Table of contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................2
First of all, we are Thankful to Allah Almighty, The most gracious and the most
merciful whose blessings were with us throughout our work and are with our life.
................................................................................................................................2
We are also thankful to Sir. Muhammad Amir who helped us a lot for our project
& provided his guidance.........................................................................................2
We are also thankful to our lecturer & instructor Sir. A. K Durrani whose
guidance helped us throughout our project.............................................................2
I am also thankful to our parents & family who provided us help & suggestions.. .2
ABSTRACT...................................................3
In this project work, we attempt to construct a small and simple model of and
Automatic sliding door System, which uses a sensor, a control unit & drive unit to
open & close doors at the entrance of a public building..........................................3
Chapter 1:................................................................................................................5
1.1 Information of project.......................................................................................5
As a result of enhanced civilization and modernization, the human nature demands
more comfort to his life. The man seeks ways to do things easily and which saves
time. So thus, the Automatic Gates are one of the examples that human nature
invent to bring comfort and ease in its daily life.....................................................6
1.2 General information:.........................................................................................6
1.3 Our project:.......................................................................................................7
Chapter # 2:...........................................................................................................10
2.1 Selected project:..............................................................................................10
2.2 Working mechanism.......................................................................................11
2.3 Block diagram................................................................................................11
2.4 Real time mechanism .....................................................................................12
Chapter #3:............................................................................................................14
3.1 Circuit Diagram ..............................................................................................14
3.2 Circuit Description..........................................................................................17
3.3 Software :........................................................................................................19
3.3 Components used:...........................................................................................21
3.4 Cost Estimation...............................................................................................25
3.5 Fabricated circuit pic:......................................................................................26
..............................................................................................................................27

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we are Thankful to Allah Almighty, The most gracious and the most merciful
whose blessings were with us throughout our work and are with our life.

We are also thankful to Sir. Muhammad Amir who helped us a lot for our project &
provided his guidance.

We are also thankful to our lecturer & instructor Sir. A. K Durrani whose guidance
helped us throughout our project..

I am also thankful to our parents & family who provided us help & suggestions.

2
 ABSTRACT

In this project work, we attempt to construct a small and simple model of and Automatic
sliding door System, which uses a sensor, a control unit & drive unit to open & close
doors at the entrance of a public building.

The primary aim of this project is to learn in details about how the automatic door system
works and to understand to concepts involved. The secondary aim is to fabricate a simple
circuit model to show how the system works.

The main activities involved in this project are the search done on how the automatic
door works, sketching a detailed circuit of the gates, programming & then fabrication of
circuit.

We were able to learn a lot from this project such as team work, innovation & concepts
taught in class into a practical object.

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4
Chapter 1:

1.1 Information of project

1.1.1 Aim of the project

The aim of this project is to learn in detail about how the Automatic Sliding Door works,
to understand the concepts involved and to fabricate a simple model to show the system
works.

1.1.2 Automatic door

Automatic door is an automated movable barrier installed in the entry of a room or
building to restrict access or provide visual privacy.

1.1.3 History of the Automatic door

A $100 investment by s college student in Toledo, Ohio, in 1974 planted the seed from
which have grown one of the most successful garage door and automatic gate system
companies.
When George Elbe placed $100 advertisement in the local newspaper offering 13
automatic door openers, they were all sold and installed. This was the beginning of a
company whose business philosophy included exceptional customer service, with a sharp
focus on customer needs and satisfaction. That philosophy also features direct access to
all management personal by phone or e-mail and it’s a credo that continues to this day.

In 1981, after seven years of dramatic growth in Toledo, the decision was made to add a
second location. Naples, FL, was chosen as a perfect setting, since it combined a great
with a rapidly expanding business environment. Utilizing the same business tenets that
were so successful in Toledo, Action Door and Gate welcomed its first customer.

1.1.4 Need of Automatic door:

5
As a result of enhanced civilization and modernization, the human nature demands more
comfort to his life. The man seeks ways to do things easily and which saves time. So
thus, the Automatic Gates are one of the examples that human nature invent to bring
comfort and ease in its daily life.

1.2 General information:

Automatic doors are powered open and closed, a door fitted with a spring to close it is not
an automatic door.

1.2.1 Methods For Activation:

There are three methods by which an automatic door is activated.
1 - A sensor detects traffic is approaching. Sensors for automatic doors are generally:
A pressure sensor - a floor mat which reacts to the pressure of someone standing on it.
An infra-red curtain or beam which shines invisible light onto sensors; if someone or
something blocks the beam the door can open.
A motion sensor which uses low-power microwave radar.
An electronic sensor (e.g. based on infra red or radio waves) can be triggered by
something that someone carries, or is installed inside a vehicle. These are popular for
garage doors.
2 - A switch is operated manually, perhaps after security checks. This can be a push
button switch or a swipe card.
3 - The user pushes, or pulls the door, once the door detects the movement it completes
the open and close cycle. These are also known as power-assisted doors.
In addition to activate sensors automatic doors are generally fitted with safety sensors.
These are usually an infra-red curtain or beam, but can be a pressure mat fitted on the
swing side of the door. The purpose of the safety sensor is to prevent the door opening or
slow its speed if an object is detected in its path whilst opening and to prevent the door
closing or reactivate it if an object is detected in its path.

1.2.2 Types of automatic doors:

i. Sliding door
ii. Swinging door
iii. Revolving door

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 iv. Telescopic door

1.3 Our project:

We’ve selected automatic sliding door for project.

1.4 Similar projects:

Apart from automatic sliding doors, similar projects could be on
(i) Automatic Swinging Doors:
An automatic door swing door has special hinges that allow it to open either outwards or
inwards & is operated automatically.

(ii) Automatic Telescopic Doors

Telescopic sliding doors have each of the leaves slide with a different speed sideways.
Telescopic sliding doors are used for narrow openings, where unusually wide opening
widths and small space requirement is necessary.

(iii)Revolving Automatic Doors

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The revolving automatic door is designed for everyday use, so is an ideal alternative for
buildings with a large number of visitors.
Open or closed, the revolving door has another major advantage; no draught: the
revolving door saves energy and ensures a uniform climate inside the building.

(iv) Balanced Doors

The balanced door has incorporated the advantages of both conventional swing doors and
normal sliding doors.
Constraints of safety and reliability with many door installations often lead to the
balanced door being the only natural solution. Wherever there is only minimal space for a
door leaf that swings open, there is no other alternative than the balanced door.

(v) Automatic parking barrier:

An automatic barrier is used for reserving personal parking spaces - or keeping
unauthorized vehicles from office parking areas. Operated by remote control from the
safety and comfort of a vehicle

(vi) Automatic Solar Gate Systems

In simple terms, we operate an automatic gate using battery power, the battery is charged
by the solar panel during all daylight hours. The battery then works the automated gate -
day and night.

(vii) Automatic doors for elevator

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(viii) Automatic doors for cars

9
Chapter # 2:

2.1 Selected project:

We’ve selected sliding automatic door for the project.

2.1.1 lab Demonstration:

In lab, mostly sliding door is being designed for students for their better understanding of
both electrical and mechanical constraints.

2.1.2 Mechanical Design:

Rack-In Pinion mechanism is commonly used for sliding the doors, and is easily
available in the market, in both plastic and iron form.
Gears of different sizes can be used for driving the rack in pinion, but the teeth ratio of
both the gear and pinion should be the same.
Toys, DC motors can be used for this purpose. Unless the load specification requires the
geared motor to drive the pinion mechanism.
Speed of opening and closing must be fair enough for better security reasons.
Aluminum frames can be used due to their light weight quality.

2.1.3 Circuit Design:

Circuit Design includes H-bridge developed by the Transistors of N-Type.
Current rating of transistor is selected according to the load specification. For this case
transistor of mA can be used, for driving the toy motors.
Control of the door is heavenly depends upon the customer requirements. Remote
control, motion control, light control etc can be installed at the door. But for lab
demonstration Transmitter & Receiver circuit is being commonly used. It also has an
impact on the cost factor.
As an additional part, security system can also be installed, for example, alarming
system, fire detecting system etc, increasing the cost.

2.2 Working mechanism

The first basic component of the circuit is the door sensing unit. It comprises of
transmitter and receiver. As soon as some one enters the range of detection the Ultrasonic
Wave sent by transmitter are reflected by the object and the signal is not sent to the
receiver. This whole sensing unit is connected with the control unit. Along with the
control unit are attached the limit switches to control the rotation of movement of motor

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controlling the doors. Control unit sends the signal to the driving unit after which the
driving unit switches on and off the motor. For how long the motor is to be driven and
kept shut down is done using limit switches. Two limit switches are attached at the centre
where doors meet upon closure and are used to specify the extent to which the motors
should move in the reverse direction to close the door. When the door is closed
completely the switches are in ground position and signal is send to the microcontroller
which stops the motors. Similarly, two limit switches are present at the two extremes
specifying the extent to which door could open. When the door reaches the maximum
limit of opening, these two switches at extreme become ground and signal is sent to the
microcontroller which stops the motors. A power supply is attached to the door sensing
unit, control unit, drive unit and the motor.

2.3 Block diagram

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2.4 Real time mechanism

In real time mechanism sensing unit is used as shown in fig .In this sensing unit
transmitter is sending the ultrasonic signals and receiver is receiving the signals. When an
object is present at the door the signals send by transmitter is reflected by object and
receiver does not receive the signals. This sensing unit is connected with control unit.
Control unit will control the closing and opening of the door. Door will remain open until
the signals send by transmitter is not received by receiver. As the receiver will again
receive the ultrasonic signals the door will close.

Sensing Unit

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13
Chapter #3:

3.1 Circuit Diagram

M1

14
 3.2 Circuit Description

An automatic door control system, used with a moveable door system wherein doors are
moved between closed and opened positions by means of the rotary drive of an electric
motor, comprises of:
An ultra sonic sensor to detect the object
Two bi-directional multi-speed rotary drive motor coupled to the each door
A microcontroller coupled to the motors
Two motor drive circuits, each coupled to the microcontroller
Four transistors in each H-bridge configuration

3.2.1 H-Bridge Working

H-Bridge is a main unit which controls the motor directly. It is driven by microcontroller.
It would be useful to be able to run a motor in either direction. That's simple with a motor
of the type that's been used in the experiments thus far. Reverse the DC power
connections on such a motor and its shaft will rotate in the opposite direction.

M2

S1 S2 S4 S3

This configuration is called an H-Bridge due to its shape. Turn on switch A and switch C
and the motor will run forward. Turn on switch B and switch D and it will run in reverse.

15
 The following truth table shows all of the possibilities for the original circuit diagram. A
‘1’means a transistor is on and a‘0’ means it's off:

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 M1 STATE Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 M2 STATE
0 0 0 0 Off 0 0 0 0 Off
0 0 0 1 Off 0 0 0 1 Off
0 0 1 0 Off 0 0 1 0 Off
0 0 1 1 Off 0 0 1 1 Off
0 1 0 0 Off 0 1 0 0 Off
0 1 0 1 Off 0 1 0 1 Off
0 1 1 0 Clockwise 0 1 1 0 Clockwise
0 1 1 1 Off 0 1 1 1 Off
1 0 0 0 Off 1 0 0 0 Off
1 0 0 1 Counter-clockwise 1 0 0 1 Counter-clockwise
1 0 1 0 Off 1 0 1 0 Off
1 0 1 1 Off 1 0 1 1 Off
1 1 0 0 Off 1 1 0 0 Off
1 1 0 1 Off 1 1 0 1 Off
1 1 1 0 Off 1 1 1 0 Off
1 1 1 1 Off 1 1 1 1 Off

3.2.2 Working details of whole circuit

A feature of this invention is the use of four transistors and the motor in an H-bridge
configuration. This configuration allows the drive transistors to be used.
The input to the microcontroller is given through P1.0/T2, Port 1 driver. Input is an
activate signal, generated by an ultrasonic sensor, to signal the automatic door control
system to open the door. The output Port 2 is a control signal to drive motor. It is
connected to the motor drive circuit.
The main part of the automatic door control system is a motor drive circuit that includes
the eight drive transistors Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, Q7 & Q8 configured as an H-bridge

16
circuit. An H-bridge circuit is a control circuit where four transistors and a load motor are
arranged in the form of the letter H with the load being connected to the middle of the H.
When used for DC motor control, it can control both speed and direction of the motor.
Two H-bridge circuits are used. One circuit is for door1 and other for door 2. Through
ports of Port 1 limit switches are connected.
When the object is detected through ultrasonic sensor, signal is sent to transistors through
microcontroller. For door 1, Q2 & Q3 get 1 while Q1 & Q4 are 0. This causes the motor
to rotate in a clockwise direction for opening the door. For door 2, Q6 & Q7 get 1 while
Q5 & Q8 are 0. The motor will continue rotating until S1 & S3 get ground.
Now when the door needs to be closed, the motor’s direction is reversed. For door 1, now
Q2 & Q3 get 0 while Q1 & Q4 are 1. This causes the motor to rotate in anticlockwise
direction. For door 2, Q6 & Q7 get 0 while Q5 & Q8 are 1. The motor will continue
rotating until S2 & S4 get ground and the door gets closed.

3.3 Software :

3.3.1 Programme For Automatic Door Operation

# include<reg51.h>
sw1 sbit P1^4
sw2 sbit P1^5
sw4 sbit P1^6
sw3 sbit P1^7
usw sbit P1^0
int fwd;
int stop;
int rev;
void main ()
{
Fwd=0xAA;
Stop=0;
Rev=x55;
while(1)
{
If (us)
{
while (sw1 && sw3)
{
P2=fwd;
}
P2=stop;
while(us);
while(sw2 && sw4)
{
P2=rev;

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 }
P2=stop;
}
}
}

KEY
sw limit switch
us ultrasonic sensor
sbit bit assigned
int integer
fwd forward
rev reverse
1^4 1.4
P port

3.3.2 Program description:

In the programs, firstly bits are assigned to the limit switches. Bit P1.4 is assigned to
switch 1, 1.5 to switch 2, 1.6 to switch4, 1.7 to switch3.
The bit assigned to ultrasonic sensor is 1.0.
Three integers fwd, stop, rev are taken to move the door forward, stop it and to move the
door in the reverse direction with the help of motors. The integer ‘fwd’ is assigned code
0xAA in hexagonal decimal system. The code in binary system will be 10011001 i.e. to
move door in fwd direction points Q2 and Q3 will be in ON position. The code for one
door is 1001 and for both doors is 10011001. The integer ‘stop’ is assigned code 0 and
for reverse direction rotation of motors the code in hexagonal system is x55. In binary it
becomes01100110 i.e. for reverse rotation Q2 and Q3 will be OFF and Q1 and Q4 will be
ON.
The while (sw1 && sw3) loop shows that when the switches sw1 and sw3 remain off the
port 2 will move the door in forward direction. When they become ON the port 2 will
stop moving the door in forward direction. This will happen while the ultrasonic sensor
remains ON.
In while (sw2 && sw4) loop the port 2 will move door in reverse direction. When they
will be ON the movement in reverse direction will stop. This process will happen while
ultrasonic sensor sends off signal i.e. no person is entering through the door.

3.2.3 Compiler used for Programming

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A kill is professional software to compile C code into HEX fi

3.3 Components used:

3.3.1 Microcontroller
It is a low-power, high-performance 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of programmable
and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using high
density memory technology. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional memory programmer.

19
3.3.2 Limit switch
It is a type of mechanical sensor that requires physical contact to detect the presence or
absence of an object. Limit switches are the first type of sensor to be used.
Switches are commonly employed as input devices to indicate the presence or absence of
a particular condition in a system or process that is being monitored and/or controlled. In
motorized electromechanical systems, limit switches provide the function of making and
breaking electrical contacts and consequently electrical circuits. A limit switch is
configured to detect when a system's element has moved to a certain position. A system
operation is triggered when a limit switch is tripped.

3.3.3 Field Efect Transistor

FEATURES
Fast switching
Low thermal resistance

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APPLICATIONS
Motor Drivers
T.V. and computer monitor power supplies

3.3.4 Ultrasonic sensor

a-Transmitting waves to Object b-Receiving waves after Reflection

An ultrasonic sensor utilizes a transducer that produces an electrical output in response to

received ultrasonic energy. An ultrasonic sensor is used as an obstacle detection sensor
for detecting obstacle by transmitting and receiving an ultrasonic wave. A typical
ultrasonic sensor is designed to emit an ultrasonic pulse toward an object to be detected
to receive a reflected wave, which is reflected on the object, to measure a period of time
from the ultrasonic pulse emitting time to the reflected wave receiving time to detect the
object. An ultrasonic sensor comprises at least one ultrasonic transducer which
transforms electrical energy into sound and, in reverse, sound into electrical energy, a
housing enclosing the ultrasonic transducer or transducers, an electrical connection and,
and an electronic circuit for signal processing also enclosed in the housing. The ultrasonic
sensor has a piezoelectric vibrator. The piezoelectric vibrator vibrates to transmit an
ultrasonic wave and receives a reflected wave from an obstacle, so that an obstacle can be
detected.

3.3.5 DC Mototrs

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Its a motor that will do some work if you feed it some DC voltage. Reversing the dc
supply voltage polarity will make it run in a reverse direction

3.3.6 Bread board

A breadboard is used to build and test circuits quickly before finalizing any circuit
design. The breadboard has many holes into which circuit components like ICs and
resistors can be inserted. A typical breadboard is shown below:

3.3.7 LED
LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices. The LED is based on
the semiconductor diode. When a diode is forward biased (switched on),electrons are able
to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form ofphotons.

3.3.8 Wires
A short length of wire used to make a connection, usually temporarily, between terminals
or to bypass a component

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3.4 Cost Estimation

3.4.1 Mechanical Equipment

Sr Unit
Description Qty Total
No Price

1. Acrylic Sheet (Transparent) 1 700 700

. 3×3 Piece (4mm) 1 300 300
2. DC Motor 2 250 500
3. Aluminum U- Channel 6 20 120
4. Rack in pinion 3 30
5. Gears 4 15 90
6. Rivets 36 2 60
Total 72
Rs.1842

3.4.2 Electrical Equipment

Sr Unit
Description Qty Total
No Price

1. Resistor & Capacitors 50 5 250

2. (1K, 10K, 220,470Ω)

3. Jumper Wire 500

4. IRF540 440
5. Micro Controller 01 75
6. IC base 50
7. Bread board 02 100
8. Universal Programmer 01 4000
9. Motors 350 700
10. Limit Switches 01 25 100
02 Total Rs. 6215
04

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3.4.3 Decoration Cost

Rs.1500

3.4.4 Total Cost

Rs. 7715

In Case of Real time Door Automation like a Bank door then only pairs of motors should
replaced with large load motors then estimated pries should be,

Total Cost = 7715 +1500 =9215

3.5 Fabricated circuit pic:

24
3.6 Safety Standard BS7036 For Automatic Sliding Door:

Safety during the opening cycle:

- Where practicable, one of the following should be fitted
- A) A suitable barrier, The distance between the barrier and the
fully open door should be greater than 25mm and less than 100mm.
- B) A pocket screen of minimum height 1500 mm
- C) Presence sensors

In order to minimise body traps:

- If the gap between the face of the door and the structure across which it slides
is less than 100 mm, the gap between the rear edge of the door in the fully
open position and the fixed structure should be greater than 200 mm.
- If the gap between the face of the door and the structure across which it slides
is greater than 100 mm, the gap between the rear edge of the door in the fully
open position and the fixed structure should be greater than 500 mm.

During the opening of a sliding door

25
 a) When the door is fully open there should be a gap of at least 25mm between
the strike and the jambs.
b) The clearance between the face of the jambs and the face of the leaf glazing
should be greater than 25mm.
c) The door should be stopped a minimum of 25mm short of a mullion or
structural return.

- When a folding door is in the open position there should be a gap of at least
25mm between the hinge and the leading strike.

Safety during the closing cycle

- One of the following means should be used to prevent doors shutting on
traffic during the opening cycle:
- A) A hold-open beam positioned between the jambs at a height between
300mm and 600mm above the finished floor level.
- B) Safety mats or presence sensing safety devices should be used.

Means of Escape:
- If powered doors are intended as a means of escape from a building then the
doors should be either:
- A) Capable of manual breakout in the direction of escape
- B) Should be linked to the fire alarm system in order to open the door on
activation of the alarm.
- The resistance to breakout should not be greater than 220N at the leading or
meeting stile.

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