Chng VI

Cm bin o lc
6.1. Nguyn l o lc
Xc nh ng lc c hc tc ng ln cc cu trc trong nhng iu kin xc
nh l vn hng u trong vic nh gi an ton cho hot ng ca my mc,
thit b.
Theo nh lut c bn ca ng lc hc, lc c xc nh bi biu thc:
F = Ma

(6.1)

Trong :
F - lc tc dng (N).

M - khi lng ca vt (kg).

a - gia tc ca vt (m/s2).

Theo cng thc (6.1), khi mt lc c cng F (N) tc ng vo mt vt c

khi lng M (kg) s gy ra gia tc a (m/s2).
Nguyn tc o lc l lm cn bng lc cn o vi mt lc i khng sao cho
lc tng cng v momen tng ca chng bng khng.
Trong cc cm bin o lc thng c mt vt trung gian chu tc ng ca lc
cn o v bin dng. Bin dng ca vt trung gian l nguyn nhn gy ra lc i
khng v trong gii hn n hi bin dng t l vi lc i khng.
Bin dng v lc gy ra bin dng c th o trc tip bng cm bin bin dng,
hoc o gin tip nu mt trong nhng tnh cht in ca vt liu ch to vt trung
gian ph thuc vo bin dng.
Ta cng c th xc nh mt lc bng cch cn bng n vi mt lc bit.
Theo cng thc xc nh trng lc ca mt vt trong trng trng tri t:

P = Mg
Trong mi trng c g bit trc, cn khi lng M ca vt ta c th xc nh
c trng lc ca vt , ngc li nu s dng mt vt c khi lng bit s c
c mt lc xc nh. y chnh l nguyn tc chun cm bin bng my o c
khi lng treo.
Trong chng ny nghin cu cc b cm bin o lc ph bin nh cm bin
p in, cm bin t gio, cm bin da trn php o dch chuyn, cm bin xc
gic.
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6.2. Cm bin p in
6.2.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng

Cm bin p in hot ng da trn nguyn l ca hiu ng p in.

Phn t c bn ca mt cm bin p in c cu to tng t mt t in c
ch to bng cch ph hai bn cc ln hai mt i din ca mt phin vt liu p
in mng. Vt liu p in thng dng l thch anh v n c tnh n nh v
cng cao. Tuy nhin hin nay vt liu gm (v d gm PZT) do c u im bn
v nhy cao, in dung ln, t chu nh hng ca in trng k sinh, d sn
xut v gi thnh ch to thp cng c s dng ng k.
c trng vt l ca mt s vt liu p in c trnh by trn bng 6.1.
Bng 6.1

Thch anh

thm
thu
11=4,5

in tr
sut
(.m)
1012

Modun
Young
(109 N.m-2)
Y11=80

ng lc
cc i
(107 N.m-2)
10

Nhit
lm vic
Tmax (oC)
550

Mui

11=350

>1010

Y11=19,3

1,4

45

Vt liu

seignette

Y22=30

L.H.

11=5,6

>1010

46

1,5

75

PZT5A

11=1.700

1011

Y33=53

7-8

365

Di tc dng ca lc c hc, tm p in b bin dng, lm xut hin trn hai

bn cc cc in tch tri du. Hiu in th xut hin gia hai bn cc t l vi lc
tc dng.
Cc bin dng c bn xc nh ch lm vic ca bn p in. Trn hnh 6.1
biu din cc bin dng c bn ca bn p in.

b)

a)

c)

d)

Hnh 6.1 Cc dng bin dng c bn

a) Theo chiu dc b) Theo chiu ngang c) Ct theo b dy d) Ct theo b mt

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Trong nhiu trng hp cc bn p in c ghp thnh b theo cch ghp

ni tip hoc song song.
+

a)

+
+

+
+

+
+

c)

b)
+

Hnh 6.2 Cch ghp cc phn t p in

a) Hai phn t song song b) Hai phn t ni tip c) Nhiu phn t song song

Trng hp ghp song song hai bn p in (hnh 6.2a), in dung ca cm

bin tng gp i so vi trng hp mt bn p in. Khi ghp ni tip (hnh 6.2b)
in p h mch v tr khng trong tng gp i nhng in dung gim xung cn
mt na. Nhng nguyn tc trn p dng cho c trng hp ghp nhiu bn p in
vi nhau nh biu din trn hnh 6.2c.
6.2.2. Cm bin thch anh kiu vng m

Cc cm bin thch anh kiu vng m c cu to nh hnh 6.3, chng gm

cc phin ct hnh vng m ghp vi nhau v ch nhy vi lc nn tc dng dc
theo trc.
2

Hnh 6.3 Cu to ca cm bin vng m thch anh

1) Cc vng m 2) Cc tm 3) u ni dy

Gii hn trn ca di o ph thuc vo din tch b mt ca cc vng m, c

t vi kN (vi ng knh ~ 1 cm) n 103 kN ( vi ng knh ~ 10 cm).
Ngi ta cng c th dng cm bin loi ny o lc ko bng cch to lc
nn t trc (dng cc bulng xit cht cc vng m), khi lc ko c o nh
s st gim ca lc nn. Tuy nhin, khi nhy gim 5 - 10%.

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6.2.3. Cm bin thch anh nhiu thnh phn

Trong cm bin loi ny, cc vng m thch anh c ct theo cc hng

khc nhau, khi chng ch nhy vi mt hng xc nh ca lc.
z
y
x
b)

a)

c)

Hnh 6.4 Cm bin thch anh nhiu thnh phn

a) K hiu cc trc b) Cc phin ct c bit c) Cm bin ba thnh phn vung gc

Thch anh c nm h s in p d11, d12, d14, d25, d26, do mt vng m ct

theo phng ca trc X ch nhy vi lc nn (v c d11), cc lc k sinh tc ng
theo cnh bn u khng gy nn hiu ng vi vng m v cc ng lc m hiu
ng ca chng lin quan n d12, d14 s khng c mt. Tng t nh vy, mt vng
m ct theo phng Y ch nhy vi lc ct theo b dy (v c d26) v bng cch lp
ghp hp l c th loi tr hiu ng ca cc ng lc lin quan n d25 (ct theo mt).
Hai mt ct c bit ny biu din trn hnh 6.4b, chng c s dng ch to
cc cm bin thch anh nhiu thnh phn.
Trn hnh 6.4c biu din mt cm bin ba thnh phn vung gc gm ba cp
vng trn ghp vi nhau, mt cp nhy vi lc nn Fx, hai mt cn li nhy vi lc
ct Fy v Fz vung gc vi Fx.
6.2.4. S mch o
a) S tng ng ca cm bin

dQ
dt

Rg

Cg

dQ
dt

Rg

Cg

dQ
dt

RS

CS

a)

b)

c)

1
1
1
=
+
R s R g R1

C S = C g + C1

Hnh 6.5 S tng ng ca cm bin p in

a) Trong di thng rng b) Trong di thng c ch c) Ni vi mch ngoi

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Trong di thng rng, cm bin tng ng vi mt ngun dng mc song

song vi tr khng trong (gm ba nhnh) ca cm bin (hnh6.5a). Nhnh , ,
c trng cho cng hng in c th nht tn s cao nm ngoi di thng ca
cm bin. in tr trong Rg l in tr cch in ca vt liu p in, khi tn s
thp n tr thnh tr khng trong ca cm bin. T in Cg l in dung ca ngun
pht in tch, khi tn s trung bnh v cao n tr thnh tr khng ca cm bin.
Trn thc t di thng thng s dng, ngi ta dng mch tng ng
biu din hnh 6.5b.
Khi ni cm bin vi mch ngoi bng cp dn, tr khng ca cp dn tng
ng in tr R1 v t in C1 mc song song vi cm bin, khi mch tng
ng c dng hnh 6.5c.
b) S khuch i in p

Tr khng vo ca b khuch i in p tng ng vi mt in tr Re mc

song song vi mt t Ce, khi mch tng ng c dng hnh 6.6.

dQ
dt

RS

CS

Vm

Re

Ce

dQ
dt

Req

Ceq

Vm

1
1
1
=
+
R eq R S R e
Cm bin v cp ni

Tr khng vo v
khuc i in th

C eq = C S + C e

Hnh 6.6 S tng ng ca cm bin

mc ni tip vi b khuch i in th

in p li vo ca khuch i xc nh bi cng thc:

Vm =

Q R eq C eq P
.
C q 1 + R eq C eq P

c) S khuch i in tch

Trong mch khuch i in tch, s di chuyn ca in tch li vo s gy

nn li ra mt in p t l vi in tch u vo. B khuch i in tch gm mt
b bin i in tch - in p u vo, mt tng chun nhy, mt b lc trung
gian v mt s tng khuch i u ra cung cp tn hiu ra (hnh 6.7a).
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S mch ghp ni cm bin vi b chuyn i in p - in tch trnh by

trn hnh 6.7b.

B chuyn i
in tch

Chun nhy v
khuch i vi sai

u vo (in tch)

a)

B khuch i
u ra

B
lc

u ra (in p)

Cr
+Q

dQ
dt

RS

CS

V0

b)

Hnh 6.7 S khuch i in tch

a) S khi b) S ghp ni cm bin v b chuyn i in tch - in p

6.3. Cm bin t gio

6.3.1. Hiu ng t gio

Di tc ng ca t trng, mt s vt liu st t thay i tnh cht hnh hc

hoc tnh cht c hc (h s Young). Hin tng ny c gi l hiu ng t gio.
Khi c tc dng ca lc c hc gy ra ng lc trong vt liu st t lm thay i
ng cong t ho ca chng, khi da vo s thay i ca t thm hoc t d
c th xc nhc ln ca lc tc dng. y l hiu ng t gio nghch.
- C ch t ho: Nh chng ta bit trong vt liu st t, mi nguyn t c

c trng bi mt mmen t. gim thiu nng lng tng cng, momen t ca

cc nguyn t trong cng mt min t ho t nhin (domen) phi hng theo mt
hng chung. Hng chung ny nh hng theo mt s hng u tin ca mng
tinh th gi l hng d t ho. Hng ca cc mmen t trong cc domen cnh
nhau khng trng nhau.
Khi c t trng ngoi H tc ng, s nh hng ca m men t trong mt
domen theo mt hng chung tng dn. Khi H nh, cc vch domen t dch chuyn
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v kch thc ca cc domen t c hng t ho thun li trng vi hng ca t

trng bn ngoi tng ln. Khi t trng ngoi tng ln n mc no xy ra hin
tng o hng ca cc domen theo hng t trng ngoi. Khi t trng ngoi
mnh s lm quay hng d t ho ca cc domen t theo hng t trng ngoi
dn n bo ho (hinhd 6.8a).
- Hin tng t tr: Sau khi t ho ln u n bo ho (H = Hm), nu vn gi

nguyn phng t trng v thc hin mt chu trnh khp kn (Hm,0,- Hm,0) ta nhn
c ng cong t ho nh hnh 6.8b gi l ng cong t tr vi t d Br l
khng t Hc.
B
B
Br
H

Hc

b)

a)

Hnh 6.8 ng cong t ho

a) T ho ln u b) Chu trnh t tr
B(Wb/m2)

Khi trong vt liu st t c

ng lc, kch thc mng tinh

=20N/mm2
=0

th thay i, cc hng d t
ho thay i dn n lm thay
H (A/m)

i nh hng ca cc domen.
Hin tng ny gi l hiu ng
t gio nghch.
Trn hnh 6.9 biu din
nh hng ca ng lc n
ng

cong

permalloy 68.

ho

ca

Hnh 6.9 S bin dng ca ng cong t ho

di tc dng ca lc ko

6.3.2. Cm bin t thm bin thin

Cu to ca cm bin gm mt cun dy c li t hp vi mt khung st t to

thnh mt mch t kn (hnh 6.10). Di tc dng ca lc F, li t b bin dng ko
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theo s thay i t thm , lm cho t tr mch t thay i do t cm ca

cun dy cng thay i. S thay i tng i ca L, R hoc t l vi ng lc ,
tc l vi lc cn o F:
R L
=
=
= K.

R
L
F

Hnh 6.10 Cm bin t gio c t thm bin thin

6.3.3. Cm bin t d bin thin

Phn t c bn ca cm bin t d bin thin l mt li t lm bng Ni tinh

khit cao, c t d Br. Di tc dng ca lc cn o, th d lc nn (d < 0), Br tng
ln:
dB r
Wb.m 2
= 1,5.10 9
d
N.m 2

S thay i ca t thng s lm xut hin trong cun dy mt sut in ng t l

vi dBr/dt. Biu thc ca in p h mch c dng:
Vm = K

dB r
dB d
=K r
dt
d dt

Trong K l h s t l vi s vng dy v tit din vng dy.

6.4. Cm bin o lc da trn php o dch chuyn

Trong cm bin loi ny, lc cn o tc dng ln vt trung gian v gy nn s

thay i kch thc l ca n. S thay i kch thc c o bng mt cm bin
dch chuyn. Khi tn hiu ra Vm v lc tc dng c biu din bng biu thc:
Vm Vm l
=
F
l F

Trong :
- Vm/l gi l t s truyn t ca cm bin.
- l/F gi l mm ca vt trung gian.

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Vt trung gian l vng o lc, cc dm dng console hoc l xo.

Tu theo iu kin s dng c th s dng nhiu loi cm bin dch chuyn khc
nhau nh:
- in th k in tr.
- Cm bin t tr bin thin.
- Cm bin t in.
6.5. Cm bin xc gic

Phn chnh ca cm bin l mt cch in trn c mt li dn in

(hnh 6.11a) c t di in p V. Li in gm hai h thng dy dn (X1,
X2,...) v (Y1, Y2,...) vung gc vi nhau to thnh nhng vung nh, mi vung
nh u c mt in cc c cch in vi dy dn ca li bao quanh n, cc
in cc ny ni vi t thng qua mch o dng. Mt trn ca h thng c ph
cao su c pha cc ht dn in. Khi c lc nn tc dng ln mt phn no ca
tm cao su, khong cch gia cc ht dn in phn ngn li, in tr gim
xung, dng in tng ln (hnh 6.11b). To ca vng c dng in tng ln s
xc nh v tr ca lc tc dng v gi tr ca n xc nh gi tr ca lc.

I0

a)

I0

I2

I1

b)

Hnh 6.11 Cm bin xc tc

a) H thng cc o b) Tc dng ca lc ln in cc

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I0