can be provided by taking the advantage of the existing topography, such as an elevated Iandmass or by creating wind barriers in the form of trees, shrubs, fences or walls. Usually, an opaque barrier creates a ‘turbulent flow of wind and one has to avoid the accumulation, of heat from the sunvirradiated surfaces between the barrier and the surface. ROOFING TECHNIQUES ‘A building can cove up with seasonal weather changes by tuning itself to theheat sources or heat sinks with which i is coupled. The heat sources should be at temperatures higher than the temperatures inside the building, whereas the heat sink must be at a lower temperature, Usual heat sources are sun or the earth, while the heat sinks are the ambient air, radiant sky and the earth. Figure 3 shows the traditional and modern roofing techniques. Shading of Roof and Walls Surface shading cen be provided as an integral part of the building element or by the use of a separate cover. Highly textured walls haveportions oftheir surfacesin the shade. The radiation absorbing area of such a textured surface is ess than its radiation emitting area and therefore it will be cooler than, a flat surface. The increased surface area will also result in an increased coefficieat of convective heat transfer, which will permit the building to cool down faster at night when the ambient temperature is lower than the building temperature. IE()Journal—ARAn alternative method is to provide a cover of deciduous plants or creepers. Because of the evaporation from the leaf surfaces, the temperature of such a cover will be lower than the daytime air temperature and at night it may even be lower, than the sky temperature as in Figure 3. In addition to shading, this arrangement provides an increased surface area for radiative emission, and an insulting cover of stillair over the roof which impedes heat flow into the building, ‘while still permitting upward heat flow at night. Although, the system of earthen pots is thermally efficient, the method. suffers from practical difficulties because the roof is rendered ‘unusable and its maintenance is difficult. An effective roof-shading device isa removable canvas cover. This can be mounted close to the roof in the daytime and at, right it can be rolled up to permit radiative cooling. The upper surface of the canvas should be painted white to minimize the amount of absorbed radiation by the canvasand the consequent conductive heat gain through it. Reflecting Surfaces If the external surfaces of the building are painted with such colours that reflect solar radiation (in order to have minimum, absorption), but the emission in the long wave region is high, then the heat flux transmitted into the building is reduced considerably. Building Surface Cooling Cooling of building surfaces by evaporation of water provides, heatsink for the room air for dissipation of heat. Maintenance of water film over the surface of building element especially the roof brings down its temperature below the wet-bulb temperature of the ambient air even in the presence of solar tadiation thus making the roof surface to act asa means of heat transmission from inside the building to the ambient air ‘without increasing the humidity of the room air. Roof surface evaporative cooling consists of maintaining a uniform thin film of water on the roof terraces of buildings. ‘This causes the roof temperature to achieve a much lower, value than the other elements. The roof evaporation process, can be very effective in hot and dry and also in warm and hhumid climate zones because of the incident solar radiation. The effect of roof surface cooling depends on the type of construction. Roof Ponds Water stored on the roof acts asa heat source and heat sink. both during winter and summer climatic conditions. The thermal resistance ofthe roof inthis system is kept very small. In summer during the day, the reflecting insulation keeps the solar heat away from water, which keeps receiving heat through the roof from the space below it thereby coolingit. In the night, the insulation is removed and water, despite cooling, the living space below, gets cooler on account of heat losses by evaporation, convection and radiation, Thus, the water 2 regains its capacity to cool the living space. In winter, the insulation is removed during the day. Water and black surface of the roof absorb solar radiation; the living space continues, to receive heat through the roof. During night wate covered with insulation to reduce heat losses. VENTILATION TECHNIQUES Windows Windows play a dominant role in inducing indoor ventilation, due to wind forces. Various parameters that affect ventilation, climates wind directions area of fenestration/location; size of inlet and outlet openings; volume of the room; shading devices; wire meshes/screens; and oooaaaa 2 internal partitions Asin wind, two forces govern ventilation inside the building: (@ Airmoves from high-pressure zone to alow-pressure zone if openings are made on the walls of the respective zones in a building. (i) I the inlet and outlet are placed at different heights, air flows from the inlet to the outlet due to the density difference created by the upward movement of warm air, Figure 4 shows different techniques for effective ventilation. In order to attain sensible air movement, itis essential to provide cross-ventilation. Single sided ventilation allows air movement to a very shallow depth of the building. An alternative is to provide an exhaust for the air via a ridge terminal or chimney or an under floor supply of airto rooms onthe leeward side of the building. LIMITATION OF WINDOW VENTILATION It may not always be possible to locate the openings in the ‘windward direction due to reasons like site restriction, solar radiation, privacy etc. To some extent the limitations can be ‘overcome by designing suitable wind deflectors. Wind Tower Principle ‘The hot ambient air enters the tower through the openings in, the tower ands cooled when it comes in contact with the cool tower and thus becomes heavier and sinks down. When an inlets provided to the rooms with an outlet on the other side there isa draft of cool air. After a whole day of heat exchange, the wind tower becomes warm in the evening. 1E()Journal—ARGOOD CROSS VENTILATION INDUCED VENTILATION OPERATION OF WIND TOWER IN ‘SOLAR WALL COOLING SOLAR ROOF COOLING SUMMER (IRANIAN ARCHITECTURE} 2 WA FLON DUE DE OT HTH EB IS DAY TIME OPERATIONOF NIGHT TIME OPERATION OF —AWIND TOWER pal Oba WIND FUNNELLING (FOR. INCREASED WIND SPEED) —etenecnmaa— ese PRE ES WE e 1 my Figure Ventilation techniques Vol 84, April 2003 2BDuring night the reverse happens, ie, the cooler ambient air comes in contact with the bottom of the tower through the rooms; it gets heated up by the warm surface of wind tower, and begins to rise due to buoyancy, and thus an air flow is, maintained in the reverse direction. Application This system can work very effectively in hot and dry types of climate, where daily variations in temperatures are high with, high temperature during day time and low temperature during night time. Asa result of clear sky conditions during the night, radiative losses are high. The openings of the wind tower are provided in the direction of the wind, and outlets on the leeward side take advantage of the pressure difference created by wind speed and direction, Normally, the outlets have thrice the area of the inlet for better efficiency. The inlet should be properly designed for uniform distribution. Solar Chimney A solar chimney utilizes the stack effect, as already described, bbut here the air is deliberately heated by solar radiation in order to create an exhaust effect. One should distinguish between the stack effect ventilation due to the building itself, and that due to a solar chimney. In the former case, one tries to keep the increment in the building temperature as small as possible (ventilation is being used for cooling) and hence the stack effect is weak. In the case of asolar chimney, there is no limi to the temperature increment within the chimney, since itisisolated from the used spaces. The chimney can therefore be designed to maximize solar gains and the ventilation effects. The parameters effecting the ventilation rates are © height berween inlet and outlet; © cross-sectional area of the inlet and the outlet; 1B geometrical construction of the solar absorbing plate; and 1D inclination angle. ‘The use of solar chimneysis advisable for regions where very low wind speeds exist. Courtyard Effect Due to the incident solar radiation in the courtyard, the airin the courtyard becomes warmer and rises up. To replace it, cool air from the ground level flows through the louvered ‘openings of the room, thus producing the air flow. During the night the process is reversed. As the warm roof surface gets cooled by convection and radiation, a stage is reached when its surface temperature equals the dry bulb temperature of the ambient ar. Ifthe roof surfaces are sloped towards an internal, courtyard, the cooled air sinks into the court and enters the living space through the low level openings and leaves through higher level openings. ‘This concept can very well be applied ina warm and humid climate. It is nescessary to ensure that the courtyard gets adequate radiation to produce adraft through the interior. An airflow inside the room can be maintained by adual courtyard 4 concept, where one courtyard is kept cool by shady trees/ ‘vegetation and another courtyard to sun, Air Vent Atypical vent isa hole cut in the apex ofa domed or cylindrical roof. Openings in the protective cap over the vent direct wind, across it. When air flows over a curved surface, its velocity increases resulting in lowering of the pressure at the apex of, the curved roof, thereby, inducing the hot air under the roof to flow out through the vent. In this way, air is kept circulating through the room under the roof. Air vents are usually placed over living rooms, often with a pool of water directly under the vent to cool the air, which is moving up to the vent, by evaporation. Air vents are employed in areas where dusty winds make ‘wind towers impractical. It works well both in hot and dry zones and warm and humid zones unlike a wind tower which works only in hot and dry zones. It is most suited for single units which are ust above frequently used liveable space. COOLING TECHNIQUES Sensible and Evaporative Cooling ‘The heat loss from ar (on account of sensible cooling) results in a decreased air temperature, but no change in the water- vapour content of the air. Air in the upper part of a wind tower is sensibly cooled. When water is introduced into a system, evaporative cooling occurs. Such cooling involves a change in both the water-vapour content and the temperature of the air. When unsaturated air comesin contact with water, some water is evaporated, thus lowering the temperature of the air and increasing its water-vapour content. A wind-tower system that cools air evaporatively as well as sensibly is, particularly effective. Figure 5 shows few of the commonly adopted cooling techniques. Air Cooling by Tunnels ‘Temperature deep inside the earth remains nearly constant. Daily temperature variations hardly affect the earth’s, temperature at a depth of more than one meter, while the seasonal variations of the ambient temperature are strongly dampened by the earth. The earth’s temperature upto a depth of 6mto8 mis influenced by the annual ambient temperature variations with a time delay of several months. It is seen that, in Delhi the earth’s temperature at a depth of about 4 m is nearly constant ata level of about 23°C throughout the year. ‘A tunnel in the form of pipes or otherwise will acquire the same temperature at its surface causing the ambient air ventilated through this tunnel to get cooled. Earth Cooling Because of the thermal storage capacity of earth, the daily and even the annual temperature fluctuation keeps on decreasing with increasing depth below the ground surface. At adepth of 15 m, the earth has a constant temperature of 10°C. The level of water table plays an important role here. In summer and particularly during the day, the ground temperature is much IE ()Journal—ARmo EARTHEN POT FILLED WITH WATER "i" TOWER u f {TFLOWS ALONG THE WATER fo) SBKCE VADER GROUND ‘WATER 18 USUALLY COLD, THE RATE OF COOL I GUE Figure _ Cooling techniques (evaporative technique) lower than the ambient air temperature. If a part of the building is earth bermed, the building loses heat to the earth particularly, ifthe insulation levels are low. The most ancient dwellings were often dug into the ground or covered with earth. Pit houses of North American Indians, Eskimo houses, with sturdy timber roofs for supporting earth and a deep Vol 84, April 2003 __ fm Esp hi is | WIND SCOOP covering of snow in winter, and the early Scandinavian farm are few examples of this principle. Earth Tunnel Cooling Benefits of ground temperature stabilisation for habitabli rooms, food and wine stores have been known sinci 2prehistoric times, There are many examples of underground vernacular buildings. The building may be coupled with the carth either by conduction, ie, where the building envelope is, in contact with the deep earth by burying or berming. A third medium by which the earth could be coupled with the buildingiis the earth airtunnel, where ventilation supply aris, drawn into the building via insulated ducts buried deep into theearth. Cooling and Heating Techniques using Thermal Mass Thermal Storage ‘Thermal capacity effects in the materials result in time delay as well as damping of the parameters in the environment. Asa result temperature differences exist between the materials and the environment around them and this effect can be utilized for space cooling. Building Elements All building elements such as walls, oof and floor can be used for thermal storage. Creating a flow of fluid through the storage media can increase the efficiency of thermal storage. ‘Additional thermal storage can be created by construction of rock bed storage. Conventional Wallsand Ceilings ‘Thermal storage efficiency ofa building element depends on the heat storage capacity of various material layers of the building element, the order in which these layers are arranged and also on the fact whether the material isin the steady state or in the transient state. For example, a hanging acoustic ceiling of mineral wool below the roof acts asa lightweight building clement for the thermal steady state conditions. During the transient state, however, the concrete room acts a3 athermal storage system with appreciable time delay. A larger thermal storage capacity in any case leads to smoothening of the room temperature fluctuation and delays room temperature changes. The thermal performance of a building during the summer timeis positively influenced by external as, well as internal building elements. Building Elements with Air Flow ‘The heat storage capacity of building elements can be increased by having some tubes in the massive ceiling and cooling it during the night by forcing air flow. ‘The Vary Therm Wall Controlling the air movement in magnitude and direction, gives rise to wall components with varying thermal resistance. Such a system can be used for mild winter heating and summer cooling for mixed climate as in Delhi. The external wall components are made of light material like aluminium or wood, while the internal component is made of brick (or concrete) wall. The flow of air is controlled into the room or tothe ambient by providing proper vents in the interior wall. During the summer daytime, the wall provides effective air 26 insulation and during the night the cool ambient air comes in, contact with the warm brick wall and gets heated establishing. 4 natural flow of air. This air movement helps in quick removal ofthe heat flux. During winter, the vents are opened during the day into the room for supplying warm air and all vents are kept closed during the night time, thus providing an, air insulation which minimizes heat losses to the ambient. ‘Vary therm wall deriving its name from the variable resistance can be operated in three modes: @ No flow of airin the gap thus effectively reducing the system to an air gap within the wall; (i) Continuous flow of air into the room or to the atmosphere maintained by natural or forced convection; and (ii) No air flow during the day or night and creating an airflow by opening the vents during night or day time depending on the weather conditions. CONCLUSION ‘The concept of “Thermal mass’ in buildings was used by ancestors, Today it is thought of as a means of conserving ‘energy. The foregoing description of vernacular architecture ifexamined for recurrent forms, materials or life patterns may lead to newer ideas. REFERENCES 1.JE Aronian Climate and Architecture’ Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York. 2.BM Givoni Climate and Architecture’ Applied StencePublishers,London, UK, 1976. 3, Jarmul. The Architecture Gude to Energy Conservation.’ McGrew Hill Book Company, New York, 1980. 4. Koenigsbergr, ea: Manual of Tropical Housing nd Building Part I) ClimaticDesign’ Par, Longman Pres, Inds, 1975 S.CP Rake Tropical Architecture Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Led, New Delhi, 1978, (6.EMantn "Housing Climate and Comfors' Architectural Prev Ltd, UK, 1980 8.VOlgay. ‘Design with Climate’ Princeton University Press USA, 197, 9. W F Wagner. “Energy Efficient Buildings” Me Grawe Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1980. 10, D Watson. Climatic Design’ McGrate Hill Company, New York, 1983. 11, G Bhatia. “The Architecture of Laurie Baker’ Inside Outside, October/ November, 1989. 12. N Gandhi. ‘Power Hungry : Switch to Renewable Energy Resources” Indian Arcitc and Builder, Ape 19. 13. V Gupta. ‘Energy Conservation Indi Myths and Realities” Architecture Design, vol9,n03, May-June, 1992 14. AKrishan and MR Agaihotr‘Bio-Climatic Architecture: Fandamental Approach to Design. Architecture Design, vo19, 0 3, May-June, 1992 15, § Prakash. "Energy Conscious Architecture : an Endless Quest” Architecture Daign, v019, 203, May June, 1992 IE() Journal—AR[= Passive Cooling A cooling system using a building’s design and construction to maintain a comfortable temperature within the building Passive design is essentially low-energy design achieved by the building’s particular morphological organization rather than electro-mechanical means. Passive Cooling Techniques 1. BUILDING CONFIGURATION, SITE LAYOUT and SITE PLANNING Example : A building can be protected from direct suntight by placing it on a focation within the site that utilizes existing features such as trees, terrain ete 2, BUILDING ORIENTATION Example : In tropical countries such as the Philippines, itis best to place service areas in the west and east facing sides of the building because these sides are exposed to direct sunlight. 3. FACADE DESIGN Use of Double-layered facade Use Low-etnissivity glass (Low-E glass) Use of Insulation 4. CROSS VENTILATION ‘The circulation of fresh air through open windows, doors or other openings on opposite sides of aroom STACK EFFECT / CHIMNEY EFFECT ‘The tendency of air or gas in a shaft or other vertical space to rise when heated, creating a dealt that draws in cooler air or gas from below 5. SUNSHADING DEVICES VERTICAL TYPES Vertical Sun Shades are generally used on the East-Facing and West- Facing Sides of a building EGGCRATE TYPES Combination of Horizontal and Vertical Shades WIND ANALYSIS ‘Wind direction: Desirable and undesirable winds in each of the climatic zones depend largely on focal conditions. Any breeze in the lower latitude (tropical and arid climates) is beneficial for most of the year. Cross ventilation: Cross ventilation is far more important in the tropics than in temperate zones. The theoretical strategy for blocking or inducing wind flow into a building is based om local prevailing wind conditions. Generally, for the tropical zones as much ventilation as possible is desired. Influences on Built Form1. Zoning for transitional spaces -the traditional spaces used for lobbies, stairs, utility spaces, circulation, balconies and any other areas where movement take place. These areas do not require total climatic control and natural ventilation is sufficient. For the tropical and arid zones, the transitional spaces are located on the north and south sides of the building where the sun's penetration ig not as great. An atrium can also be used a transitional space. 2. Use of atrium In the tropical zone the atrium should be located so as to provide ventilation within the built form. In the arid zone the atrium shouid be located at the centre of the building for cooling and shading purposes. Influences on Built Form 1. Form: Optimum building form for each climatic zone. Research has shown that the preferred length of the sides of the building, where the sides are of length x:y, are: tropical zone - 1-3, Analysis of these ratios shows thet an elongated form to minimize east and west exposure is needed at the lower latitudes. 2. Orientation: Orientation as well as directional emphasis changes with latitude in response to solar angle. Building's main orientation for tropical countries would have a directional emphasis on an axts Sdeg north of east . 2. Vertical cores and structure The arrangement of primary mass can be used as a factor in climatic design as its position can help to shade or retain heat within the building form. For the tropical zone, the cores are located on the east and west sides of the building form, so as to help shade the building from the low angles of the sun during the major part of the day. Posted by RSG at 3:29 PM 0 comments 4” Labels: Tropical Design lesson modulesPassive Solar Design 1/14/2010 Page 1 Passive Solar Design Passive solar heating and cooling systems which rely on natural eneray flow through and around a building, are divided into three generic categories, including: 1. DIRECT SYSTEMS: Heat is collected directly within the space or, for cooling, lost or dissipated directly from the space. 2. INDIRECT SYSTEMS: Heat gain or loss occurs at the weatherskin. 3. ISOLATED SYSTEMS: Heat gain or loss occurs away from the weatherskin. Cooling, for example, can include induced air precooled from the earth's mass using air to earth heat exchangers ("coolth” tubes) or cooling ponds. ‘Systems can be combined depending on thermal needs. ‘Space Cooling Concepts 1114/2010 Page 1 Space Cooling Concepts Passive solar cooling, like passive heating, tempers interior space temperatures using natural thermal phenomena. A structure designed for natural cooling should incorporate features that reduce external heat gains and dissipate internal heat gains, including adequate insulation, overhangs, shading, orientation, surface color and texture, proper ventilation, and similar factors. When possible, external heat gain should be controlled before it reaches or penetrates the weatherskin. When cooling is necessary, heat dissipation is accomplished by cooling interior thermal mass, air, or both with conduction, convection, and radiation. Evaporation in hot arid regions and dehumidification in hot humid regions are primary cooling design concerns. Many passive cooling concepts and methods exist: 1. Site cooling: through vegetative control, water bodies, and adjacent land forms and materials. 2. Earth cooling: by using groundwater or the earth's mass with earth sheltering or "coolth” tubes. 3. Radiative cooling: heat loss to the sky or cooler objects. 4 \Ventilative cooling: cross ventilation through spaces, double roofs, attics, or walls, induced or forced ventilation by pressure or temperature differences. a Vapor cooling: evaporative cooling to remove sensible heat, dehumidification to remove latent heat. . Flywheel cooling: cooling by internal thermal mass or rockbeds.PASSIVE SOLAR TYPES HEATING COOUNE: DIRECT SYSTEMS: isovatepsy. bs DRECTGANALOSS Dect gains themostcommon pastve soar bung approach most auucurer weit ome degre Cotscton andstrage are iniwgrl win pace Southey ranted ‘long (cebester admis winter selon | Fadation the space boyond, Thermal Stage rence wrt bing Soong tron atone le and ee ‘Sno opera or openabe ot ngtual ot Iiducedvantaten cosing bot tho moss sndspace THERNOAC STORAGE WALL= MASS WaT] —— pecs rovaevmyr eared Beiceat acct" Seen. esis aca: ‘hed then the oss wal ct ered | heen ae Seale Papin [THERMAL STORAGE WATT —WATER WALL agar sno ye ora onde tothe tacor Pte ater Problems ae crenion anata Sloe growth Avesta walshoo be shaded ‘otverted othe tert dug cooing as Move are tetas ROOFPOND Tnarootpondoystem the iquidstrage mass [inte oti orto! Durng he envorm navn panel oe moved to ‘pone th storage acest earn he dy. Energy absorbed by he roo pond At ght thopanelare replaced cor he sane lowing sored haat to reautetothe | Butte stron he process rvesedin mmr. The oot pond. sated fom te Fgh summer sun urna the day aborts the biting strat heat nght he Inelaen opened to aton moma heats ‘ada thos piman thamalsetage can se ceed fem bung spaces, aheugh vrs re Ittng ae cased sean nest seen) Ean once! we days sunapaces ay ‘ramet somstimes couse orgs ged Stow Forcooing the sunapacs canbe sed {Sindaes come ftom ts exe Sndhoul be shaded prcleray on he Thomesphon natural convection systems, ey Smieee dedi tbe and coe | Shang: at moves wahowt mechan ‘Sautioe When hear ware alector ‘rts eram st foes Sitanecshy ‘ootras pled tom the somge boom,Basic Principles of Natural Ventilation 1114/2010 Page 1 Basic Principles ‘The "Natural Ventilation" diagrams presented in this discussion are based on ar lated building. Neighboring buildings and landscaping can substantially affect airflow and should be taken into account when evaluating ventilation strategies. ‘As wind approaches the face of a building the airflow is slowed, creating positive pressure and a cushion of air on the building's windward face. This cushion of air, in turn, diverts the wind toward the building sides. Airflow as it passes along the sidewalls separates from building wall surfaces and, coupled with high-speed airflow, creates suction (negative pressure) along these wall surfaces. On the building leeward side a big slow-moving eddy is created. Suction on the leeward side of the building is less than on the sidewalls (see "Natural Ventilation: Basic Principles,” Figure 1). If windows are placed in both windward and leeward faces, the building would be cross ventilated and eddies will develop against the main airflow direction (see "Natural Ventilation: Basic Principles,” Figure 2). Ventilation can be ‘enhanced by placing windows in sidewalls due to the increased suction at this location; also, greater air recirculation within the building will occur due to air inertia (see "Natural Ventilation: Basic Principles," Figure 3). Winds often shift direction, and for oblique winds, ventilation is best for rooms with windows on three adjacent walls (see "Natural Ventilation: Basic Principles," Figure 4) than on two opposite walls (see "Natural Ventilation: Basic Principles," Figure 5). However, if wind is from the one windowless side, then ventilation is poor, since all ‘openings are in suction (see "Natural Ventilation: Basic Principles,” Figure 6). If the building configuration only allows for windows in one wall, then negligible ventilation will occur with the use of ingle window, because there is not a distinct inlet and outlet. Ventilation can be improved slightly with two widely ‘spaced windows. Airflow can be enhanced in these situations by creating positive and negative pressure zones by use of architectural features such as wing walls (see "Natural Ventilation: Basic Principles," Figure 7). Care must be exercised in developing these features to avoid counteracting the natural airflow, thereby weakening ventilation (See "Natural Ventilation: Basic Principles," Figure 8). oN a [en no ‘ WAir Jets 1/14/2010 Page 1 Air Jets As airflow passes through a well-ventilated room, it forms an “air jet." If the windows are centered in a room, it forms a free jet (see "Air Jets," Figure 9). If, however, the openings are near the room walls, ceiling, or floor, the airstream attaches itself to the surface, forming a wall jet (see "Air Jets," Figure 10). Since heat removal from building surfaces is enhanced with increased airflow, the formation of wall jets is important in effecting rapid structure cooling. To improve the overall airflow within a room, offsetting the inlet and outlet will promote greater mixing of room air (see "Air Jets," Figure 11). Ventilation Air Change Rate 111412010 Page * Ventilation Air Change Rate The natural air change rate within a building depends on several factors: ‘speed and direc of winds at building site; the external geometry of building and adjacent surroundings; window type, size, location, and geometry; and the building's internal partition layout. Each of these factors may have an overriding influence on the air change rate of a given building. Natural ventilation can be accomplished by wind-driven methods or by solar chimneys (stack effect). However, the stack effect is weak and works best during hours when air temperatures are highest and ventilation may not be desirable. In many areas ventilation is best accomplished during the night hours when temperatures are lowest. The night average wind speed is generally about 75% of the 24-hr average wind speed reported by weather bureaus. Often wind speeds are insufficient to accomplish effective people cooling; therefore, ventilating for structure cooling rather than people cooling should be the first design goal. As a rule of thumb, an average of 30 air changgs per hour should provide adequate structure cooling, maintaining air temperatures most of the time within 1.5° F of outdoor temperatures.External Effects on Building Ventilation 1/14/2010 Page 1 External Effects ‘The leeward wake of typical residential buildings extends roughly four and one-half times the ground-to-eave height. For buildings spaced greater than this distance, the general wind direction will remain unchanged. For design purposes, vegetation should be considered for its effect on wind speed, which can be as great as 30-40% in the vegetation’s immediate vicinity. Its effect on wind direction is not well established and should not be relied upon in establishing ventilation strategies. SLE 1 ronosryracrons ae Sac a ae oes, 08s, )Module 5: Climatic Zones for. CLIMATIC ZONES FOR BUILDING Comfort Zone The range of conditions under which most people feel comfortable. It is a function of a number of variables Thermal Comfort Human comfort as determined by the ability of the body to dissipate the heat and moisture it produces by metabolic action Relationship between the centre of the comfort zone and the annual mean temperature (Catt ‘Mahoney): Tee = Tam/4+ 17,2 where Tce is the center of the comfort zone in ET. oC and Tam is the annual mean temperature *Alvways correct to the nearest 0.5 upwards To get the Tam (annual mean temperature): Tam = (Highest DBT of the Year + Lowest DBT of the Year) /2 Psychrometric Chart A chart relating the wet-buth and dry-bulb readings from a peychrometerto relative humidity, absolute humidity and dew point COMFORT ZONE The comfort zone ctiteria given above ate for sedentary activities: discomfort due to slight sweating in sedentary activities may be more uncomfortable and disturbing as it interrupts concentration. ‘The comfort zone is compared with the mean maxima (day) and minima (night) effective temperature for each month to find out if the climate is comfortable or uncomfortable Recommendations to achieve comfort can be made for a great number of aspects from space between buildings, building form, down to detail aspects of design. § consider window size together with other factors such as glazed area, orientation, shading and building form consider thermal characteristic of roofs and walls, i.e., absorption of the surface and the insulation of the construction. Posted by RSG at 3:39 PM 0 comments 4 Labels: Tropical Design lesson modulesTropical Design Module §: Wind & Air Movement WIND AND AIR MOVEMENT ‘Air movement over the skin in warm humid conditions encourages evaporation of sweat from the skin, causing a cooling sensation and fowering the effective temperature. WIND GRADIENT Variation in wind speed as wind speeds increase with the height above the ground, and the smoothness of the ground surface. ‘As wind passes over hills, there is an increase in wind speed on the windward side and amore sheltered area on the leeward side. ‘ ‘Although towns are “rough” and slow down the wind tail, tll buildings will often deflect strong, winds down to a lower level. . Corresponding openings on the leeward side must be carefully located to effect effective cross- ventilation of aff areas. Wind shadows must be anticipated in order to be assured that other areas are nat deprived of prevailing breezes Buildings should be spaced so that openings do not occur within the wind shadow of the building in front, Average wind speed in the room will relate to the size of the opening, expressed as a percentage of the wall area, taking either the outlet or inlet, whichever is the smaller. Wind speed increases rapidly as the percentage opening area increases from 0 to 20%. ‘Above 30% increase in area, the windspeed does not increase so fast ‘The variation in wind direction will alter the direction of the wind shadow, and allowance must be made for-these variations. As axough guide, the wind shadow will be 5 times the height of the building including the pitched roof. “The length of wind shadow for various shapes of buildings is given in the table, ie., wind shadow length chart. Posted by RSG at 4:12 PM 0 comments #” Labels: Tropical Design lesson modules TOTP]NSUT AL pays Us aot Sy SUIE|UXE YoIYM woULYIUNS MO] AaB e SEY [OE UMLULLURIYY BETES SIC TOT DAIMORE TeaMl AM JAMO AM TRUARUTR To ADTRNTIMA AM IAMOT ANT “AN OF oa MinsT Amster sAarATssCtHITropical DesignModule §: Heat Transfer HEAT TRANSFER Heat transfer in buildings may take place in four (4) different ways * Conduction + Convection + Radiation + Evaporation and condensation CONDUCTION ‘The flow of heat through a material by transfer from warmer to cooler molecules in contact with each other. Conductivity is the rate of heat transfer that occurs through a unit thickness of material for a unit area subjected to a unit difference in temperature. Conductivity = per meter (thickness) / (area) * Temp difference (degC) Conductivity (K value) = W/m degC Example ‘Wf wall thickness is 0.2m, area of wall is 12sqm and temperature difference is 3degC, then: Conductivity = 0.2m/(12sqm * 3 degC) = 0.0056W/m degC Resistance is the ability of amaterial to resist the flow of heat and is measured by the resistivity Resistivity = 1 / Conductivity =m degC / W Example: Ti wall thickness is 0.2m, area of wall is 12sqm and temperature difference is 3 degC, then: Resistivity = (12sqm * 3 degC) / 0.2m = 180 m degC/W For a given thickness of material, resistance to heat transfer is:* Resistance = Resistivity * t(trs) =m? oC / W . Example: ie wall thickness is 0.20m, and resistivity is 180 m oC/W, then: Resistance = 180 moC/W * 0.20m =36 m2 oC/W CONVECTION Convection is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the flow of molecules from one place to another. ‘Natural Convection is the movement of the molecules as a result of the heat energy they possess Ge. hot air rising). Forced Convection results from the movement of molecules by pumps, fans, or other movement caused by extemal forces. ‘The rate of flow of heat due to natural condition is usually measured by the conductance of a surface or an air movement to a building construction. Units are Watts ‘m2 oC Examples: 1. Warm air rising from register (forced convection). 2. Warm ait rising from all surfaces of radiator (after air in contact with radiator has been heated by conduction). 3. Warm air rising from (free convection). RADIATION Radiation is the transfer of enersv through space by electromagnetic waves.of the air. The rate of radiation transfer is measured in Watts per m2. The rate of flow of radiant heat from the sun can be found from the radiation overlay when it is placed over the sun path diagram ‘There are two terms commonly encountered while discussing radiant heat transfer: Emittance (or emissivity), refers to the ability of a material’s surface to give off radiant energy All materials have emissivities ranging from zero to one. The lower the emittance of a material, the lower the heat radisted from its surface. Aluminum foil has a very low emittance which explains its use in reflective insolation. Reflectance (or reflectivity) refers to the fraction of incoming radiant energy that is reflected from the surface. Reflectivity and emissivity are related and a ow emittance is indicative of a highly reflective surface. For example, aluminum with an emittance of 0.03 has a reflectance of 0.97. EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION HEAT GAIN AND COMFORT Heat gain in the tropics is due mainly to solar radiation at the surface and only a smaller extent the high air temperatures. . Heat gain in hot climates are highest when there are low wind speeds and less heat is transferred to the air and more to the building surface. Since major heat gain is from colar radiation, absorptivity of the surface to solar radiation is of primary importance. Absorptivity and the insulation must be chosen to minimize the proportion of heat from the sun which penetrates the structure when the air temperatures inside and outside are simifar Relative humidities in tropical regions are very high, hence air movement is the most effective way of increasing comfort by encouraging the evaporation of sweat ftom the skin Design buildings thru which wind can pass with a minimum of obstruction. Comfort in the warm humid tropics is achieved by encouraging cross ventilation while providing protection from solar radiation Posted by RSG at 3:50PM 0 comments # Labels: Tropical Design lesson modulesTropical Design Mdule §: Basics of Heat Transfer Basics of Heat Transfer. Insulation is measured as the ait to ait rate of transmission of heat per unit area - the “U” value. ‘The “U” value represents the rate of heaf transfer ftom inside air per unit area per unit difference in air temperature per unit time. ‘This is measured in Watts / sqm oC U=1/ sum of resistances Sum of resistances include the following: ~ Outside surface resistance ~ Inside surface resistance - Resistance of individual layers of the surface (Resistivity * thickness of each layer) - Resistance of air spaces and cavities ‘The purpose of insulation is two-fold: (1) to retard the flow of heat from one place to, another, and (1) to maintain temperatures such that condensation does not occur on inside. surfaces. ~~ Insulation acts to reduce the rate of heat transfer by these methods Example: Calculate the “U" value of a brick wall with the following information: - External surface resistance = 0.05 m2 o€ / W - Brickwall extemal sand rendering = 1.2 em (resistivity 1.88 m oC /W) - Brickwork = 20.0 cm (resistivity 0.83 m oC / W) - Plaster (gypsum) = 1.0 am (resistivity 2.17m oC / W) - intemal surface resistance = 0.123 m2 oC / W Solution: External surface resistance: 0.050 m2 of / we Sand rendering resistance: 0.012 m * 1.88m oC / W=0.025 m2 oC /W Brickwork resistance: 0.200 m * 0.83m oC / W = 0.166 m2 oC /W Plaster resistance: 0.010.m * 2.1m oC / W=0.021 m2 00 / W Internal surface resistance: 0.123 m2 of / W Sum of resistances: 0.385 m2 oC /W “U" value = 1 (sum of resistances = 2.6 W/m2 oC The rate of heat flow through a wall or roof (where the outdoor air is circulating freely through the building) is given by the formula: Q=U* A* (t0-t1) Where Q=rate of heat flowy (in Watts) U="0" value A= superficial area (sqm) 10-t1 = difference between inside and outside air temperatureSOL-AIR TEMPERATURE ‘The temperature of the outside air in contact with a shaded wall or roof which would give the same rate of heat transfer and the same temperature gradient as the combined effect of solar radiation and air temperature tsa=to + (X*1* £0) Where tsa = sol-air temperature ( oC ) t itside air temperature ( oC ) absorptivity of surface to solar radiation I= intensity of radiation (W/m? ) ¥0 = outside surface resistance (m2 oC / W ) It is used to find the heating effect of the radiant heat load, Example: Wall surface = same as before where outside surface resistance is 0.05 m2 oC /W Max. radiation = 600 W /m2 Absorptivity = 0.30 Air temperature = 20 oC ‘Then. ‘Sol-Air Temp = 20 o€ + ( 600 W /m2* 0.30 * 0.05 m2 oC / W) Posted by RSG at 4:02 PM 0 comments Labels: Tropical Design lesson modulesTropical Module§: Solar Heat Factor SOLAR HEAT FACTOR The percentage of incident solar radiation which is transmitted through a wall, assuming equal air in temperatures on both sides The solar heat factor is proportional to the inside rise in temperature and is related to the radiant heat from the ceiling or walls. Radiation from the walls can be controlled by controlling the reflectivity and the “U” value of the construction. To avoid excessive radiation, the solar heat factor chould not exceed 3% for roofs and 4% at walls in the warm humid tropics. qiT=S 0% ‘Where q= heat transfer due to radiation = Q / A (heat flow per unit area) q=UFAttsate)/A q=U*( teate ) from sol-air temp formula tsa =to + (X*1"t0) q=U*( X*T*r0) q/T=U* Xtt0 ) ifeo = 0.05 5% Then q/1=5 UK % Example: From previous example of brickwall,“U" value is 2.6 W/m? oC. Absorptivity for extemal concrete rendering = 0.6 q/L=5UPK% = 5 *2.6*0,6% = 7.8% > 4% max for walls To reduce the solar heat factor to acceptable level, reduce the absorptivity of tendering by using white wash or lime wash with an absorptivity of 0.30 q/l=SURK% *2.6*0.3% = 3.9% < 4% max for walls OK or reduce the transmittance “U” to 1.6 by adding Lem of expanded polystyrene with resistivity of 30 (resistance is 0.01*30=0:30) “U" = 1 / (0.38540.30) = 1.46 qi U*X % = 5 *1.46°0.6% = 4.38% > 4% max for walls 15cm of polystyrene (resistance 0.015*30=0.45), “U"=1/(0.385+0.45)q/1=5 UtX%=5 *1.20*0.6% 3.60% <4% max for walls OK. TIME LAG The time taken per fluctuation in temperature to pass through a material of unit thickness (hrs/m3oC). Time lag depends on two properties: - thermal capacity (amount of heat requited per unit volume per degree rise in temperature) - Rate of flow of heat Time lag = thermal capacity / rate of flow of heat The time constant of a composite temperature is the sum of the time constants of the individual layers. STANDARDS FOR WARM HUMID CLIMATES: Walls and Roofs should have A reflective surface (low absorptivity) Light weight material (ow heat capacity) Insulation Gow “U" value} Solar Heat Factor: Roofs 3% Walls 4% Time Lag: 3 hours max. To achieve this, - Roof should have acavity between the roof and ceiling, A reflective surface together with a cavity will achieve standard. - Heavy external walls should be restricted to day rooms, and should be as well shaded as possibie. Posted by RSG at 4:08 PM 0 comments 4” Labels: Tropical Design lesson modulesSite Planning and Orientation for Commercial Buildings: Note PLANNING Site Planning And Orientation 1. Orient The Longer Walls Of A Building To Face North-South Walls that face the ‘minimum cost for sha 2. Provide Sun Shading To Suit Climate And Use Variations Bulldings can be located in groups to shade one another. Landscaping and sun shading can be used to shade building surfaces, especially windows, during overheated hours. Functions can be located within + building to coincide with solar gain benefit or liability. For example, cafeterias are ideally exposed to noontime winter ae in £o01 and temperate climates or placed in the midday shade in warm climates; low-use areas (storage areas) can be used as climatic buffers placed on the east or west in hot climates or on the north in cool clinestes 3. Create Courtyards And Enclosed Atriums Semi enclosed courtyards (in warm climates) and enclosed atriums (in temperate and cool climates) can be formed by groups of buildings to provide areas for planting, shading, water fountains, and other micrceliretic benefits. Atriums can also be used as light courts and ventilating shafts. Indoor or outdoor planted areas Provide ‘evaporative cooling for local breezes when located near buildings 4. Use Earth Berms For Climatic Buffering Garth berms (sloped or terraced, formed simply be grading earth against the wall of a building) help to butter the building against temperature extremes of both heat and cold. The planting on earth berms algo provides evaporative cooling near the building. Earth berms can be construction cost savers because the foundation does Not have to be as deep (in single-storied construction); the earth and ground cover is often less costly than other wall finishing materials. Its long-term maintenance can also be lower than conventional materials se 1 s0LaR onenvanions