1910 1920

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed.
1910-1920
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as

Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
Theme 1: Progressivism Under

Taft and Wilson
Theme 2: African American Migration
Suffrage at Last
Citizenship for Native
American Veterans
Theme 3: Foreign Policy for Business
Theme 4: World War I Era (1914-1920)

Theme 1
Government and the People

Progressivism Under Taft and Wilson

Chapter 18, Section 3
What political conflicts marked the presidency of

William Howard Taft?
Who were the contenders in the election of 1912 and
what was the outcome?
What major policies did President Woodrow Wilson
help put in place?
In what ways were the achievements of progressivism
limited?
Tafts Presidency
Taft was endorsed by Roosevelt and pledged to carry on the

progressive program.
However, he did not even appoint any Progressives to his Cabinet.
He campaigned on a platform to lower tariffs, but ended up
signing a bill that added some highly protective tariff increases.
Taft also angered conservationists on the issue of public land
management. Taft chose Richard A. Ballinger for Secretary of the
Interior.
Ballinger opposed conservation of public lands. Instead he sided
with business interests who sought unrestricted development of
public lands.
Taft angered many people and his presidency suffered.
Turmoil in the Republican Party

Angry Republican Progressives teamed up with Democrats

against the opponents of reform in the Republican Party.
Roosevelt criticized Taft and campaigned for Progressive
candidates in the 1910 midterm elections.
Roosevelt called for business regulation, welfare laws, workplace
protection for women and children, income and inheritance taxes
and voting reform. He called this plan: the New Nationalism.
Progressive Republicans left the Republican Party and formed the
Progressive Party, nicknamed the Bull Moose Party.
The Bull Moose platform included tariff reduction, womans
suffrage, more regulation of business, a child labor ban, an eighthour workday, and direct election of senators.
The Election of 1912

A Four-Way Election
William Howard Taft
Fought to keep the Presidency for the Republican Party
Theodore Roosevelt
Represented the Progressive Bull Moose Party
Eugene V. Debs
Made his third of five presidential runs for the Socialist

Party
Woodrow Wilson
Headed the Democratic ticket; with the Republican Party

split between Taft and Roosevelt, Wilson won the election.
Wilsons Policies as President

Wilsons first major victory was tariff reduction.

He attacked the trusts by helping Congress pass the Clayton
Antitrust Act in 1914. This act strengthened the Sherman
Antitrust Act of 1890.
Wilson and Congress created the Federal Trade Commission
to enforce the Clayton Antitrust Act.
In 1913 Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act and
created the Federal Reserve System to overhaul the
American banking system.
In 1916 Wilson tried to attract Progressive voters. To this
aim he nominated Progressive lawyer Louis D. Brandeis to
the Supreme Court.
In 1916 Wilson won a second term.
The Limits of Progressivism

The changes made by Progressives were limited to certain

groups in the United States.
Progressives championed municipal reforms, but did little
for tenant or migrant farmers.
Progressive Presidents took little action to pursue social
justice reforms.
Wilson continued the Jim Crow practice, begun under Taft,
of separating the races in federal offices.
At the 1912 Progressive Party convention, Roosevelt
declined to seat black delegates from the South for fear of
alienating white Southern Progressives.
By 1916, the reform spirit had nearly died. It was replaced
by American concerns about World War I.

Assessment
What party was nicknamed the Bull Moose Party?

(A) The Conservatives
(B) The Republicans
(C) The Progressives
(D) The Democratic Socialists
Woodrow Wilson enacted all of the following policies except__________.
(A) the Federal Trade Commission
(B) the Clayton Antitrust Act
(C) the Federal Reserve Commission
(D) the Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Assessment
What party was nicknamed the Bull Moose Party?

(A) The Conservatives
(B) The Republicans
(C) The Progressives
(D) The Democratic Socialists
Woodrow Wilson enacted all of the following policies except__________.
(A) the Federal Trade Commission
(B) the Clayton Antitrust Act
(C) the Federal Reserve Commission
(D) the Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Theme 2
Who are the Americans

African American Migration

How were nations cities and suburbs affected by

Americans on the move from rural areas?
Why did the war change the lives of Americans on the
home front?

The life you described, is the life that the overwhelming majority of
African Americans lived. In 1900, 90% of blacks lived in Southern States!
In 1910, a new possibility emerged for African Americans as an industrial
boom in the North sparked demand for new workers.
1910-1930 (second wave,1930 to 1970) 6 million African Americans
moved out of the rural south into the Northeast, Midwest, and West.
New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Detroit, Pittsburgh,
Cleveland, and Indianapolis
Largest internal movement of an American population.
By the end of the Great Migration
African Americans became an urbanizedrather than rural
population.
Northern American cities became significantly more black
Causes of the Great Migration

Jim Crow Laws in

the South (Push)
Racial Violence in
the South (Push)
Increased Demand
for Industrial
Workers in the
North (Pull)
Better Educational
Opportunities in
the North (Pull)
Increased Political
Opportunities in
the North (Pull)
The Great Migration

This event is shown by one of the most famous African American

painters of the 20th century, Jacob Lawrence. Lawrences Migration
Series tells the story of the Great Migration.

Between 1910 and 1930 the number of African Americans to migrate was
(A) 630 thousand
(B) 6 million
(C) 600 thousand
(D) 3 million
Which of the following was a major push factor motivating African Americans
to leave the South?
(A) Equal treatment
(B) Job openings
(C) Voting rights
(D) Discrimination & racism

Between 1910 and 1930 the number of African Americans to migrate was
(A) 630 thousand
(B) 6 million
(C) 600 thousand
(D) 3 million
Which of the following was a major push factor motivating African Americans
to leave the South?
(A) Equal treatment
(B) Job openings
(C) Voting rights
(D) Discrimination & racism
Suffrage at Last
In what ways were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth

Cady Stanton a bridge to the twentieth-century
suffrage effort?
What two main strategies did suffrage leaders
pursue?
What was the status of the suffrage movement by the
turn of the century?
Why was a new generation of national leaders needed
in the suffrage effort?
What factors led to a final victory for suffrage?
Preparing the Way for Suffrage

American women activists first demanded the right to vote

in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York.
The movement eventually split into two groups:
The National Woman Suffrage Association fought for a
constitutional amendment for suffrage.
The American Woman Suffrage Association worked to win
voting rights on the state level.
In 1890, Wyoming entered the union and became the first

state to grant women the right to vote.
In 1872, in an act of civil disobedience, a suffrage leader,
Susan B. Anthony, insisted on voting in Rochester, New
York. She was arrested for this act.
Suffragist Strategies
Constitutional Amendment
Winning suffrage by a
constitutional amendment
The first federal amendment
was introduced in Congress
in 1868 and stalled.
In 1878, suffragists
introduced a new
amendment.
Stalled again, the bill was not
debated again until 1887. It
was defeated by the Senate.
The bill was not debated
again until 1913.
Individual State Suffrage

Winning suffrage state by
state
State suffrage seemed more
successful than a
constitutional amendment.
Survival on the frontier
required the combined efforts
of men and women and
encouraged a greater sense
of equality.
Western states were more
likely to allow women the
right to vote.
A New Generation
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton,

leaders of the suffrage movement, died without seeing
the victory of womens suffrage.
At the turn of the century, Carrie Chapman Catt
became the leader of the National American Woman
Suffrage Association (NAWSA). She led the
movement from 1900 to 1904 and again after 1915.
In March 1913 Alice Paul and Lucy Barns organized a
parade of 5,000 women in Washington, D.C.
After the success of the rally, Paul transformed her
committee into a new organization called the National
Womans Party (NWP) (aka Congressional Union).
A Split in the Movement

National Womans Party(NWP)

Called for an aggressive militant
campaign for the constitutional
amendment
Planned to bypass existing state
suffrage organizations and set up
new ones in each state
They staged militant protests where
they burned a life-size dummy of
President Wilson and copies of his
speeches.
They were arrested and went on
hunger strikes in prison.
National American Woman

Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Opposed the plan of the CU
believing it would alienate
moderate supporters.
Expelled the CU from their
organization
Backed the state suffrage
campaigns
By 1917, NAWSA was the largest
volunteer organization in the
country.
In 1917, NAWSA saw an important
victory when New York voted for
womens suffrage.
Victory for Suffrage

In 1918, Congress formally proposed the suffrage

amendment.
After the amendment was proposed the ratification
battle began.
In August 1920, Tennessee became the 36th state
necessary to ratify the suffrage amendment.
The Nineteenth Amendment, granting women the right
to vote, was the last major reform of the Progressive
Era passing in 1920.
Suffrage at LastAssessment
Which of the following best describes the difference between NAWSA and
NWP?
(A) The NAWSA fought for state suffrage.
(B) The NWP did not want to alienate more moderate members.
(C) The NWP used more radical tactics.
(D) The NAWSA was more aligned with the Progressives.
Why did the fight for individual state suffrage seem more successful?
(A) State governments were often more progressive than the federal
government.
(B) Western states were more likely to allow women the right to vote.
(C) More women volunteered to organize state suffrage battles.
(D) The federal government was more concerned with reforming Jim
Crow laws.
Suffrage at LastAssessment
Which of the following best describes the difference between NAWSA and
NWP?
(A) The NAWSA fought for state suffrage.
(B) The NWP did not want to alienate more moderate members.
(C) The NWP used more radical tactics.
(D) The NAWSA was more aligned with the Progressives.
Why did the fight for individual state suffrage seem more successful?
(A) State governments were often more progressive than the federal
government.
(B) Western states were more likely to allow women the right to vote.
(C) More women volunteered to organize state suffrage battles.
(D) The federal government was more concerned with reforming Jim
Crow laws.
Citizenship for Native American Veterans

During World War I, about 9,000 American Indians served in the

armed services. They fought and died in defense of a nation that
still denied most of them the right to participate in the political
process. Congress, as a result, enacted legislation on November
6, 1919, granting citizenship to Indian veterans of World War I who
were not yet citizens.
The 1919 American Indian Citizenship Act did not grant automatic
citizenship to American Indian veterans who received an
honorable discharge. The Act merely authorized those American
Indian veterans who wanted to become American citizens to apply
for and be granted citizenship. Few Indians actually followed
through on the process, but it was another step towards
citizenship.
Theme 3
Economic and Social Change

Foreign Policy of Business

In what ways did the foreign policies of Presidents

Taft and Wilson differ from those of President
Roosevelt?
Foreign Policy After Roosevelt

William Howard Taft

Elected President in 1908
Taft believed in maintaining
influence through American
investments, not military might.
This policy was called dollar
diplomacy.
The United States reached new
heights of international power
under Roosevelt and Taft.
However, the policies of both
Presidents also created enemies
in Latin America and a growing
international resentment of U.S.
intervention.
Woodrow Wilson
Under Wilson, the United States applied more
moral and legalistic standards to foreign policy
decisions.
The United States intervened in Nicaragua and
Santo Domingo to continue to protect business
interests.
In Mexico, Wilson refused to recognize a
general who had seized power illegally. In the
end, Wilson sent troops to Mexico after
changes in the government and attacks on U.S.
citizens and interests. After a constitutional
government was established, U.S. troops were
withdrawn.
Wilsons moral diplomacy did not work well
in Mexico. Many lives were lost, and U.S.
financial interests lost ground.
United States Interventions, 1898-1934

Foreign Policy of Business-Assessment

The dollar in the phrase dollar diplomacy referred to:

(A) bribing foreign diplomats.
(B) American investments in other countries.
(C) being conservative about buying goods from other countries.
(D) spending campaign dollars to influence public opinion.
Which theme was common to the diplomatic policies of presidents Roosevelt,
Taft, and Wilson?
(A) they protected U.S. business interests.
(B) they only supported countries with democratic governments.
(C) they would not use U.S. troops.
(D) they refused to back foreign loans.
Foreign Policy of Business-Assessment

The dollar in the phrase dollar diplomacy referred to:

(A) bribing foreign diplomats.
(B) American investments in other countries.
(C) being conservative about buying goods from other countries.
(D) spending campaign dollars to influence public opinion.
Which theme was common to the diplomatic policies of presidents Roosevelt,
Taft, and Wilson?
(A) they protected U.S. business interests.
(B) they only supported countries with democratic governments.
(C) they would not use U.S. troops.
(D) they refused to back foreign loans.
Theme 4
The U.S.A. and the World

America: Pathways to the Present

The World War I Era (19141920)
The First World War is not specified separately in the curriculum content.
Only Material Dealing with the American Front will be Tested!
Sub-Section 1: The Road to War

Sub-Section 2: The United States Declares War
Sub-Section 3: Americans on the European Front

Sub-Section 4: Americans on the Home Front
Sub-Section 5: Global Peacemaker

The Road to War

How did Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, and

Alliances cause WWI?
How did the conflict expand to draw in much of
Europe?
In what ways did the United States respond to the war
in Europe?
Causes of World War I

The immediate cause of the Great War, later to be

known as World War I, was the assassination of
Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on
June 28, 1914. However, the main causes of the war
existed long before 1914.
At the time of his assassination, Francis Ferdinand,
heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire,
had been visiting Bosnia, a new Austro-Hungarian
province. He was shot by Gavrilo Princip, a 19-yearold Bosnian nationalist who believed that AustriaHungary had no right to rule Bosnia.
Causes of World War I

Main Causes of World War I

Imperialism
Competition for colonial lands in Africa and elsewhere

led to conflict among the major European powers.
Militarism
By the early 1900s, powerful nations in Europe had

adopted policies of militarism, or aggressively building
up armed forces and giving the military more authority
over government and foreign policy.
Nationalism
One type of nationalism inspired the great powers of

Europe to act in their own interests. Another emerged
as ethnic minorities within larger nations sought selfgovernment.
Alliances
In a complicated system of alliances, different groups

of European nations had pledged to come to one
anothers aid in the event of attack.
The Conflict Expands

Convinced that Serbia was behind the Archdukes assassination,

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914.
Russia, as Serbias protector, began mobilization, or the readying
of troops for war.
France, Russias ally, and Germany, Austria-Hungarys ally, also
began mobilization.
Germany, located between France and Russia, wanted to conquer
France quickly to avoid the need to fight on two fronts. To get to
France, German forces had to pass through neutral Belgium; the
invasion of Belgium brought Britain into the conflict as well.
One week after the war started, all the great powers of Europe had
been drawn into it. Germany and Austria-Hungary formed the
Central Powers, while Russia, France, Serbia, and Great Britain
were called the Allies.
The War in Europe, 19141918

When Austria-Hungary
declared war on Serbia,
the complex alliance
system in Europe drew
much of the continent
into the conflict.
Stalemate and Modern Warfare

Stalemate
By September 1914, the war had
reached a stalemate, a situation
in which neither side is able to
gain an advantage.
When a French and British force
stopped a German advance near
Paris, both sides holed up in
trenches separated by an empty
no mans land. Small gains in
land resulted in huge numbers of
human casualties.
Both sides continued to add new
allies, hoping to gain an
advantage.
Modern Warfare
Neither soldiers nor officers were
prepared for the new, highly
efficient killing machines used in
World War I.
Machine guns, hand grenades,
artillery shells, and poison gas
killed thousands of soldiers who
left their trenches to attack the
enemy.
As morale fell, the lines between
soldiers and civilians began to
blur. The armies began to burn
fields, kill livestock, and poison
wells.
The American Response

Because many Americans were European immigrants or

the children of European immigrants, many felt personally
involved in the escalating war. Although some had
sympathies for the Central Powers, most Americans
supported the Allies.
Support for the Allies was partially caused by Germanys
rule by an autocrat, a ruler with unlimited power. In
addition, anti-German propaganda, or information intended
to sway public opinion, turned many Americans against the
Central Powers.
To protect American investments overseas , President
Wilson officially proclaimed the United States a neutral
country on August 4, 1914.
The Preparedness and Peace Movements

The Preparedness Movement

Americans with business ties
to Great Britain wanted their
country to be prepared to
come to Britains aid if
necessary.
In an effort to promote
preparedness, the
movements leaders
persuaded the government to
set up military training camps
and increase funding for the
armed forces.
The Peace Movement

Other Americans, including
women, former Populists,
Midwest progressives, and
social reformers, advocated
peace.
Peace activists in Congress
insisted on paying for
preparedness by increasing
taxes. Although they had
hoped that a tax increase
would decrease support for
preparedness, the movement
remained strong.
The Road to WarAssessment

Which of the following was a cause of World War I?

(A) Rising nationalism in European nations
(B) Decrease in militarism among European powers
(C) Pro-German propaganda in Britain
(D) United States support of the Central Powers
Why did the United States proclaim its neutrality in August 1914?
(A) To please supporters of both sides
(B) To protect its overseas investments
(C) To allow time for preparedness
(D) To aid Great Britain
The Road to WarAssessment

Which of the following was a cause of World War I?

(A) Rising nationalism in European nations
(B) Decrease in militarism among European powers
(C) Pro-German propaganda in Britain
(D) United States support of the Central Powers
Why did the United States proclaim its neutrality in August 1914?
(A) To please supporters of both sides
(B) To protect its overseas investments
(C) To allow time for preparedness
(D) To aid Great Britain
The United States Declares War

How did Germanys use of submarines affect the war?

What moves did the United States take toward war in
early 1917?
German Submarine Warfare

To break a stalemate at sea, Germany began to

employ U-boats, short for Unterseeboot, the German
word for submarine. U-boats, traveling under water,
could sink British supply ships with no warning.
When the British cut the transatlantic cable, which
connected Germany and the United States, only news
with a pro-Allied bias was able to reach America.
American public opinion was therefore swayed
against Germanys U-boat tactics.
The Lusitania and the Sussex Pledge

The Sinking of the Lusitania

On May 7,1915, a German
U-boat sank the British
passenger liner Lusitania,
which had been carrying
both passengers and
weapons for the Allies.
Since 128 American
passengers had been on
board, the sinking of the
Lusitania brought the
United States closer to
involvement in the war.
The Sussex Pledge

More Americans were
killed when Germany sank
the Sussex, a French
passenger steamship, on
March 24,1916.
In what came to be known
as the Sussex pledge, the
German government
promised that U-boats
would warn ships before
attacking, a promise it had
made and broken before.
Moving Toward War

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

On January 31, 1917,
Germany announced its
intent to end the Sussex
pledge and return to
unrestricted submarine
warfare.
This action caused the United
States to break off diplomatic
relations with Germany.
Despite this announcement,
the German navy did not
attack any American ships in
February, causing the United
States to continue to hope for
peace.
The Zimmermann Note

During this time, Britain
revealed an intercepted
telegram to the government
of Mexico from Germanys
foreign minister, Arthur
Zimmermann.
In this telegram, known as the
Zimmermann note, Germany
offered to return American
lands to Mexico if Mexico
declared war on the United
States.
Neither Mexico nor President
Wilson took the Zimmermann
note seriously, but it brought
America closer to entering
the war.
The War Resolution

When the Russian Revolution replaced Russias

autocratic czar with a republican government in March
1917, the United States no longer needed to be
concerned about allying itself with an autocratic
nation. This removed one more stumbling block to an
American declaration of war.
As Germany continued to sink American ships in
March, President Wilsons patience for neutrality wore
out. On April 6, 1917, the President signed
Congresss war resolution, officially bringing the
United States into the war.

Assessment
What was the significance of the Lusitania?

(A) Its sinking brought America closer to entering the war.
(B) The weapons it carried helped Britain gain an advantage.
(C) Its crew delivered the Zimmermann note.
(D) It inspired the Sussex pledge.
Why did the Russian Revolution help bring America into the war?
(A) It helped the German navy sink British ships.
(B) It caused the deaths of many Americans.
(C) It set up a republican government in Russia, an Allied nation.
(D) It promised American lands to Mexico in exchange for an invasion.

Assessment
What was the significance of the Lusitania?

(A) Its sinking brought America closer to entering the war.
(B) The weapons it carried helped Britain gain an advantage.
(C) Its crew delivered the Zimmermann note.
(D) It inspired the Sussex pledge.
Why did the Russian Revolution help bring America into the war?
(A) It helped the German navy sink British ships.
(B) It caused the deaths of many Americans.
(C) It set up a republican government in Russia, an Allied nation.
(D) It promised American lands to Mexico in exchange for an invasion.
Americans on the European Front

How did the United States prepare to fight in World

War I?
In what ways did American troops help turn the tide of
war?
What were conditions like in Europe and in the United
States at the end of the war?
Moving Toward War

Building an Army
Despite the preparedness
movement, the United States
lacked a large and available
military force. Congress
therefore passed a Selective
Service Act in May 1917,
drafting many young men into
the military.
Draftees, volunteers, and
National Guardsmen made up
what was called the American
Expeditionary Force (AEF),
led by General John J.
Pershing.
Training for War

New recruits were trained in
the weapons and tactics of
the war by American and
British lecturers at new and
expanded training camps
around the country.
Ideally, the military planned to
give new soldiers several
months of training. However,
the need to send forces to
Europe quickly sometimes
cut training time short.
The Convoy System and Americans in Europe

The Convoy System

To transport troops across
the Atlantic, the United
States employed convoys,
or groups of unarmed
ships surrounded by
armed naval vessels
equipped to track and
destroy submarines.
Due to the convoy system,
German submarines did
not sink a single ship
carrying American troops.
American Soldiers in Europe

By 1918, European nations
had begun to run out of men
to recruit. Energetic American
soldiers, nicknamed
doughboys, helped replace
the tired fighters of Europe.
Many African Americans
volunteered or were drafted
for service. However, these
men served in segregated
units and were often
relegated to noncombat roles.
Turning the Tide of War

New methods of military transportation, including tanks,

airplanes, and German zeppelins, or floating airships, influenced
the manner in which the war was fought.
In the spring of 1918, Germany provided safe passage for Vladimir
Lenin, leader of the Russian Bolsheviks, from Switzerland to
Russia. The Bolsheviks successfully overthrew the Russian
republican government and made peace with Germany.
The resulting truce ceded valuable Russian land to Germany and
also meant that the German military could concentrate exclusively
on the Western front. Before the arrival of American troops,
Germany was able to gain ground in France, coming within 50
miles of Paris.
General Pershings troops, however, pushed back the Germans in
a series of attacks. Finally, the German army was driven to full
retreat in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive begun on September 26,
1918.
Ending the War

In the face of Allied attacks and domestic revolutions,

the Central Powers collapsed one by one. AustriaHungary splintered into smaller nations of ethnic
groups, and German soldiers mutinied, feeling that
defeat was inevitable.
When the Kaiser of Germany fled to Holland, a civilian
representative of the new German republic signed an
armistice, or cease-fire, in a French railroad car at
5am on November 11, 1918.
Although guns fell silent six hours later, many more
deaths were to follow. The influenza epidemic of 1918
killed more people, both in the United States and
Europe, than all of the wartime battles.
Results of the War

Some Results of World War I

Dead and
Wounded
The estimated death toll of World War I was 8 million

soldiers and civilians, including tens of thousands of
Americans. Many more had lost limbs or been blinded by
poison gas. However, the efforts of the Red Cross and
other agencies had helped save many lives.
Loss of
Young
Men
Many sensed that the war had destroyed an entire

generation of young men and grieved for the loss of their
talents and abilities.
Genocide
In an act of genocide, or organized killing of an entire

people, the Ottoman Empire had murdered hundreds of
thousands of Armenians suspected of disloyalty to the
government.

Assessment
What was the convoy system?

(A) A pattern of tank and airplane use
(B) A method of transporting American troops across the Atlantic
(C) A strategy for German advancement into France
(D) A means of training new soldiers
Which of the following proved to be a turning point in the war?
(A) The enactment of a Selective Service Act
(B) The breakup of Austria-Hungary
(C) The work of Red Cross volunteers in saving lives
(D) The actions of General Pershings troops

Assessment
What was the convoy system?

(A) A pattern of tank and airplane use
(B) A method of transporting American troops across the Atlantic
(C) A strategy for German advancement into France
(D) A means of training new soldiers
Which of the following proved to be a turning point in the war?
(A) The enactment of a Selective Service Act
(B) The breakup of Austria-Hungary
(C) The work of Red Cross volunteers in saving lives
(D) The actions of General Pershings troops
Americans on the Home Front

What steps did the government take to finance the

war and manage the economy?
How did the government enforce loyalty to the war
effort?
How did the war change the lives of Americans on the
home front?
Financing the War

Modern warfare required huge amounts of money and

personnel.
Many sacrifices within the United States were needed
to meet these demands.
The government raised money for the war in part by
selling Liberty Bonds, special war bonds to support
the Allied cause.
Like all bonds, these could be redeemed later for their
original value plus interest.
Many patriotic Americans bought liberty bonds,
raising more than $20 billion for the war effort.
Managing the Economy

United States entry into the war caused many industries to switch from
commercial to military production. A newly created War Industries Board
oversaw this production. New labor-related agencies helped ensure that
labor disputes did not disrupt the war effort.
Using the slogan, Food will win the war, Herbert Hoover, head of the
Food Administration and future President, began to manage how much
food people bought.
Although he had the power to impose price controls, a system of pricing
determined by the government, and rationing, or distributing goods to
customers in a fixed amount, Hoover preferred to rely on voluntary
restraint and increased efficiency.
Daylight savings time was created to save on fuel use and increase the
number of daylight hours available for work. This involved turning clocks
back one hour for the summer, creating one more hour of daylight.
Enforcing Loyalty
Enforcing American Loyalty During World War I

Fear of
Foreigners
Fear of espionage, or spying, was widespread; restrictions on

immigration were called for and achieved.
Hate the Hun
The war spurred a general hostility toward Germans, often

referred to as Huns in reference to European invaders of the
fourth and fifth centuries. German music, literature, language,
and cuisine became banned or unpopular.
Repression of
Civil Liberties
Despite Wilsons claim that the United States fought for liberty
and democracy, freedom of speech was reduced during the
war. Sedition, or any speech or action that encourages
rebellion, became a crime.
Political
Radicals
Socialists, who argued that workers had no stake in the war,

won popular support in some states.
The radical labor organization Industrial Workers of the World
(IWW) tried to interfere with war production; vigilantes took the
law into their own hands.
Enforcing Loyalty
Espionage Act enacted on June 15, 1917;
The Espionage Act dealt with many uncontroversial issues such as punishing acts of
spying and sabotage and protecting shipping, the act, as amended by the Sedition
Act, was extremely controversial for many immigrants who were opposed to war, the
military draft, and violations of their free speech rights. Specifically, the Espionage Act
made it a crime willfully to interfere with U.S. war efforts by conveying false
information about the war, obstructing U.S. recruitment or enlistment efforts, or
inciting insubordination, disloyalty, or mutiny.
Sedition Act enacted on May 16, 1918
The Sedition Act made the language of the Espionage Act more specific by making it
illegal to use disloyal, profane, or abusive language to criticize the U.S. Constitution,
the government, the military, the flag, or the uniform. The government had the
authority to punish a wide range of speech and activities such as obstructing the sale
of U.S. bonds, displaying a German flag, or giving a speech that supported the
enemys cause. Persons convicted of violating these laws could be fined amounts of
up to ten thousand dollars and also be sentenced to prison for as long as twenty
years.
Changing Peoples Lives

African Americans and Other

Minorities
With much of the work
force in the military,
factory owners and
managers who had once
discriminated against
minorities began actively
recruiting them.
The flood of African
Americans leaving the
South to work in northern
factories became known
as the Great Migration.
New Roles for Women

The diminished male work
force also created new
opportunities for women.
Many women joined the
work force for the first
time during the war. Some
found work on farms with
the Womans Land Army;
others took jobs
traditionally reserved for
men.
Americans on the Home FrontAssessment

Which of the following best describes Hoovers strategy for food

conservation?
(A) Creation of new government agencies
(B) Price controls and rationing
(C) Sale of Liberty Bonds
(D) Voluntary restraint and increased efficiency
Why did the war provide new opportunities for women and minorities?
(A) Many white men were away fighting the war.
(B) Women proved to be better farm workers than men.
(C) African Americans were less likely to be guilty of sedition.
(D) Radical labor organizers gained popularity.
Americans on the Home FrontAssessment

Which of the following best describes Hoovers strategy for food

conservation?
(A) Creation of new government agencies
(B) Price controls and rationing
(C) Sale of Liberty Bonds
(D) Voluntary restraint and increased efficiency
Why did the war provide new opportunities for women and minorities?
(A) Many white men were away fighting the war.
(B) Women proved to be better farm workers than men.
(C) African Americans were less likely to be guilty of sedition.
(D) Radical labor organizers gained popularity.
Global Peacemaker
What expectations did Wilson and the Allies bring to

the Paris Peace Conference?
What were the important provisions of the peace
treaty?
How did the federal government and ordinary
Americans react to the end of war?
President Wilsons Proposals

As the war neared an end, President Wilson developed a

program for peace around the world known as the Fourteen
Points, named for the number of provisions it contained.
One of Wilsons Fourteen Points called for an end to
entangling alliances; another involved a reduction of
military forces. Another dealt with the right of AustriaHungarys ethnic groups to self-determination, or the power
to make decisions about their own future.
Although both Wilson and the German government
assumed that the Fourteen Points would form the basis of
peace negotiations, the Allies disagreed. During peace
negotiations, Wilsons Fourteen Points were discarded one
by one.
The Paris Peace Conference

Wilson Forced to Compromise

Although Wilson claimed that
he was not interested in the
spoils, or rewards, of war, his
Allied colleagues were
interested in making the
Central Powers pay for war
damages.
Wilson was forced to
compromise on his views,
especially concerning selfdetermination for former
German colonies.
The League of Nations

One of Wilsons ideas, the
formation of a League of
Nations, was agreed upon at
the Paris Peace Conference.
The League of Nations was
designed to bring the nations
of the world together to
ensure peace and security.
Republicans in Congress,
however, were concerned
about Article 10 of the
Leagues charter, which
contained a provision that
they claimed might draw the
United States into unpopular
foreign wars.
The Peace Treaty

The treaty which was negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference

redrew the map of Europe to the Allies advantage.
Nine new nations were created from territory taken from AustriaHungary, Russia, and Germany. Although most borders were
drawn with the division of ethnic minorities in mind, the
redivisions created new ethnic minorities in several countries.
France insisted that Germany be humiliated and financially
crippled. The peace treaty required Germany to pay billions of
dollars in reparations, or payment for economic injury suffered
during the war. Wilson, however, opposed this plan, claiming that
these demands would lead to future wars.
On June 28, 1919, the peace treaty, which came to be known as
the Versailles Treaty, was signed at Versailles, outside of Paris.
Redrawing the Map of Europe

At the Paris Peace

Conference, Britain,
France, and the
United States redrew
the map of Europe.
Reactions at Home
Congress and the Treaty of

Versailles
Despite Wilsons intensive
campaign in favor of the
Versailles Treaty, Congress
voted against ratifying it in
November 1919.
The United States declared
the war officially over on May
20, 1920. It ratified separate
peace treaties with Germany,
Austria, and Hungary.
However, the United States
did not join the newly formed
League of Nations.
Difficult Postwar Adjustments

The war had given a large
boost to the American
economy, making the United
States the worlds largest
creditor nation.
Soldiers returned home to a
heros welcome but found
that jobs were scarce.
African American soldiers,
despite their service to their
country, returned to find
continued discrimination.
Many American artists
entered the postwar years
with a sense of gloom and
disillusionment.
Global PeacemakerAssessment
What was the League of Nations?

(A) The reassignment of lands in Europe
(B) A demand to Germany to pay war reparations
(C) A global organization to maintain peace and security
(D) A new secret alliance system
Why did Wilson oppose French demands for German war reparations?
(A) He thought that Germany should be forced to pay more.
(B) He felt that these demands would lead to future wars.
(C) He did not think that France needed the money.
(D) He wanted other nations to pay reparations instead.
Global PeacemakerAssessment
What was the League of Nations?

(A) The reassignment of lands in Europe
(B) A demand to Germany to pay war reparations
(C) A global organization to maintain peace and security
(D) A new secret alliance system
Why did Wilson oppose French demands for German war reparations?
(A) He thought that Germany should be forced to pay more.
(B) He felt that these demands would lead to future wars.
(C) He did not think that France needed the money.
(D) He wanted other nations to pay reparations instead.

1910 1920

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America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed.

Theme 1: Progressivism Under

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as

Progressivism Under Taft and Wilson

What political conflicts marked the presidency of

Taft was endorsed by Roosevelt and pledged to carry on the

Turmoil in the Republican Party

Angry Republican Progressives teamed up with Democrats

The Election of 1912

Fought to keep the Presidency for the Republican Party

Represented the Progressive Bull Moose Party

Made his third of five presidential runs for the Socialist

Headed the Democratic ticket; with the Republican Party

Wilsons Policies as President

Wilsons first major victory was tariff reduction.

The Limits of Progressivism

The changes made by Progressives were limited to certain

Progressivism Under Taft and Wilson

What party was nicknamed the Bull Moose Party?

Progressivism Under Taft and Wilson

What party was nicknamed the Bull Moose Party?

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as

African American Migration

How were nations cities and suburbs affected by

African American Migration

Causes of the Great Migration

Jim Crow Laws in

The Great Migration

This event is shown by one of the most famous African American

African American Migration

Chapter 11, Section 4

African American Migration

Chapter 11, Section 4

In what ways were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth

Preparing the Way for Suffrage

American women activists first demanded the right to vote

In 1890, Wyoming entered the union and became the first

Individual State Suffrage

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton,

A Split in the Movement

National Womans Party(NWP)

National American Woman

Victory for Suffrage

In 1918, Congress formally proposed the suffrage

Chapter 11, Section 4

Citizenship for Native American Veterans

During World War I, about 9,000 American Indians served in the

America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as

Foreign Policy of Business

In what ways did the foreign policies of Presidents

Foreign Policy After Roosevelt

William Howard Taft

United States Interventions, 1898-1934

Foreign Policy of Business-Assessment

The dollar in the phrase dollar diplomacy referred to:

Foreign Policy of Business-Assessment