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What a Generator looks like

Generator Protection

Theory

Show Generator Theory General Overview and

Typical System from Training CD

Generator Protection
System
Ground
Stator
Ground
Exciter

The
"Wild"
Power
System

Stator
Phase
System
Phase

Internal and External Short Circuits

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Generator Protection Review

Abnormal Operating Conditions

Loss of Synchronism
Abnormal Frequency
Overexcitation
Field Loss
Inadvertent Energizing
Breaker Failure
Loss of Prime Mover Power
Blown VT Fuses
Open Circuits

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Generator Protection
Over
Power

Overexcitation
Loss of Field

Open
Circuits

Loss of Field
Overexcitation

Overexcitation

The
"Wild"
Power
System

Exciter

G
Abnormal
Frequency
Reverse
Power

Inadvertent
Energizing,
Pole Flashover
Breaker
Failure

Abnormal
Frequency

Loss of
Synchronism

Abnormal Operating Conditions

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Small Machine Protection

IEEE Buff Book

32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
46 Negative Sequence
49 Thermal Overload
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
64 Ground Relay
87 Differential

Large up to 50 MW

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Large Machine Protection

IEEE C37.102
Unit Connected,
High Z
Grounded
32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
46 Negative Sequence
49 Thermal Overload
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
64 Ground Relay
87 Differential

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Generator Protection with GSU Wrap

PTs on Low Side

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Generator Protection with GSU Wrap

PTs on High Side

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Generator Protection
PTs on Low Side

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Desirable Attributes - Generator

Reverse Power (32)
Should be sensitive to 0.05 pu to properly detect motoring in large steam turbines
Existing E/M and Static relays not sensitive enough
May cause shutdown difficulties

Negative Sequence (46)

Should be sensitive to low values to detect open poles/conductors on system after GSU
Existing E/M and Static relays not sensitive enough

Long time low level events may cause excessive rotor heating, thermal tripping and
damage rotor

100% Stator Ground (59N / 59D)

Protects all of the stator winding
Existing schemes typically only see 90%
Stop low level fault near neutral from degrading into a high level fault and causing large
amounts of damage
Very secure

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Desirable Attributes - Generator

Inadvertent Energizing (50/27)

High speed tripping of unit after breaker accidentally closed on dead
machine, also pole flashover prior to syncing
Most existing schemes do not incorporate

Many schemes fail due to complexity (reliance on breaker auxiliary

switches, yard distance relays, etc.
If breaker is not tripped rapidly, mechanical and electric damage can
occur to machine in fractions of a second!
Pole flashovers must be cleared by high speed breaker failure, as the
breaker is open!

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Protection Functions
Generator Stator Differential
Stator Phase Differential
Dual Slope Percent Restraint Operating
Characteristic
Directional Supervision under saturation
conditions

Distance Backup Protection

2 or 3 Zone Mho Distance Protection
Backup for primary line protection

Dual Slope Phase Differential

Configurable Reach and Angle Distance

Characteristic

100% Stator Ground Protection

95% Fundamental OverVoltage
15% Third Harmonic UnderVoltage
Two Zone Distance Backup

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Protection Functions
Voltage Protection

Phase Overvoltage
Phase Undervoltage
Neutral Overvoltage (fundamental)
Neutral Undervoltage (3rd Harmonic)
Voltage Phase Reversal

Current Protection

Voltage Restraint Overcurrent

Phase, Ground and Negative Sequence

Overcurrent Tripping
IEC, ANSI , IAC and Customizable
Overcurrent Curves
Voltage Restraint increasing sensitivity
under
low voltage conditions

Frequency Protection
Overfrequency
Underfrequency

Undervoltage Trip Curves

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Protection Functions
Thermal Protection
Generator Thermal Model
RTD Alarming and Tripping
RTD Biased Thermal Model

Inadvertent Energization
Prevents Accidentally Closing a Stopped
Generator onto a Live Line
Armed when Generator is Offline and
Voltage is
below a pre-set level

Loss of Excitation

Thermal Model Voltage

Dependant
Overload Curves

(show Training CD)

Uses Impedance Circle for loss of excitation

detection
2 Zones for fault detection and control

Volt/Hertz (Overexcitation)
Detects changes in the Volts/Hertz ratio
of the
generator or associated
transformer

Loss of Excitation

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