SYNCHRONISATION AND MEASUREMENT

A BRIEF INTERACTION
WITH
ABHIJIT SEN
DGM(ELECTRICAL)
PROJECT ENGINEERING DEPT.
NTPC Ltd.

SYNCHRONISATION AND MEASUREMENT

TWO DISTINCT AREAS TO BE COVERED

SYNCHRONISATION
&
MEASUREMENT
MAINLY MAIN PLANT ELECTRICAL AUXILIARY SYSTEM
HAS BEEN COVERED IN THIS PRESENTATION.

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WHAT?
SYNCHRONISATION, IN TERMS OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING, MEANS, INTERCONNECTING TWO AC
POWER SOURCES WITH MINIMUM POSSIBLE
ELECTRICAL DISTURBANCE.
IT ESSENTIALLY NEEDS MATCHING OF TWO
VECTORS IN TERMS OF THEIR MAGNITUDES,
FREQUENCY, PHASE ANGLE BETWEEN EQUIVALENT
PHASES AND PROPER PHASE SEQUENCE

SYNCHRONISATION AND MEASUREMENT

TWO POWER SOURCES CAN BE
(i)

TWO NET-WORKS

(ii) GENERATOR & ONE NET-WORK.

(iii) TWO TRANSFORMERS
AND SO ON & SO FORTH

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SYNCHRONISATION CAN BE DONE
MANUALLY WITH THE HELP OF A SYNCH-SCOPE
OR
THROUGH A SYNCHRONISER
THE PRACTICE OF MANUAL SYNCHRONISATION IS NO
LONGER FOLLOWED IN NTPC.

SYNCHRONISATION AND MEASUREMENT

TWO TYPES OF SYNCHRONISERS ARE USED

(i) CHECK SYNCHRONISER

&
(ii) AUTO SYNCHRONISER

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FUNCION OF A CHECK SYNCHRONISER
CHECK SYNCHRONISER TAKES INPUTS, THROUGH SUITABLE
PTs, FROM THE SOURCES TO BE PARALLELLED, AND EVALUATES
WHEN THE TWO VECTORs MATCH WITH EACH OTHER OR
NEARLY MATCH (AS PER PRESET PERMISSIBLE LIMITS), IT
ENABLES A POTENTIAL FREE CONTACT.
THE POTENTIAL FREE CONTACT OF THE CHECK SYNCHRONISER
IS USED AS PERMISSIVE TO CLOSE THE PARALLELLING
CIRCUIT BREAKER. IF TWO VECTORS DO NOT MATCH, IT
BLOCKS CB CLOSING

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FUNCTION OF AN AUTO SYNCHRONISER
AUTO SYNCHRONISER DOES ADDITIONAL FUNCTION AS
COMPARED TO THAT OF THE CHECK SYNCHRONISER.
WHEN TWO VECTORS ARE NOT MATCHING IT IS CAPABLE OF
ISSUING COMMANDS TO ONE OF THE VECTORs TO ADJUST
SUITABLY TO THAT OF THE OTHER ONE.
AUTO SYNCHRONISERS ARE MAINLY USED IN THE SITUATION
WHEN GENERATORs ARE SYNCHRONISED WITH THE GRID. IT
INTERACTS WITH THE GENERATOR EXCITATION SYSTEM AND
TUBINE CONTROL SYSTEM TO ADJUST THE VOLTAGE & THE
FREQUENCY.

SYNCHRONISATION AND MEASUREMENT

IN A TYPICAL 500 MW UNIT THERE ARE

APPROXIMATELY 25 BREAKERS WHICH
REQUIRE SYNCHRONISATION
A LIST OF SYNCH BREAKERS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

U1_brkrs_list_ECP_R1.xls

SYNCHRONISATION AND MEASUREMENT

THE LIST OF BREAKERS HAVE EVOLVED FROM THE
PERCEIVED REQUIREMENTS OF THE ELECTRICAL
SYSTEM
LET US REFER TO THE KEY-SLD
SIPAT-ISLDECP.pdf

SYNCHRONISATION AND MEASUREMENT

LET US CATAGORIZE THE SYNCH. BREAKERS
INTO TWO BROAD CATEGORIES
1.

GENERATOR SYNCHRONIZATION

2.

OTHER BREAKERS SYNCHRONIZATION

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TYPICAL SYNCHRONIZING CIRCUIT CAN BE SEEN

IN THE DIAGRAMs
SIP-I-2.pdf
SIP-I-3.pdf
SIP-I-4.pdf
SIP-I-5.pdf
SIP-I-6.pdf

SYNCHRONISATION AND MEASUREMENT

THE SALIENT FEATURES IN THE PROCESS OF
SYNCHRONISATION ARE:
1.

UTMOST CARE TO SELECT THROUGH LOCKABLE SYNCH

SWITCH

2.

ONE AT A TIME ONLY

3.

DONE MANUALLY THROUGH SYNCHROSCOPE WITH

SYNCHRONIZING CHECK (25) RELAY

4.

ONLY SINGLE 25 RELAY IS USED

5.

GENERATOR CIRCUIT IS GIVEN FACILITY OF AUTO

SYNCHRONIZATION THROUGH ATRS

SYNCHRONISATION AND MEASUREMENT

PROCESS FOR MANUAL SYNCHRONIZATION
1.

SYNCHRONIZATION DONE (ALLOWED) FROM ECP ONLY

2.

OWS SYNCHRONIZATION BEING DONE FOR THE FIRST TIME

IN KAHALGAON-II & SIPAT-II

3.

THE VECTORS MATCHED CLOSEST POSSIBILE

4.

CLOSING COMMAND ISSUED AT 11:55 OCLOCK INDICATION OF

THE SYNCHROSCOPE

5.

INTERLOCKS BUILT IN THE SOFTWARE TO CHECK, IF

SYNCHRONISATION IS REQUIRED

SYNCHRONISATION AND MEASUREMENT

LET US SEE A TYPICAL CLOSING LOGIC

SIP-I-26.pdf
SIP-I-27.pdf
SIP-I-28.pdf

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FOR SYNCHRONIATION OF GENERATOR
GENERALLY TWO METHODS ADOPTED:
1.

MANUAL SYNCH.THROUGH 25 RELAY

2.

AUTO SYNCHRONIZATION THROUGH ATRS

IT MAY BE MENTIONED THAT EARLIER
PRACTICE WAS THERE TO ALLOW
SYNCHRONISATION MANUALLY W/O 25 RELAY
PRESENTLY THIS PRACTICE IS DISCONTINUED
SO MANUAL SYNCHRONIZATION IS DONE
MANUALLY FROM SYNCHROSCOPE THROUGH 25
RELAY

SYNCHRONISATION AND MEASUREMENT

PROBLEMS FACED WHILE DOING GENERATOR
SYNCHRONIZATION
- THE GRID IS VERY DYNAMIC
- EVEN THOUGH THE RUNNING & INCOMING VECTORS ARE
MATCHED VERY CLOSELY, IT IS SEEN THAT
SYNCHROSCOPE INDICATES CHANGES
- THUS IT IS DIFFICULT TO ALLOW FURTHER PROCESSING
TIME FOR THE SOFTWARE
- WHILE STATIC CONDITIONS STILL KEPT IN THE
PROCESSOR, THE INITIATOR WIRED DIRECTLY
- 25 RELAY CONTACT AS WELL AS ATRS CONTACT WIRED
DIRECLY

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MEASUREMENTS
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
POWER (ACTIVE & REACTIVE)
FREQUENCY
POWER FACTOR
WINDING TEMPERATURE OF TRANSFORMERS
TAP POSITIONS OF TRANSFORMERS
ENERGY (ACTIVE & REACTIVE)

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LET US SEE WHICH PARAMETER TO BE MEASURED AND AT
WHICH POINT

SIPAT-I-SLD.pdf

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LIST OF INSTRUMENTS
U1_Lst_Of_Mtrs_ECP_R1.doc

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